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Watanabe R, Oikawa H, Tsunemitsu T, Miyahara K, Ozawa M, Numano S, Uchida H, Matsushima R, Suzuki T. A case of paralytic shellfish poisoning caused by consumption of visceral balls from geoduck Panopea japonica in Japan. Toxicon 2024; 243:107738. [PMID: 38685389 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
In the end of March 2018, an unprecedented food poisoning incident due to ingestion of the visceral balls of geoduck Panopea japonica occurred in Japan. The patient, presented with symptoms of numbness on the lips and general weakness, was diagnosed as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). The patient immediately treated with the mechanical ventilation recovered and left the hospital after 3 days treatment. Saxitoxins (STXs) in the plasma and urinary samples collected from the patient on the first and second day after hospitalization were analyzed by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS/MS) and liquid chromatography with post-column fluorescent detection (LC/FLD). The STXs levels of 499.1 and 6.0 μg/L of STX dihydrochloride equivalent (STX·2HCl eq.) were quantitated by LC/FLD in the urinary samples on the first and second day, respectively. In addition, geoducks harvested from the same areas of the PSP causative specimens after the incident were analyzed by LC/FLD, and the results showed the level of STXs in their whole bodies of the geoducks exceeding 0.8 mg STX·2HCl eq./kg which is the maximum levels of STX in CODEX STAN 292-2008. Prominent toxins in STXs that detected in urinary and geoduck samples and identified by UHPLC/MS/MS and LC/FLD were gonyautoxin-1+4 (GTX1+4). These results concluded that the incident was the food poisoning due to STXs accumulated in the geoducks. This is the first PSP case caused by consumption of geoducks in Japan. This is also the first PSP case that causative toxins are detected in urinary samples of patients involved in PSP in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Watanabe
- Fisheries Technology Institute, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Oikawa
- Fisheries Technology Institute, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Takefumi Tsunemitsu
- Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, 2-17-77 Higashi Namba-cho, Amagasaki, Hyogo, 660-8550, Japan.
| | - Kazutaka Miyahara
- Fisheries Technology Institute, Hyogo Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 22-2 Minami-Futami, Futami-cho, Akashi, Hyogo, 674-0093, Japan.
| | - Mayu Ozawa
- Fisheries Technology Institute, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Numano
- Fisheries Technology Institute, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Hajime Uchida
- Fisheries Technology Institute, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Ryoji Matsushima
- Fisheries Technology Institute, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- Fisheries Technology Institute, National Research and Development Agency, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
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Bashir F, Bashir A, Bouaïcha N, Chen L, Codd GA, Neilan B, Xu WL, Ziko L, Rajput VD, Minkina T, Arruda RS, Ganai BA. Cyanotoxins, biosynthetic gene clusters, and factors modulating cyanotoxin biosynthesis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:241. [PMID: 37394567 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) are a global environmental concern that encompasses public health issues, water availability, and water quality owing to the production of various secondary metabolites (SMs), including cyanotoxins in freshwater, brackish water, and marine ecosystems. The frequency, extent, magnitude, and duration of CHABs are increasing globally. Cyanobacterial species traits and changing environmental conditions, including anthropogenic pressure, eutrophication, and global climate change, together allow cyanobacteria to thrive. The cyanotoxins include a diverse range of low molecular weight compounds with varying biochemical properties and modes of action. With the application of modern molecular biology techniques, many important aspects of cyanobacteria are being elucidated, including aspects of their diversity, gene-environment interactions, and genes that express cyanotoxins. The toxicological, environmental, and economic impacts of CHABs strongly advocate the need for continuing, extensive efforts to monitor cyanobacterial growth and to understand the mechanisms regulating species composition and cyanotoxin biosynthesis. In this review, we critically examined the genomic organization of some cyanobacterial species that lead to the production of cyanotoxins and their characteristic properties discovered to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahim Bashir
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India
| | - Arif Bashir
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Government College for Women, Nawa-Kadal, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Noureddine Bouaïcha
- Laboratory Ecology, Systematic, and Evolution, UMR 8079 Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, University Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Liang Chen
- Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science (SEES), Yunnan University (YNU), 650500, Kunming, China.
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, 430072, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China.
| | - Geoffrey A Codd
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Brett Neilan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Wen-Li Xu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Laila Ziko
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted By Global Academic Foundation, Cairo, Egypt
- Biology Department, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Renan Silva Arruda
- Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Phytoplankton, Department of Plant Biology, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bashir Ahmad Ganai
- Center of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190006, India.
