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Gordillo L, Quiroga L, Ray M, Sanabria E. Changes in thermal sensitivity of Rhinella arenarum tadpoles (Anura: Bufonidae) exposed to sublethal concentrations of different pesticide fractions (Lorsban® 75WG). J Therm Biol 2024; 120:103816. [PMID: 38428105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The intensive use of agrochemicals and the rapid increase of global temperatures have modified the thermal conditions of aquatic environments, thus increasing amphibians' vulnerability to global warming and positioning them at great risk. Commercial formulations of chlorpyrifos (COM) are the pesticides most widely used in agricultural activities, with a high toxic potential on amphibians. However, little is known about the separate effects of the active ingredient (CPF) and adjuvants (AD). We studied the thermal sensitivity at different concentrations and pesticide fractions in Rhinella arenarum tadpoles, on thermal tolerance limits (CTmax = Critical thermal maximum and CTmin = Critical thermal minimum), swimming speed (Ss), Optimum temperature (Top), and Thermal breadth 50 (B50). Our results demonstrate that the pesticide active ingredient, the adjuvants, and the commercial formulation of chlorpyrifos differentially impair the thermal sensitivity of R. arenarum tadpoles. The pesticide fractions affected the heat and the cold tolerance (CTmax and CTmin), depending on the concentrations they were exposed to. The locomotor performance (Ss, Top, and B50) of tadpoles also varied among fractions, treatments, and environmental temperatures. In the context of climate change, the outcomes presented are particularly relevant, as mean temperatures are increasing at unprecedented rates, which suggests that tadpoles inhabiting warming and polluted ponds are currently experiencing deleterious conditions. Considering that larval stages of amphibians are the most susceptible to changing environmental conditions and the alarming predictions about environmental temperatures in the future, it is likely that the synergism between high temperatures and pesticide exposure raise the threat of population deletions in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Gordillo
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Filosofía Humanidades y Artes, Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Av. Ignacio de la Roza 230 (Oeste), (5400), San Juan, Argentina; CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina.
| | - Lorena Quiroga
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Filosofía Humanidades y Artes, Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Av. Ignacio de la Roza 230 (Oeste), (5400), San Juan, Argentina; CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina.
| | - Maribel Ray
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Filosofía Humanidades y Artes, Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Av. Ignacio de la Roza 230 (Oeste), (5400), San Juan, Argentina.
| | - Eduardo Sanabria
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Filosofía Humanidades y Artes, Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Av. Ignacio de la Roza 230 (Oeste), (5400), San Juan, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Padre Jorge Contreras 1300. (M5502JMA), Mendoza, Argentina; CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina.
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Rosenberg YJ, Garcia K, Diener J, Gerk W, Donahue S, Mao L, Lees J, Jiang X, Urban LA, Sullivan D. The impact of solvents on the toxicity of the banned parathion insecticide. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110635. [PMID: 37453609 PMCID: PMC10574261 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The aerial crop dusting and spraying of fields with the phosphorothioate insecticide parathion in the late 1900s, significantly improved crop yields but resulted in high levels of occupational toxicity in handlers and agricultural workers, as well as cases of intentional self-harm poisoning, culminating in its banning in many western countries by early 2000s. However because of the low solubility and volatility of parathion, most available products were formulated using organic solvents e.g. xylene, to increase the efficacy of the aerosols and dusts. In the present study, the toxicity of parathion was assessed when formulated in an aqueous solvents (ethanol/PBS (1:9)), and delivered to macaques as an aerosol. Doses of 780 μg/kg and 1.56 mg/kg were delivered one day apart, using a modified nebulizer calculated to result in lung deposition of ∼480 μg/kg with a similar or larger amount being swallowed; these doses being similar to the estimated lethal oral dose 286ug/kg - 1.43 mg/kg of formulated parathion in humans. Surprisingly, this dose (a combined amount of ∼14 mg) caused only low AChE inhibition and moderate BChE inhibition with no clinical symptoms, indicating that the use of organic solvents may have previously played a critical role in the severity of parathion toxicity following inhalation exposure. In addition, unlike constitutively toxic OPs, which are highly toxic when inhaled, these results are consistent with the idea that phosphorothioate insecticides appear to be more intoxicating following oral than inhalation exposure. However, this still remains uncertain because the presence of organic solvents in the ingested parathion studies was not always known.
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Maksimović ŽM, Jović-Stošić J, Vučinić S, Perković-Vukčević N, Vuković-Ercegović G, Škrbić R, Stojiljković MP. Acute organophosphate and carbamate pesticide poisonings - a five-year survey from the National Poison Control Center Of Serbia. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023; 46:113-121. [PMID: 34875948 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.2012481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide poisonings, intentional as well as accidental, are common, especially in undeveloped and developing countries. The goal of this study was to analyze the clinical presentation of patients hospitalized due to acute organophosphate (OPP) or carbamate pesticide (CP) poisoning as well as to analyze the factors that potentially influenced the severity and outcome of the poisonings. A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed. The age and gender of each patient were recorded, the type of ingested pesticide, whether the poisoning was intentional or accidental, number of days of hospitalization, the severity of the poisoning, and the outcome of the treatment (i.e., whether the patient survived or not). Clinical aspects of poisonings were analyzed, as well as the therapeutic measures performed. 60 patients were hospitalized due to acute OPP or CP poisoning, out of 51 (85.00%) were cases of intentional self-poisoning. The majority of patients were poisoned by OPPs (76.67%), in one-third the causative agent was malathion, followed in frequency by chlorpyrifos and diazinon. Dimethoate poisonings were manifested with the most severe clinical picture. A 70% or lower activity of reference values of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase was found in 50% and 58% of patients, respectively. The most common symptom was miosis (58.33%), followed by nausea and vomiting. Pralidoxime reactivated acetylcholinesterase inhibited by chlorpyrifos or diazinon, but not with malathion or dimethoate. Impairment of consciousness and respiratory failure, as well as the degree of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition, were prognostic signs of the severity of poisoning. The lethal outcome was more often found in older patients (t = 2.41, p = 0.019). The type of ingested pesticide significantly affects the severity and outcome of poisoning as well as the effectiveness of antidotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žana M Maksimović
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jasmina Jović-Stošić
- National Poison Control Center, Medical Faculty, Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slavica Vučinić
- National Poison Control Center, Medical Faculty, Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Perković-Vukčević
- National Poison Control Center, Medical Faculty, Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Vuković-Ercegović
- National Poison Control Center, Medical Faculty, Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ranko Škrbić
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Miloš P Stojiljković
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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4
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de Andrade ARB, de Carvalho DL, Kishishita J, Pimenta CDAP, Souza ATM, de Santana DP, Leal LB. Dimethoate absorption: A complementary in vitro and in vivo assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:103961. [PMID: 35995379 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This work attempts to evaluate dermal exposure (DE) of farm workers to dimethoate after 4 h of routine application to a lemon plantation. Dimethoate was measured on the workers' clothes as well as in stratum corneum (SC) and in saliva. In vitro permeation tests (IVPT) were performed through rat, pig and human skin and pig buccal, esophageal and sublingual mucosas. The mean of dimethoate DE was 342.19 ± 487.14 mg/d, the percentage of toxic dose per hour was higher than the other pesticides, and the SC penetration factors ranged between 0.5 and 14.81 and 0.05-53.96 % for back of neck and arms respectively. In the supporting IVPT study, dimethoate absorption through human skin was 14.75 % and the default value in the absence of experimental data for this product is 70%. These results show that in family farming the deficiency of correct clothing during the application of pesticides leaves workers more vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juliana Kishishita
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento Ciências farmacêuticas, CEP: 50740-520 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Davi Pereira de Santana
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento Ciências farmacêuticas, CEP: 50740-520 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Leila Bastos Leal
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento Ciências farmacêuticas, CEP: 50740-520 Recife, PE, Brazil.
