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Hort V, Abadie E, Arnich N, Dechraoui Bottein MY, Amzil Z. Chemodiversity of Brevetoxins and Other Potentially Toxic Metabolites Produced by Karenia spp. and Their Metabolic Products in Marine Organisms. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:656. [PMID: 34940655 PMCID: PMC8709462 DOI: 10.3390/md19120656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, more than 130 potentially toxic metabolites originating from dinoflagellate species belonging to the genus Karenia or metabolized by marine organisms have been described. These metabolites include the well-known and large group of brevetoxins (BTXs), responsible for foodborne neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) and airborne respiratory symptoms in humans. Karenia spp. also produce brevenal, brevisamide and metabolites belonging to the hemi-brevetoxin, brevisin, tamulamide, gymnocin, gymnodimine, brevisulcenal and brevisulcatic acid groups. In this review, we summarize the available knowledge in the literature since 1977 on these various identified metabolites, whether they are produced directly by the producer organisms or biotransformed in marine organisms. Their structures and physicochemical properties are presented and discussed. Among future avenues of research, we highlight the need for more toxin occurrence data with analytical techniques, which can specifically determine the analogs present in samples. New metabolites have yet to be fully described, especially the groups of metabolites discovered in the last two decades (e.g tamulamides). Lastly, this work clarifies the different nomenclatures used in the literature and should help to harmonize practices in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Hort
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Pesticides and Marine Biotoxins Unit, ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Eric Abadie
- MARBEC (MARine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34200 Sète, France;
| | - Nathalie Arnich
- Risk Assessment Directorate, ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France;
| | - Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, UMR 7035 ECOSEAS, 06103 Nice, France;
- Federative Research Institute—Marine Ressources, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), 44311 Nantes, France
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O'Neill A, Morrell N, Turner AD, Maskrey BH. Method performance verification for the combined detection and quantitation of the marine neurotoxins cyclic imines and brevetoxin shellfish metabolites in mussels (Mytilus edulis) and oysters (Crassostrea gigas) by UHPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1179:122864. [PMID: 34343946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A single laboratory method performance verification is reported for a rapid sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of eight cyclic imine and two brevetoxin analogues in two bivalve shellfish matrices: mussel (Mytilus edulis) and Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Targeted cyclic imine analogues were from the spirolide, gymnodimine and pinnatoxin groups, namely 20-Me-SPX-C, 13-desMe-SPX-C, 13,19-didesMe-SPX-C, GYM-A, 12-Me-GYM, PnTx-E, PnTx-F and PnTx-G. Brevetoxin analogues consisted of the shellfish metabolites BTX-B5 and S-desoxy-BTX-B2. A rapid dispersive extraction was used as well as a fast six-minute UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. Mobile phase prepared using ammonium fluoride and methanol was optimised for both chromatographic separation and MS/MS response to suit all analytes. Method performance verification checks for both matrices were carried out. Matrix influence was acceptable for the majority of analogues with the MS response for all analogues being linear across an appropriate range of concentrations. In terms of limits of detection and quantitation the method was shown to be highly sensitive when compared with other methods. Acceptable recoveries were found with most analogues, with laboratory precision in terms of intra- and inter-batch precision deemed appropriate. The method was applied to environmental shellfish samples with results showing low concentrations of cyclic imines to be present. The method is fast and highly sensitive for the detection and quantification of all targeted analogues, in both mussel and oyster matrices. Consequently, the method has been shown to provide a useful tool for simultaneous monitoring for the presence or future emergence of these two toxin groups in shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison O'Neill
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Morrell
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin H Maskrey
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom.
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Satake M, Irie R, Holland PT, Harwood DT, Shi F, Itoh Y, Hayashi F, Zhang H. Brevisulcenals-A1 and A2, Sulfate Esters of Brevisulcenals, Isolated from the Red Tide Dinoflagellate Karenia brevisulcata. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020082. [PMID: 33499131 PMCID: PMC7911007 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Two different types of polycyclic ether toxins, namely brevisulcenals (KBTs) and brevisulcatic acids (BSXs), produced by the red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevisulcata, were the cause of a toxic incident that occurred in New Zealand in 1998. Four major components, KBT-F, -G, -H, and -I, shown to be cytotoxic and lethal in mice, were isolated from cultured K. brevisulcata cells, and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses. New analogues, brevisulcenal-A1 (KBT-A1) and brevisulcenal-A2 (KBT-A2), toxins of higher polarity than that of known KBTs, were isolated from neutral lipophilic extracts of bulk dinoflagellate culture extracts. The structures of KBT-A1 and KBT-A2 were elucidated as sulfated analogues of KBT-F and KBT-G, respectively, by NMR and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF/TOF), and by comparison with the spectra of KBT-F and KBT-G. The cytotoxicities of the sulfate analogues were lower than those of KBT-F and KBT-G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Satake
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5841-4357
| | - Raku Irie
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Seto 22-2, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Patrick T. Holland
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand; (P.T.H.); (D.T.H.); (F.S.)
| | - D Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand; (P.T.H.); (D.T.H.); (F.S.)
| | - Feng Shi
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand; (P.T.H.); (D.T.H.); (F.S.)
| | - Yoshiyuki Itoh
- MS Business Unit, JEOL Ltd., Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan;
| | - Fumiaki Hayashi
- NMR Science and Development Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; (F.H.); (H.Z.)
| | - Huiping Zhang
- NMR Science and Development Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; (F.H.); (H.Z.)
