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Cho CH, Kim JH, Padalkar NS, Reddy YVM, Park TJ, Park J, Park JP. Nanozyme-assisted molecularly imprinted polymer-based indirect competitive ELISA for the detection of marine biotoxin. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 255:116269. [PMID: 38579624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX), which is produced by certain dinoflagellate species, is a type of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin that poses a serious threat to human health and the environment. Therefore, developing a technology for the convenient and cost-effective detection of STX is imperative. In this study, we developed an affinity peptide-imprinted polymer-based indirect competitive ELISA (ic-ELISA) without using enzyme-toxin conjugates. AuNP/Co3O4@Mg/Al cLDH was synthesized by calcining AuNP/ZIF-67@Mg/Al LDH, which was obtained by combining AuNPs, ZIF-67, and flower-like Mg/Al LDH. This synthesized nanozyme exhibited high catalytic activity (Km = 0.24 mM for TMB and 132.5 mM for H2O2). The affinity peptide-imprinted polymer (MIP) was imprinted with an STX-specific template peptide (STX MIP) on a multi-well microplate and then reacted with an STX-specific signal peptide (STX SP). The interaction between the STX SP and MIP was detected using a streptavidin-coated nanozyme (SA-AuNP/Co3O4@Mg/Al cLDH). The developed MIP-based ic-ELISA exhibited excellent selectivity and sensitivity, with a limit of detection of 3.17 ng/mL (equivalent: 0.317 μg/g). Furthermore, the system was validated using a commercial ELISA kit and mussel tissue samples, and it demonstrated a high STX recovery with a low coefficient of variation. These results imply that the developed ic-ELISA can be used to detect STX in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Hwan Cho
- Department of Food Science and Technology, GreenTech-Based Food Safety Research Group (BK21 Four), Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, GreenTech-Based Food Safety Research Group (BK21 Four), Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Navnath S Padalkar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, GreenTech-Based Food Safety Research Group (BK21 Four), Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Y Veera Manohara Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Tae Jung Park
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Interdisciplinary Convergence Research, Research Institute of Chem-Bio Diagnostic Technology, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Park
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Pil Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, GreenTech-Based Food Safety Research Group (BK21 Four), Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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Zhu L, Zeng W, Li Y, Han Y, Wei J, Wu L. Development of magnetic fluorescence aptasensor for sensitive detection of saxitoxin based on Fe 3O 4@Au-Pt nanozymes. Sci Total Environ 2024; 921:171236. [PMID: 38412877 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
In this work, on the basis of Fe3O4@Au-Pt nanozymes (MAP NZs) and aptamer recognition, a magnetic fluorescent aptasensor (MFA) was developed for sensitive and accurate detection of saxitoxin (STX). With the bridge of STX aptamer (AptSTX) and complementary DNA (cDNA), AptSTX decorated MAP NZs (MAP/Apt) and cDNA modified green quantum dots (cDNA@g-QDs) were connected to form MAP/Apt-cDNA@g-QDs complex. As STX behaves a strong binding ability towards AptSTX, it will compete with cDNA and hybridize with Apt to release cDNA@g-QDs. With the addition of TMB, MAP will catalyze TMB to the oxidized TMB (ox-TMB), thereby quenching the fluorescence of g-QDs due to the inner filter effect. Based on this finding, the quantitative relationship between the change in fluorescence of gQDs and STX concentration was explored with a limit of detection (LOD, S/N = 3) of 0.6 nM. An internal standard signal of oxTMB was adopted and reduced the fluctuation of fluorescence signal output. Besides, the fluorescence probe can selectively recognize and detect STX among five marine toxins. Eventually, the MFA method behaved good performance in detecting seafood samples with recoveries of 82.0 % ∼ 102.6 % as well as coefficient of variations (CV) of 7.2 % ∼ 10.3 %. Therefore, the method with internal signal is hopeful to be a potential candidate for sensitive and accurate detection of STX in seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Hubei Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Seafood Processing of Haikou, School of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Yueqing Li
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Seafood Processing of Haikou, School of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, PR China
| | - Yu Han
- Hubei Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan, 432000, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jing Wei
- Hainan Institute for Food Control, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Haikou 570314, PR China
| | - Long Wu
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Seafood Processing of Haikou, School of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan 570228, PR China.