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Dissanayake KN, Redman RR, Mackenzie H, Eddleston M, Ribchester RR. "Calcium bombs" as harbingers of synaptic pathology and their mitigation by magnesium at murine neuromuscular junctions. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:937974. [PMID: 35959105 PMCID: PMC9361872 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.937974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitotoxicity is thought to be an important factor in the onset and progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Evidence from human and animal studies also indicates that early signs of ALS include degeneration of motor nerve terminals at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), before degeneration of motor neuron cell bodies. Here we used a model of excitotoxicity at NMJs in isolated mouse muscle, utilizing the organophosphorus (OP) compound omethoate, which inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity. Acute exposure to omethoate (100 μM) induced prolonged motor endplate contractures in response to brief tetanic nerve stimulation at 20-50 Hz. In some muscle fibers, Fluo-4 fluorescence showed association of these contractures with explosive increases in Ca2+ ("calcium bombs") localized to motor endplates. Calcium bombs were strongly and selectively mitigated by increasing Mg2+ concentration in the bathing medium from 1 to 5 mM. Overnight culture of nerve-muscle preparations from WldS mice in omethoate or other OP insecticide components and their metabolites (dimethoate, cyclohexanone, and cyclohexanol) induced degeneration of NMJs. This degeneration was also strongly mitigated by increasing [Mg2+] from 1 to 5 mM. Thus, equivalent increases in extracellular [Mg2+] mitigated both post-synaptic calcium bombs and degeneration of NMJs. The data support a link between Ca2+ and excitotoxicity at NMJs and suggest that elevating extracellular [Mg2+] could be an effective intervention in treatment of synaptic pathology induced by excitotoxic triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosala N. Dissanayake
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Robert R. Redman
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Mackenzie
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Eddleston
- Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard R. Ribchester
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Richard R. Ribchester,
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6
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Hulse EJ, Clutton RE, Drummond G, Thompson AP, van Beek EJR, Smith SH, Eddleston M. Lung injury caused by aspiration of organophosphorus insecticide and gastric contents in pigs. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2022; 60:725-736. [PMID: 35147477 PMCID: PMC9162497 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2022.2028803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients who require mechanical ventilation after self-poisoning with ingested organophosphorus (OP) insecticides often die. Aspiration of stomach contents may contribute to lung injury and lethality. This study was designed to assess the severity of direct and indirect pulmonary injury created by pulmonary instillation of mixtures of OP insecticide, solvent (Solv) and porcine gastric juice (GJ) compared to controls. METHODS Terminally anaesthetised minipigs (groups n = 5) were exposed to sham bronchoscopy or given mixtures (0.5 mL/kg) of: saline, GJ, OP insecticide and GJ (OP + GJ), or Solv and GJ (Solv + GJ), placed into the right lung, and monitored for 48 h. Lung injury was assessed through analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), computed tomography and histopathology. RESULTS OP + GJ created a direct lung injury consisting of neutrophil infiltration, oedema and haemorrhage, as well as indirect injury to the other lung. OP + GJ directly-injured lung parenchyma had increased concentrations of BALF protein, albumin, IL-6, IL-8 and C-reactive protein (CRP) at 24 h (p < 0.05), and BALF protein, albumin and CRP at 48 h (p < 0.05), when compared with controls. Aspiration of GJ produced similar direct effects to OP + GJ but less indirect lung injury. Lung injury was less severe after Solv + GJ, for combined lung histopathology scores (vs. OP + GJ, p < 0.05) and for the proportion of directly-injured lung that was poorly/non-aerated at 48 h. CONCLUSION Pulmonary instillation of OP + GJ created more lung damage than controls or Solv + GJ. In patients with severe OP insecticide poisoning and reduced consciousness, early airway protection is likely to reduce pulmonary damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elspeth J. Hulse
- Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics Department, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard E. Clutton
- Wellcome Trust Critical Care Laboratory for Large Animals, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gordon Drummond
- Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine department, Division of Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adrian P. Thompson
- Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics Department, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Edwin J. R. van Beek
- Edinburgh Imaging, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sionagh H. Smith
- Easter Bush Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael Eddleston
- Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics Department, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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7
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Gulen M, Satar S, Ince C. A fatal case of acetamiprid poisoning with turquoise urine. J Forensic Leg Med 2022; 87:102335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2022.102335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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COSMO-RS prediction and experimental verification of deep eutectic solvents for water insoluble pesticides with high solubility. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Eddleston M. CON: Oximes should be used routinely in organophosphorus insecticide poisoning. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:5070-5073. [PMID: 34989015 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) insecticide poisoning causes respiratory failure due to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition. The AChE reactivating antidote pralidoxime was developed in the 1950s and soon noted to benefit patients occupationally poisoned with the highly potent OP insecticide parathion. Routine use of pralidoxime and other oximes such as obidoxime then became widely recommended. However, nearly all severe cases of OP poisoning now result from self-poisoning with large volumes of less potent (WHO hazard class Ib and II) insecticides and co-formulated solvents. Unfortunately, oxime clinical trials have never shown benefit from their use for these patients, and some have shown that pralidoxime may be associated with harm, including increased mortality. Oximes should not be used routinely for the care of OP insecticide poisoned patients until translational and clinical studies have identified a safe and effective oxime regimen and identified the patients who benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eddleston
- Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, and Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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10
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Tefera YM, Gaskin S, Thredgold L, Pisaniello D. The role of formulation co-ingredients in skin and glove barrier protection against organophosphate insecticides. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:177-183. [PMID: 34464493 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commercially formulated pesticide products are complex mixtures of one or more active ingredients and several co-ingredients. However, the modifying effect of co-ingredients on skin uptake and glove barrier protection has been poorly studied. The aim of this study was to understand the role of formulation co-ingredients in skin and glove barrier protection performance against organophosphate insecticides. RESULTS We adapted standard in vitro diffusion cell methods to test permeation kinetics of two commonly used organophosphate insecticides: dimethoate and omethoate. For spray dilutions, dimethoate and omethoate did not reach breakthrough glove permeation rate (1 μg·cm-2 ·min-1 ) and no or little skin permeation was observed for up to 8 h, regardless of formulation. For exposure conditions involving highly concentrated products, significant differences in glove permeation were observed between different formulations of dimethoate (about 1.5-fold, P < 0.05) and of omethoate (184-fold, P < 0.001). In contrast, no difference (P > 0.05) was observed between formulations in terms of skin permeation. CONCLUSION These results suggest that co-ingredients play a critical role in glove barrier protection against undiluted organophosphate insecticides, whereas their influence on skin uptake was insignificant within the exposure time tested. This implies that dermal exposure risk may vary between handling different formulated products of the same active ingredient hence recommending a common glove material for different formulations of the same chemical without careful consideration of co-ingredients and their permeation properties may not necessarily be appropriate. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatal M Tefera
- Adelaide Exposure Science and Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Sharyn Gaskin
- Adelaide Exposure Science and Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Leigh Thredgold
- Adelaide Exposure Science and Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dino Pisaniello
- Adelaide Exposure Science and Health, School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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11
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Hastie C, Thompson A, Perkins M, Langford VS, Eddleston M, Homer NZM. Selected Ion Flow Tube-Mass Spectrometry (SIFT-MS) as an Alternative to Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) for the Analysis of Cyclohexanone and Cyclohexanol in Plasma. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:32818-32822. [PMID: 34901631 PMCID: PMC8655936 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Self-poisoning with professional agricultural pesticide products is responsible for about 20% of global suicide, with most cases occurring in South Asia and China. Treatment of severe poisoning involves long-term intensive clinical care and is often unsuccessful. Solvent co-formulants (such as cyclohexanone) also contribute to mortality themselves or via more toxic metabolic products (such as cyclohexanol). Faster detection of co-formulants could aid earlier identification of pesticide poisoning and faster intervention, reducing mortality. Conventional analysis of volatiles in blood uses headspace (HS)-GC/MS. This paper evaluates SIFT-MS, a direct MS technique that provides higher sample throughput than GC/MS, as a potential tool for cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol analysis in plasma. Both instruments were calibrated using a conventional approach prior to analysis of each porcine plasma sample on both instruments. Comparative data were evaluated using Bland-Altman plots, demonstrating that the techniques were in good agreement. Compared with GC/MS, SIFT-MS provides fourfold higher sample throughput and shows great promise as an alternative analytical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Hastie
- Anatune Ltd, Unit 4, Wellbrook Court, Girton
Road, Cambridge CB3 0NA, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Thompson
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular
Sciences, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Perkins
- Anatune Ltd, Unit 4, Wellbrook Court, Girton
Road, Cambridge CB3 0NA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael Eddleston
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular
Sciences, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie ZM. Homer
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular
Sciences, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
- Mass
Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences,
Queen’s Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United
Kingdom
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12
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Dhanarisi J, Tzotzolaki TM, Vasileva AMD, Kjellberg MA, Hakulinen H, Vanninen P, Gawarammana I, Mohamed F, Hovda KE, Eddleston M. Osmolal and anion gaps after acute self-poisoning with agricultural formulations of the organophosphorus insecticides profenofos and diazinon: A pilot study. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 130:320-327. [PMID: 34796663 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Self-poisoning with organophosphorus (OP) insecticides is an important means of global self-harm. The insecticides are formulated with solvents that may also contribute to toxicity. We set up a study to detect changes in osmolal and anion gaps following ingestion of OP insecticides. We recruited consecutive patients admitted to a Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka, with a history of OP self-poisoning. The osmolal and anion gaps were calculated on admission and at 4, 24 and 72 h post-ingestion together with ethanol concentration. Forty-nine patients were recruited (28 profenofos, 10 diazinon, one coumaphos, one chlorpyrifos, one phenthoate and eight unknown OP). Only modest increases in osmolal and anion gaps were noted. Small rises in osmolal gap above the upper limit of normal were noted in 16/49 (32.7%) of all cases, 9/28 (32.1%) profenofos cases and 4/10 (40.0%) diazinon cases. The anion gap was raised in 24/49 (49.0%) of all cases, 15/28 (53.6%) profenofos cases and 5/10 (50.0%) diazinon cases. We observed a trend for a fall in osmolal gap during the first 24 h, followed by an increase up to 72 h. There was no correlation between the anion gap and serum lactate concentration, indicating that a lactic acidosis was not responsible for the anion gap. Formate, which could have explained the increased gap, was not detected in any of the samples; ketoacids (beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate) were not measured. This pilot study found that profenofos and diazinon poisoning caused only modest increases in the osmolal and anion gaps in a minority of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevan Dhanarisi
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Tanita Maria Tzotzolaki
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.,Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ana-Mariya D Vasileva
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.,Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Matti A Kjellberg
- VERIFIN, Finnish Institute for Verification of The Chemical Weapons Convention, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Hakulinen
- VERIFIN, Finnish Institute for Verification of The Chemical Weapons Convention, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Vanninen