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Osato N, Onoue H, Toma Y, Torikai K, Ebine M, Satake M, Oishi T. Convergent Syntheses of the WXYZ Ring of Maitotoxin and the HIJK Ring of Brevisulcenal-F. CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.171056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Osato
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Onoue
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Toma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kohei Torikai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Makoto Ebine
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masayuki Satake
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tohru Oishi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Satake M, Irie R, Suzuki R, Tachibana K, T. Holland P, Tim Harwood D, Shi F, McNabb P, Beuzenberg V, Hayashi F, Zhang H. Brevisulcatic Acids from a Marine Microalgal Species Implicated in a Toxic Event in New Zealand. HETEROCYCLES 2016. [DOI: 10.3987/com-15-13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fowler N, Tomas C, Baden D, Campbell L, Bourdelais A. Chemical analysis of Karenia papilionacea. Toxicon 2015; 101:85-91. [PMID: 25981346 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the most widely studied organisms responsible for Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) is the marine dinoflagellate Karenia brevis. This organism produces neurotoxic compounds known as brevetoxins. A related dinoflagellate, Karenia papilionacea, has been reported to occasionally co-bloom with K. brevis but has received little attention as a possible toxin producing species. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the toxin profile for K. papilionacea. A toxic fraction was identified using a cell based cytotoxicity assay and the toxin was isolated and identified as the ladder frame polyether brevetoxin-2 (PbTx-2) using mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Toxin production in K. papilionacea increased in response to hypoosmotic stress, as previously observed in K. brevis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Fowler
- University of North Carolina, Center of Marine Science, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA.
| | - Carmelo Tomas
- University of North Carolina, Center of Marine Science, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA.
| | - Daniel Baden
- University of North Carolina, Center of Marine Science, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA.
| | - Lisa Campbell
- Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biol, College Stn, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Andrea Bourdelais
- University of North Carolina, Center of Marine Science, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA.
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Turner AD, Higgins C, Davidson K, Veszelovszki A, Payne D, Hungerford J, Higman W. Potential threats posed by new or emerging marine biotoxins in UK waters and examination of detection methodology used in their control: brevetoxins. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1224-54. [PMID: 25775421 PMCID: PMC4377981 DOI: 10.3390/md13031224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular occurrence of brevetoxin-producing toxic phytoplankton in commercial shellfishery areas poses a significant risk to shellfish consumer health. Brevetoxins and their causative toxic phytoplankton are more limited in their global distribution than most marine toxins impacting commercial shellfisheries. On the other hand, trends in climate change could conceivably lead to increased risk posed by these toxins in UK waters. A request was made by UK food safety authorities to examine these toxins more closely to aid possible management strategies, should they pose a threat in the future. At the time of writing, brevetoxins have been detected in the Gulf of Mexico, the Southeast US coast and in New Zealand waters, where regulatory levels for brevetoxins in shellfish have existed for some time. This paper reviews evidence concerning the prevalence of brevetoxins and brevetoxin-producing phytoplankton in the UK, together with testing methodologies. Chemical, biological and biomolecular methods are reviewed, including recommendations for further work to enable effective testing. Although the focus here is on the UK, from a strategic standpoint many of the topics discussed will also be of interest in other parts of the world since new and emerging marine biotoxins are of global concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Cowan Higgins
- Agri-food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK.
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK.
| | | | - Daniel Payne
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
- University of Surrey, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7TE, UK.
| | - James Hungerford
- United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), 22201 23rd Dr, S.E., Bothell, WA 98021, USA.
| | - Wendy Higman
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
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Suzuki R, Irie R, Harntaweesup Y, Tachibana K, Holland PT, Harwood DT, Shi F, Beuzenberg V, Itoh Y, Pascal S, Edwards PJB, Satake M. Brevisulcatic acids, marine ladder-frame polyethers from the red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevisulcata in New Zealand. Org Lett 2014; 16:5850-3. [PMID: 25356530 DOI: 10.1021/ol502700h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The isolation and structural determination of new marine ladder-frame polyethers, brevisulcatic acids-1 (1) and -4 (2) are reported. Brevisulcatic acids were isolated from the dinoflagellate Karenia brevisulcata, which was identified as the causative species of a major red tide event in New Zealand in 1998. The ether ring composition and a β-hydroxy, γ-methylene valeric acid side chain of 1 and 2 are common, but 2 has a γ-lactone as the 5-membered A-ring while 1 is the seco acid analogue. Compound 2 has structural and bioactivity similarities to brevetoxin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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