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Rider Z, Percich A, Hiripitiyage Y, Harris TD, Sturm BSM, Wilson AE, Pollock ED, Beaver JR, Husic A. Drivers of cyanotoxin and taste-and-odor compound presence within the benthic algae of human-disturbed rivers. Water Res 2024; 253:121357. [PMID: 38401471 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Freshwater benthic algae form complex mat matrices that can confer ecosystem benefits but also produce harmful cyanotoxins and nuisance taste-and-odor (T&O) compounds. Despite intensive study of the response of pelagic systems to anthropogenic change, the environmental factors controlling toxin presence in benthic mats remain uncertain. Here, we present a unique dataset from a rapidly urbanizing community (Kansas City, USA) that spans environmental, toxicological, taxonomic, and genomic indicators to identify the prevalence of three cyanotoxins (microcystin, anatoxin-a, and saxitoxin) and two T&O compounds (geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol). Thereafter, we construct a random forest model informed by game theory to assess underlying drivers. Microcystin (11.9 ± 11.6 µg/m2), a liver toxin linked to animal fatalities, and geosmin (0.67 ± 0.67 µg/m2), a costly-to-treat malodorous compound, were the most abundant compounds and were present in 100 % of samples, irrespective of land use or environmental conditions. Anatoxin-a (8.1 ± 11.6 µg/m2) and saxitoxin (0.18 ± 0.39 µg/m2), while not always detected, showed a systematic tradeoff in their relative importance with season, an observation not previously reported in the literature. Our model indicates that microcystin concentrations were greatest where microcystin-producing genes were present, whereas geosmin concentrations were high in the absence of geosmin-producing genes. Together, these results suggest that benthic mats produce microcystin in situ but that geosmin production may occur ex situ with its presence in mats attributable to adsorption by organic matter. Our study broadens the awareness of benthic cyanobacteria as a source of harmful and nuisance metabolites and highlights the importance of benthic monitoring for sustaining water quality standards in rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Rider
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Kansas, 2150 Learned Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
| | - Abigal Percich
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Kansas, 2150 Learned Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
| | - Yasawantha Hiripitiyage
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Kansas, 2150 Learned Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
| | - Ted D Harris
- Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
| | - Belinda S M Sturm
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Kansas, 2150 Learned Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
| | - Alan E Wilson
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Erik D Pollock
- Stable Isotope Laboratory, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States
| | - John R Beaver
- BSA Environmental Services, Beachwood, OH 44122, United States
| | - Admin Husic
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Kansas, 2150 Learned Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States.
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Hyung JH, Moon SJ, Kim EJ, Kim DW, Park J. Quantification of Alexandrium catenella (Group I) using sxtA4-based digital PCR for screening of paralytic shellfish toxins in Jinhae-Masan Bay, Korea. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 200:116048. [PMID: 38271916 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
We employed a detection method to quantify Alexandrium catenella (Group I), one of the causative species for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in Jinhae-Masan Bay, Korea, targets sxtA4, via chip-based digital PCR. Additionally, we explored the dynamics of Alexandrium during the spring of 2022 using an rDNA-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay to enhance the performance of the dPCR assay. In matching dPCR results with PSP monitoring reports, we optimized a cell regulatory threshold of 102 cells L-1, the maximum cell density when shellfish harvesting was permitted, for the dPCR assay. This threshold functioned similar to the PST threshold used in mouse bioassays (MBAs). Furthermore, we validated a total concordance rate of 83.8 % between the two assays for 2020-2022, reaching a maximum of 96.2 % in 2020. Thus, the result of dPCR could complement MBAs, facilitating the early detection of PSP outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ho Hyung
- Environment and Resource Convergence Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung Joo Moon
- Environment and Resource Convergence Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Joo Kim
- Environment and Resource Convergence Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- Food Safety and Processing Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaeyeon Park
- Environment and Resource Convergence Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea.
