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González Álvarez Á, Martinez I Quer A, Ellegaard-Jensen L, Sapkota R, Carvalho PN, Johansen A. Fungal removal of cyanotoxins in constructed wetlands: The forgotten degraders. Sci Total Environ 2024; 929:172590. [PMID: 38642746 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms have increased globally, releasing hazardous cyanotoxins that threaten the safety of water resources. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are a nature-based and low-cost solution to purify and remove cyanotoxins from water. However, bio-mechanistic understanding of the biotransformation processes expected to drive cyanotoxin removal in such systems is poor, and primarily focused on bacteria. Thus, the present study aimed at exploring the fungal contribution to microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin biodegradation in CWs. Based on CW mesocosms, two experimental approaches were taken: a) amplicon sequencing studies were conducted to investigate the involvement of the fungal community; and b) CW fungal isolates were tested for their microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin degradation capabilities. The data uncovered effects of seasonality (spring or summer), cyanotoxin exposure, vegetation (unplanted, Juncus effusus or Phragmites australis) and substratum (sand or gravel) on the fungal community structure. Additionally, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus and the endophyte Myrmecridium showed positive correlations with cyanotoxin removal. Fungal isolates revealed microcystin-LR-removal potentials of approximately 25 % in in vitro biodegradation experiments, while the extracellular chemical fingerprint of the cultures suggested a potential intracellular metabolization. The results from this study may help us understand the fungal contribution to cyanotoxin removal, as well as their ecology in CWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela González Álvarez
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Alba Martinez I Quer
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lea Ellegaard-Jensen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; WATEC, Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Rumakanta Sapkota
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Pedro N Carvalho
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; WATEC, Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Anders Johansen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; WATEC, Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Hort V, Bourcier S. Discovery of a series of portimine-A fatty acid esters in mussels. Harmful Algae 2024; 134:102621. [PMID: 38705617 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Vulcanodinium rugosum is a benthic dinoflagellate known for producing pinnatoxins, pteriatoxins, portimines and kabirimine. In this study, we aimed to identify unknown analogs of these emerging toxins in mussels collected in the Ingril lagoon, France. First, untargeted data acquisitions were conducted by means of liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry. Data processing involved a molecular networking approach, and a workflow dedicated to the identification of biotransformed metabolites. Additionally, targeted analyses by liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry were also implemented to further investigate and confirm the identification of new compounds. For the first time, a series of 13-O-acyl esters of portimine-A (n = 13) were identified, with fatty acid chains ranging between C12:0 and C22:6. The profile was dominated by the palmitic acid conjugation. This discovery was supported by fractionation experiments combined with the implementation of a hydrolysis reaction, providing further evidence of the metabolite identities. Furthermore, several analogs were semi-synthesized, definitively confirming the discovery of these metabolization products. A new analog of pinnatoxin, with a molecular formula of C42H65NO9, was also identified across the year 2018, with the highest concentration observed in August (4.5 μg/kg). The MS/MS data collected for this compound exhibited strong structural similarities with PnTX-A and PnTX-G, likely indicating a substituent C2H5O2 in the side chain at C33. The discovery of these new analogs will contribute to deeper knowledge of the chemodiversity of toxins produced by V. rugosum or resulting from shellfish metabolism, thereby improving our ability to characterize the risks associated with these emerging toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Hort
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Pesticides and Marine Biotoxins Unit, ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Sophie Bourcier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM), CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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Liu YL, Liu JY, Zhu XX, Wei JH, Mi SL, Liu SY, Li XL, Zhang WW, Zhao LL, Wang H, Xu DX, Gao L. Pubertal exposure to Microcystin-LR arrests spermatogonia proliferation by inducing DSB and inhibiting SIRT6 dependent DNA repair in vivo and in vitro. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2024; 274:116191. [PMID: 38460408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
The reproduction toxicity of pubertal exposure to Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and the underlying mechanism needs to be further investigated. In the current study, pubertal male ICR mice were intraperitoneally injected with 2 μg/kg MC-LR for four weeks. Pubertal exposure to MC-LR decreased epididymal sperm concentration and blocked spermatogonia proliferation. In-vitro studies found MC-LR inhibited cell proliferation of GC-1 cells and arrested cell cycle in G2/M phase. Mechanistically, MC-LR exposure evoked excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induced DNA double-strand break in GC-1 cells. Besides, MC-LR inhibited DNA repair by reducing PolyADP-ribosylation (PARylation) activity of PARP1. Further study found MC-LR caused proteasomal degradation of SIRT6, a monoADP-ribosylation enzyme which is essential for PARP1 PARylation activity, due to destruction of SIRT6-USP10 interaction. Additionally, MG132 pretreatment alleviated MC-LR-induced SIRT6 degradation and promoted DNA repair, leading to the restoration of cell proliferation inhibition. Correspondingly, N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) pre-treatment mitigated the disturbed SIRT6-USP10 interaction and SIRT6 degradation, causing recovered DNA repair and subsequently restoration of cell proliferation inhibition in MC-LR treated GC-1 cells. Together, pubertal exposure to MC-LR induced spermatogonia cell cycle arrest and sperm count reduction by oxidative DNA damage and simultaneous SIRT6-mediated DNA repair failing. This study reports the effect of pubertal exposure to MC-LR on spermatogenesis and complex mechanism how MC-LR induces spermatogonia cell proliferation inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jia-Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Shuang-Ling Mi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Su-Ya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiu-Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ling-Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - De-Xiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Lan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes & Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
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Nieves MG, Díaz PA, Araya M, Salgado P, Rojas R, Quiroga E, Pizarro G, Álvarez G. Effects of the toxic dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum and its yessotoxins on the survival and feed ingestion of Argopecten purpuratus veliger larvae. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 199:116022. [PMID: 38211543 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.116022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The effects of yessotoxins (YTXs) produced by the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum in the early stages of bivalves have not been studied in detail. The present study evaluates the effects of P. reticulatum and YTXs on the survival and feed ingestion of veliger larvae of Argopecten purpuratus. Larvae were 96 h-exposed to 500, 1000 and 2000 P. reticulatum cells mL-1, and their equivalent YTX extract was prepared in methanol. Results show a survival mean of 82 % at the highest density of dinoflagellate, and 38 % for larvae with the highest amount of YTX extract. Feed ingestion is reduced in the dinoflagellate exposure treatments as a function of cell density. Therefore, the effect of YTXs on A. purpuratus represents a new and important area of study for investigations into the deleterious effects of these toxins in the early stages of the life cycle of this and, potentially, other bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gabriela Nieves
- Programa de Doctorado en Acuicultura, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i∼mar & CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Michael Araya
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Pablo Salgado
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Enrique Abello 0552, Casilla 101, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1281, Chile
| | - Eduardo Quiroga
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Avenida Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Gemita Pizarro
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Enrique Abello 0552, Casilla 101, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1281, Chile; Center for Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands (ESMOI), Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.
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Wu SW, Cheng CQ, Huang YT, Tan JZ, Li SL, Yang JX, Huang XL, Huang D, Zou LG, Yang WD, Li HY, Li DW. A study on the mechanism of the impact of phenthoate exposure on Prorocentrum lima. J Hazard Mater 2024; 461:132624. [PMID: 37801972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Extensive application of organophosphorus pesticides such as phenthoate results in its abundance in ecosystems, particularly in waterbodies, thereby providing the impetus to assess its role in aquatic organisms. However, the impact of phenthoate on marine algal physiological and proteomic response is yet to be explored despite its biological significance. In this study, we thus ought to investigate the impact of phenthoate in the marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima, which is known for synthesizing okadaic acid (OA), the toxin responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). Our results showed that P. lima effectively absorbed phenthoate in seawater, with a reduction efficiency of 90.31% after 48 h. Surprisingly, the provision of phenthoate (100 and 1000 µg/L) substantially reduced the OA content of P. lima by 35.08% and 60.28% after 48 h, respectively. Meanwhile, phenthoate treatment significantly reduced the oxidative stress in P. lima. Proteomic analysis revealed that the expression level of seven crucial proteins involved in endocytosis was upregulated, suggesting that P. lima could absorb phenthoate via the endocytic signaling pathway. Importantly, phenthoate treatment resulted in the downregulation of proteins such as polyketide synthase (PKS)- 2, Cytochrome P450 (CYP450)- 1, and CYP450-2, involved in OA synthesis, thereby decreasing the OA biosynthesis by P. lima. Our results demonstrated the potential role of P. lima in the removal of phenthoate in water and exemplified the crucial proteins and their possible molecular mechanisms underpinning the phenthoate remediation by P. lima and also the regulatory role of phenthoate in restricting the OA metabolism. Collectively, these findings uncovered the synergistic mechanisms of phenthoate and P. lima in remediating phenthoate and reducing the toxic impact of P. lima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Cai-Qin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yi-Tong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jin-Zhou Tan
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Song-Liang Li
- The First People's Hospital of Qinzhou, The Tenth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, China
| | - Jia-Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xue-Ling Huang
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Li-Gong Zou
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei-Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hong-Ye Li
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Da-Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Li M, Cheng J, Wang H, Shi J, Xun X, Wang Y, Lu W, Hu J, Bao Z, Hu X. Tissue-specific antioxidative response and metabolism of paralytic shellfish toxins in scallop (Chlamys farreri) mantle with Alexandrium dinoflagellate exposure. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 198:115854. [PMID: 38043209 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Bivalves show remarkable capacity to acclimate paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) produced by dinoflagellates, severely affecting fishery industry and public health. Here, transcriptomic response to PSTs-producing dinoflagellate (Alexandrium minutum) was investigated in Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri) mantle. The PSTs accumulated in C. farreri mantle continually increased during the 15 days exposure, with "oxidation-reduction" genes induced compared to the control group at the 1st and 15th day. Through gene co-expression network analysis, 16 PSTs-responsive modules were enriched with up- or down-regulated genes. The concentration of GTXs, major PSTs in A. minutum and accumulated in scallops, was correlated with the up-regulated magenta module, enriching peroxisome genes as the potential mantle-specific PSTs biomarker. Moreover, Hsp70B2s were inhibited throughout the exposure, which together with the expanded neurotransmitter transporter SLC6As, may play essential roles on neurotransmitter homeostasis in scallop mantle. These results paved the way for a comprehensive understanding of defensive mechanism and homeostatic response in scallop mantle against PSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moli Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572024, China.
| | - Huizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jiaoxia Shi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaogang Xun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yangrui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jingjie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Duan Y, Liu F, Zhang C, Wang Y, Chen G. Screen and Optimization of an Aptamer for Alexandrium tamarense-A Common Toxin-Producing Harmful Alga. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2023; 25:935-950. [PMID: 37743437 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-023-10251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Among all the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs)-producing algae, Alexandrium tamarense is one of the most widespread harmful species posing a serious threat to marine resources and human health. Therefore, it is extremely important to establish a rapid and accurate monitoring method for A. tamarense that can provide early warnings of harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by this alga and limit the contamination due to PSTs. In this study, an ssDNA library was first obtained by whole cell systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment after 18 consecutive rounds of iterative screening. After sequencing in combination with subsequent multiple alignment of sequences and secondary structure simulation, the library could be classified into 2 families, namely, Family1 and Family2, according to sequence similarity. Flow cytometry was used to test the affinity and cross-reactivity of Ata19, Ata6, Ata25 and Ata29 belonging to Family2. Ata19 was selected to be modified by truncation, through which a new resultant aptamer named as Ata19-1-1 was obtained. Ata19-1-1 with a KD of 75.16 ± 11.10 nM displayed a much higher affinity than Ata19. The specificity test showed that Ata19-1-1 has the same discrimination ability as Ata19 and can at least distinguish the target microalga from other microalgae. The observation under a fluorescence microscopy showed that the A. tamarense cells labeled with Ata19-1-1 are exhibiting bright green fluorescence and could be easily identified, factually confirming the binding of the aptamer with target cells. In summary, the aptamer Ata19-1-1 produced in this study may serve as an ideal molecular recognition element for A. tamarense, which has the potential to be developed into a novel detection method for this harmful alga in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Duan
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Wenhua West Road, 2#, Weihai, 264209, People's Republic of China
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuguo Liu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Wenhua West Road, 2#, Weihai, 264209, People's Republic of China
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyun Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Wenhua West Road, 2#, Weihai, 264209, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Wenhua West Road, 2#, Weihai, 264209, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofu Chen
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai), Wenhua West Road, 2#, Weihai, 264209, People's Republic of China.