- VERIFIN, Finnish Institute for Verification of The Chemical Weapons Convention, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Indika Gawarammana
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Fahim Mohamed
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Knut Erik Hovda
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.,The Norwegian CBRNe Centre of Medicine, Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Eddleston
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.,Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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13
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Dissanayake KN, Margetiny F, Whitmore CL, Chou RCC, Roesl C, Patel V, McArdle JJ, Webster R, Beeson D, Tattersall JEH, Wyllie DJA, Eddleston M, Ribchester RR. Antagonistic postsynaptic and presynaptic actions of cyclohexanol on neuromuscular synaptic transmission and function. J Physiol 2021; 599:5417-5449. [PMID: 34748643 DOI: 10.1113/jp281921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Intentional ingestion of agricultural organophosphorus insecticides is a significant public health issue in rural Asia, causing thousands of deaths annually. Some survivors develop a severe, acute or delayed myasthenic syndrome. In animal models, similar myasthenia has been associated with increasing plasma concentration of one insecticide solvent metabolite, cyclohexanol. We investigated possible mechanisms using voltage and current recordings from mouse neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and transfected human cell lines. Cyclohexanol (10-25 mM) reduced endplate potential (EPP) amplitudes by 10-40% and enhanced depression during repetitive (2-20 Hz) stimulation by up to 60%. EPP decay was prolonged more than twofold. Miniature EPPs were attenuated by more than 50%. Cyclohexanol inhibited whole-cell currents recorded from CN21 cells expressing human postjunctional acetylcholine receptors (hnAChR) with an IC50 of 3.74 mM. Cyclohexanol (10-20 mM) also caused prolonged episodes of reduced-current, multi-channel bursting in outside-out patch recordings from hnAChRs expressed in transfected HEK293T cells, reducing charge transfer by more than 50%. Molecular modelling indicated cyclohexanol binding (-6 kcal/mol) to a previously identified alcohol binding site on nicotinic AChR α-subunits. Cyclohexanol also increased quantal content of evoked transmitter release by ∼50%. In perineurial recordings, cyclohexanol selectively inhibited presynaptic K+ currents. Modelling indicated cyclohexanol binding (-3.8 kcal/mol) to voltage-sensitive K+ channels at the same site as tetraethylammonium (TEA). TEA (10 mM) blocked K+ channels more effectively than cyclohexanol but EPPs were more prolonged in 20 mM cyclohexanol. The results explain the pattern of neuromuscular dysfunction following ingestion of organophosphorus insecticides containing cyclohexanol precursors and suggest that cyclohexanol may facilitate investigation of mechanisms regulating synaptic strength at NMJs. KEY POINTS: Intentional ingestion of agricultural organophosphorus insecticides is a significant public health issue in rural Asia, causing thousands of deaths annually. Survivors may develop a severe myasthenic syndrome or paralysis, associated with increased plasma levels of cyclohexanol, an insecticide solvent metabolite. Analysis of synaptic transmission at neuromuscular junctions in isolated mouse skeletal muscle, using isometric tension recording and microelectrode recording of endplate voltages and currents, showed that cyclohexanol reduced postsynaptic sensitivity to acetylcholine neurotransmitter (reduced quantal size) while simultaneously enhancing evoked transmitter release (increased quantal content). Patch recording from transfected cell lines, together with molecular modelling, indicated that cyclohexanol causes selective, allosteric antagonism of postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and block of presynaptic K+ -channel function. The data provide insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuromuscular weakness following intentional ingestion of agricultural organophosphorus insecticides. Our findings also extend understanding of the effects of alcohols on synaptic transmission and homeostatic synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosala N Dissanayake
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Filip Margetiny
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Robert C-C Chou
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cornelia Roesl
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vishwendra Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Joseph J McArdle
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Richard Webster
- Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, UK
| | - David Beeson
- Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, UK
| | | | - David J A Wyllie
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Michael Eddleston
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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14
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Yeon S, Kim SH, Sim J, Kim S, Lee Y, Kim H, Cha YS. Major component causing neurological toxicity in acute glufosinate ammonium poisoning: determination of glufosinate, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, and ammonia in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2021; 60:286-292. [PMID: 34269144 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2021.1952215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the primary contributor to neurotoxicity in patients with glufosinate ammonium (GLA) poisoning, by quantifying glufosinate, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, and ammonia in serum and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected and analysed data from confirmed cases of GLA poisoning between May 2018 and August 2020. Based on the occurrence of neurological complications (mental change, seizure, and central apnoea), patients were assigned to one of two groups: those with complications (NCx) and without (non-NCx) complications. Concentrations of glufosinate, 1-methoxy-2-propanol (1M2P), and ammonia were measured in the serum upon admission and during hospital stay. The concentrations of all these substances were again measured in the CSF following a decline in the mental status or seizure (NCx group) or on the day after hospitalisation (non-NCx group). RESULTS Of the 20 patients included, ammonia levels in the serum and CSF at onset of altered sensorium in the NCx group (n = 16) were significantly higher than those at one day after hospitalisation in the non-NCx group (n = 4) (p = 0.011 in serum, p = 0.047 in CSF), with its concentration in the CSF being higher than that in the serum in 15/16 cases. The concentration of 1M2P was similar in the serum and CSF (8/16), but the concentrations of glufosinate (7/16) was lower in the CSF than in the serum. In the non-NCx group (n = 4), only ammonia was detectable. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with GLA poisoning, increased CSF ammonia was significantly correlated with neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghoon Yeon
- Forensic Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hwa Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Center of Biomedical Data Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyun Sim
- Forensic Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunchun Kim
- Forensic Toxicology Division, Daejeon institute, National Forensic Service, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsuk Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Research Institute of Hyperbaric Medicine and Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Research Institute of Hyperbaric Medicine and Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sung Cha
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Research Institute of Hyperbaric Medicine and Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
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15
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Taktak NEM, Badawy MEI, Awad OM, Abou El-Ela NE, Abdallah SM. Enhanced mosquitocidal efficacy of pyrethroid insecticides by nanometric emulsion preparation towards Culex pipiens larvae with biochemical and molecular docking studies. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2021; 96:21. [PMID: 34264427 PMCID: PMC8282878 DOI: 10.1186/s42506-021-00082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growing threat of vector-borne diseases and environmental pollution with conventional pesticides has led to the search for nanotechnology applications to prepare alternative products. METHODS In the current study, four pyrethroid insecticides include alpha-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and permethrin were incorporated into stable nanoemulsions. The optimization of nanoemulsions is designed based on the active ingredient, solvent, surfactant, sonication time, sonication cycle, and sonication energy by factorial analysis. The nanoscale emulsions' droplet size and morphology were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. The toxicity of nanoemulsions against Culex pipiens larvae was evaluated and compared with the technical and commercial formulations. The in vitro assay of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), carboxylesterase (CaE), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were also investigated. Furthermore, molecular docking was examined to assess the binding interactions between the tested pyrethroids and the target enzymes. Also, an ecotoxicological assessment of potential effects of the tested products on the freshwater alga Raphidocelis subcapitata was determined according to OECD and EPA methods. The emulsifible concentration (EC50) and NOEC (no observed effect concentration) values were estimated for each insecticide and graded according to the GHS to determine the risk profile in aquatic life. RESULTS The mean droplet diameter and zeta potential of the prepared pyrethroid nanoemulsions were found to be in the range of 72.00-172.00 nm and - 0.539 to - 15.40 mV, respectively. All insecticides' nanoemulsions showed significantly high toxicity (1.5-2-fold) against C. pipiens larvae compared to the technical and EC. The biochemical activity data proved that all products significantly inhibited ATPase. However, GST and CaE were significantly activated. Docking results proved that the pyrethroids exhibited a higher binding affinity with CaE and GST than ATPase. The docking scores ranged from - 4.33 to - 10.01 kcal/mol. Further, the biosafety studies of the nanopesticides in comparison with the active ingredient and commercial EC were carried out against the freshwater alga R. subcapitata and the mosquitocidal concentration of nanopesticides was found to be non-toxic. CONCLUSION The mosquitocidal efficacy of nano-pyrethroids formulated in a greener approach could become an alternative to using conventional pesticide application in an environmentally friendly manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehad E M Taktak
- Department of Tropical Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horreya Ave., 21561-El-Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E I Badawy
- Department of Pesticide Chemistry and Technology, Laboratory of Pesticide Residues Analysis, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, 21545-El-Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Osama M Awad
- Department of Tropical Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horreya Ave., 21561-El-Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nadia E Abou El-Ela
- Department of Tropical Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horreya Ave., 21561-El-Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Salwa M Abdallah
- Mammalian and Aquatic Toxicology Department, Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory (CAPL), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Dokki, 12618, Egypt
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Attademo AM, Lajmanovich RC, Peltzer PM, Boccioni APC, Martinuzzi C, Simonielo F, Repetti MR. Effects of the emulsifiable herbicide Dicamba on amphibian tadpoles: an underestimated toxicity risk? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:31962-31974. [PMID: 33619621 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13000-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effects of exposure to the herbicide Dicamba (DIC) on tadpoles of two amphibian species, Scinax nasicus and Elachistocleis bicolor, were assessed. Mortality and biochemical sublethal effects were evaluated using acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities and thyroid hormone (T4) levels. The LC50 value at 48h was 0.859 mg L-1 for S. nasicus and 0.221 mg L-1 for E. bicolor tadpoles. After exposure to sublethal DIC concentrations for 48 h, GST activity increased in S. nasicus but significantly decreased in E. bicolor with respect to controls. GR activity decreased only in S. nasicus at all the tested DIC concentrations. AChE activity was significantly inhibited in both S. nasicus and E. bicolor tadpoles at 48 h. DIC also caused significant changes in transamination, as evidenced by an increase in AST and ALT activities in both amphibian species. T4 levels were higher in DIC-treated tadpoles of both species than in controls. The DIC-induced biochemical alterations in glutathione system enzymes and transaminases indicate lesions in liver tissues and cellular function. Moreover, the observed AChE inhibition could lead to the accumulation of acetylcholine, excessively stimulating postsynaptic receptors, and the increase in T4 levels in both species may indicate an overactive thyroid. The commercial DIC formulation showed a high biotoxicity in the two amphibian native species after short-term exposure, controversially differing from the toxicity level indicated in the official fact sheet data. This fact highlights the need for an urgent re-categorization and reevaluation of DIC toxicity in native species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Maximiliano Attademo
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Rafael Carlos Lajmanovich
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Paola Mariela Peltzer
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ana Paula Cuzziol Boccioni
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Candela Martinuzzi
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Simonielo
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas (FBCB), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Rosa Repetti
- PRINARC. Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
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17