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Santos-Silva RDD, Severiano JDS, Chia MA, Queiroz TM, Cordeiro-Araújo MK, Barbosa JEDL. Unveiling the link between Raphidiopsis raciborskii blooms and saxitoxin levels: Evaluating water quality in tropical reservoirs, Brazil. Environ Pollut 2024; 344:123401. [PMID: 38244903 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The proliferation of Raphidiopsis raciborskii blooms has sparked concerns regarding potential human exposure to heightened saxitoxins (STXs) levels. Thus, comprehending how environmental elements drive the proliferation of this STXs-producing species can aid in predicting human exposure risks. This study aimed to explore the link between cyanobacteria R. raciborskii, STXs cyanotoxins, and environmental factors in 37 public supply reservoirs in the tropical region and assess potential health hazards these toxins pose in the reservoir waters. A Structural Equation Model was used to assess the impact of environmental factors (water volume and physical and chemical variables) on R. raciborskii biomass and STXs levels. Furthermore, the potential risk of STXs exposure from consuming untreated reservoir water was evaluated. Lastly, the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of STXs across the reservoirs was computed. Our findings revealed a correlation between R. raciborskii biomass and STXs concentrations. Total phosphorus emerged as a critical environmental factor positively influencing species biomass and indirectly affecting STXs levels. pH significantly influenced STXs concentrations, indicating different factors influencing R. raciborskii biomass and STXs. Significantly, for the first time, the risk of STXs exposure was gauged using the risk quotient (HQ) for untreated water consumption from public supply reservoirs in Brazil's semi-arid region. Although the exposure risks were generally low to moderate, the CDF underscored the risk of chronic exposure due to low toxin concentrations in over 90% of samples. These outcomes emphasize the potential expansion of R. raciborskii in tropical settings due to increased phosphorus, amplifying waterborne STXs levels and associated intoxication risks. Thus, this study reinforces the importance of nutrient control, particularly phosphorus regulation, as a mitigation strategy against R. raciborskii blooms and reducing STXs intoxication hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranielle Daiana Dos Santos-Silva
- Ecology Program, Department of Biology, State University of Paraíba - UEPB, Rua Baraúnas, nº. 351, Universitario, 58.429-500, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
| | - Juliana Dos Santos Severiano
- Ecology Program, Department of Biology, State University of Paraíba - UEPB, Rua Baraúnas, nº. 351, Universitario, 58.429-500, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil.
| | - Mathias Ahii Chia
- Department of Botany, Ahmadu University Bello, 81 0001, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Ecology, University of Brasília - UnB, Graduate Program in Ecology. Institute of Biological Sciences - IB, Asa Norte, DF, 70910-900, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Medeiros Queiroz
- Ecology Program, Department of Biology, State University of Paraíba - UEPB, Rua Baraúnas, nº. 351, Universitario, 58.429-500, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
| | - Micheline Kézia Cordeiro-Araújo
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasília - UnB, Graduate Program in Microbial Biology. Institute of Biological Sciences - IB, Bloco E, s/n, Asa Norte, DF, 70910-900, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - José Etham de Lucena Barbosa
- Ecology Program, Department of Biology, State University of Paraíba - UEPB, Rua Baraúnas, nº. 351, Universitario, 58.429-500, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
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Odehnalová K, Přibilová P, Maršálek B, Babica P. A fast and reliable LC-MS-MS method for the quantification of saxitoxin in blood plasma samples. J Anal Toxicol 2024; 48:119-125. [PMID: 38175940 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Saxitoxins (STXs) are potent neurotoxins produced by marine dinoflagellates or freshwater cyanobacteria known to cause acute and eventually fatal human intoxications, which are classified as paralytic shellfish poisonings (PSPs). Rapid analysis of STXs in blood plasma can be used for a timely diagnosis and confirmation of PSPs. We developed a fast and simple method of STX extraction based on plasma sample acidification and precipitation by acetonitrile, followed by quantification using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Our approach provides the results ≤30 min, with a limit of detection of 2.8 ng/mL and a lower limit of quantification of 5.0 ng/mL. Within-run and between-run precision experiments showed good reproducibility with ≤15% values. Standard curves for calibration were linear with correlation coefficients ≥0.98 across the assay calibration range (5-200 ng/mL). In an interlaboratory analytical exercise, the method was found to be 100% accurate in determining the presence or absence of STX in human plasma specimens, with recovery values of 86-99%. This simple method for STX determination in animal or human plasma can quickly and reliably diagnose STX exposures and confirm suspected PSP cases to facilitate patient treatment or expedite necessary public health or security actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Odehnalová