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
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Song W, Song X, Shen H, Ding Y, Cheng R, Yu Z. Degradation of paralytic shellfish toxins during flocculation of Alexandrium pacificum by an oxidized modified clay: A laboratory experiment. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2023; 253:114667. [PMID: 36822061 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), produced by Alexandrium pacificum in the marine environment, are a group of potent neurotoxins which specifically block voltage-gated sodium channels in excitable cells. During the toxigenic A. pacificum blooms outbreaks, PSTs can be accumulated through the food chain and finally enter the human body, posing a significant threat to human health and safety. This study experimented with a novel type of oxidized modified clay, potassium peroxymonosulfate modified clay (PMPS-MC), which could remove A. pacificum cells as well as reduce intracellular and extracellular PSTs toxicity rapidly. For the extracellular PSTs, its content decreased to below the detection limit rapidly through oxidative degradation within 15 min of 10 mg/L PMPS-MC treatment. Whereafter, although the residual cells in water column and some viable cells in flocculated sediment continued to secrete toxins, the extracellular PSTs content and toxicity in the PMPS-MC treatment groups remained significantly lower than those in the control group. For the intracellular PSTs, PMPS-MC might induce the transformation of more toxic GTX1&4 to less toxic GTX2&3 and C1&2, resulting in intracellular PSTs toxicity reduced within 15 min. In addition, intracellular PSTs content and toxicity in the PMPS-MC treatment groups were consistently lower than the control group within 48 h, possibly by inhibiting the A. pacificum cells growth. These results will provide a scientific basis for the field application of modified clay to control A. pacificum blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiuxian Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Huihui Shen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ruihong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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9
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Mary L, Quere J, Latimier M, Rovillon GA, Hégaret H, Réveillon D, Le Gac M. Genetic association of toxin production in the dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum. Microb Genom 2022; 8:mgen000879. [PMID: 36326655 PMCID: PMC9836089 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates of the genus Alexandrium are responsible for harmful algal blooms and produce paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). Their very large and complex genomes make it challenging to identify the genes responsible for toxin synthesis. A family-based genomic association study was developed to determine the inheritance of toxin production in Alexandrium minutum and identify genomic regions linked to this production. We show that the ability to produce toxins is inheritable in a Mendelian way, while the heritability of the toxin profile is more complex. We developed the first dinoflagellate genetic linkage map. Using this map, several major results were obtained: 1. A genomic region related to the ability to produce toxins was identified. 2. This region does not contain any polymorphic sxt genes, known to be involved in toxin production in cyanobacteria. 3. The sxt genes, known to be present in a single cluster in cyanobacteria, are scattered on different linkage groups in A. minutum. 4. The expression of two sxt genes not assigned to any linkage group, sxtI and sxtG, may be regulated by the genomic region related to the ability to produce toxins. Our results provide new insights into the organization of toxicity-related genes in A. minutum, suggesting a dissociated genetic mechanism for the production of the different analogues and the ability to produce toxins. However, most of the newly identified genes remain unannotated. This study therefore proposes new candidate genes to be further explored to understand how dinoflagellates synthesize their toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou Mary
- Ifremer, DYNECO PELAGOS, 29280 Plouzané, France
- Ifremer, PHYTOX, Laboratoire METALG, F-44000 Nantes, France
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | | | | | | | - Hélène Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS UBO IRD IFREMER - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, 29280 Plouzané, France
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10
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Brammer-Robbins E, Costa KA, Bowden JA, Martyniuk CJ, Larkin IV, Denslow ND. Putative high-level toxicity pathways based on evidence of brevetoxin immunotoxicity in marine fauna. Aquat Toxicol 2022; 252:106298. [PMID: 36162204 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Red tide events, caused by a toxin producing dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, occur annually in Florida and Texas. These events lead to health risks for both humans and wildlife that utilize coastal environments. Brevetoxins, potent lipophilic neurotoxins produced by K. brevis, modulate immune responses in laboratory studies with model organisms and in the natural environment in both humans and wildlife. Studies show that brevetoxins activate immune cells, stimulate production of gamma-globulins, cytokines, and neutrophils, modulate lysozyme activity, induce apoptosis, and modulate lymphocyte proliferation in marine species. The objective of this review was to summarize brevetoxin-induced immunotoxicity in marine animals based on available peer-reviewed literature about K. brevis blooms and associated health concerns and propose putative toxicity pathways. This review identifies knowledge gaps within current brevetoxin induced immunotoxicity research, including assessing the long-term impacts of brevetoxin exposure, elucidating the mechanistic linkages between brevetoxins and immune cells, and evaluating repeated and chronic versus acute brevetoxin exposure implications on overall organismal health. The putative immunotoxicity pathways based on evidence from brevetoxin-exposure in marine fauna described in this review represent a useful tool and resource for researchers, wildlife managers, and policy makers. This review and proposed putative immunotoxicity pathways will inform decisions regarding the risks of algal blooms, as it pertains to marine animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Brammer-Robbins
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, PO Box 110885, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Kaylie Anne Costa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - John A Bowden
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, PO Box 110885, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, PO Box 110885, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Iske V Larkin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Nancy D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, PO Box 110885, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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11
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Andrade-Villagrán PV, Agüero MJ, Navarro JM, Urzúa Á. The paralytic shellfish toxin effect on bioenergetic constituents of the fishery resource Chorus giganteus (Gastropoda: Muricidae). Mar Environ Res 2022; 180:105735. [PMID: 36058088 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alexandrium catenella, one of the most common harmful microalgae observed in southern Chile, produces paralytic shellfish toxins, which can affect many organisms throughout the trophic chain. This research evaluated how paralytic shellfish toxins affected the principal bioenergetic constituents and fatty acids composition of the carnivorous snail Chorus giganteus. Snails were separated into a "toxic" group that was fed the toxic clam Mulinia edulis (which was previously fed A. catenella), and a "non-toxic" group, fed non-toxic clams. Both groups were kept under these conditions for 63 days. Our results indicated no difference in the ingestion rate of toxic versus non-toxic snails; however, a higher protein level was identified in toxic snails. The total lipid content proved to be no different in toxic versus non-toxic snails; although, an effect of the toxic diet on the fatty acid profile of C. giganteus was observed. High levels of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in toxic snails, were identified. Our results suggest that exposure to paralytic shellfish toxins, through diet, may cause changes in the biochemical composition of C. giganteus, which may have a subsequent impact on its energetic physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Andrade-Villagrán
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, 4090541, Concepción, Chile.
| | - M J Agüero
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000, Valdivia, Chile
| | - J M Navarro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000, Valdivia, Chile; Centro de Investigación Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Á Urzúa
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, 4090541, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, 4090541, Concepción, Chile
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12
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Dong C, Wu H, Zheng G, Peng J, Guo M, Tan Z. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals MAPK/AMPK as a Key Regulator of the Inflammatory Response in PST Detoxification in Mytilus galloprovincialis and Argopecten irradians. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080516. [PMID: 36006178 PMCID: PMC9416634 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are an increasingly important source of pollution. Bivalves, as the main transmission medium, accumulate and metabolize PSTs while protecting themselves from damage. At present, the resistance mechanism of bivalves to PSTs is unclear. In this study, Mytilus galloprovincialis and Argopecten irradians were used as experimental shellfish species for in situ monitoring. We compared the inflammatory-related gene responses of the two shellfish during PSTs exposure by using transcriptomes. The results showed that the accumulation and metabolism rate of PSTs in M. galloprovincialis was five-fold higher than that in A. irradians. The inflammatory balance mechanism of M. galloprovincialis involved the co-regulation of the MAPK-based and AMPK-based anti-inflammatory pathways. A. irradians bore a higher risk of death because it did not have the balance system, and the regulation of apoptosis-related pathways such as the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway were upregulated. Taken together, the regulation of the inflammatory balance coincides with the ability of bivalves to cope with PSTs. Inflammation is an important factor that affects the metabolic pattern of PSTs in bivalves. This study provides new evidence to support the studies on the resistance mechanism of bivalves to PSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.D.); (H.W.); (G.Z.); (J.P.); (M.G.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.D.); (H.W.); (G.Z.); (J.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Guanchao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.D.); (H.W.); (G.Z.); (J.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Jixing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.D.); (H.W.); (G.Z.); (J.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.D.); (H.W.); (G.Z.); (J.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.D.); (H.W.); (G.Z.); (J.P.); (M.G.)
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-532-8583-6348; Fax: +86-532-8582-5917
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Yu J, Zhu H, Shutes B, Wang X. Salt-alkalization may potentially promote Microcystis aeruginosa blooms and the production of microcystin-LR. Environ Pollut 2022; 301:118971. [PMID: 35167928 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of saline-alkali lands has contributed to the increasing discharge of alkaline salt-laden wastewater, which poses a threat to aquatic organisms. However, the comprehensive effect of alkaline salt on Microcystis aeruginosa, a harmful cyanobacterium, remains unclear. In this study, the growth, physiology, cell ultrastructure and production of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in Microcystis aeruginosa exposed to four levels of alkaline salt stress were evaluated. The growth of Microcystis aeruginosa was stimulated at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 2.5 mS/cm compared to the control, as supported by the increased cell density, photosynthetic pigment and protein contents. Microcystis aeruginosa could tolerate a certain level of alkaline salt (i.e., EC of 5 mS/cm) via increasing photosynthetic pigment contents to protect cells from alkaline salt stress, but the antioxidant defence system and cell ultrastructure were not affected. When EC increased to 7.5 mS/cm, alkaline salt caused oxidative stress and toxicity in Microcystis aeruginosa, as evidenced by analysis of the integrated biomarker response (IBR). Furthermore, the photosynthetic pigment and protein contents decreased, and cell apoptosis associated with ultrastructural changes was observed. Therefore, we propose that EC of 7.5 mS/cm is a threshold for growth of Microcystis aeruginosa. Additionally, the intracellular MC-LR content was stimulated by alkaline salt, and the highest value was observed at EC of 2.5 mS/cm. The extracellular MC-LR content increased with the increasing alkaline salt concentration. When EC was 7.5 mS/cm, the extracellular MC-LR content was significantly higher than in the control and was associated with the upregulated mcyH gene. This study recommends that more attention should be paid to the risk of Microcystis aeruginosa bloom and microcystin-LR pollution in lakes located in salinization regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun, 130102, China.