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Moreira C, Gomes C, Vasconcelos V, Antunes A. Risk assessment of cyanobacteria toxic metabolites on freshwater ecosystems applying molecular methods. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:219-227. [PMID: 35902522 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria, ancient prokaryotes, interfere with ecosystem water quality through the production of cyanotoxins and bloom formation. Therefore, for water safety and public health reasons, the application of faster, sensitive, and specific tools on its risk assessment is demanded. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with DNA sequencing can be a helpful tool for the presence and potential to cyanotoxicity. To achieve these, seven waterbodies located on the North and Center regions of Portugal were sampled for two monitoring periods (2017 and 2018). Thus, given the five risk levels proposed (none up to four cyanotoxins - mcyA, cyrC, anaC, sxtI - being detected per risk level), results showed that the great majority of the ecosystems analyzed on the presence of blooms and under climate change phenomenon (heat waves) had an elevated risk (up to four cyanotoxins being detected) corresponding to a situation of high potential of cyanotoxicity. In the opposite conditions (i.e., absence of blooms and heat waves), the risk was lowered to none or only one cyanotoxin being detected. Two ecosystems escaped this trend and demonstrated little to no alterations among risk levels from 1 year to another corresponding to a high potential of cyanotoxicity and cyanotoxins persistence in comparison to other studied ecosystems. Overall, the risk assessment undertaken suggests that other ecosystems ecological variables (physical, hydrological, or chemical) are interfering on the occurrence and persistence of cyanotoxins biosynthesis genes. Given the observed conditions (eutrophic status, bloom occurrence, and heat waves) of the analyzed ecosystems, cyanobacterial potential for toxicity seems to have increased, suggesting a need of the incorporation of other cyanotoxins apart of the regulated microcystins-LR on cyanotoxins surveillance programs of Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Moreira
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cidália Gomes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Antunes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208, Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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Rodríguez-Villegas C, Díaz PA, Salgado P, Tomasetti SJ, Díaz M, Marín SL, Baldrich ÁM, Niklitschek E, Pino L, Matamala T, Espinoza K, Figueroa RI. The role of physico-chemical interactions in the seasonality of toxic dinoflagellate cyst assemblages: The case of the NW Patagonian fjords system. Environ Pollut 2022; 311:119901. [PMID: 35963388 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are recurrent in the NW Patagonia fjords system and their frequency has increased over the last few decades. Outbreaks of HAB species such as Alexandrium catenella, a causal agent of paralytic shellfish poisoning, and Protoceratium reticulatum, a yessotoxins producer, have raised considerable concern due to their adverse socioeconomic consequences. Monitoring programs have mainly focused on their planktonic stages, but since these species produce benthic resting cysts, the factors influencing cyst distributions are increasingly gaining recognition as potentially important to HAB recurrence in some regions. Still, a holistic understanding of the physico-chemical conditions influencing cyst distribution in this region is lacking, especially as it relates to seasonal changes in drivers of cyst distributions, as the characteristics that favor cyst preservation in the sediment may change through the seasons. In this study, we analyzed the physico-chemical properties of the sediment (temperature, pH, redox potential) and measured the bottom dissolved oxygen levels in a "hotspot" area of southern Chile, sampling during the spring and summer as well as the fall and winter, to determine the role these factors may play as modulators of dinoflagellate cyst distribution, and specifically for the cysts of A. catenella and P. reticulatum. A permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) showed the significant effect of sediment redox conditions in explaining the differences in the cyst assemblages between spring-summer and fall-winter periods (seasonality). In a generalized linear model (GLM), sediment redox potential and pH were associated with the highest abundances of A. catenella resting cysts in the spring-summer, however it was sediment temperature that most explained the distribution of A. catenella in the fall-winter. For P. reticulatum, only spring-summer sediment redox potential and temperature explained the variation in cyst abundances. The implications of environmental (physico-chemical) seasonality for the resting cysts dynamics of both species are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Rodríguez-Villegas
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, Mención Conservación y Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue Km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro i∼mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Patricio A Díaz
- Centro i∼mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Pablo Salgado
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Enrique Abello 0552, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | | | - Manuel Díaz
- Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile; Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Sandra L Marín
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Ángela M Baldrich
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias, Mención Conservación y Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino Chinquihue Km 6, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro i∼mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Edwin Niklitschek
- Centro i∼mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Loreto Pino
- Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Thamara Matamala
- Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Katherine Espinoza
- Programa de Investigación Pesquera, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Rosa I Figueroa
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390, Vigo, Spain