- Department of Experimental Phycology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27, Brno 60200, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Přibilová
- Department of Experimental Phycology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27, Brno 60200, Czech Republic
| | - Blahoslav Maršálek
- Department of Experimental Phycology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27, Brno 60200, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Babica
- Department of Experimental Phycology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27, Brno 60200, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno 61137, Czech Republic
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Cadaillon AM, Mattera B, Albizzi A, Montoya N, Maldonado S, Raya Rey A, Riccialdelli L, Almandoz GO, Schloss IR. Multispecies mass mortality in the Beagle Channel associated with paralytic shellfish toxins. Harmful Algae 2024; 132:102581. [PMID: 38331545 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2024.102581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The Beagle Channel is a Subantarctic semi-estuarine environment at the southern tip of South America, where intoxication events associated with harmful algal blooms have been reported since 1886, including a world record in toxicity due to Alexandrium catenella in 1992. Toxic algae affect public health and ecosystem services, particularly mussel aquaculture and fisheries management. During the austral summer of 2022, an intense bloom of A. catenella (5 × 104 cells L-1) occurred in the Beagle Channel, leading to the second most toxic event in the area, with mussel toxicity reaching 197,266 µg STXeq kg-1. This event was synchronous with the mortality of marine organisms from different trophic levels and terrestrial fauna, i.e., two Fuegian red foxes and a southern caracara. Stomach content and liver samples from dead kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus), Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus), papua penguins (Pygoscelis papua), and imperial cormorants (Leucocarbo atriceps), presented variable paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) levels (up to 3427 µg STXeq kg-1) as measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), suggesting that deaths were associated with high PST toxicity level. The different toxin profiles found in phytoplankton, zooplankton, squat lobsters (Grimothea gregaria), Fuegian sprat (Sprattus fuegensis), and seabirds evidenced possible toxin transformation along the food web and the possible transfer vectors. The unexpected detection of PST in terrestrial fauna (up to 2707 µg STXeq kg-1) suggested intoxication by scavenging on squat lobsters, which had high toxicity (26,663 µg STXeq kg-1). PST trace levels were also detected in a liver sample of a dead false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens), an oceanic odontocete stranded on the coast during the bloom. Overall, our results denote the exceptional nature of the toxic, multispecies mortality event and that toxins may propagate to several levels of the food web in this Subantarctic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Cadaillon
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bernardo Houssay 200, Ushuaia, Argentina; Instituto de Desarrollo Económico e Innovación (IDEI), Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur (UNTDF), Yrigoyen 879, Ushuaia 9410, Argentina.
| | - B Mattera
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero, Paseo Victoria Ocampo N°1, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
| | - A Albizzi
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bernardo Houssay 200, Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - N Montoya
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero, Paseo Victoria Ocampo N°1, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
| | - S Maldonado
- Dirección General de Laboratorio de Toxinas y Microbiología, Secretaría de Pesca y Acuicultura, Ministerio de Produccion y Ambiente. Gobierno de la Provincia de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur, Argentina
| | - A Raya Rey
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bernardo Houssay 200, Ushuaia, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (ICPA), UNTDF, Yrigoyen 879, Ushuaia 9410, Argentina; Wildlife Conservation Society, Amenábar 1595, Office 19, C1426AKC CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Riccialdelli
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bernardo Houssay 200, Ushuaia, Argentina
| | - G O Almandoz
- División Ficología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, B1900FWA La Plata, Argentina; CONICET, Godoy Cruz 2290 (C1425FQB), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - I R Schloss