| | - Brian Shutes
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, Hendon, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun, 130102, China
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14
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Cai D, Wei J, Huang F, Feng H, Peng T, Luo J, Yang F. The detoxification activities and mechanisms of microcystinase towards MC-LR. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 236:113436. [PMID: 35367885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are the most common and toxic cyanotoxins that are hazardous to human health and ecosystems. Microcystinase is the enzyme in charge of the initial step in the biodegradation of MCs. The characterization, application conditions, and detoxification mechanisms of microcystinase from an indigenous bacterium Sphingopyxis sp. YF1 towards MC-LR were investigated in the current study. The microcystinase gene of strain YF1 was most similar to Sphingomonas sp. USTB-05 and contained a CAAX-family conversed abortive Infection (ABI) domain. The microcystinase was successful obtained and purified by overexpression in Escherichia coli. The highest degradation rate of MC-LR was 1.0 μg/mL/min under the optimal condition of 30 ℃, pH 7, 20 μg/mL MC-LR, and 400 μg/mL microcystinase. The MC-degrading product was identified as linearized MC-LR, which possessed a much lower inhibitory activity against protein phosphatase 2A than MC-LR. Microcystinase interacted with MC-LR via amino acid residues involved in through the formation of conventional Hydrogen Bond, Pi-Pi T-shapes, Van der Waals force, and so on. The optimal MC-degrading condition of pure microcystinase and its detoxification mechanisms against MC-LR were revealed. The toxicity of purified linearized MC-LR was explored for the first time. These findings suggest that pure microcystinase may efficiently detoxify MCs and it is promising in the bioremediation of MC-polluted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danping Cai
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China.
| | - Jia Wei
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Feiyu Huang
- The First People's Hospital of Jingzhou, Jingzhou, China.
| | - Hai Feng
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Tangjian Peng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China.
| | - Jiayou Luo
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Fei Yang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China; Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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15
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Long M, Krock B, Castrec J, Tillmann U. Unknown Extracellular and Bioactive Metabolites of the Genus Alexandrium: A Review of Overlooked Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:905. [PMID: 34941742 PMCID: PMC8703713 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Various species of Alexandrium can produce a number of bioactive compounds, e.g., paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), spirolides, gymnodimines, goniodomins, and also uncharacterised bioactive extracellular compounds (BECs). The latter metabolites are released into the environment and affect a large range of organisms (from protists to fishes and mammalian cell lines). These compounds mediate allelochemical interactions, have anti-grazing and anti-parasitic activities, and have a potentially strong structuring role for the dynamic of Alexandrium blooms. In many studies evaluating the effects of Alexandrium on marine organisms, only the classical toxins were reported and the involvement of BECs was not considered. A lack of information on the presence/absence of BECs in experimental strains is likely the cause of contrasting results in the literature that render impossible a distinction between PSTs and BECs effects. We review the knowledge on Alexandrium BEC, (i.e., producing species, target cells, physiological effects, detection methods and molecular candidates). Overall, we highlight the need to identify the nature of Alexandrium BECs and urge further research on the chemical interactions according to their ecological importance in the planktonic chemical warfare and due to their potential collateral damage to a wide range of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Long
- IFREMER, Centre de Brest, DYNECO Pelagos, 29280 Plouzané, France;
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;
| | - Justine Castrec
- University Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, 29280 Plouzané, France;
- Station de Recherches Sous-Marines et Océanographiques (STARESO), Punta Revellata, BP33, 20260 Calvi, France
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;
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Hort V, Abadie E, Arnich N, Dechraoui Bottein MY, Amzil Z. Chemodiversity of Brevetoxins and Other Potentially Toxic Metabolites Produced by Karenia spp. and Their Metabolic Products in Marine Organisms. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:656. [PMID: 34940655 PMCID: PMC8709462 DOI: 10.3390/md19120656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, more than 130 potentially toxic metabolites originating from dinoflagellate species belonging to the genus Karenia or metabolized by marine organisms have been described. These metabolites include the well-known and large group of brevetoxins (BTXs), responsible for foodborne neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) and airborne respiratory symptoms in humans. Karenia spp. also produce brevenal, brevisamide and metabolites belonging to the hemi-brevetoxin, brevisin, tamulamide, gymnocin, gymnodimine, brevisulcenal and brevisulcatic acid groups. In this review, we summarize the available knowledge in the literature since 1977 on these various identified metabolites, whether they are produced directly by the producer organisms or biotransformed in marine organisms. Their structures and physicochemical properties are presented and discussed. Among future avenues of research, we highlight the need for more toxin occurrence data with analytical techniques, which can specifically determine the analogs present in samples. New metabolites have yet to be fully described, especially the groups of metabolites discovered in the last two decades (e.g tamulamides). Lastly, this work clarifies the different nomenclatures used in the literature and should help to harmonize practices in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Hort
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Pesticides and Marine Biotoxins Unit, ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Eric Abadie
- MARBEC (MARine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34200 Sète, France;
| | - Nathalie Arnich
- Risk Assessment Directorate, ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France;
| | - Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, UMR 7035 ECOSEAS, 06103 Nice, France;
- Federative Research Institute—Marine Ressources, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), 44311 Nantes, France
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Tang Z, Qiu J, Wang G, Ji Y, Hess P, Li A. Development of an Efficient Extraction Method for Harvesting Gymnodimine-A from Large-Scale Cultures of Karenia selliformis. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:793. [PMID: 34822577 PMCID: PMC8621799 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gymnodimine-A (GYM-A) is a fast-acting microalgal toxin and its production of certified materials requires an efficient harvesting technology from the large-scale cultures of toxigenic microalgae. In this study the recoveries of GYM-A were compared between several liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) treatments including solvents, ratios and stirring times to optimize the LLE technique for harvesting GYM-A from Karenia selliformis cultures, of which the dichloromethane was selected as the extractant and added to microalgal cultures at the ratio 55 mL L-1 (5.5%, v/v). The recovery of GYM-A obtained by the LLE technique was also compared with filtration and centrifugation methods. The stability of GYM-A in culture media were also tested under different pH conditions. Results showed that both the conventional filter filtration and centrifugation methods led to fragmentation of microalgal cells and loss of GYM-A in the harvesting processes. A total of 5.1 µg of GYM-A were obtained from 2 L of K. selliformis cultures with a satisfactory recovery of 88%. Interestingly, GYM-A obviously degraded in the culture media with the initial pH 8.2 and the adjusted pH of 7.0 after 7 days, but there was no obvious degradation in the acidic medium at pH 5.0. Therefore, the LLE method developed here permits the collection of large-volume cultures of K. selliformis and the high-efficiency extraction of GYM-A. This work provides a simple and valuable technique for harvesting toxins from large-scale cultures of GYM-producing microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixuan Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (Z.T.); (J.Q.); (G.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (Z.T.); (J.Q.); (G.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Guixiang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (Z.T.); (J.Q.); (G.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ying Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (Z.T.); (J.Q.); (G.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44000 Nantes, France;
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (Z.T.); (J.Q.); (G.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
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Nishimura T, Murray JS, Boundy MJ, Balci M, Bowers HA, Smith KF, Harwood DT, Rhodes LL. Update of the Planktonic Diatom Genus Pseudo-nitzschia in Aotearoa New Zealand Coastal Waters: Genetic Diversity and Toxin Production. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:637. [PMID: 34564641 PMCID: PMC8473122 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is produced by almost half of the species belonging to the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia and causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). It is, therefore, important to investigate the diversity and toxin production of Pseudo-nitzschia species for ASP risk assessments. Between 2018 and 2020, seawater samples were collected from various sites around Aotearoa New Zealand, and 130 clonal isolates of Pseudo-nitzschia were established. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of partial large subunit ribosomal DNA and/or internal transcribed spacer regions revealed that the isolates were divided into 14 species (Pseudo-nitzschia americana, Pseudo-nitzschia arenysensis, Pseudo-nitzschia australis, Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha, Pseudo-nitzschia cuspidata, Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima, Pseudo-nitzschia fraudulenta, Pseudo-nitzschia galaxiae, Pseudo-nitzschia hasleana, Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries, Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata, Pseudo-nitzschia plurisecta, Pseudo-nitzschia pungens, and Pseudo-nitzschia cf. subpacifica). The P. delicatissima and P. hasleana strains were further divided into two clades/subclades (I and II). Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to assess the production of DA and DA isomers by 73 representative strains. The analyses revealed that two (P. australis and P. multiseries) of the 14 species produced DA as a primary analogue, along with several DA isomers. This study is the first geographical distribution record of P. arenysensis, P.cuspidata, P. galaxiae, and P. hasleana in New Zealand coastal waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Nishimura
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand; (J.S.M.); (M.J.B.); (K.F.S.); (D.T.H.)
| | - J. Sam Murray
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand; (J.S.M.); (M.J.B.); (K.F.S.); (D.T.H.)
| | - Michael J. Boundy
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand; (J.S.M.); (M.J.B.); (K.F.S.); (D.T.H.)
| | - Muharrem Balci
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34134, Turkey;
| | - Holly A. Bowers
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA;
| | - Kirsty F. Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand; (J.S.M.); (M.J.B.); (K.F.S.); (D.T.H.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - D. Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand; (J.S.M.); (M.J.B.); (K.F.S.); (D.T.H.)
| | - Lesley L. Rhodes
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand; (J.S.M.); (M.J.B.); (K.F.S.); (D.T.H.)
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Yuan KK, Duan GF, Liu QY, Li HY, Yang WD. Inhibition of Diarrheal Shellfish Toxins Accumulation in the Mussel Perna viridis by Curcumin and Underlying Mechanisms. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080578. [PMID: 34437449 PMCID: PMC8402306 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrheal shellfish toxins (DSTs) are among the most widely distributed phytotoxins, and are associated with diarrheal shellfish poisoning (DSP) events in human beings all over the world. Therefore, it is urgent and necessary to identify an effective method for toxin removal in bivalves. In this paper, we found that curcumin (CUR), a phytopolylphenol pigment, can inhibit the accumulation of DSTs (okadaic acid-eq) in the digestive gland of Perna viridis after Prorocentrum lima exposure. qPCR results demonstrated that CUR inhibited the induction of DSTs on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), hormone receptor 96 (HR96) and CYP3A4 mRNA, indicating that the CUR-induced reduction in DSTs may be correlated with the inhibition of transcriptional induction of AhR, HR96 and CYP3A4. The histological examination showed that P. lima cells caused severe damage to the digestive gland of P. viridis, and the addition of curcumin effectively alleviated the damage induced by P. lima. In conclusion, our findings provide a potential method for the effective removal of toxins from DST-contaminated shellfish.