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Bosch-Orea C, Sanchís J, Farré M. Analysis of highly polar marine biotoxins in seawater by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. MethodsX 2021; 8:101370. [PMID: 34430266 PMCID: PMC8374475 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The monitoring of marine biotoxins (MBTs) in seawater is presented as an alternative strategy to determine their presence and the possible implications in the ecosystem. For this, an analytical method based on hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HILIC-HRMS) has been developed to identify and quantify some hydrophilic MBTs in seawater: saxitoxin (STX), decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dcSTX), neosaxitoxin (NeoSTX), gonaytoxin-2,3 (GTX-2,3) and tetrodotoxin (TTX), which are responsible of gastrointestinal and central nervous system distress in humans when are consumed via seafood. Particulate and filtrate portion were analyzed separately in order to characterize the extracellular toxins dissolved in the water and those present in the particulate. Ultrasound assisted solid-liquid extraction with methanol was used for the isolation of the MBTs from particulate and solid phase extraction using silica cartridges for the filtrate. Extraction procedure was the most critical step during the analytical method due to the high polarity of the toxins and the absolute recoveries obtained ranged from 15 to 47 % in the filtrate and 26 to 71 % in the particulate portions. Limits of detection of the method ranged from 0.5 to 5 µg/L in the filtrate portion and from 3.1 to 62 µg/L in the particulate portion.•Saxitoxins and tetrodotoxins have been analysed by using HILIC-HRMS.•UAE with methanol and SPE with silica cartridges have been employed for the extractions of the polar MBTs from seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bosch-Orea
- Water and soil quality research group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Sanchís
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Spain.,Universitat de Girona, Spain
| | - Marinella Farré
- Water and soil quality research group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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Ramos TK, Costa LDF, Yunes JS, Resgalla C, Barufi JB, Bastos EDO, Horta PA, Rörig LR. Saxitoxins from the freshwater cyanobacterium Raphidiopsis raciborskii can contaminate marine mussels. Harmful Algae 2021; 103:102004. [PMID: 33980444 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Raphidiopsis raciborskii (formerly Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii) is a freshwater cyanobacterium potentially producing saxitoxins (STX) and cylindrospermopsin. Its ecophysiological versatility enables it to form blooms in the most diverse types of environments, from tropical to temperate, and from relatively pristine to polluted. In Peri Lake, located in the subtropical south of Brazil, growing populations of STX-producing R. raciborskii have been detected since 1994, posing risks to the use of its waters that supply a population of about 100,000 inhabitants. Despite the existence of a monitoring system for the presence and toxicity of cyanobacteria in Peri Lake water, no assessment has been made in the coastal region, downstream of outflowing lake water, thereby potentially making available a toxic biomass to natural and cultivated shellfish populations in the salt water ecosystem. To address this problem, the present study evaluated environmental variables and STX concentration by profiling the outflowing waters between Peri Lake and the adjacent coastal zone. Laboratory experiments were carried out with three strains of R. raciborskii in order to confirm the effect of salinity on STX production and verify if Perna Perna mussels fed with R. raciborskii cultures would absorb and accumulate STX. Results showed that environmental concentrations of STX reach high levels (up to 6.31 µg L-1 STX eq.), especially in the warmer months, reaching the coastal zone. In laboratory tests, it was found that the strains tolerate salinities between 4 and 6 and that salinity influences the production of STX. In addition, mussels fed with R. raciborskii effectively absorb and accumulate STX, even in typically marine salinities (22 to 30), suggesting that R. raciborskii biomass remains available and toxic despite salinity shock. These results draw attention to the ecological and health risk associated with R. raciborskii blooms, both in the lake environment and in the adjacent marine environment, calling attention to the need to improve the monitoring and management systems for water and shellfish toxicity in the region of interest, as well as other places where toxic cyanobacteria of limnic origin can reach the coastal zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanise Klein Ramos
- Laboratory of Phycology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Center for Biological Sciences, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Luiza Dy Fonseca Costa
- Laboratory of Cyanobacteria and Phycotoxins, Institute of Oceanography, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil; INNOVATIO Business Incubatorin in Oceantec Technology Park, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - João Sarkis Yunes
- Laboratory of Cyanobacteria and Phycotoxins, Institute of Oceanography, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Charrid Resgalla
- School of Sea, Science and Technology, University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, 88302-901, Brazil
| | - José Bonomi Barufi
- Laboratory of Phycology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Center for Biological Sciences, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo de Oliveira Bastos
- Laboratory of Phycology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Center for Biological Sciences, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Antunes Horta
- Laboratory of Phycology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Center for Biological Sciences, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Rubi Rörig
- Laboratory of Phycology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Center for Biological Sciences, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
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Houliez E, Briand E, Malo F, Rovillon GA, Hervé F, Robert E, Marchand L, Zykwinska A, Caruana AMN. Physiological changes induced by sodium chloride stress in Aphanizomenon gracile, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Dolichospermum sp. Harmful Algae 2021; 103:102028. [PMID: 33980428 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to anthropogenic activities, associated with climate change, many freshwater ecosystems are expected to experience an increase in salinity. This phenomenon is predicted to favor the development and expansion of freshwater cyanobacteria towards brackish waters due to their transfer along the estuarine freshwater-marine continuum. Since freshwater cyanobacteria are known to produce toxins, this represents a serious threat for animal and human health. Saxitoxins (STXs) are classified among the most powerful cyanotoxins. It becomes thus critical to evaluate the capacity of cyanobacteria producing STXs to face variations in salinity and to better understand the physiological consequences of sodium chloride (NaCl) exposure, in particular on their toxicity. Laboratory experiments were conducted on three filamentous cyanobacteria species isolated from brackish (Dolichospermum sp.) and fresh waters (Aphanizomenon gracile and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii) to determine how salinity variations affect their growth, photosynthetic activity, pigment composition, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), synthesis of compatible solutes and STXs intracellular quotas. Salinity tolerance was found to be species-specific. Dolichospermum sp. was more resistant to salinity variations than A. gracile and C. raciborskii. NaCl variations reduced growth in all species. In A. gracile, carotenoids content was dose-dependently reduced by NaCl. By contrast, in C. raciborskii and Dolichospermum sp., variations in carotenoids content did not show obvious relationships with NaCl concentration. While in Dolichospermum sp. phycocyanin and phycoerythrin increased within the first 24 h exposure to NaCl, in both A. gracile and C. raciborskii, these pigments decreased proportionally to NaCl concentration. Low changes in salinity did not impact STXs production in A. gracile and C. raciborskii while higher increase in salinity could modify the toxin profile and content of C. raciborskii (intracellular STX decreased while dc-GTX2 increased). In estuaries, A. gracile and C. raciborskii would not be able to survive beyond the oligohaline area (i.e. salinity > 5). Conversely, in part due to its ability to accumulate compatible solutes, Dolichospermum sp. has the potential to face consequent salinity variations and to survive in the polyhaline area (at least up to salinity = 24).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enora Briand