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Dissanayake KN, Chou RCC, Thompson A, Margetiny F, Davie C, McKinnon S, Patel V, Sultatos L, McArdle JJ, Clutton RE, Eddleston M, Ribchester RR. Impaired neuromuscular function by conjoint actions of organophosphorus insecticide metabolites omethoate and cyclohexanol with implications for treatment of respiratory failure. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2021; 59:1239-1258. [PMID: 33988053 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2021.1916519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ingestion of agricultural organophosphorus insecticides is a significant cause of death in rural Asia. Patients often show acute respiratory failure and/or delayed, unexplained signs of neuromuscular paralysis, sometimes diagnosed as "Intermediate Syndrome". We tested the hypothesis that omethoate and cyclohexanol, circulating metabolites of one agricultural formulation, cause muscle weakness and paralysis. METHODS Acetylcholinesterase activity of insecticide components and metabolites was measured using purified enzyme from eel electroplaque or muscle homogenates. Mechanomyographic recording of pelvic limb responses to nerve stimulation was made in anaesthetized pigs and isometric force was recorded from isolated nerve-muscle preparations from mice. Omethoate and cyclohexanol were administered intravenously or added to physiological saline bathing isolated muscle. We also assessed the effect of MgSO4 and cooling on neuromuscular function. RESULTS Omethoate caused tetanic fade in pig muscles and long-lasting contractions of the motor innervation zone in mouse muscle. Both effects were mitigated, either by i.v. administration of MgSO4 in vivo or by adding 5 mM Mg2+ to the medium bathing isolated preparations. Combination of omethoate and cyclohexanol initially potentiated muscle contractions but then rapidly blocked them. Cyclohexanol alone caused fade and block of muscle contractions in pigs and in isolated preparations. Similar effects were observed ex vivo with cyclohexanone and xylene. Cyclohexanol-induced neuromuscular block was temperature-sensitive and rapidly reversible. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate a crucial role for organophosphorus and solvent metabolites in muscle weakness following ingestion of agricultural OP insecticide formulations. The metabolites omethoate and cyclohexanol acted conjointly to impair neuromuscular function but their effects were mitigated by elevating extracellular Mg2+ and decreasing core temperature, respectively. Clinical studies of MgSO4 therapy and targeted temperature management in insecticide-poisoned patients are required to determine whether they may be effective adjuncts to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosala N Dissanayake
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Adrian Thompson
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Filip Margetiny
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Charlotte Davie
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Scott McKinnon
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vishwendra Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Lester Sultatos
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Joseph J McArdle
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Richard E Clutton
- Wellcome Trust Critical Care Laboratory for Large Animals, Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael Eddleston
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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18
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Kasiotis KM, Baira E, Manea-Karga E, Nikolopoulou D, Ganas K, Machera K. Investigating a human pesticide intoxication incident: The importance of robust analytical approaches. OPEN CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2021-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A human intoxication incident attributed to pesticide abuse was investigated using cutting-edge analytical methodologies. An LC-ESI-MS/MS method, based on a hybrid solid-phase extraction protocol (hybrid-SPE), was applied for the detection and quantification of several pesticides and metabolites in human biological fluids. Concomitantly, an UHPLC-HRMS method was applied to investigate potential metabolites, assisted by a complementary GC-MS method to elucidate the presence of plausible pesticides co-formulants. The LC-ESI-MS/MS method exhibited acceptable mean recoveries at the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) and three additional levels, varying from 85 to 106% for all analytes and matrices. In serum, urine, and gastric fluid samples, the suspect compounds, namely chlorpyrifos and myclobutanil, predominated. Gastric fluid samples contained the highest concentrations of chlorpyrifos (39,800 ng/mL) and myclobutanil (18,800 ng/mL), while the neonicotinoid imidacloprid was also quantified, below 30 ng/mL. Notwithstanding, the UHPLC-HRMS analysis unveiled several metabolites of chlorpyrifos and myclobutanil. In parallel, GC-MS analysis, corroborated the presence of several co-formulants in gastric fluid samples, exemplified by m- and o-xylene, and cyclohexanone. Overall, three analytical methods were implemented to elucidate the chemical causality of a human intoxication incident. The presence of suspected active substances, one additional, and several metabolites and co-formulants were documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos M. Kasiotis
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Pesticides’ Toxicology , 8 St. Delta Street , Athens , Kifissia, 14561 , Greece
| | - Eirini Baira
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Pesticides’ Toxicology , 8 St. Delta Street , Athens , Kifissia, 14561 , Greece
| | - Electra Manea-Karga
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Pesticides’ Toxicology , 8 St. Delta Street , Athens , Kifissia, 14561 , Greece
| | - Dimitra Nikolopoulou
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Pesticides’ Toxicology , 8 St. Delta Street , Athens , Kifissia, 14561 , Greece
| | | | - Kyriaki Machera
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Pesticides’ Toxicology , 8 St. Delta Street , Athens , Kifissia, 14561 , Greece
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19
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Samprathi A, Chacko B, D'sa SR, Rebekah G, Vignesh Kumar C, Sadiq M, Victor P, Prasad J, Jayakaran JAJ, Peter JV. Adrenaline is effective in reversing the inadequate heart rate response in atropine treated organophosphorus and carbamate poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2020; 59:604-610. [PMID: 33135482 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1836376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In acute organophosphorus (OP) or carbamate poisoning, some patients require high dose atropine to counteract the effects on heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP). This study describes the factors associated with high dose atropine therapy and the use of adrenaline to reverse the inadequate HR response to atropine. METHODS Consecutive patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) were prospectively recruited. Demographic data, treatment and outcomes of patients who failed to achieve target HR (100/min) or systolic BP >90 mm Hg with either a cumulative atropine dose of 100-mg within 6-h following admission or an infusion of 30 mg/h for at least 3-h were compared with patients who achieved the targets. Factors associated with high dose atropine therapy were explored using logistic regression analysis and expressed as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Of the 181 patients admitted with OP or carbamate poisoning, 155 patients fulfilled inclusion criteria. The mean (SD) age was 35.7 (15.8) years; admission APACHE-II score was 14.6 (7.5). Heart rate and/or BP target was not achieved in 13.6%. In these patients, target HR was achieved after adding adrenaline infusion at 2-4 μg/min. Ventilation duration (11.6 ± 6.3 vs. 8.4 ± 6.9 days, p = 0.05) and ICU stay (12.3 ± 5.8 vs. 8.9 ± 5.8 days, p = 0.01) were longer in patients requiring high dose atropine when compared with others. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, shorter time to presentation to hospital (p = 0.04) was associated with need for high dose atropine. Overall mortality was 9% and similar in both groups (p = 0.41). CONCLUSIONS High dose atropine therapy is required in a subset of patients with OP and carbamate poisoning and was associated with longer ventilation duration and ICU stay. Adrenaline infusion improved hemodynamics in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Binila Chacko
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Grace Rebekah
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - C Vignesh Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Mohammad Sadiq
- Department of Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.,Speciality Registrar, Edinburgh Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes, NHS, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Punitha Victor
- Department of Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - John Prasad
- Department of Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - John Victor Peter
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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20
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Development of a histopathology scoring system for the pulmonary complications of organophosphorus insecticide poisoning in a pig model. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240563. [PMID: 33052985 PMCID: PMC7556475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) insecticide self-poisoning causes over 100,000 global deaths annually. Around a third of patients are intubated and up to half of these can die. Post-mortem analysis of OP poisoned patients’ lungs reveals consolidation, edema and hemorrhage, suggesting that direct or indirect lung damage may contribute to mortality. The lung injury caused by these formulated agricultural preparations is poorly characterised in humans, and a valid histopathology scoring system is needed in a relevant animal model to further investigate the disease and potential treatments. We conducted two pilot studies in anesthetized minipigs, which are commonly used for toxicological studies. In the first, pigs were given 2.5 mL/kg of either OP (n = 4) or saline (n = 2) by gavage and compared with positive controls (iv oleic acid n = 2). The second study simulated ingestion followed by gastric content aspiration: mixtures of OP (n = 3) or saline (n = 2) (0.63–0.71mL/kg) were placed in the stomach, and then small volumes of the gastric content were placed in the lung. At post-mortem examination, lungs were removed and inflation-fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin. Samples (n = 62) were taken from cranial and caudal regions of both lungs. Two experienced lung histopathologists separately scored these samples using 8 proposed features of damage and their scores related (Kendall rank order). Two elements had small and inconsistent scores. When these were removed, the correlation increased from 0.74 to 0.78. Eight months later, a subset of samples (n = 35) was re-scored using the modified system by one of the previous histopathologists, with a correlation of 0.88. We have developed a reproducible pulmonary histopathology scoring system for OP poisoning in pigs which will assist future toxicological research and improve understanding and treatment of human OP poisoning.
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21
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Nerozzi C, Recuero S, Galeati G, Bucci D, Spinaci M, Yeste M. Effects of Roundup and its main component, glyphosate, upon mammalian sperm function and survival. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11026. [PMID: 32620848 PMCID: PMC7335210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67538-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The wide use of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) has become a matter of concern due to its potential harmful effects on human health, including men fertility. This study sought to investigate, using the pig as a model, the impact of pure glyphosate and its most known commercial formulation, Roundup, on sperm function and survival. With this purpose, fresh commercial semen doses were incubated with different concentrations (0-360 µg/mL) of glyphosate (GLY; exp. 1) or Roundup, at the equivalent GLY concentration (exp. 2), at 38 °C for 3 h. Glyphosate at 360 µg/mL significantly (P < 0.05) decreased sperm motility, viability, mitochondrial activity and acrosome integrity but had no detrimental effect at lower doses. On the other hand, Roundup did significantly (P < 0.05) reduce sperm motility at ≥ 5 µg/mL GLY-equivalent concentration; mitochondrial activity at ≥ 25 µg/mL GLY-equivalent concentration; and sperm viability and acrosome integrity at ≥ 100 µg/mL GLY-equivalent concentration as early as 1 h of incubation. In a similar fashion, GLY and Roundup did not inflict any detrimental effect on sperm DNA integrity. Taken together, these data indicate that, while both glyphosate and Roundup exert a negative impact on male gametes, Roundup is more toxic than its main component, glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Nerozzi
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Campany, 69, Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sandra Recuero
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Campany, 69, Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Giovanna Galeati
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Diego Bucci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcella Spinaci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marc Yeste
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.
- Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Campany, 69, Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain.
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22
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Worek F, Thiermann H, Wille T. Organophosphorus compounds and oximes: a critical review. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2275-2292. [PMID: 32506210 PMCID: PMC7367912 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides and nerve agents still pose a threat to the population. Treatment of OP poisoning is an ongoing challenge and burden for medical services. Standard drug treatment consists of atropine and an oxime as reactivator of OP-inhibited acetylcholinesterase and is virtually unchanged since more than six decades. Established oximes, i.e. pralidoxime, obidoxime, TMB-4, HI-6 and MMB-4, are of insufficient effectiveness in some poisonings and often cover only a limited spectrum of the different nerve agents and pesticides. Moreover, the value of oximes in human OP pesticide poisoning is still disputed. Long-lasting research efforts resulted in the preparation of countless experimental oximes, and more recently non-oxime reactivators, intended to replace or supplement the established and licensed oximes. The progress of this development is slow and none of the novel compounds appears to be suitable for transfer into advanced development or into clinical use. This situation calls for a critical analysis of the value of oximes as mainstay of treatment as well as the potential and limitations of established and novel reactivators. Requirements for a straightforward identification of superior reactivators and their development to licensed drugs need to be addressed as well as options for interim solutions as a chance to improve the therapy of OP poisoning in a foreseeable time frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany.