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Tang Y, Zhang H, Wang Y, Fan C, Shen X. Combined Effects of Temperature and Toxic Algal Abundance on Paralytic Shellfish Toxic Accumulation, Tissue Distribution and Elimination Dynamics in Mussels Mytilus coruscus. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060425. [PMID: 34204290 PMCID: PMC8235259 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the impact of increasing seawater surface temperature (SST) and toxic algal abundance (TAA) on the accumulation, tissue distribution and elimination dynamics of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in mussels. Mytilus coruscus were fed with the PSTs-producing dinoflagellate A. catenella under four simulated environment conditions. The maximum PSTs concentration was determined to be 3548 µg STX eq.kg−1, which was four times higher than the EU regulatory limit. The increasing SST caused a significant decline in PSTs levels in mussels with rapid elimination rates, whereas high TAA increased the PSTs concentration. As a result, the PSTs toxicity levels decreased under the combined condition. Additionally, toxin burdens were assessed within shellfish tissues, with the highest levels quantified in the hepatopancreas. It is noteworthy that the toxin burden shifted towards the mantle from gill, muscle and gonad at the 17th day. Moreover, variability of PSTs was measured, and was associated with changes in each environmental factor. Hence, this study primarily illustrates the combined effects of SST and TAA on PSTs toxicity, showing that increasing environmental temperature is of benefit to lower PSTs toxicity with rapid elimination rates.
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Wu N, Tong M, Gou S, Zeng W, Xu Z, Jiang T. Hemolytic Activity in Relation to the Photosynthetic System in Chattonella marina and Chattonella ovata. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:336. [PMID: 34204792 PMCID: PMC8231601 DOI: 10.3390/md19060336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chattonella species, C. marina and C. ovata, are harmful raphidophycean flagellates known to have hemolytic effects on many marine organisms and resulting in massive ecological damage worldwide. However, knowledge of the toxigenic mechanism of these ichthyotoxic flagellates is still limited. Light was reported to be responsible for the hemolytic activity (HA) of Chattonella species. Therefore, the response of photoprotective, photosynthetic accessory pigments, the photosystem II (PSII) electron transport chain, as well as HA were investigated in non-axenic C. marina and C. ovata cultures under variable environmental conditions (light, iron and addition of photosynthetic inhibitors). HA and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were quantified using erythrocytes and pHPA assay. Results confirmed that% HA of Chattonella was initiated by light, but was not always elicited during cell division. Exponential growth of C. marina and C. ovata under the light over 100 µmol m-2 s-1 or iron-sufficient conditions elicited high hemolytic activity. Inhibitors of PSII reduced the HA of C. marina, but had no effect on C. ovata. The toxicological response indicated that HA in Chattonella was not associated with the photoprotective system, i.e., xanthophyll cycle and regulation of reactive oxygen species, nor the PSII electron transport chain, but most likely occurred during energy transport through the light-harvesting antenna pigments. A positive, highly significant relationship between HA and chlorophyll (chl) biosynthesis pigments, especially chl c2 and chl a, in both species, indicated that hemolytic toxin may be generated during electron/energy transfer through the chl c2 biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Research Center of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (N.W.); (S.G.); (W.Z.)
- South China Sea Institute of Planning and Environmental Research, State Oceanic Administration, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Mengmeng Tong
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China;
| | - Siyu Gou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Research Center of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (N.W.); (S.G.); (W.Z.)
| | - Weiji Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Research Center of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (N.W.); (S.G.); (W.Z.)
| | - Zhuoyun Xu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China;
| | - Tianjiu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, Research Center of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (N.W.); (S.G.); (W.Z.)
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Shen H, Song X, Zhang Y, Zhang P, Li J, Song W, Yu Z. Profiling of Brevetoxin Metabolites Produced by Karenia brevis 165 Based on Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050354. [PMID: 34069292 PMCID: PMC8156667 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Karenia brevis 165 (K. brevis 165), a Chinese strain, was used to research brevetoxin (BTX) metabolites. The sample pretreatment method for the enrichment of BTX metabolites in an algal culture medium was improved here. The method for screening and identifying intracellular and extracellular BTX metabolites was established based on liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ToF-MS) and liquid chromatography triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QqQ-MS/MS). The results show that the recovery rates for BTX toxins enriched by a hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) extraction column were higher than those with a C18 extraction column. This method was used to analyze the profiles of extracellular and intracellular BTX metabolites at different growth stages of K. brevis 165. This is the first time a Chinese strain of K. brevis has been reported that can produce toxic BTX metabolites. Five and eight kinds of BTX toxin metabolites were detected in the cell and culture media of K. brevis 165, respectively. Brevenal, a toxic BTX metabolite antagonist, was found for the first time in the culture media. The toxic BTX metabolites and brevenal in the K. brevis 165 cell and culture media were found to be fully proven in terms of the necessity of establishing a method for screening and identifying toxic BTX metabolites. The results found by qualitatively and quantitatively analyzing BTX metabolites produced by K. brevis 165 at different growth stages show that the total toxic BTX metabolite contents in single cells ranged between 6.78 and 21.53 pg/cell, and the total toxin concentration in culture media ranged between 10.27 and 449.11 μg/L. There were significant differences in the types and contents of toxic BTX metabolites with varying growth stages. Therefore, when harmful algal blooms occur, the accurate determination of BTX metabolite types and concentrations will be helpful to assess the ecological disaster risk in order to avoid hazards and provide appropriate disaster warnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (P.Z.); (J.L.); (W.S.); (Z.Y.)
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiuxian Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (P.Z.); (J.L.); (W.S.); (Z.Y.)
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Yue Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (P.Z.); (J.L.); (W.S.); (Z.Y.)
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (P.Z.); (J.L.); (W.S.); (Z.Y.)
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (P.Z.); (J.L.); (W.S.); (Z.Y.)
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Weijia Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (P.Z.); (J.L.); (W.S.); (Z.Y.)
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (P.Z.); (J.L.); (W.S.); (Z.Y.)
- Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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Yang X, Hu X, Dong Z, Li M, Zheng Z, Xie W. Effect of carboxymethyl chitosan on the detoxification and biotransformation of paralytic shellfish toxins in oyster Ostrea rivularis. Toxicon 2021; 196:1-7. [PMID: 33716070 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Economic bivalve ingested toxic algae causes frequent human poisoning events. To explore new compounds that can accelerate the depuration of toxins in shellfish, we investigated the detoxification of the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) and the biotransformation pathway of PSTs during detoxification by the application of three treatments to a toxic bloom, Alexandrium minutum (A. minutum). The detoxification effect of Platymonas subcordiformis (PS) mixed with carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) group is significantly better than the starving group in each oyster tissues. The toxicity of viscera which occupied 78.95% of total toxicity reduced to 155 MU/100g after 13 days' depuration experiment. And adding CMC could significantly achieve rapid detoxification and effectively reduce the STX to 0.07 μmol/100 g in viscera. Meanwhile, PSTs underwent biotransformation during the depuration process, which mainly manifested as GTX1/4→GTX2/3→STX, GTX2→dcGTX2. This study explored a new strategy for toxin depuration in shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihong Yang
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Shandong, Qingdao, 266042, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Shandong, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Xiaoqun Hu
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Shandong, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Zequn Dong
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Shandong, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Shandong, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Zuoxing Zheng
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Shandong, Qingdao, 266042, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Shandong, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Wancui Xie
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Shandong, Qingdao, 266042, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Shandong, Qingdao, 266042, China.
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Henri J, Lanceleur R, Delmas JM, Fessard V, Huguet A. Permeability of the Cyanotoxin Microcystin-RR across a Caco-2 Cells Monolayer. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13030178. [PMID: 33673481 PMCID: PMC7997155 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are toxins produced by several cyanobacterial species found worldwide. While MCs have a common structure, the variation of two amino acids in their structure affects their toxicity. As toxicodynamics are very similar between the MC variants, their differential toxicity could rather be explained by toxicokinetic parameters. Microcystin-RR (MC-RR) is the second most abundant congener and induces toxicity through oral exposure. As intestinal permeability is a key parameter of oral toxicokinetics, the apparent permeability of MC-RR across a differentiated intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayer was investigated. We observed a rapid and large decrease of MC-RR levels in the donor compartment. However, irrespective of the loaded concentration and exposure time, the permeabilities were very low from apical to basolateral compartments (from 4 to 15 × 10−8 cm·s−1) and from basolateral to apical compartments (from 2 to 37 × 10−8 cm·s−1). Our results suggested that MC-RR would be poorly absorbed orally. As similar low permeability was reported for the most abundant congener microcystin-LR, and this variant presented a greater acute oral toxicity than MC-RR, we concluded that the intestinal permeability was probably not involved in the differential toxicity between them, in contrast to the hepatic uptake and metabolism.