- IFREMER-Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France
| | - Florent Malo
- IFREMER-Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Elise Robert
- IFREMER-Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France
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Braga AC, Pereira V, Marçal R, Marques A, Guilherme S, Costa PR, Pacheco M. DNA damage and oxidative stress responses of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis to paralytic shellfish toxins under warming and acidification conditions - Elucidation on the organ-specificity. Aquat Toxicol 2020; 228:105619. [PMID: 32937230 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Commonly affected by changes in climate and environmental conditions, coastal areas are very dynamic environments where shellfish play an important ecological role. In this study, the oxidative stress and genotoxic responses of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) exposed to paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) - producing dinoflagellates Gymnodinium catenatum were evaluated under i) current conditions (CC: 19 °C; pH 8.0), ii) warming (W: 24 °C; pH 8.0), iii) acidification (A:19 °C; pH 7.6) and iv) combined effect of warming and acidification (WA: 24 °C; pH 7.6). Mussels were fed with G. catenatum for 5 days, and to a non-toxic diet during the following 10 days. A battery of oxidative stress biomarkers and comet assay was performed at the peak of toxin accumulation and at the end of the post-exposure phase. Under CC, gills and hepatopancreas displayed different responses/vulnerabilities and mechanisms to cope with PST. While gills presented a tendency for lipid peroxidation (LPO) and genetic damage (expressed by the Genetic Damage Indicator - GDI), hepatopancreas seems to better cope with the toxins, as no LPO was observed. However, the mechanisms involved in hepatopancreas protection were not enough to maintain DNA integrity. The absence of LPO, and the antioxidant system low responsiveness, suggests DNA damage was not oxidative. When exposed to toxic algae under W, toxin-modulated antioxidant responses were observed in both gills and hepatopancreas. Simultaneous exposure to the stressors highlighted gills susceptibility with a synergistic interaction increasing DNA damage. Exposure to toxic algae under A led to genotoxicity potentiation in both organs. The combined effect of WA did not cause relevant interactions in gills antioxidant responses, but stressors interactions impacted LPO and GDI. Antioxidant responses and LPO pointed out to be modulated by the environmental conditions in hepatopancreas, while GDI results support the dominance of toxin-triggered process. Overall, these results reveal that simultaneous exposure to warming, acidification and PSTs impairs mussel DNA integrity, compromising the genetic information due to the synergetic effects. Finally, this study highlights the increasing ecological risk of harmful algal blooms to Mytilus galloprovinciallis populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Braga
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal; CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Vitória Pereira
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Raquel Marçal
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Marques
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sofia Guilherme
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro R Costa
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal; CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Mário Pacheco
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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9
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Lima-Filho CM, Nogaroli L, Hedin-Pereira C, Azevedo SMFO, Soares RM. Effects of saxitoxins exposure on oligodendrocyte development in mouse neonates. Toxicon 2020; 188:89-94. [PMID: 33069750 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Saxitoxins (STXs) are neurotoxins produced by cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, and they are primarily known to block voltage-gated sodium channels in neurons. The present study aimed to obtain further information regarding the effects of these toxins on neurodevelopment by investigating the responses of murine subventricular zone (SVZ) neural progenitors to STXs. An in vitro neonatal mouse SVZ explant model was exposed to different concentrations of toxic cyanobacterial extracts to evaluate the migration and differentiation of SVZ-derived progenitor cells. To test the ability of STX to cross the placental barrier, pregnant mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of STXs (7.5 μg/kg body weight) on gestational day fifteen. Immunocytochemistry was performed to detect proliferating and differentiating progenitors, including oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). It was found that specific proliferation of OPCs was significantly increased, but there was no corresponding increase in the number of differentiated oligodendrocytes, which may indicate a negative effect on the maturation process of these cells. Additionally, the data showed that STXs crossed the placental barrier. Thus, STXs can be considered a potential risk to fetal neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Macedo Lima-Filho
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology of Cyanobacteria, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS-Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, CEP: 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Nogaroli
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuroanatomy, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS-Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, CEP: 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Hedin-Pereira
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuroanatomy, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS-Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, CEP: 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandra M F O Azevedo
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology of Cyanobacteria, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS-Bloco G, Ilha do Fundão, CEP: 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel M Soares
- Multidisciplinary Center of Research in Biology, NUMPEX-BIO, Campus Duque de Caxias, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 105, CEP: 25240-005, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.