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
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23
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Weerasinghe M, Pearson M, Konradsen F, Agampodi S, Sumith JA, Jayamanne S, Senanayake SMHMK, Rajapaksha S, Eddleston M. Emerging pesticides responsible for suicide in rural Sri Lanka following the 2008-2014 pesticide bans. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:780. [PMID: 32450831 PMCID: PMC7249439 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08871-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sri Lanka has reduced its overall suicide rate by 70% over the last two decades through means restriction, through a series of government regulations and bans removing highly hazardous pesticides from agriculture. We aimed to identify the key pesticide(s) now responsible for suicides in rural Sri Lanka to provide data for further pesticide regulation. Methods We performed a secondary analysis of data collected prospectively during a cluster randomized controlled trial in the Anuradhapura district of Sri Lanka from 2011 to 16. The identity of pesticides responsible for suicides were sought from medical or judicial medical notes, coroners’ records, and the person’s family. Trend analysis was done using a regression analysis with curve estimation to identify relative importance of key pesticides. Results We identified 337 suicidal deaths. Among them, the majority 193 (57.3%) were due to ingestion of pesticides while 82 (24.3%) were due to hanging. A specific pesticide was identified in 105 (54.4%) of the pesticide suicides. Ingestion of carbosulfan or profenofos was responsible for 59 (56.2%) of the suicides with a known pesticide and 17.5% of all suicides. The increasing trend of suicides due to carbosulfan and profenofos over time was statistically significant (R square 0.846, F 16.541, p 0.027). Conclusion Ingestion of pesticides remains the most important means of suicides in rural Sri Lanka. The pesticides that were once responsible for most pesticide suicides have now been replaced by carbosulfan and profenofos. Their regulation and replacement in agriculture with less hazardous pesticides will further reduce the incidence of both pesticide and overall suicides in rural Sri Lanka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula Weerasinghe
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka.,South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.,Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Melissa Pearson
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.,Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Flemming Konradsen
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Suneth Agampodi
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
| | - J A Sumith
- Office of the Registrar of Pesticides, Getambe, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Shaluka Jayamanne
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Sandamali Rajapaksha
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Michael Eddleston
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. .,Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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24
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Isoardi KZ, Page CB, Roberts MS, Isbister GK. Life-threatening triclopyr poisoning due to diethylene glycol monoethyl ether solvent. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2020; 59:61-64. [PMID: 32336161 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1757103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triclopyr is a synthetic auxin-like herbicide. It is considered to have low toxicity and there are few reports of poisoning. We report two cases of life-threatening toxicity following ingestions of 250 mL of 50 g/L triclopyr co-formulated with diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DEGEE). CASE REPORTS A 79-year-old male with a background of hypertension and atrial fibrillation presented two hours after ingestion with sedation, a severe high anion gap metabolic acidosis, raised osmolar gap and an aspiration pneumonitis. He was ventilated and dialysed for 10 h with resolution of the acidaemia. He was discharged home on day 33. A 66-year-old male with a past history of alcoholism and hypertension presented following a collapse. He had sedation, a severe high anion gap metabolic acidosis with a raised osmolar gap, acute kidney injury and vasodilatory shock. He was ventilated and received dialysis for 43 h. He had poor neurological recovery and died on day 10. DISCUSSION Ingestion of triclopyr formulations can produce life-threatening toxicity. In large poisonings of triclopyr co-formulated with DEGEE, a high anion gap metabolic acidosis appears to be due to the glycol ether solvent rather than triclopyr itself. Management should focus on good supportive care including dialysis for significant metabolic acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Z Isoardi
- Clinical Toxicology Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Clinical Toxicology Research Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - C B Page
- Clinical Toxicology Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Clinical Toxicology Research Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - M S Roberts
- Therapeutics Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Medical Research, University of South Australia School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - G K Isbister
- Clinical Toxicology Research Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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25
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Kharel H, Pokhrel NB, Ghimire R, Kharel Z. The Efficacy of Pralidoxime in the Treatment of Organophosphate Poisoning in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials. Cureus 2020; 12:e7174. [PMID: 32257715 PMCID: PMC7117609 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The benefits of atropine in the treatment of acute organophosphate (OP) poisoning has been well established, while that of oximes is still uncertain. Pralidoxime is the most often used oxime worldwide. In vitro experiments have consistently shown that oximes are effective reactivators of human acetylcholinesterase enzyme, inhibited by OP compounds. However, the clinical benefit of pralidoxime is still unclear. A recent meta-analysis has found that pralidoxime provides no significant improvement in outcome and rather may cause harm while increasing the economic burden in low-income communities where its use is the most prevalent. Objectives This study aimed to provide an updated evaluation of the efficacy of pralidoxime in addition to atropine alone in the treatment of patients with acute OP poisoning in terms of mortality, need for ventilator support, and the incidence of intermediate syndrome. The intermediate syndrome is a clinical syndrome that occurs 24 to 96 hours after the ingestion of an OP compound and is characterized by prominent weakness of neck flexors, muscles of respiration, and proximal limb muscles. Materials and methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases until January 2019 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the English language that evaluated the use of pralidoxime in individuals of any age, gender or nationality presenting with an alleged history of OP intake. The primary outcome was mortality. Secondary outcomes were the need for ventilator support and the incidence of intermediate syndrome. The risk of bias in included studies was assessed using the tool recommended by the Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Review of Interventions. Treatment/control differences in these outcomes across included studies were combined using risk ratios (RR). Results Six randomized controlled trials (n = 646) fulfilled the inclusion criteria, including one further trial missed from the most recent systematic review. The risk of bias varied across studies, with Eddleston 2009 being of the lowest risk and Cherian 2005 being of high risk. The risk of mortality (RR = 1.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97 to 2.41, P = 0.07) and the need for ventilator support (RR = 1.29, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.71, P = 0.08) were not significantly different between the pralidoxime and the control group. There was a significant increase in the incidence of intermediate syndrome in the pralidoxime group (RR = 1.63; 95% CI 1.01 to 2.62, P = 0.04). Conclusions Based on our meta-analysis of the available RCTs, pralidoxime was not shown to be beneficial in patients with acute OP poisoning. Our findings are consistent with the other literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himal Kharel
- Clinical Pharmacology, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, NPL
| | - Nishan B Pokhrel
- Internal Medicine, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, NPL
| | - Rakesh Ghimire
- Clinical Pharmacology, Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, NPL
| | - Zeni Kharel
- Internal Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, USA
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26
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Wang W, Sheng K, Liu F, Li Y, Peng Q, Guo Y. Novel eco-friendly ionic liquids to solubilize seven hydrophobic pesticides. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Martinuzzi CS, Attademo AM, Peltzer PM, Mac Loughlin TM, Marino DJG, Lajmanovich RC. Comparative Toxicity of Two Different Dimethoate Formulations in the Common Toad (Rhinella arenarum) Tadpoles. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 104:35-40. [PMID: 31740980 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dimethoate (D) are among the most commonly used organophosphates insecticides in the world. To evaluate the toxicity of two D formulations were selected as test organisms tadpoles of Rhinella arenarum. This toad species has an extensive neotropical distribution and is easy to handle and acclimate to laboratory conditions. The tadpoles were exposed in an acute assay for 48 h to D soluble concentrates (DSC) and emulsifiable concentrates (DEC). The 48 h-LC50 (95% confidence limits) value of DSC was 57.46 mg L-1 (40.52-81.43) and to DEC was 12.76 mg L-1 (10.39-15.68). These differences in toxicity were statistically significant (p < 0.05). In both formulations, acetylcholinesterase), carboxylesterase, and glutathione-S-transferases enzyme activities varied significantly respect to those of control group (p < 0.05). The DEC formulation was the most toxic. These results would allow the assessment and characterization of potential ecological risks following the application of those formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candela S Martinuzzi
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences (FBCB - UNL), Paraje el Pozo s/n, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Andrés M Attademo
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences (FBCB - UNL), Paraje el Pozo s/n, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Paola M Peltzer
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences (FBCB - UNL), Paraje el Pozo s/n, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Tomás M Mac Loughlin
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente CIM (UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damián J G Marino
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente CIM (UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rafael C Lajmanovich
- National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences (FBCB - UNL), Paraje el Pozo s/n, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
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28
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Camel milk rescues neurotoxic impairments induced by fenpropathrin via regulating oxidative stress, apoptotic, and inflammatory events in the brain of rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 135:111055. [PMID: 31838190 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.111055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the camel milk (CM) efficacy to ameliorate the fenpropathrin (FNP) induced neurotoxic impacts in rats. Six groups were orally administered physiological saline, corn oil, CM (2ml/rat/day), FNP (15 mg/kg bw daily for 60 days), CM/FNP (protective) or FNP + CM (therapeutic). Sensorimotor functions, memory, exploratory, and locomotor activities were assessed. The levels of dopamine (DOPA) neurotransmitter, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers were determined. Brain histopathology and apoptotic markers immunohistochemical detection were performed. The results revealed that FNP exposure resulted in deficit sensorimotor functions, impaired memory, and less exploration. DOPA and AChE Levels were significantly reduced. FNP exposure increased nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, Caspase-3, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels but interleukin 10, total antioxidant capacity, and Bcl-2 levels were declined. Also, FNP exposure induced obvious encephalopathy. Additionally, neurodegenerative changes were seen in the hippocampi of FNP-treated rats. FNP Exposure induced a significant decrease of Bcl-2 immunolabelling but Caspase-3 immunoexpression was increased in cerebral cortices and hippocampus tissues. CM significantly counteracted the FNP injurious impacts, especially when used as a prophylactic routine than a therapeutic one. Conclusively, these findings confirmed that CM could be a biologically effective protective agent against FNP induced neurobehavioral aberrations and neurotoxic impacts.