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Rourke WA, Justason A, Martin JL, Murphy CJ. Shellfish Toxin Uptake and Depuration in Multiple Atlantic Canadian Molluscan Species: Application to Selection of Sentinel Species in Monitoring Programs. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020168. [PMID: 33671640 PMCID: PMC7926447 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Shellfish toxin monitoring programs often use mussels as the sentinel species to represent risk in other bivalve shellfish species. Studies have examined accumulation and depuration rates in various species, but little information is available to compare multiple species from the same harvest area. A 2-year research project was performed to validate the use of mussels as the sentinel species to represent other relevant eastern Canadian shellfish species (clams, scallops, and oysters). Samples were collected simultaneously from Deadmans Harbour, NB, and were tested for paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) and amnesic shellfish toxin (AST). Phytoplankton was also monitored at this site. Scallops accumulated PSTs and AST sooner, at higher concentrations, and retained toxins longer than mussels. Data from monitoring program samples in Mahone Bay, NS, are presented as a real-world validation of findings. Simultaneous sampling of mussels and scallops showed significant differences between shellfish toxin results in these species. These data suggest more consideration should be given to situations where multiple species are present, especially scallops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade A. Rourke
- Dartmouth Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1992 Agency Drive, Dartmouth, NS B3B 1Y9, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrew Justason
- New Brunswick Operations, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 99 Mount Pleasant Road, P.O. Box 1036, St. George, NB E5C 3S9, Canada;
| | - Jennifer L. Martin
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 125 Marine Science Drive, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada;
| | - Cory J. Murphy
- Dartmouth Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1992 Agency Drive, Dartmouth, NS B3B 1Y9, Canada;
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Duan GF, Liu Y, Zhang LN, Li HY, Liu JS, Yang WD. Cinnamaldehyde Could Reduce the Accumulation of Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins in the Digestive Gland of the Mussel Perna viridis under Laboratory Conditions. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19020063. [PMID: 33513729 PMCID: PMC7911482 DOI: 10.3390/md19020063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs), some of the most important phycotoxins, are distributed almost all over the world, posing a great threat to human health through the food chain. Therefore, it is of great significance to find effective methods to reduce toxin accumulation in shellfish. In this paper, we observed the effects of four phytochemicals including cinnamaldehyde (CA), quercetin, oridonin and allicin on the accumulation of DSTs in the digestive gland of Perna viridis after exposure to the DSTs-producing Prorocentrum lima. We found that, among the four phytochemicals, CA could effectively decrease the accumulation of DSTs (okadaic acid-eq) in the digestive gland of P. viridis. Further evidence demonstrated that CA could reduce the histological alterations of the digestive gland of a mussel caused by DSTs. RT-qPCR showed that CA could suppress the CYP3A4 induction by DSTs, suggesting that the DSTs’ decrease induced by CA might be related to the inhibition of CYP3A4 transcription induction. However, further studies on the underlying mechanism, optimal treatment time, ecological safety and cost should be addressed before cinnamaldehyde is used to decrease the accumulation of DSTs in field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei-Dong Yang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-020-85226386; Fax: +86-020-85225183
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Jin H, Hou J, Meng X, Ma T, Wang B, Liu Z, Sha X, Ding J, Han X. Microcystin-leucine arginine induced the apoptosis of GnRH neurons by activating the endoplasmic reticulum stress resulting in a decrease of serum testosterone level in mice. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 208:111748. [PMID: 33396074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) is a kind of toxin produced by cyanobacterial, resulting in decrease of testosterone levels in serum and leading to impaired spermatogenesis. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons play crucial roles in the regulation of testosterone release. Meanwhile, it has been demonstrated that MC-LR is capable of entering the GnRH neurons and inducing apoptosis. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of MC-LR induced apoptosis of GnRH neurons remains elusive. In present study, we found that MC-LR inhibited the cell viability of GT1-7 cells. In addition, we discovered apoptosis of GnRH neurons and GT1-7 cells treated with MC-LR. And increased intracellular ROS production and the release of intracellular Ca2+ were all observed following exposure to MC-LR. Furthermore, we also found the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERs) and autophagy were activated by MC-LR. Additionally, pretreatment of the ERs inhibitor (4-Phenyl butyric acid) reduced the apoptotic rate of GT1-7 cells comparing with MC-LR exposure alone. Comparing with MC-LR treatment alone, apoptotic cell death was increased by pretreatment of GT1-7 cells with an autophagy inhibitor (3-methyladenine). Together, our data implicated that the treatment of MC-LR induced the apoptosis of GnRH neurons by activating the ERs resulting in a decrease of serum testosterone level in mice. Autophagy is a protective cellular process which was activated by ER stress and thus protected cells from apoptosis upon MC-LR exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Jin
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Jiwei Hou
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Xiannan Meng
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Tan Ma
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Bo Wang
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Xiaoxuan Sha
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Jie Ding
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Hankou Road 22, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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Qiu J, Ji Y, Fang Y, Zhao M, Wang S, Ai Q, Li A. Response of fatty acids and lipid metabolism enzymes during accumulation, depuration and esterification of diarrhetic shellfish toxins in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 206:111223. [PMID: 32891913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bivalve mollusks accumulate diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) from toxigenic microalgae, thus posing a threat to human health by acting as a vector of toxins to consumers. In bivalves, free forms of DSTs can be esterified with fatty acids at the C-7 site to form acyl esters (DTX3), presumably a detoxification mechanism for bivalves. However, the effects of esterification of DSTs on fatty acid metabolism in mollusks remain poorly understood. In this study, mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were fed the DST-producing dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima for 10 days followed by an additional 10-days depuration in filtered seawater to track the variation in quantity and composition of DST acyl esters and fatty acids. A variety of esters of okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) were mainly formed in the digestive gland (DG), although trace amounts of esters also appeared in muscle tissue. A large relative amount of OA (60%-84%) and DTX1 (80%-92%) was esterified to DTX3 in the visceral mass (referred to as digestive gland, DG), and the major ester acyl chains were C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C20:1 and C20:2. The DG and muscle tissues showed pronounced differences in fatty acid content and composition during both feeding and depuration periods. In the DG, fatty acid content gradually decreased in parallel with increasing accumulation and esterification of DSTs. The decline in fatty acids was accelerated during depuration without food. This reduction in the content of important polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), would lead to a reduction in the nutritional value of mussels. Enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, including acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL), were actively involved in the metabolism of fatty acids in the DG, whereas their activities were weak in muscle tissue during the feeding period. This study helps to improve the understanding of interactions between the esterification of DSTs and fatty acid dynamics in bivalve mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ying Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Mingyue Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Shuqin Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Qinghui Ai
- College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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Braga AC, Pereira V, Marçal R, Marques A, Guilherme S, Costa PR, Pacheco M. DNA damage and oxidative stress responses of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis to paralytic shellfish toxins under warming and acidification conditions - Elucidation on the organ-specificity. Aquat Toxicol 2020; 228:105619. [PMID: 32937230 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Commonly affected by changes in climate and environmental conditions, coastal areas are very dynamic environments where shellfish play an important ecological role. In this study, the oxidative stress and genotoxic responses of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) exposed to paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) - producing dinoflagellates Gymnodinium catenatum were evaluated under i) current conditions (CC: 19 °C; pH 8.0), ii) warming (W: 24 °C; pH 8.0), iii) acidification (A:19 °C; pH 7.6) and iv) combined effect of warming and acidification (WA: 24 °C; pH 7.6). Mussels were fed with G. catenatum for 5 days, and to a non-toxic diet during the following 10 days. A battery of oxidative stress biomarkers and comet assay was performed at the peak of toxin accumulation and at the end of the post-exposure phase. Under CC, gills and hepatopancreas displayed different responses/vulnerabilities and mechanisms to cope with PST. While gills presented a tendency for lipid peroxidation (LPO) and genetic damage (expressed by the Genetic Damage Indicator - GDI), hepatopancreas seems to better cope with the toxins, as no LPO was observed. However, the mechanisms involved in hepatopancreas protection were not enough to maintain DNA integrity. The absence of LPO, and the antioxidant system low responsiveness, suggests DNA damage was not oxidative. When exposed to toxic algae under W, toxin-modulated antioxidant responses were observed in both gills and hepatopancreas. Simultaneous exposure to the stressors highlighted gills susceptibility with a synergistic interaction increasing DNA damage. Exposure to toxic algae under A led to genotoxicity potentiation in both organs. The combined effect of WA did not cause relevant interactions in gills antioxidant responses, but stressors interactions impacted LPO and GDI. Antioxidant responses and LPO pointed out to be modulated by the environmental conditions in hepatopancreas, while GDI results support the dominance of toxin-triggered process. Overall, these results reveal that simultaneous exposure to warming, acidification and PSTs impairs mussel DNA integrity, compromising the genetic information due to the synergetic effects. Finally, this study highlights the increasing ecological risk of harmful algal blooms to Mytilus galloprovinciallis populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Braga
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal; CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Vitória Pereira
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Raquel Marçal
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Marques
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sofia Guilherme
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro R Costa
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal; CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Mário Pacheco
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Metcalf JS, Codd GA. Co-Occurrence of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins with Other Environmental Health Hazards: Impacts and Implications. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E629. [PMID: 33019550 PMCID: PMC7601082 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxin-producing cyanobacteria in aquatic, terrestrial, and aerial environments can occur alongside a wide range of additional health hazards including biological agents and synthetic materials. Cases of intoxications involving cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins, with exposure to additional hazards, are discussed. Examples of the co-occurrence of cyanobacteria in such combinations are reviewed, including cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins plus algal toxins, microbial pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria, metals, pesticides, and microplastics. Toxicity assessments of cyanobacteria, cyanotoxins, and these additional agents, where investigated in bioassays and in defined combinations, are discussed and further research needs are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geoffrey A. Codd
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK;
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
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von Reumont BM, Lüddecke T, Timm T, Lochnit G, Vilcinskas A, von Döhren J, Nilsson MA. Proteo-Transcriptomic Analysis Identifies Potential Novel Toxins Secreted by the Predatory, Prey-Piercing Ribbon Worm Amphiporus lactifloreus. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18080407. [PMID: 32752210 PMCID: PMC7460313 DOI: 10.3390/md18080407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nemerteans (ribbon worms) employ toxins to subdue their prey, but research thus far has focused on the small-molecule components of mucus secretions and few protein toxins have been characterized. We carried out a preliminary proteotranscriptomic analysis of putative toxins produced by the hoplonemertean Amphiporus lactifloreus (Hoplonemertea, Amphiporidae). No variants were found of known nemertean-specific toxin proteins (neurotoxins, cytotoxins, parbolysins or nemertides) but several toxin-like transcripts were discovered, expressed strongly in the proboscis, including putative metalloproteinases and sequences resembling sea anemone actitoxins, crown-of-thorn sea star plancitoxins, and multiple classes of inhibitor cystine knot/knottin family proteins. Some of these products were also directly identified in the mucus proteome, supporting their preliminary identification as secreted toxin components. Two new nemertean-typical toxin candidates could be described and were named U-nemertotoxin-1 and U-nemertotoxin-2. Our findings provide insight into the largely overlooked venom system of nemerteans and support a hypothesis in which the nemertean proboscis evolved in several steps from a flesh-melting organ in scavenging nemerteans to a flesh-melting and toxin-secreting venom apparatus in hunting hoplonemerteans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Marcus von Reumont
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich Buff Ring 26–32, 35392 Gießen, Germany;
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany; (T.L.); (M.A.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-641-993-9503
| | - Tim Lüddecke
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany; (T.L.); (M.A.N.)
- Branch Bioressources, Department Animal Venomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Timm
- Protein Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Gießen, Germany; (T.T.); (G.L.)
| | - Günter Lochnit
- Protein Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Gießen, Germany; (T.T.); (G.L.)
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich Buff Ring 26–32, 35392 Gießen, Germany;
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany; (T.L.); (M.A.N.)
- Branch Bioressources, Department Animal Venomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jörn von Döhren
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, An der Immenburg 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Maria A. Nilsson
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany; (T.L.); (M.A.N.)
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Tse SPK, Lee FWF, Mak DYL, Kong HK, Chan KKY, Lo PY, Lo SCL. Production of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PSTs) in Toxic Alexandrium catenella is Intertwined with Photosynthesis and Energy Production. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080477. [PMID: 32727048 PMCID: PMC7472304 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism for the production of paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) in toxic dinoflagellates, with a 2D-gel based approach, we had made two sets of proteomic comparisons: (a) between a toxic Alexandrium catenella (AC-T) and a phylogenetically closely related non-toxic strain (AC-N), (b) between toxic AC-T grown in a medium with 10% normal amount of phosphate (AC-T-10%P) known to induce higher toxicity and AC-T grown in normal medium. We found that photosynthesis and energy production related proteins were up-regulated in AC-T when compared to AC-N. However, the same group of proteins was down-regulated in AC-T-10%P when compared to normal AC-T. Examining the relationship of photosynthesis and toxin content of AC-T upon continuous photoperiod experiment revealed that while growth and associated toxin content increased after 8 days of continuous light, toxin content maintained constant when cells were shifted from continuous light to continuous dark for 3 days. This emphasized the cruciality of light availability on toxin biosynthesis in AC-T, while another light-independent mechanism may be responsible for higher toxicity in AC-T-10%P compared to normal AC-T. Taken all together, it is believed that the interplay between “illumination”, “photosynthesis”, “phosphate availability”, and “toxin production” is much more complicated than what we had previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirius Pui-kam Tse
- The Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; (S.P.-k.T.); (D.Y.-l.M.); (H.-k.K.); (K.K.-y.C.); (P.-y.L.)
| | - Fred Wang-fat Lee
- Department of Science, School of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong;
| | - Daniel Yun-lam Mak
- The Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; (S.P.-k.T.); (D.Y.-l.M.); (H.-k.K.); (K.K.-y.C.); (P.-y.L.)
| | - Hang-kin Kong
- The Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; (S.P.-k.T.); (D.Y.-l.M.); (H.-k.K.); (K.K.-y.C.); (P.-y.L.)
| | - Kenrick Kai-yuen Chan
- The Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; (S.P.-k.T.); (D.Y.-l.M.); (H.-k.K.); (K.K.-y.C.); (P.-y.L.)
| | - Pak-yeung Lo
- The Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; (S.P.-k.T.); (D.Y.-l.M.); (H.-k.K.); (K.K.-y.C.); (P.-y.L.)