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10
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Moreira C, Gomes C, Vasconcelos V, Antunes A. Cyanotoxins Occurrence in Portugal: A New Report on Their Recent Multiplication. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12030154. [PMID: 32121468 PMCID: PMC7150953 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Historical reports show that in Portugal, cyanotoxins reports were mainly in the Center (cylindrospermopsins) and South (cylindrospermopsins, saxitoxins) regions of the country apart from the well distributed microcystins. Therefore, in our study, seven freshwater ecosystems located in the North and Center Regions of Portugal were screened between April and September of 2017 for the main cyanotoxins (microcystins, cylindrospermopsins, anatoxin-a, and saxitoxins) by a two methods approach that combined the application of molecular (PCR) and immunological (ELISA) assays. Results from our survey reveal that both methods revealed the presence of all main cyanotoxins. ELISA results showed that 48% of the samples were above (1.6-18.8 μg/L) the guideline value established for microcystins (1 μg/L), while in the remaining cyanotoxins, 33% of the samples were above (1.1-6.8 μg/L) the guideline value established for anatoxin-a (1 μg/L). Further, for saxitoxins, only one sample gave a value above (4.3 μg/L) the guideline (3 μg/L) and this corresponded to a North Region ecosystem. In the cytotoxin cylindrospermopsins, none of the samples were above the guideline established value (1 μg/L). This study will improve the risk assessment strategy in Portugal, as well as advance water quality and water management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Moreira
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4050-208 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.); (C.G.); (V.V.)
| | - Cidália Gomes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4050-208 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.); (C.G.); (V.V.)
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4050-208 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.); (C.G.); (V.V.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Antunes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4050-208 Porto, Portugal; (C.M.); (C.G.); (V.V.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-223-401-813
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11
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Calado SLDM, Santos GS, Vicentini M, Bozza DC, Prodocimo V, Magalhães VFD, Cestari MM, Silva de Assis HC. Multiple biomarkers response in a Neotropical fish exposed to paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). Chemosphere 2020; 238:124616. [PMID: 31466003 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Alagados Reservoir (Southern Brazil) is used as water supply, and since 2002 there have been reports with a presence of cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins. In order to assess the water quality and the ecological integrity of the reservoir, we evaluated biochemical, genotoxic and osmoregulatory biomarkers in the freshwater cichlid fish (Geophagus brasiliensis) that were exposed to PSTs. The fish were sampled in the Alagados Reservoir in February 2016 (Summer) and were divided in three groups: 1) Reservoir group (RES): fish were collected immediately after sampling; 2) Depuration group (DEP): fish were submitted to the depuration experiment for 90 days in the laboratory; and 3) Reproduction group (REP): fish were kept in the laboratory until the fertilization and the chemical analyses were performed on the offspring (F1 generation). In the RES and DEP the blood, brain, muscle, liver and gills were collected for biochemical, genotoxic and osmoregulatory biomarkers analysis. Our results showed that the fish from the Alagados Reservoir (RES) presented oxidative stress and DNA damage; and after 90 days (DEP), the antioxidant system and DNA damage were recovered. Although PSTs were considered a risk to the ecological integrity of this water body; PSTs concentrations were not found in the tissues of the F1 generation. In addition, the biomarkers used were useful tools to evaluate the effects of environment contamination. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new technologies and monitoring programs in order to reduce cyanobaterial blooms, cyanotoxins and human activities that cause the contamination in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Loise de Morais Calado
- Ecology and Conservation Program Post-Graduation, Federal University of Paraná, Avenue Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Souza Santos
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Avenue Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Maiara Vicentini
- Ecology and Conservation Program Post-Graduation, Federal University of Paraná, Avenue Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Deivyson Cattine Bozza
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Avenue Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Viviane Prodocimo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Avenue Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Valéria Freitas de Magalhães
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Avenue Carlos Chagas Filho, 373 Bloco G, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Marta Margarete Cestari
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Avenue Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Helena Cristina Silva de Assis
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Avenue Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100, Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-980, Brazil.