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29
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Sievers M, Hale R, Parris KM, Melvin SD, Lanctôt CM, Swearer SE. Contaminant-induced behavioural changes in amphibians: A meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133570. [PMID: 31369889 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contamination contributes to the threatened status of many amphibian populations. Many contaminants alter behaviour at concentrations commonly experienced in the environment, with negative consequences for individual fitness, populations and communities. A comprehensive, quantitative evaluation of the behavioural sensitivity of amphibians is warranted to better understand the population-level and resultant ecological impacts of contaminants. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating behavioural changes following exposure to contaminants. Most studies were conducted in North America and Europe on larval stages, and 64% of the 116 studies focussed on the effects of insecticides. We found that a suite of contaminants influence a wide range of behaviours in amphibians, with insecticides typically invoking the strongest responses. In particular, insecticides increased rates of abnormal swimming, and reduced escape responses to simulated predator attacks. Our analysis identified five key needs for future research, in particular the need: (1) for researchers to provide more details of experimental protocols and results (2) to develop a strong research base for future quantitative reviews, (3) to broaden the suite of contaminants tested, (4) to better study and thus understand the effects of multiple stressors, and (5) to establish the ecological importance of behavioural alterations. Behavioural endpoints provide useful sub-lethal indicators of how contaminants influence amphibians, and coupled with standard ecotoxicological endpoints, can provide valuable information for population models assessing the broader ecological consequences of environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sievers
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Australian Rivers Institute - Coast & Estuaries, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia.
| | - Robin Hale
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kirsten M Parris
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Steven D Melvin
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Chantal M Lanctôt
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland 4222, Australia
| | - Stephen E Swearer
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Eddleston M, Clutton RE, Taylor M, Thompson A, Worek F, John H, Thiermann H, Scott C. Efficacy of an organophosphorus hydrolase enzyme (OpdA) in human serum and minipig models of organophosphorus insecticide poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2019; 58:397-405. [PMID: 31452424 PMCID: PMC7114914 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1655149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Current therapeutic options for organophosphorus (OP) insecticide self-poisoning including atropine and oximes are inadequate and case fatality may exceed 20%. An OP hydrolase enzyme, OpdA, has been used for environmental cleansing of OP insecticides and prevented death in rat and non-human primate models of OP insecticide poisoning if given very quickly after exposure. We here tested OpdA's ability to break down OP insecticides in human serum and in clinically relevant minipig models of OP insecticide poisoning.Methods: Human serum was spiked with seven diverse WHO Class II OP insecticides (chlorpyrifos, quinalphos, diazinon, dimethoate, fenthion, phenthoate, and profenofos) and the effect of OpdA on degradation measured. The pharmacodynamic and clinical effects of OpdA treatment were studied in Gottingen minipigs orally poisoned with agricultural formulations of dimethoate EC40 or methyl parathion EC60; pharmacodynamic effects were also assessed in profenofos EC50-poisoned pigs.Results: OpdA effectively hydrolysed OP insecticides in human serum, with rates varying from 856 (SD 44) down to 0.107 (SD 0.01) moles of substrate hydrolysed/mole of enzyme/sec (kcat) for quinalphos and phenthoate, respectively, although at rates 2-3 log orders less than found in vitro in buffered solution. It showed clinical benefit in minipig models, reducing the dose of noradrenaline required to sustain an adequate mean arterial pressure after dimethoate (mean 0.149 [SD 0.10] μg/kg/h vs. 1.07 [SD 0.77] μg/kg/h, p < .0001) and methyl parathion (mean 0.077 [SD 0.08] μg/kg/h vs. 0.707 [SD 0.49] μg/kg/h, p < .0001) poisoning. OpdA reduced blood OP insecticide concentration and acetylcholinesterase inhibition after poisoning by dimethoate, methyl parathion, and profenofos insecticides.Conclusions: In vitro incubation of OpdA in human serum showed hydrolysis of diverse OP insecticides, although at lower rates than found in buffer solutions. This activity results in clinical and pharmacodynamic efficacy in vivo against several OP insecticides. These results support the testing of OpdA in further animal models before considering human trials to determine whether it may become an urgently required novel therapeutic agent for OP insecticide self-poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eddleston
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R Eddie Clutton
- Department of Anaesthesia, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Matthew Taylor
- CSIRO Biocatalysis & Synthetic Biology Team, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, Australia
| | - Adrian Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Harald John
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Colin Scott
- CSIRO Biocatalysis & Synthetic Biology Team, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, Australia
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Organophosphorus pesticide determination in biological specimens: bioanalytical and toxicological aspects. Int J Legal Med 2019; 133:1763-1784. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Castañeda-Duque J, Molina Díaz VM. Uso de pralidoxima en la intoxicación con metomilo en pastor collie en Medellín (Colombia). Reporte de caso. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y DE ZOOTECNIA 2019. [DOI: 10.15446/rfmvz.v66n2.82436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Se describe el uso de la pralidoxima en el tratamiento de una intoxicación con metomiloen un canino en la ciudad de Medellín (Colombia). Un macho de raza pastor colliesufrió intoxicación accidental con metomilo, presentó cuadro colinérgico, con miosis,sialorrea, delirio, excitación y emesis, fue sometido a descontaminación con carbónactivado y terapia con atropina (0,04 mg/kg IM) cada 30 minutos hasta atropinizar,difenhidramina (2 mg/kg EV) y pralidoxima (10 mg/kg EV) cada 8 horas y pentobarbital(12 mg/kg EV) por 24 horas, además de terapia de sostén. Se realizaron pruebashematológicas, creatinina, alanino aminotrasferasa, tiempo de protrombina y tiempoparcial tromboplastina que resultaron normales para la especie. Después de una terapiade 7 días el paciente presentó mejoría total de los signos nerviosos y se dio de alta encondición normal. El uso de pralidoxima como activador de la acetilcolinesterasa es unaopción en el tratamiento de la intoxicación grave por metomilo en la especie canina quemuestra sensibilidad a los carbamatos.
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Comparison of the Respiratory Toxicity and Total Cholinesterase Activities in Dimethyl Versus Diethyl Paraoxon-Poisoned Rats. TOXICS 2019; 7:toxics7020023. [PMID: 30995784 PMCID: PMC6631413 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The chemical structure of organophosphate compounds (OPs) is a well-known factor which modifies the acute toxicity of these compounds. We compared ventilation at rest and cholinesterase activities in male Sprague-Dawley rats poisoned with dimethyl paraoxon (DMPO) and diethyl paraoxon (DEPO) at a subcutaneous dose corresponding to 50% of the median lethal dose (MLD). Ventilation at rest was recorded by whole body plethysmography. Total cholinesterase activities were determined by radiometric assay. Both organophosphates decreased significantly the respiratory rate, resulting from an increase in expiratory time. Dimethyl-induced respiratory toxicity spontaneously reversed within 120 min post-injection. Diethyl-induced respiratory toxicity was long-lasting, more than 180 min post-injection. Both organophosphates decreased cholinesterase activities from 10 to 180 min post-injection with the same degree of inhibition of total cholinesterase within an onset at the same times after injection. There were no significant differences in residual cholinesterase activities between dimethyl and diethyl paraoxon groups at any time. The structure of the alkoxy-group is a determinant factor of the late phase of poisoning, conditioning duration of toxicity without significant effects on the magnitude of alteration of respiratory parameters. For same duration and magnitude of cholinesterase inhibition, there was a strong discrepancy in the time-course of effects between the two compounds.