| | - Samuel Chun-lap Lo
- The Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; (S.P.-k.T.); (D.Y.-l.M.); (H.-k.K.); (K.K.-y.C.); (P.-y.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Rangel LM, Silva LHS, Faassen EJ, Lürling M, Ger KA. Copepod Prey Selection and Grazing Efficiency Mediated by Chemical and Morphological Defensive Traits of Cyanobacteria. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070465. [PMID: 32708114 PMCID: PMC7404970 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton anti-grazer traits control zooplankton grazing and are associated with harmful blooms. Yet, how morphological versus chemical phytoplankton defenses regulate zooplankton grazing is poorly understood. We compared zooplankton grazing and prey selection by contrasting morphological (filament length: short vs. long) and chemical (saxitoxin: STX- vs. STX+) traits of a bloom-forming cyanobacterium (Raphidiopsis) offered at different concentrations in mixed diets with an edible phytoplankton to a copepod grazer. The copepod selectively grazed on the edible prey (avoidance of cyanobacteria) even when the cyanobacterium was dominant. Avoidance of the cyanobacterium was weakest for the “short STX-” filaments and strongest for the other three strains. Hence, filament size had an effect on cyanobacterial avoidance only in the STX- treatments, while toxin production significantly increased cyanobacterial avoidance regardless of filament size. Moreover, cyanobacterial dominance reduced grazing on the edible prey by almost 50%. Results emphasize that the dominance of filamentous cyanobacteria such as Raphidiopsis can interfere with copepod grazing in a trait specific manner. For cyanobacteria, toxin production may be more effective than filament size as an anti-grazer defense against selectively grazing zooplankton such as copepods. Our results highlight how multiple phytoplankton defensive traits interact to regulate the producer-consumer link in plankton ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana M. Rangel
- Laboratório de Ficologia, Museu Nacional, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (L.M.R.); (L.H.S.S.)
| | - Lúcia H. S. Silva
- Laboratório de Ficologia, Museu Nacional, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (L.M.R.); (L.H.S.S.)
| | - Elisabeth J. Faassen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miquel Lürling
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (K.A.G.)
| | - Kemal Ali Ger
- Center for Coastal Limnological and Marine Studies (CECLIMAR), Campus Litoral Norte, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande de Sul, 95625-000 Imbé, Brazil
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (K.A.G.)
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Wejnerowski Ł, Falfushynska H, Horyn O, Osypenko I, Kokociński M, Meriluoto J, Jurczak T, Poniedziałek B, Pniewski F, Rzymski P. In Vitro Toxicological Screening of Stable and Senescing Cultures of Aphanizomenon, Planktothrix, and Raphidiopsis. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E400. [PMID: 32560354 PMCID: PMC7354461 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxicity of cyanobacteria is the subject of ongoing research, and a number of toxic metabolites have been described, their biosynthesis pathways have been elucidated, and the mechanism of their action has been established. However, several knowledge gaps still exist, e.g., some strains produce hitherto unknown toxic compounds, while the exact dynamics of exerted toxicity during cyanobacterial growth still requires further exploration. Therefore, the present study investigated the toxicity of extracts of nine freshwater strains of Aphanizomenon gracile, an Aphanizomenon sp. strain isolated from the Baltic Sea, a freshwater strain of Planktothrix agardhii, and two strains of Raphidiopsis raciborskii obtained from 25- and 70-day-old cultures. An in vitro experimental model based on Cyprinus carpio hepatocytes (oxidative stress markers, DNA fragmentation, and serine/threonine protein activity) and brain homogenate (cholinesterase activity) was employed. The studied extracts demonstrated toxicity to fish cells, and in general, all examined extracts altered at least one or more of considered parameters, indicating that they possess, to some degree, toxic potency. Although the time from which the extracts were obtained had a significant importance for the response of fish cells, we observed strong variability between the different strains and species. In some strains, extracts that originated from 25-day-old cultures triggered more harmful effects on fish cells compared to those obtained from 70-day-old cultures, whereas in other strains, we observed the opposite effect or a lack of a significant change. Our study revealed that there was no clear or common pattern regarding the degree of cyanobacterial bloom toxicity at a given stage of development. This means that young cyanobacterial blooms that are just forming can pose an equally toxic threat to aquatic vertebrates and ecosystem functioning as those that are stable or old with a tendency to collapse. This might be largely due to a high variability of strains in the bloom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Wejnerowski
- Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Halina Falfushynska
- Department of Orthopedagogy and Physical Therapy, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine; (O.H.); (I.O.)
| | - Oksana Horyn
- Department of Orthopedagogy and Physical Therapy, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine; (O.H.); (I.O.)
| | - Inna Osypenko
- Department of Orthopedagogy and Physical Therapy, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine; (O.H.); (I.O.)
| | - Mikołaj Kokociński
- Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Tomasz Jurczak
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Chair on Ecohydrology and Applied Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Barbara Poniedziałek
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Filip Pniewski
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Al. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland;
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806 Poznań, Poland;
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Huang J, Li Y, Zhou Q, Sun Y, Zhang L, Gu L, Lyu K, Huang Y, Chen Y, Yang Z. Non-toxic and toxic Microcystis aeruginosa reduce the tolerance of Daphnia pulex to low calcium in different degrees: Based on the changes in the key life-history traits. Chemosphere 2020; 248:126101. [PMID: 32045977 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Calcium decline and cyanobacterial blooms pose a serious threat to the crustacean zooplankton Daphnia, which has a high demand for calcium. In the present study, we exposed two different clones of Daphnia pulex to different combinations of calcium concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 mg L-1) and food types (100% Chlorella; 80% Chlorella and 20% non-toxic Microcystis; 80% Chlorella and 20% toxic Microcystis) for 16 days, recorded the key life-history traits, and then used an exponential rise function to fit the traits. Results showed toxic Microcystis and low calcium together negatively affected the survival, development, and reproduction of Daphnia. The negative effect of non-toxic Microcystis and low calcium only affected the development and reproduction. The survival time and reproductive performance increased exponentially with increasing calcium concentration and then approached an asymptotic maximum. Both non-toxic and toxic Microcystis reduced the asymptotic maximum of the reproductive performance. The rising rate at which they reached the asymptotes differed significantly among the three food types; i.e., the reproductive performance of Daphnia was affected in a wider range of calcium concentrations under bad food quality. The findings indicated that Microcystis impaired the tolerance of Daphnia to low calcium, which may cause serious consequences in freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yurou Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiming Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Kai Lyu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yafen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Biré R, Bertin T, Dom I, Hort V, Schmitt C, Diogène J, Lemée R, De Haro L, Nicolas M. First Evidence of the Presence of Anatoxin-A in Sea Figs Associated with Human Food Poisonings in France. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18060285. [PMID: 32485965 PMCID: PMC7344475 DOI: 10.3390/md18060285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
From January 2011 to March 2018, 26 patients aged from 20 to 80 years old reported being sick in France after eating sea figs of the genus Microcosmus. The patients had symptoms evoking a cerebellar syndrome: blurred or double vision, ataxia and dizziness, asthenia, headache, muscle cramps, paresthesia and digestive disorders (nausea, vomiting and diarrhea). Three of the 18 food poisoning events recorded by the Poison Control Center in Marseille and involving four patients were further investigated as the meal leftovers were collected and analyzed. A previous study ruled out the presence of the regulated lipophilic marine toxins after high-resolution mass spectrometry, but further analyses were required to look for hydrophilic cyanotoxins. The sea fig leftovers from food poisoning case Numbers 1 (January 2011), 6 (December 2012) and 17 (March 2018) of this published case series were analyzed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to low- and high-resolution mass spectrometry to investigate the presence of hydrophilic cyanotoxins. The sea fig samples showed anatoxin-a (ATX-a) concentrations ranging from 193.7 to 1240.2 µg/kg. The sea fig control sample analyzed was also contaminated with ATX-a but in a much smaller concentration (22.5 µg/kg). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of human food poisoning involving ATX-a as the possible causative toxin where the cyanotoxin could be unequivocally identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronel Biré
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Université Paris-Est, ANSES, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; (T.B.); (I.D.); (V.H.); (M.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Thomas Bertin
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Université Paris-Est, ANSES, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; (T.B.); (I.D.); (V.H.); (M.N.)
| | - Inès Dom
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Université Paris-Est, ANSES, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; (T.B.); (I.D.); (V.H.); (M.N.)
| | - Vincent Hort
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Université Paris-Est, ANSES, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; (T.B.); (I.D.); (V.H.); (M.N.)
| | - Corinne Schmitt
- Clinical Pharmacology, Poison Control Center, St Marguerite Hospital, 13009 Marseille, France; (C.S.); (L.D.H.)
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Marine Continental Waters, IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou, km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain;
| | - Rodolphe Lemée
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, LOV, F-06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France;
| | - Luc De Haro
- Clinical Pharmacology, Poison Control Center, St Marguerite Hospital, 13009 Marseille, France; (C.S.); (L.D.H.)
| | - Marina Nicolas
- Laboratory for Food Safety, Université Paris-Est, ANSES, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; (T.B.); (I.D.); (V.H.); (M.N.)
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Li Q, Gu P, Zhang C, Luo X, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zheng Z. Combined toxic effects of anatoxin-a and microcystin-LR on submerged macrophytes and biofilms. J Hazard Mater 2020; 389:122053. [PMID: 31978825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous substances, such as anatoxin-a and microcystin-LR, are released into the aquatic environment during cyanobacterial blooms, causing significant ecological risk. To assess the toxic effects of anatoxin-a, microcystin-LR and their combined exposure on submerged macrophytes and biofilms, Vallisneria natans was exposed to solutions containing different concentrations of anatoxin-a and microcystin-LR (0.05-5.00 μg L-1). Results showed that Vallisneria natans was sensitive to anatoxin-a of 0.05 μg L-1, and antagonistic effects were induced at combined microcystin-LR and anatoxin-a exposure. Single and combined exposure effectively induced antioxidant responses such as promoted activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase, as well as increased glutathione S-transferase, glutathione and malondialdehyde content. In addition, anatoxin-a and microcystin-LR could also be absorbed by Vallisneria natans and trigger plant defense responses, generating increased concentrations of the phytohormones abscisic acid and strigolactones. Moreover, the abundances and structure of the microbial community in periphyton biofilms were altered by combined anatoxin-a and microcystin-LR exposure. The enhanced concentration of N-acylated-l-homoserine lactone indicated that the assessed cyanotoxins had a significant influence on quorum-sensing in biofilm microbial communities. These results demonstrated that anatoxin-a and microcystin-LR at environmentally relevant concentrations could disrupt homeostasis, induce effective defense mechanisms of Vallisneria natans and alter biofilms in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Peng Gu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Jibiao Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
| | - Zheng Zheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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Colas S, Duval C, Marie B. Toxicity, transfer and depuration of anatoxin-a (cyanobacterial neurotoxin) in medaka fish exposed by single-dose gavage. Aquat Toxicol 2020; 222:105422. [PMID: 32112996 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The proliferations of cyanobacteria are increasingly prevalent in many rivers and water bodies due especially to eutrophication. This work aims to study in female medaka fish the toxicity, the transfer and the depuration of the anatoxin-a, a neurotoxin produced by benthic cyanobacterial biofilms. This work will provide answers regarding acute toxicity induced by single gavage by anatoxin-a and to the risks of exposure by ingestion of contaminated fish flesh, considering that data on these aspects remain particularly limited. The oral LD50 and NOAEL of a single dose of (±)-anatoxin-a were determined at 11.50 and 6.67 μg.g-1, respectively. Subsequently, the toxico-kinetics of the (±)-anatoxin-a was observed in the guts, the livers and the muscles of female medaka fish for 10 days. Anatoxin-a was quantified by high-resolution qTOF mass spectrometry coupled upstream to a UHPLC chromatographic chain. The toxin could not be detected in the liver after 12 h, and in the gut and muscle after 3 days. Overall, the medaka fish do not appear to accumulate (±)-anatoxin-a and to largely recover after 24 h following a single sub-acute oral liquid exposure at the NOAEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Colas
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN "Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Micro-organismes", Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris France
| | - Charlotte Duval
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN "Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Micro-organismes", Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris France
| | - Benjamin Marie
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN "Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Micro-organismes", Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris France.