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12
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Guimarães Neto JOA, Luz LD, Aguiar Junior TR. Effects of an aluminum-based chemical remediator on the cyanobacteria population: a study in the northeast of Brazil. Environ Monit Assess 2019; 191:743. [PMID: 31713695 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7926-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Water sources destined to human supply are increasingly threatened worldwide due to various sources of pollution, either point or diffuse. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of an aluminum-based chemical remediator in the Joanes River. An statistical analysis of physical, chemical, biological, and hydraulic monitoring data was performed relying on a 2013-2018 recording period, provided by the local sanitation service provider and the environmental agency. The results showed that even with the use of aluminum-based chemical remediators, the key parameters for controlling flowering events remained high with mean values of 0.18 mg P L-1, 176.155 cells mL-1 of cyanobacteria and peaks of 1.56 μg L-1 and 4.02 μg L-1 for microcystin and saxitoxin, respectively. At the end of this study, it was verified that the aluminum-based chemical remediator showed low effectiveness in the reduction of phosphorus and cyanobacteria, opposing to expectations of the sanitation provider.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lafayette Dantas Luz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Terencio Rebello Aguiar Junior
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic School, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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13
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Tobin ED, Wallace CL, Crumpton C, Johnson G, Eckert GL. Environmental drivers of paralytic shellfish toxin producing Alexandrium catenella blooms in a fjord system of northern Southeast Alaska. Harmful Algae 2019; 88:101659. [PMID: 31582155 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is a persistent problem that threatens human health and the availability of shellfish resources in Alaska. Regular outbreaks of marine dinoflagellates in the genus Alexandrium produce paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) that make shellfish consumption unsafe, and impose economic hardships on Alaska's shellfish industry. Phytoplankton and environmental monitoring spanning 2008-2016, and a pilot benthic cyst survey in 2016, were focused in the Juneau region of Southeast Alaska to investigate Alexandrium catenella distributions and conditions favorable to bloom development. Overwintering Alexandrium cysts were found in near-shore sediments throughout the study region. Alexandrium catenella cells were present in the water column across a range of sea surface temperatures (7-15 °C) and surface salinities (S = 4-30); however, an optimal temperature/salinity window (10-13 °C, 18-23) supported highest cell concentrations. Measurable levels of PSTs were associated with lower concentrations (100 cells L-1) of A. catenella, indicating high cell densities may not be required for shellfish toxicity to occur. Several interacting local factors were identified to support A. catenella blooms: 1) sea surface temperatures ≥7 °C; 2) increasing air temperature; 3) low to moderate freshwater discharge; and 4) several consecutive days of dry and calm weather. In combination, these bloom favorable conditions coincide with toxic bloom events during May and June in northern Southeast Alaska. These findings highlight how integrated environmental and phytoplankton monitoring can be used to enhance early warning capacity of toxic bloom events, providing more informed guidance to shellfish harvesters and resource managers in Alaska.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Tobin
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, College of Fisheries Ocean Sciences, 17101 Point Lena Loop Rd., Juneau, AK, 9980, USA.
| | - Chelsea L Wallace
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, College of Fisheries Ocean Sciences, 17101 Point Lena Loop Rd., Juneau, AK, 9980, USA
| | - Cody Crumpton
- University of Alaska Southeast, Natural Sciences Department, 11275 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK, 99801, USA
| | - Genevieve Johnson
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, College of Fisheries Ocean Sciences, 17101 Point Lena Loop Rd., Juneau, AK, 9980, USA
| | - Ginny L Eckert
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, College of Fisheries Ocean Sciences, 17101 Point Lena Loop Rd., Juneau, AK, 9980, USA
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14
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Hii KS, Lim PT, Kon NF, Usup G, Gu H, Leaw CP. Transcriptional and physiological responses to inorganic nutrition in a tropical Pacific strain of Alexandrium minutum: Implications for nutrient uptakes and assimilation. Gene 2019; 711:143950. [PMID: 31255736 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.143950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum is known to produce saxitoxins that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning in human worldwide through consumption of the contaminated shellfish mollusks. Despite numerous studies on the growth physiology and saxitoxin production of this species, the knowledge on the molecular basis of nutrient uptakes in relation to toxin production in this species is limited. In this study, relative expressions of the high-affinity transporter genes of nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate (AmNrt2, AmAmt1 and AmPiPT1) and the assimilation genes, nitrate reductase (AmNas), glutamine synthase (AmGSIII) and carbamoyl phosphate synthase (AmCPSII) from A. minutum were studied in batch clonal culture condition with two nitrogen sources (nitrate: NO3- or ammonium: NH4+) under different N:P ratios (high-P: N:P of 14 and 16, and low-P: N:P of 155). The expression of AmAmt1 was suppressed in excess NH4+-grown condition but was not observed in AmNrt2 and AmNas. Expressions of AmAmt1, AmNrt2, AmNas, AmGSIII, AmCPSII, and AmPiPT1 were high in P-deficient condition, showing that A. minutum is likely to take up nutrients for growth under P-stress condition. Conversely, relative expression of AmCPSII was incongruent with cell growth, but was well correlated with toxin quota, suggesting that the gene might involve in arginine metabolism and related toxin production pathway. The expression of AmGSIII is found coincided with higher toxin production and is believed to involve in mechanism to detoxify the cells from excess ammonium stress. The gene regulation observed in this study has provided better insights into the ecophysiology of A. minutum in relation to its adaptive strategies in unfavorable environments.