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Lajmanovich RC, Peltzer PM, Martinuzzi CS, Attademo AM, Bassó A, Colussi CL. Insecticide pyriproxyfen (Dragón ®) damage biotransformation, thyroid hormones, heart rate, and swimming performance of Odontophrynus americanus tadpoles. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 220:714-722. [PMID: 30611069 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Odontoprynus americanus tadpoles were used to determine the safety concentration of pyriproxyfen (PPF) insecticide by acute and sublethal toxicity tests (nominal range tested 0.01 to 10 [± 15%] PPF mg/L). Median lethal concentration (LC50) and no, and lowest-observed-effect concentrations (NOEC and LOEC, respectively) were calculated. We also assessed the effect on the activities of glutathione S-transferse (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and carboxylesterase (CbE) and compared to control (CO) tadpoles. Based on the 48-h NOEC value, two sublethal concentrations of PPF (0.01 and 0.1 mg/L) were assayed to detect effects on enzymes activities (GST and CbE), thyroid hormone's levels (triiodothyronine; T3 and thyroxine; T4), heart function, and tadpoles swimming behaviour. The results showed that the LC50 values of O. americanus tadpoles were 3.73 PPF mg/L and 2.51 PPF mg/L at 24-h and 48-h, respectively (NOEC = 0.1 mg/L; LOEC = 1 mg/L, for both times). PPF concentrations at 48 h, induced enzymatic activities such as GST (212.98%-242.94%), AChE (142.15%-165.08%), and CbE (141.86%-87.14%) significantly respect to COs. During the 22 days of chronic PPF exposure, GST (0.01 mg/L 88%-153% NOEC), AChE (177.82% NOEC), and T4 (70% NOEC) also significantly increased respect to COs. Similarly, heart rate (fH) and ventricular cycle length (VV interval) in CO tadpoles were significantly higher than PPF treated. Finally, at NOEC tadpoles exhibited significant effects on the behavioral endpoint (swimming distance, mean speed, and global activity; P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael C Lajmanovich
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, FBCB-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje el Pozo s/n (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina; National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Paola M Peltzer
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, FBCB-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje el Pozo s/n (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina; National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Candela S Martinuzzi
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, FBCB-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje el Pozo s/n (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina; National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Andrés M Attademo
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, FBCB-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje el Pozo s/n (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina; National Council for Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Agustín Bassó
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, FBCB-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje el Pozo s/n (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Carlina L Colussi
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences, FBCB-UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje el Pozo s/n (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Eddleston M. Novel Clinical Toxicology and Pharmacology of Organophosphorus Insecticide Self-Poisoning. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 59:341-360. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus insecticide self-poisoning is a major global health problem, killing over 100,000 people annually. It is a complex multi-organ condition, involving the inhibition of cholinesterases, and perhaps other enzymes, and the effects of large doses of ingested solvents. Variability between organophosphorus insecticides—in lipophilicity, speed of activation, speed and potency of acetylcholinesterase inhibition, and in the chemical groups attached to the phosphorus—results in variable speed of poisoning onset, severity, clinical toxidrome, and case fatality. Current treatment is modestly effective, aiming only to reactivate acetylcholinesterase and counter the effects of excess acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors. Rapid titration of atropine during resuscitation is lifesaving and can be performed in the absence of oxygen. The role of oximes in therapy remains unclear. Novel antidotes have been tested in small trials, but the great variability in poisoning makes interpretation of such trials difficult. More effort is required to test treatments in adequately powered studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eddleston
- Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, and Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
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Chawla P, Kaushik R, Shiva Swaraj V, Kumar N. Organophosphorus pesticides residues in food and their colorimetric detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enmm.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Jaballi I, Saad HB, Bkhairia I, Cherif B, Kallel C, Boudawara O, Droguet M, Magné C, Hakim A, Amara IB. Cytoprotective Effects of the Red Marine Alga Chondrus canaliculatus Against Maneb-Induced Hematotoxicity and Bone Oxidative Damages in Adult Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 184:99-113. [PMID: 28940108 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed at evaluating the ability of a mineral and antioxidant-rich extract from Chondrus canaliculatus to improve maneb (MB)-induced toxicity in adult rat. The animals were divided into four groups: group 1 used as a control group, group 2 received MB, group 3 received MB + C. canaliculatus extract, and group 4 received only the algal extract. MB, a Mn-containing ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate fungicide, induced oxidative stress damages, mineral perturbations in the plasma, urine, and bone, and genotoxicity in rats. Hematological analysis revealed in the MB-treated group a disruption in the number of red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells associated with a striking genotoxicity. Interestingly, a significant increase in malondialdehyde and advanced oxidation protein product levels in erythrocytes and bones were found. On the other hand, an impairment of the antioxidant status in both tissues was occurred. Along, our results revealed that MB injection caused a striking drop and disruption in bone's mineral rates, especially calcium and phosphorus. These biochemical results were in accordance with the histological and molecular changes. However, co-treatment with C. canaliculatus extract showed, for the first time, that this alga was effective against MB-induced hematotoxicity, genotoxicity, and oxidative stress in the blood and bone and maintained osteomineral metabolism and bone histo-architecture. Such observations might be explained by the strong in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities exhibited by the alga, as well as by its high levels in several minerals: calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, iron, and zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Jaballi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
- Unit of Functional Genomics and Plant Physiology, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, 3000, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hajer Ben Saad
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Intidhar Bkhairia
- Laboratory of Enzyme engineering and Microbiology, National Engineering School in Sfax, University of Sfax, B.P. 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Boutheina Cherif
- Unit of Biotechnology and Pathology, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, P.O. Box 261, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Choumous Kallel
- Laboratory of Hematology, CHU Habib Bourguiba, University of Sfax, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ons Boudawara
- Laboratory of Anatomopathology, CHU Habib Bourguiba, University of Sfax, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Michael Droguet
- EA 4324 ORPHY, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brest, 29238, Brest Cedex, France
| | - Christian Magné
- EA 2219 Géoarchitecture, 6 av. V. Le Gorgeu, University of Brest, 29238, Brest Cedex, France
| | - Ahmed Hakim
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, 3029, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ibtissem Ben Amara
- Unit of Functional Genomics and Plant Physiology, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, 3000, Sfax, Tunisia.
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Hosseini SA, Saidijam M, Karimi J, Yadegar Azari R, Hosseini V, Ranjbar A. Cerium Oxide Nanoparticle Effects on Paraoxonase-1 Activity and Oxidative Toxic Stress Induced by Malathion: A Potential Antioxidant Compound, Yes or No? Indian J Clin Biochem 2018; 34:336-341. [PMID: 31391725 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-018-0760-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) are one of the most widely used and important nanoparticles in addition to possessing strong antioxidative properties and inhibiting free radicals. Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is one of the enzymes that protect the body against damage caused by oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of CeNPs on the activity of PON1 as well as biomarkers of oxidative stress in the toxicity of malathion. 48 Albino Wistar male rats with weight range of 180-250 g were randomly divided into 8 groups, Group 1: healthy control, injection of normal saline, Group 2: administration by the malathion 100 mg/kg/day, Group 3: treated with CeNPs 15 mg/kg/day, Group 4: treated with CeNPs 30 mg/kg/day, Group 5: combination of malathion with dose of 100 mg/kg/day and CeNPs 15 mg/kg, Group 6: combination of malathion with dose of 100 mg/kg/day and CeNPs 30 mg/kg for 14 days and 24 h after termination of treatment period, serum and liver tissue samples were collected from all rats. Biochemical test of PON1 activity, oxidative stress biomarkers including total antioxidant capacity (TAC), lipid peroxidation (LPO), total thiol groups (TTG), were carried out. Malathion reduced plasma TTG levels, TAC and increased LPO in malathion group. However, CeNPs increased TTG, TAC and reduced PON1 activity. Results showed that CeNPs alone had antioxidant properties while with malathion it shows different properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masoud Saidijam
- 1Molecular Medicine Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Jamshid Karimi
- 2Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Reza Yadegar Azari
- 1Molecular Medicine Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Vahede Hosseini
- 3Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Ranjbar
- 4Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 6517838678 Iran
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Sargazi S, Galavi H, Zarei S. Evaluation of attenuative effect of tert-butylhydroquinone against diazinon-induced oxidative stress on hematological indices in male Wistar rats. Biomed Rep 2018; 8:565-570. [PMID: 29774145 DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diazinon is an organophosphate toxicant that has been identified to induce oxidative stress within biological systems through altering biochemical and hematological indices, by generating free radicals while deteriorating the cellular antioxidant defense system. The present study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), a synthetic food additive, in serving as an antioxidant against sub-lethal diazinon-induced oxidative stress in male Wistar rats. Animals were randomly divided into 4 groups: Control (treated with corn oil as a vehicle), diazinon (10 mg/kg/day), TBHQ (0.028 g/kg of diet) and a combination group of TBHQ (0.028 g/kg of diet) plus diazinon (10 mg/kg/day). All animals were treated orally once a day by gastric tube and treatments were continued for 7 weeks. Hematological indices, including red blood cell (RBC) indices and white blood cell (WBC) and platelet counts, were measured at the end of the treatment schedule. On comparison of the treatment groups with the untreated control group, RBC count, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were significantly decreased in the diazinon and TBHQ+diazinon groups, while MCHC in the TBHQ group and MCV in the diazinon and TBHQ+diazinon groups were significantly increased. When the diazinon and TBHQ+diazinon groups were compared with the TBHQ group, RBC, Hb, Hct, and MCHC were significantly decreased whereas MCV was increased in both groups. Additionally, when comparing the TBHQ+diazinon group with the diazinon group, MCHC was determined to be significantly decreased. The results of the current experiments suggested that TBHQ could not efficiently protect blood cells against diazinon toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Sargazi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan 9177948974, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Sistan and Baluchestan 9816743181, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Galavi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Sistan and Baluchestan 9816743181, Iran
| | - Sadegh Zarei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd 8916978477, Iran
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Eddleston M. Are Oximes Still Indicated for Acute Organophosphorus Insecticide Self-Poisoning? J Med Toxicol 2018; 14:1-2. [PMID: 29388062 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-018-0651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eddleston
- Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Therapeutics, and Centre for Pesticide Suicide Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Mesnage R, Antoniou MN. Ignoring Adjuvant Toxicity Falsifies the Safety Profile of Commercial Pesticides. Front Public Health 2018; 5:361. [PMID: 29404314 PMCID: PMC5786549 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial formulations of pesticides are invariably not single ingredients. Instead they are cocktails of chemicals, composed of a designated pesticidal “active principle” and “other ingredients,” with the latter collectively also known as “adjuvants.” These include surfactants, antifoaming agents, dyes, etc. Some adjuvants are added to influence the absorption and stability of the active principle and thus promote its pesticidal action. Currently, the health risk assessment of pesticides in the European Union and in the United States focuses almost exclusively on the stated active principle. Nonetheless, adjuvants can also be toxic in their own right with numerous negative health effects having been reported in humans and on the environment. Despite the known toxicity of adjuvants, they are regulated differently from active principles, with their toxic effects being generally ignored. Adjuvants are not subject to an acceptable daily intake, and they are not included in the health risk assessment of dietary exposures to pesticide residues. Here, we illustrate this gap in risk assessment by reference to glyphosate, the most used pesticide active ingredient. We also investigate the case of neonicotinoid insecticides, which are strongly suspected to be involved in bee and bumblebee colony collapse disorder. Authors of studies sometimes use the name of the active principle (for example glyphosate) when they are testing a commercial formulation containing multiple (active principle plus adjuvant) ingredients. This results in confusion in the scientific literature and within regulatory circles and leads to a misrepresentation of the safety profile of commercial pesticides. Urgent action is needed to lift the veil on the presence of adjuvants in food and human bodily fluids, as well as in the environment (such as in air, water, and soil) and to characterize their toxicological properties. This must be accompanied by regulatory precautionary measures to protect the environment and general human population from some toxic adjuvants that are currently missing from risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Mesnage