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Konkel R, Toruńska-Sitarz A, Cegłowska M, Ežerinskis Ž, Šapolaitė J, Mažeika J, Mazur-Marzec H. Blooms of Toxic Cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena in Norwegian Fjords During Holocene Warm Periods. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040257. [PMID: 32326551 PMCID: PMC7232221 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In paleoecological studies, molecular markers are being used increasingly often to reconstruct community structures, environmental conditions and ecosystem changes. In this work, nodularin, anabaenopeptins and selected DNA sequences were applied as Nodularia spumigena markers to reconstruct the history of the cyanobacterium in the Norwegian fjords. For the purpose of this study, three sediment cores collected in Oslofjorden, Trondheimsfjorden and Balsfjorden were analyzed. The lack of nodularin in most recent sediments is consistent with the fact that only one report on the sporadic occurrence and low amounts of the cyanobacterium in Norwegian Fjords in 1976 has been published. However, analyses of species-specific chemical markers in deep sediments showed that thousands of years ago, N. spumigena constituted an important component of the phytoplankton community. The content of the markers in the cores indicated that the biomass of the cyanobacterium increased during the warmer Holocene periods. The analyses of genetic markers were less conclusive; they showed the occurrence of microcystin/nodularin producing cyanobacteria of Nostocales order, but they did not allow for the identification of the organisms at a species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Konkel
- University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, Division of Marine Biotechnology, Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81-378 Gdynia, Poland; (R.K.); (A.T.-S.)
| | - Anna Toruńska-Sitarz
- University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, Division of Marine Biotechnology, Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81-378 Gdynia, Poland; (R.K.); (A.T.-S.)
| | - Marta Cegłowska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Science, Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81-712 Sopot, Poland;
| | - Žilvinas Ežerinskis
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (Ž.E.); (J.Š.)
| | - Justina Šapolaitė
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (Ž.E.); (J.Š.)
| | - Jonas Mažeika
- Laboratory of nuclear geophysics and radioecology, Nature research Centre Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, Division of Marine Biotechnology, Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81-378 Gdynia, Poland; (R.K.); (A.T.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-585-236-621
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Österholm J, Popin RV, Fewer DP, Sivonen K. Phylogenomic Analysis of Secondary Metabolism in the Toxic Cyanobacterial Genera Anabaena, Dolichospermum and Aphanizomenon. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E248. [PMID: 32290496 PMCID: PMC7232259 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria produce an array of toxins that pose serious health risks to humans and animals. The closely related diazotrophic genera, Anabaena, Dolichospermum, and Aphanizomenon, frequently form poisonous blooms in lakes and brackish waters around the world. These genera form a complex now termed the Anabaena, Dolichospermum, and Aphanizomenon (ADA) clade and produce a greater array of toxins than any other cyanobacteria group. However, taxonomic confusion masks the distribution of toxin biosynthetic pathways in cyanobacteria. Here we obtained 11 new draft genomes to improve the understanding of toxin production in these genera. Comparison of secondary metabolite pathways in all available 31 genomes for these three genera suggests that the ability to produce microcystin, anatoxin-a, and saxitoxin is associated with specific subgroups. Each toxin gene cluster was concentrated or even limited to a certain subgroup within the ADA clade. Our results indicate that members of the ADA clade encode a variety of secondary metabolites following the phylogenetic clustering of constituent species. The newly sequenced members of the ADA clade show that phylogenetic separation of planktonic Dolichospermum and benthic Anabaena is not complete. This underscores the importance of taxonomic revision of Anabaena, Dolichospermum, and Aphanizomenon genera to reflect current phylogenomic understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kaarina Sivonen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.Ö.); (R.V.P.); (D.P.F.)
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Khomutovska N, Sandzewicz M, Łach Ł, Suska-Malawska M, Chmielewska M, Mazur-Marzec H, Cegłowska M, Niyatbekov T, Wood SA, Puddick J, Kwiatowski J, Jasser I. Limited Microcystin, Anatoxin and Cylindrospermopsin Production by Cyanobacteria from Microbial Mats in Cold Deserts. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040244. [PMID: 32290390 PMCID: PMC7232524 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic metabolites are produced by many cyanobacterial species. There are limited data on toxigenic benthic, mat-forming cyanobacteria, and information on toxic cyanobacteria from Central Asia is even more scarce. In the present study, we examined cyanobacterial diversity and community structure, the presence of genes involved in toxin production and the occurrence of cyanotoxins in cyanobacterial mats from small water bodies in a cold high-mountain desert of Eastern Pamir. Diversity was explored using amplicon-based sequencing targeting the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, toxin potential using PCR-based methods (mcy, nda, ana, sxt), and toxins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Molecular identification of cyanobacteria showed a high similarity of abundant taxa to Nostoc PCC-73102, Nostoc PCC-7524, Nodularia PCC-935 and Leptolyngbya CYN68. The PCRs revealed the presence of mcyE and/or ndaF genes in 11 samples and mcyD in six. The partial sequences of the mcyE gene showed high sequence similarity to Nostoc, Planktothrix and uncultured cyanobacteria. LC-MS/MS analysis identified six microcystin congeners in two samples and unknown peptides in one. These results suggest that, in this extreme environment, cyanobacteria do not commonly produce microcystins, anatoxins and cylindrospermopsins, despite the high diversity and widespread occurrence of potentially toxic taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliia Khomutovska
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (N.K.); (M.S.); (Ł.Ł.); (M.S.-M.); (M.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Sandzewicz
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (N.K.); (M.S.); (Ł.Ł.); (M.S.-M.); (M.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Łukasz Łach
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (N.K.); (M.S.); (Ł.Ł.); (M.S.-M.); (M.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Suska-Malawska
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (N.K.); (M.S.); (Ł.Ł.); (M.S.-M.); (M.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Monika Chmielewska
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (N.K.); (M.S.); (Ł.Ł.); (M.S.-M.); (M.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46 ave., 81-378 Gdynia, Poland;
| | - Marta Cegłowska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland;
| | - Toirbek Niyatbekov
- Institute of Botany, Plant Physiology and Genetics, Academy Science Republic of Tajikistan, 27 Karamov Str., Dushanbe 734017, Tajikistan;
| | - Susanna A. Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (S.A.W.); (J.P.)
| | - Jonathan Puddick
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (S.A.W.); (J.P.)
| | - Jan Kwiatowski
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (N.K.); (M.S.); (Ł.Ł.); (M.S.-M.); (M.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Iwona Jasser
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (N.K.); (M.S.); (Ł.Ł.); (M.S.-M.); (M.C.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-552-6680
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Ashwood LM, Norton RS, Undheim EAB, Hurwood DA, Prentis PJ. Characterising Functional Venom Profiles of Anthozoans and Medusozoans within Their Ecological Context. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E202. [PMID: 32283847 PMCID: PMC7230708 DOI: 10.3390/md18040202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examines the current state of knowledge regarding toxins from anthozoans (sea anemones, coral, zoanthids, corallimorphs, sea pens and tube anemones). We provide an overview of venom from phylum Cnidaria and review the diversity of venom composition between the two major clades (Medusozoa and Anthozoa). We highlight that the functional and ecological context of venom has implications for the temporal and spatial expression of protein and peptide toxins within class Anthozoa. Understanding the nuances in the regulation of venom arsenals has been made possible by recent advances in analytical technologies that allow characterisation of the spatial distributions of toxins. Furthermore, anthozoans are unique in that ecological roles can be assigned using tissue expression data, thereby circumventing some of the challenges related to pharmacological screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Ashwood
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Raymond S. Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre for Fragment-Based Design, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Eivind A. B. Undheim
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David A. Hurwood
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Institute of Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Peter J. Prentis
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Institute of Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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Dou M, Jiao YH, Zheng JW, Zhang G, Li HY, Liu JS, Yang WD. De novo transcriptome analysis of the mussel Perna viridis after exposure to the toxic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 192:110265. [PMID: 32045784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins are produced by harmful microalgae and accumulate in bivalve mollusks, causing various toxicity. These toxic effects appear to abate with increasing DSP concentration and longer exposure time, however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To explore the underlying molecular mechanisms, de novo transcriptome analysis of the digestive gland of Perna viridis was performed after Prorocentrum lima exposure. RNA-seq analysis showed that 1886 and 237 genes were up- and down-regulated, respectively after 6 h exposure to P. lima, while 265 genes were up-regulated and 217 genes were down-regulated after 96 h compared to the control. These differentially expressed genes mainly involved in Nrf2 signing pathways, immune stress, apoptosis and cytoskeleton, etc. Combined with qPCR results, we speculated that the mussel P. viridis might mainly rely on glutathione S-transferase (GST) and ABC transporters to counteract DSP toxins during short-term exposure. However, longer exposure of P. lima could activate the Nrf2 signaling pathway and inhibitors of apoptosis protein (IAP), which in turn reduced the damage of DSP toxins to the mussel. DSP toxins could induce cytoskeleton destabilization and had some negative impact on the immune system of bivalves. Collectively, our findings uncovered the crucial molecular mechanisms and the regulatory metabolic nodes that underpin the defense mechanism of bivalves against DSP toxins and also advanced our current understanding of bivalve defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Dou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, China.
| | - Yu-Hu Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, China
| | - Jian-Wei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, China
| | - Gong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hong-Ye Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, China
| | - Jie-Sheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, China
| | - Wei-Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, China.