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15
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Braga AC, Camacho C, Marques A, Gago-Martínez A, Pacheco M, Costa PR. Combined effects of warming and acidification on accumulation and elimination dynamics of paralytic shellfish toxins in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis. Environ Res 2018; 164:647-654. [PMID: 29631223 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HAB) have been increasing in frequency and intensity most likely due to changes on global conditions, which constitute a significant threat to wild shellfish and its commercial farming. This study evaluated the impact of increasing seawater temperature and acidification on the accumulation/elimination dynamics of HAB-toxins in shellfish. Mytilus galloprovincialis were acclimated to four environmental conditions simulating different climate change scenarios: i) current conditions, ii) warming, iii) acidification and iv) interaction of warming with acidification. Once acclimated, mussels were exposed to the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) producing dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum for 5 days and to non-toxic diet during the subsequent 10 days. High toxicity levels (1493 µg STX eq. kg-1) exceeding the safety limits were determined under current conditions at the end of the uptake period. Significantly lower PSP toxicity levels were registered for warming- and acidification-acclimated mussels (661 and 761 µg STX eq. kg-1). The combined effect of both warming and acidification resulted in PSP toxicity values slightly higher (856 μg STX eq. kg-1). A rapid decrease of toxicity was observed in mussels at the current conditions after shifting to a non-toxic diet, which was not noticed under the predicted climate change scenarios. Variability of each PST analogue, measured throughout the experiment, highlighted different mechanisms are associated with changes of each environmental factor, although both resulting in lower toxicity. Warming-acclimated mussels showed lower accumulation/elimination rates, while acidification-acclimated mussels showed higher capability to accumulate toxins, but also a higher elimination rate preventing high toxicity levels. As different mechanisms are triggered by warming and acidification, their combined effect not leads to a synergism of their individual effects. The present work is the first assessing the combined effect of climate change drivers on accumulation/elimination of PSTs, in mussels, indicating that warming and acidification may lead to lower toxicity values but longer toxic episodes. PSTs are responsible for the food poisoning syndrome, paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in humans. This study can be considered as the first step to build models for predicting shellfish toxicity under climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Braga
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal; Biology Department and CESAM, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carolina Camacho
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António Marques
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Gago-Martínez
- Universidad de Vigo, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Mário Pacheco
- Biology Department and CESAM, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro R Costa
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal; CCMAR - Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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16
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da S Ferrão-Filho A, de Abreu S Silva D, de Oliveira TA, de Magalhães VF, Pflugmacher S, da Silva EM. Single and combined effects of microcystin- and saxitoxin-producing cyanobacteria on the fitness and antioxidant defenses of cladocerans. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36:2689-2697. [PMID: 28409869 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria produce different toxic compounds that affect animal life, among them hepatotoxins and neurotoxins. Because cyanobacteria are able to produce a variety of toxic compounds at the same time, organisms may be, generally, subjected to their combined action. In the present study, we demonstrate the single and combined effects on cladocerans of cyanobacteria that produce microcystins (hepatotoxins) and saxitoxins (neurotoxins). Animals were exposed (either singly or combined) to 2 strains of cyanobacteria isolated from the same environment (Funil Reservoir, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). The effects on clearance rate, mobility, survivorship, fecundity, population increase rate (r), and the antioxidant enzymes glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) were measured. Cladoceran species showed a variety of responses to cyanobacterial exposures, going from no effect to impairment of swimming movement, lower survivorship, fecundity, and general fitness (r). Animals ingested cyanobacteria in all treatments, although at lower rates than good food (green algae). Antioxidant defense responses were in accordance with fitness responses, suggesting that oxidative stress may be related to such effects. The present study emphasizes the need for testing combined actions of different classes of toxins, because this is often, and most likely, the scenario in a more eutrophic world with global climatic changes. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2689-2697. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Valéria Freitas de Magalhães
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stephan Pflugmacher
- Institute of Ecology, Chair of Ecological Impact Research & Ecotoxicology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Loftin KA, Graham JL, Hilborn ED, Lehmann SC, Meyer MT, Dietze JE, Griffith CB. Cyanotoxins in inland lakes of the United States: Occurrence and potential recreational health risks in the EPA National Lakes Assessment 2007. Harmful Algae 2016; 56:77-90. [PMID: 28073498 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A large nation-wide survey of cyanotoxins (1161 lakes) in the United States (U.S.) was conducted during the EPA National Lakes Assessment 2007. Cyanotoxin data were compared with cyanobacteria abundance- and chlorophyll-based World Health Organization (WHO) thresholds and mouse toxicity data to evaluate potential recreational risks. Cylindrospermopsins, microcystins, and saxitoxins were detected (ELISA) in 4.0, 32, and 7.7% of samples with mean concentrations of 0.56, 3.0, and 0.061μg/L, respectively (detections only). Co-occurrence of the three cyanotoxin classes was rare (0.32%) when at least one toxin was detected. Cyanobacteria were present and dominant in 98 and 76% of samples, respectively. Potential anatoxin-, cylindrospermopsin-, microcystin-, and saxitoxin-producing cyanobacteria occurred in 81, 67, 95, and 79% of samples, respectively. Anatoxin-a and nodularin-R were detected (LC/MS/MS) in 15 and 3.7% samples (n=27). The WHO moderate and high risk thresholds for microcystins, cyanobacteria abundance, and total chlorophyll were exceeded in 1.1, 27, and 44% of samples, respectively. Complete agreement by all three WHO microcystin metrics occurred in 27% of samples. This suggests that WHO microcystin metrics based on total chlorophyll and cyanobacterial abundance can overestimate microcystin risk when compared to WHO microcystin thresholds. The lack of parity among the WHO thresholds was expected since chlorophyll is common amongst all phytoplankton and not all cyanobacteria produce microcystins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Loftin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory, Kansas Water Science Center, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Graham
- U.S. Geological Survey, Kansas Water Science Center, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA.