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael N Antoniou
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Eddleston M, Fabresse N, Thompson A, Al Abdulla I, Gregson R, King T, Astier A, Baud FJ, Clutton RE, Alvarez JC. Anti-colchicine Fab fragments prevent lethal colchicine toxicity in a porcine model: a pharmacokinetic and clinical study. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018; 56:773-781. [PMID: 29334816 PMCID: PMC6021765 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2017.1422510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Background: Colchicine poisoning is commonly lethal. Colchicine-specific Fab fragments increase rat urinary colchicine clearance and have been associated with a good outcome in one patient. We aimed to develop a porcine model of colchicine toxicity to study the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of ovine Fab. Methods: A Göttingen minipig critical care model was established and serial blood samples taken for colchicine and Fab pharmacokinetics, clinical chemistry, and haematology. Animals were euthanised when the mean arterial pressure fell below 45 mmHg without response to vasopressor, or at study completion. Results: Initial studies indicated that oral dosing produced variable pharmacokinetics and time-to-euthanasia. By contrast, intravenous infusion of 0.25 mg/kg colchicine over 1 h produced reproducible pharmacokinetics (AUC0–20 343 [SD = 21] µg/L/h), acute multi-organ injury, and cardiotoxicity requiring euthanasia a mean of 22.5 (SD = 3.2) h after dosing. A full-neutralising equimolar Fab dose given 6 h after the infusion (50% first hour, 50% next 6 h [to reduce renal-loss of unbound Fab]) produced a 7.35-fold increase in plasma colchicine (AUC0–20 2,522 [SD = 14] µg/L/h), and removed all free plasma colchicine, but did not prevent toxicity (euthanasia at 29.1 [SD = 3.4] h). Earlier administration over 1 h of the full-neutralising dose, 1 or 3 h after the colchicine, produced a 12.9-fold (AUC0–20 4,433 [SD = 607] µg/L/h) and 6.0-fold (AUC0–20 2,047 [SD = 51] µg/L/h) increase in plasma colchicine, respectively, absence of free plasma colchicine until 20 h, and survival to study end without marked cardiotoxicity. Conclusions: Colchicine-specific Fab given early, in equimolar dose, bound colchicine, eliciting its movement into the blood, and preventing severe toxicity. Clinical studies are now needed to determine how soon this antidote must be given to work in human poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eddleston
- a Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics , University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK.,b Wellcome Trust Critical Care for Large Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Nicolas Fabresse
- c Laboratoire de Pharmacologie - Toxicologie , Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Raymond Poincaré, AP-HP et MassSpecLab, Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse, Inserm U-1173, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin , Garches , France
| | - Adrian Thompson
- a Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics , University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK.,b Wellcome Trust Critical Care for Large Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | | | - Rachael Gregson
- b Wellcome Trust Critical Care for Large Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Tim King
- b Wellcome Trust Critical Care for Large Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | | | - Frederic J Baud
- f University Paris Diderot, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris , Paris , France
| | - R Eddie Clutton
- b Wellcome Trust Critical Care for Large Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Jean-Claude Alvarez
- c Laboratoire de Pharmacologie - Toxicologie , Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Raymond Poincaré, AP-HP et MassSpecLab, Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse, Inserm U-1173, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin , Garches , France
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Defarge N, Spiroux de Vendômois J, Séralini GE. Toxicity of formulants and heavy metals in glyphosate-based herbicides and other pesticides. Toxicol Rep 2017; 5:156-163. [PMID: 29321978 PMCID: PMC5756058 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The major pesticides of the world are glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH), and their toxicity is highly debated. To understand their mode of action, the comparative herbicidal and toxicological effects of glyphosate (G) alone and 14 of its formulations were studied in this work, as a model for pesticides. GBH are mixtures of water, with commonly 36-48% G claimed as the active principle. As with other pesticides, 10-20% of GBH consist of chemical formulants. We previously identified these by mass spectrometry and found them to be mainly families of petroleum-based oxidized molecules, such as POEA, and other contaminants. We exposed plants and human cells to the components of formulations, both mixed and separately, and measured toxicity and human cellular endocrine disruption below the direct toxicity experimentally measured threshold. G was only slightly toxic on plants at the recommended dilutions in agriculture, in contrast with the general belief. In the short term, the strong herbicidal and toxic properties of its formulations were exerted by the POEA formulant family alone. The toxic effects and endocrine disrupting properties of the formulations were mostly due to the formulants and not to G. In this work, we also identified by mass spectrometry the heavy metals arsenic, chromium, cobalt, lead and nickel, which are known to be toxic and endocrine disruptors, as contaminants in 22 pesticides, including 11 G-based ones. This could also explain some of the adverse effects of the pesticides. In in vivo chronic regulatory experiments that are used to establish the acceptable daily intakes of pesticides, G or other declared active ingredients in pesticides are assessed alone, without the formulants. Considering these new data, this assessment method appears insufficient to ensure safety. These results, taken together, shed a new light on the toxicity of these major herbicides and of pesticides in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Defarge
- University of Caen Normandy, Department of Biology and Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Environment MRSH, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
| | | | - G E Séralini
- University of Caen Normandy, Department of Biology and Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Environment MRSH, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen Cedex, France
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Alahakoon C, Dassanayake TL, Gawarammana IB, Weerasinghe VS. Can we predict intermediate syndrome? A review. Neurotoxicology 2017; 69:209-216. [PMID: 29217407 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ingestion of organophosphorus insecticides (OPI) is a common method of deliberate self harm in the developing world. Deaths mainly follow as a result of the respiratory failure associated with both cholinergic crisis and the intermediate syndrome. Even though death can be prevented by early mechanical ventilation of these patients, limited studies are available regarding the prediction of intermediate syndrome and subsequent respiratory failure. OBJECTIVE To systematically review articles that are published with regard to possible prediction of intermediate syndrome using clinical, biochemical and electrophysiological parameters. METHODS A systematic review on literature published in English language was done in the PubMed database without a date limitation. Two sets of search terms were used. The first set consisted of MeSH Terms "organophosphates", "organophosphate poisoning", "op poisoning" "organophosphate insecticide poisoning" and "organophosphorus". The second set included the MeSH Terms "Intermediate syndrome", "proximal muscle weakness", "cranial nerve palsies", "respiratory depression" and "neck muscle weakness". Articles containing at least one word from each set were reviewed. RESULTS At least one MeSH term from each set was incorporated in 179 articles. Of these, 69 were rejected as they were not related to organophosphate poisoning or intermediate syndrome. PREDICTION OF IMS Clinical prediction is mostly based on ICU scoring systems. Biochemical markers such as reduced levels of serum and erythrocyte acetylcholine esterase have been studied many times. Both clinical and biochemical markers show a modest relationship in predicting IMS. Single fibre electromyography show promising results as it directly assesses neuromuscular junction. CONCLUSION The intermediate syndrome which follows organophosphate poisoning still remains a significant problem with its high morbidity. Clinical and biochemical markers show modest results in predicting IMS. Neurophysiological markers such as single fibre EMG should be studied further as they measure activity of affected nicotinic receptors directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanika Alahakoon
- Department of Physiology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka; South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka.
| | - Tharaka Lagath Dassanayake
- Department of Physiology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka; South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka; School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Indika Bandara Gawarammana
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka; Department of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya,20400, Sri Lanka.
| | - Vajira Senaka Weerasinghe
- Department of Physiology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka; South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka.
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Effect of Fe2+ on the degradation of the pesticide profenofos by electrogenerated H2O2. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Shuman-Goodier ME, Propper CR. A meta-analysis synthesizing the effects of pesticides on swim speed and activity of aquatic vertebrates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 565:758-766. [PMID: 27261557 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide contaminants are ubiquitous in aquatic environments and pose a threat to biodiversity. Pesticides also have diverse mechanisms of action that make it difficult to identify impacts on exposed wildlife. Behavioral measures represent an important link between physiological and ecological processes, and are often used to generalize sub-lethal effects of pesticide exposure. In order to bridge the toxicological and behavioral literature, and identify chemical classes that denote the largest threat, we conducted a meta-analysis summarizing the effects of pesticides on swim speed and activity of aquatic vertebrates. We found that exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of pesticides reduced the swim speed of exposed amphibians and fish by 35%, and reduced overall activity by 72%. There were also differences in the magnitude of this effect across chemical classes, which likely reflect underlying physiological processes. Pyrethroids, carbamates, and organophosphates all produced a large decrease in swim speed, where as phosphonoglycines and triazines showed no overall effect. Pyrethroids, carbamates, organophosphates, organochlorines, and organotins also produced a large decrease in activity, while phosphonoglycines had no overall effect, and triazines had the opposite effect of increasing activity. Our results indicate that even sub-lethal concentrations of pesticides have a strong effect on critical behaviors of aquatic vertebrates, which can affect fitness and alter species interactions. We expect our synthesis can be used to identify chemical classes producing the largest sub-lethal effects for further research and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E Shuman-Goodier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, United States.
| | - Catherine R Propper
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, United States
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48
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Toxicology of organophosphorus compounds in view of an increasing terrorist threat. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2131-2145. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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49
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The Effect of Parathion on Red Blood Cell Acetylcholinesterase in the Wistar Rat. J Toxicol 2016; 2016:4576952. [PMID: 27418928 PMCID: PMC4935959 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4576952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) pesticide poisoning is a significant problem worldwide. Research into new antidotes for these acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, and even optimal doses for current therapies, is hindered by a lack of standardized animal models. In this study, we sought to characterize the effects of the OP pesticide parathion on acetylcholinesterase in a Wistar rat model that included comprehensive medical care. Methods. Male Wistar rats were intubated and mechanically ventilated and then poisoned with between 20 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg of intravenous parathion. Upon developing signs of poisoning, the rats were treated with standard critical care, including atropine, pralidoxime chloride, and midazolam, for up to 48 hours. Acetylcholinesterase activity was determined serially for up to 8 days after poisoning. Results. At all doses of parathion, maximal depression of acetylcholinesterase occurred at 3 hours after poisoning. Acetylcholinesterase recovered to nearly 50% of baseline activity by day 4 in the 20 mg/kg cohort and by day 5 in the 40 and 60 mg/kg cohorts. At day 8, most rats' acetylcholinesterase had recovered to roughly 70% of baseline. These data should be useful in developing rodent models of acute OP pesticide poisoning.
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50
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Bird SB, Krajacic P, Sawamoto K, Bunya N, Loro E, Khurana TS. Pharmacotherapy to protect the neuromuscular junction after acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1374:86-93. [PMID: 27258847 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) pesticide poisoning is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing world, affecting an estimated three million people annually. Much of the morbidity is directly related to muscle weakness, which develops 1-4 days after poisoning. This muscle weakness, termed the intermediate syndrome (IMS), leads to respiratory, bulbar, and proximal limb weakness and frequently necessitates the use of mechanical ventilation. While not entirely understood, the IMS is most likely due to persistently elevated acetylcholine (ACh), which activates nicotinic ACh receptors at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Thus, the NMJ is potentially a target-rich area for the development of new therapies for acute OP poisoning. In this manuscript, we discuss what is known about the IMS and studies investigating the use of nicotinic ACh receptor antagonists to prevent or mitigate NMJ dysfunction after acute OP poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Bird
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Predrag Krajacic
- West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg, West Virginia
| | | | | | - Emanuele Loro
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tejvir S Khurana
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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