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Gavrilović BR, Prokić MD, Petrović TG, Despotović SG, Radovanović TB, Krizmanić II, Ćirić MD, Gavrić JP. Biochemical parameters in skin and muscle of Pelophylax kl. esculentus frogs: Influence of a cyanobacterial bloom in situ. Aquat Toxicol 2020; 220:105399. [PMID: 31896464 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is little information in scientific literature as to how conditions created by a microcystin (MC) producing cyanobacterial bloom affect the oxidant/antioxidant, biotransformation and neurotoxicity parameters in adult frogs in situ. We investigated biochemical parameters in the skin and muscle of Pelophylax kl. esculentus from Lake Ludaš (Serbia) by comparing frogs that live on the northern bloom side (BS) of the lake with those that inhabit the southern no-bloom side (NBS). A higher protein carbonylation level and lower antioxidant defense system capability in the skin of frogs living in conditions of the cyanobacterial bloom were observed. Inhibition of glutathione-dependent machinery was the major mechanism responsible for the induction of cyanobacterial bloom-mediated oxidative stress in frog skin. On the other hand, the detected higher ability of muscle to overcome bloom prooxidant toxicity was linked to a higher efficiency of the biotransformation system through glutathione-S-transferase activity and/or was the consequence of indirect exposure of the tissue to the bloom. Our results have also revealed that the cyanobacterial bloom conditions induced the cholinergic neurotransmitter system in both tissues. This study provides a better understanding of the ecotoxicological impact of the MC producing cyanobacterial bloom on frogs in situ. However, further investigations of the complex mechanism involved in cyanobacterial bloom toxicity in real environmental conditions are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branka R Gavrilović
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marko D Prokić
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara G Petrović
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana G Despotović
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tijana B Radovanović
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Imre I Krizmanić
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloš D Ćirić
- Scientific Institution Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy - National Institute, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena P Gavrić
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
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45
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Li A, Zhao M, Qiu J, Ji Y. Accumulation and esterification of diarrhetic shellfish toxins from the aqueous phase in laboratory-exposed mussels. Harmful Algae 2020; 93:101797. [PMID: 32307077 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, marine bivalves cultured in the natural environment have been confirmed to accumulate diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) from the aqueous phase. To investigate the effects of varying seston concentrations on DST accumulation, mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were exposed to comparable concentrations of okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) in 0.45-μm filtered seawater spiked with varying concentrations of ambient suspended particles at 0, 10, 30, 60, 90, and 120 mg L-1, for 96 h. Effects of seston additions on the mussels' feeding on nontoxic microalgae, Isochrysis galbana, the stability of dissolved toxins and the anatomical compartmentalization of toxins were also assessed. Results showed that mussels more readily accumulated OA than DTX1 from the aqueous phase. Three potential mechanisms of the effects of seston on toxin accumulation were identified. First, seston at low concentrations (10 mg L-1) adsorbed toxins and thus promoted toxin accumulation. Second, seston enhanced the degradation of aqueous OA and DTX1, and possibly reduced the adsorption by digestive gland (DG) cells through simple diffusion due to competitive adsorption. Third, the clearance rate of mussels was significantly reduced at high seston concentrations (120 mg L-1). The esterification of DSTs was maximized in DG tissue, although a high percentage (52%) of DSTs was distributed in non-visceral tissues of mussels exposed to aqueous toxins. This study suggests that the risk of benthic DST-producing microalgae to marine cultured shellfish should be taken into consideration, even in the absence of a bloom of toxic microalgae in the water column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Mingyue Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ying Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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Botelho MJ, Marques F, Freitas R, Pires A, Pereira E, Vale C. Paralytic shellfish toxin profiles in mussel, cockle and razor shell under post-bloom natural conditions: Evidence of higher biotransformation in razor shells and cockles. Mar Environ Res 2020; 154:104839. [PMID: 31757480 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of the paralytic shellfish toxins GTX6, C1+2, GTX5, C3+4, dcSTX, dcNEO and dcGTX2+3 were determined by LC-FLD in composite samples of whole soft tissues of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), cockles (Cerastoderma edule) and razor shells (Solen marginatus) after exposure to a Gymnodinium catenatum bloom. Specimens were harvested weekly during three months under natural depuration conditions in the Mira branch of Aveiro lagoon, Portugal. Under the decline of G. catenatum cell densities, elimination or transformation of the uptake toxins associated with the ingestion of toxic cells differed among the surveyed species. Ratio between the toxins dcSTX plus dcGTX2+3 plus dcNEO and toxins GTX6 plus GTX5 plus C1+2 plus C3+4 was used to illustrate the biotransformation occurring in the bivalves. Enhancement of the ratios was observed for razor shells and cockles seven weeks after the peak of the algal bloom. Most likely it reflects more intense biotransformation in razor shells and cockles than in mussels. Conversion into toxins of higher toxicity may prolong the bivalve toxicity. These results show the complexity of toxin elimination in bivalves under post-bloom conditions and emphasize the pertinence of monitoring programs of bivalve toxicity in order to protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Botelho
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006, Lisbon, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Filipa Marques
- IPMA, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Department of Biology & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Adília Pires
- Department of Biology & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Pereira
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos Vale
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
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Perez JL, Chu T. Effect of Zinc on Microcystis aeruginosa UTEX LB 2385 and Its Toxin Production. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020092. [PMID: 32019107 PMCID: PMC7076789 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms (CHABs) are primarily caused by man-made eutrophication and increasing climate-change conditions. The presence of heavy metal runoff in affected water systems may result in CHABs alteration to their ecological interactions. Certain CHABs produce by-products, such as microcystin (MC) cyanotoxins, that have detrimentally affected humans through contact via recreation activities within implicated water bodies, directly drinking contaminated water, ingesting biomagnified cyanotoxins in seafood, and/or contact through miscellaneous water treatment. Metallothionein (MT) is a small, metal-sequestration cysteine rich protein often upregulated within the stress response mechanism. This study focused on zinc metal resistance and stress response in a toxigenic cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa UTEX LB 2385, by monitoring cells with (0, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/L) ZnCl2 treatment. Flow cytometry and phase contrast microscopy were used to evaluate physiological responses in cultures. Molecular assays and an immunosorbent assay were used to characterize the expression of MT and MC under zinc stress. The results showed that the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 0.25 mg/L ZnCl2. Flow cytometry and phase contrast microscopy showed morphological changes occurred in cultures exposed to 0.25 and 0.5 mg/L ZnCl2. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of selected cDNA samples showed significant upregulation of Mmt through all time points, significant upregulation of mcyC at a later time point. ELISA MC-LR analysis showed extracellular MC-LR (µg/L) and intracellular MC-LR (µg/cell) quota measurements persisted through 15 days, although 0.25 mg/L ZnCl2 treatment produced half the normal cell biomass and 0.5 mg/L treatment largely inhibited growth. The 0.25 and 0.5 mg/L ZnCl2 treated cells demonstrated a ~40% and 33% increase of extracellular MC-LR(µg/L) equivalents, respectively, as early as Day 5 compared to control cells. The 0.5 mg/L ZnCl2 treated cells showed higher total MC-LR (µg/cell) quota yield by Day 8 than both 0 mg/L ZnCl2 control cells and 0.1 mg/L ZnCl2 treated cells, indicating release of MCs upon cell lysis. This study showed this Microcystis aeruginosa strain is able to survive in 0.25 mg/L ZnCl2 concentration. Certain morphological zinc stress responses and the upregulation of mt and mcy genes, as well as periodical increased extracellular MC-LR concentration with ZnCl2 treatment were observed.
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Umehara A, Komorita T, Takahashi T, Tsutsumi H. Estimation of production and sedimentation of cyanobacterial toxins (microcystin) based on nutrient budgets in the reservoir of Isahaya Bay, Japan. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 183:109477. [PMID: 31369939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The increasing eutrophication of freshwater and brackish habitats globally has led to a corresponding increase in the occurrence of harmful cyanobacterial blooms. Cyanobacteria can produce highly toxic substances such as microcystins (MCs) that affect the health of livestock, wildlife, and humans. The present study broaden the understanding of cyanobacteria ecology and MC dynamics in the field, focusing on the estimation of the production and sedimentation rates of MCs in a natural habitat. The nutrient concentrations of the reservoir water and sediment pore water were monitored at 3-h intervals for 24 h during the summer cyanobacterial bloom. The DIN uptake rate of Microcystis in the Isahaya reservoir was estimated and the large-scale blooms in the reservoir were largely controlled by the interactions between rainfall and nutrient levels in the warm season. By using calculations based on the nitrogen budgets and tracking changes of the MC concentrations in the water column, the total MC production and sedimentation rates were estimated to be 52.2 kg MCs d-1 and 21.5 kg MCs d-1, respectively. Although MCs could be degraded in the environment, the MC sedimentation still comprised 41% of the in-water production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Umehara
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, 3-1-100 Tsukide, Kumamoto, 862-8502, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Komorita
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, 3-1-100 Tsukide, Kumamoto, 862-8502, Japan
| | - Tohru Takahashi
- Department of Medical Technology, Kumamoto Health Science University, 325 Izumi-machi, Kumamoto, 861-5598, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tsutsumi
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, 3-1-100 Tsukide, Kumamoto, 862-8502, Japan
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Facey JA, Apte SC, Mitrovic SM. A Review of the Effect of Trace Metals on Freshwater Cyanobacterial Growth and Toxin Production. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E643. [PMID: 31694295 PMCID: PMC6891437 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are becoming more common in freshwater systems, causing ecological degradation and human health risks through exposure to cyanotoxins. The role of phosphorus and nitrogen in cyanobacterial bloom formation is well documented and these are regularly the focus of management plans. There is also strong evidence that trace metals are required for a wide range of cellular processes, however their importance as a limiting factor of cyanobacterial growth in ecological systems is unclear. Furthermore, some studies have suggested a direct link between cyanotoxin production and some trace metals. This review synthesises current knowledge on the following: (1) the biochemical role of trace metals (particularly iron, cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum and zinc), (2) the growth limitation of cyanobacteria by trace metals, (3) the trace metal regulation of the phytoplankton community structure and (4) the role of trace metals in cyanotoxin production. Iron dominated the literature and regularly influenced bloom formation, with 15 of 18 studies indicating limitation or colimitation of cyanobacterial growth. A range of other trace metals were found to have a demonstrated capacity to limit cyanobacterial growth, and these metals require further study. The effect of trace metals on cyanotoxin production is equivocal and highly variable. Better understanding the role of trace metals in cyanobacterial growth and bloom formation is an essential component of freshwater management and a direction for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A. Facey
- Freshwater and Estuarine Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia
| | | | - Simon M. Mitrovic
- Freshwater and Estuarine Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo 2007, Australia
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50
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Verma A, Kazandjian A, Sarowar C, Harwood DT, Murray JS, Pargmann I, Hoppenrath M, Murray SA. Morphology and Phylogenetics of Benthic Prorocentrum Species (Dinophyceae) from Tropical Northwestern Australia. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100571. [PMID: 31574958 PMCID: PMC6833055 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 70 species of Prorocentrum are known, of which around 30 species are associated with benthic habitats. Some produce okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin (DTX) and their derivatives, which are involved in diarrhetic shellfish poisoning. In this study, we isolated and characterized Prorocentrum concavum and P. malayense from Broome in north Western Australia using light and scanning electron microscopy as well as molecular sequences of large subunit regions of ribosomal DNA, marking the first record of these species from Australian waters. The morphology of the motile cells of P. malayense was similar to P. concavum in the light microscopy, but differed by the smooth thecal surface, the pore pattern and the production of mucous stalk-like structures and a hyaline sheath around the non-motile cells. P. malayense could also be differentiated from other closely related species, P. leve and P. foraminosum, despite the similarity in thecal surface and pore pattern, by its platelet formula and morphologies. We tested the production of OA and DTXs from both species, but found that they did not produce detectable levels of these toxins in the given culturing conditions. This study aids in establishing more effective monitoring of potential harmful algal taxa in Australian waters for aquaculture and recreational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Verma
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Aniuska Kazandjian
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
- Laboratorio de Sistemática Molecular, Centro de Biodiversidad Marina, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas 89000, Venezuela.
| | | | - D Tim Harwood
- Seafood Safety Research Programme, Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
| | - J Sam Murray
- Seafood Safety Research Programme, Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
| | - Insa Pargmann
- Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg; Germany.
| | - Mona Hoppenrath
- Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg; Germany.
- Senckenberg am Meer, German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
| | - Shauna A Murray
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
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