| | - Elizabeth D Hilborn
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, NHEERL, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Sarah C Lehmann
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds, Ariel Rios Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Mail Code 4503T, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
| | - Michael T Meyer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory, Kansas Water Science Center, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA.
| | - Julie E Dietze
- U.S. Geological Survey, Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory, Kansas Water Science Center, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA.
| | - Christopher B Griffith
- U.S. Geological Survey, Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory, Kansas Water Science Center, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA.
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18
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Rangel LM, Ger KA, Silva LHS, Soares MCS, Faassen EJ, Lürling M. Toxicity Overrides Morphology on Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii Grazing Resistance to the Calanoid Copepod Eudiaptomus gracilis. Microb Ecol 2016; 71:835-844. [PMID: 26888523 PMCID: PMC4823325 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0734-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity and morphology may function as defense mechanisms of bloom-forming cyanobacteria against zooplankton grazing. Yet, the relative importance of each of these factors and their plasticity remains poorly known. We tested the effects of chemical and morphological traits of the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii on the feeding response of the selective feeder Eudiaptomus gracilis (Calanoida, Copepoda), using a saxitoxin-producing strain (STX+) and a non-saxitoxin (STX-)-producing strain as food. From these two chemotypes, we established cultures of three different morphotypes that differed in filament length (short, medium, and long) by incubating the strains at 17, 25, and 32 °C. We hypothesized that the inhibitory effects of saxitoxins determine the avoidance of C. raciborskii, and that morphology would only become relevant in the absence of saxitoxins. Temperature affected two traits: higher temperature resulted in significantly shorter filaments in both strains and led to much higher toxin contents in the STX+ strain (1.7 μg eq STX L(-1) at 17 °C, 7.9 μg eq STX L(-1) at 25 °C, and 25.1 μg eq STX L(-1) at 32 °C). Copepods strongly reduced the ingestion of the STX+ strain in comparison with STX- cultures, regardless of filament length. Conversely, consumption of shorter filaments was significantly higher in the STX- strain. The great plasticity of morphological and chemical traits of C. raciborskii and their resultant contrasting effects on the feeding behavior of zooplankton might explain the success of this cyanobacterium in a variety of aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana M Rangel
- Departamento de Botânica - Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20940-040, Brazil.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Toxicologia de Cianobactérias, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS-Bloco G-Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, 21941599, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Kemal A Ger
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Lúcia H S Silva
- Departamento de Botânica - Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20940-040, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina S Soares
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth J Faassen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miquel Lürling
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Ferrão-Filho AS, Soares MCS, Lima RS, Magalhães VF. Effects of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (cyanobacteria) on the swimming behavior of Daphnia (cladocera). Environ Toxicol Chem 2014; 33:223-229. [PMID: 24357033 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to test the effects of raw water samples from a eutrophic reservoir and of a saxitoxin-producing strain of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii on the swimming behavior of 2 key herbivore species of Daphnia. Two complementary approaches were used, acute bioassays and behavioral assays using an automated movement tracking system for measuring the following activity parameters: swimming time, resting time, distance traveled, and mean velocity. In both assays, animals were exposed to field samples or to toxic filaments in different concentrations and observed for 2 h to 3 h. In the acute bioassays, there was a decrease in the number of swimming individuals during the exposure period and a recovery following removal from toxic algae. A significant relationship was found between median effective concentration and the saxitoxin content of seston (r(2) = 0.998; p = 0.025) in the acute bioassays with raw water samples. Behavioral assays also showed significant effects in the activity parameters with both field samples and the strain of C. raciborskii, with some recovery during the exposure period. Both approaches corroborated previous research on the effects of neurotoxic C. raciborskii on the swimming activity of Daphnia, and these effects are compatible with the mechanism of action of saxitoxins. The present study showed that activity parameters of aquatic organisms may be a useful tool in the evaluation of sublethal toxicity and detection of neurotoxins in raw water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysio S Ferrão-Filho
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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