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bernardo Houssay 200, Ushuaia, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (ICPA), UNTDF, Yrigoyen 879, Ushuaia 9410, Argentina; Instituto Antártico Argentino, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Zeng W, Tang X, Wu T, Han B, Wu L. Development of a highly sensitive aptamer-based electrochemical sensor for detecting saxitoxin based on K 3Fe(CN) 6 regulated silver nanoparticles. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1287:342134. [PMID: 38182355 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saxitoxin (STX) is the most toxic marine toxin, which can pose several adverse effects on human health. High sensitivity, fast response, and low-cost detection of STX contamination are of significance to reducing the fishery and seafood industries' loss. Among the various types of biosensors, the electrochemical biosensors have been extensively studied in the detection of STX, but the electrode surface modification material is easy to fall off, resulting in unstable electrochemical signals and poor reproducibility. It is imperative to have a ratiometric electrochemical biosensor for STX. RESULTS In this study, we developed a novel aptamer-based electrochemical sensor (AECs) for the sensitive detection of STX based on a K3Fe(CN)6 regulated silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) modified with aptamer. The AECs was constructed by immobilizing aptamer on Ag NPs surfaces. Under optimized conditions, the AECs showed a linear response towards STX in the range from 0.04 to 0.15 μM with the regression equation of Y = -8.0 + 233.7 X (R2 = 0.9956). The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 1 nM (based on 3 N/S), which is significantly lower than the regulatory limits for STX in seafood. Moreover, the AECs showed excellent sensitivity, reproducibility and stability, as well as the detection in samples with acceptable recovery ranged from 71.2 % to 93.8 %, demonstrating its broad application prospects in detection of STX in seafood samples. SIGNIFICANCE This work proposed an AECs to achieve sensitive detection of STX. A reaction system of K3Fe(CN)6 etched Ag NPs was introduced and used as the signal source to avoid the instability of the electrochemical signal, which can produce a ratiometric electrochemical signal output mode, improving the stability and sensitivity of electrochemical detection of STX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zeng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Xuemei Tang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Ting Wu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Bingjun Han
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Analysis and Test Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Long Wu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Flores-Holguín N, Salas-Leiva JS, Núñez-Vázquez EJ, Tovar-Ramírez D, Glossman-Mitnik D. Marine Toxins as Pharmaceutical Treasure Troves: A Focus on Saxitoxin Derivatives from a Computational Point of View. Molecules 2024; 29:275. [PMID: 38202857 PMCID: PMC10780485 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This work highlights the significant potential of marine toxins, particularly saxitoxin (STX) and its derivatives, in the exploration of novel pharmaceuticals. These toxins, produced by aquatic microorganisms and collected by bivalve mollusks and other filter-feeding organisms, offer a vast reservoir of chemical and biological diversity. They interact with sodium channels in physiological processes, affecting various functions in organisms. Exposure to these toxins can lead to symptoms ranging from tingling sensations to respiratory failure and cardiovascular shock, with STX being one of the most potent. The structural diversity of STX derivatives, categorized into carbamate, N-sulfocarbamoyl, decarbamoyl, and deoxydecarbamoyl toxins, offers potential for drug development. The research described in this work aimed to computationally characterize 18 STX derivatives, exploring their reactivity properties within marine sponges using conceptual density functional theory (CDFT) techniques. Additionally, their pharmacokinetic properties, bioavailability, and drug-likeness scores were assessed. The outcomes of this research were the chemical reactivity parameters calculated via CDFT as well as the estimated pharmacokinetic and ADME properties derived using computational tools. While they may not align directly, the integration of these distinct datasets enriches our comprehensive understanding of the compound's properties and potential applications. Thus, this study holds promise for uncovering new pharmaceutical candidates from the considered marine toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Flores-Holguín
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Miguel de Cervantes 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31136, Chih, Mexico; (J.S.S.-L.); (D.G.-M.)
| | - Joan S. Salas-Leiva
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Miguel de Cervantes 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31136, Chih, Mexico; (J.S.S.-L.); (D.G.-M.)
| | - Erick J. Núñez-Vázquez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz 23096, BCS, Mexico; (E.J.N.-V.); (D.T.-R.)
| | - Dariel Tovar-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz 23096, BCS, Mexico; (E.J.N.-V.); (D.T.-R.)
| | - Daniel Glossman-Mitnik
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Miguel de Cervantes 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31136, Chih, Mexico; (J.S.S.-L.); (D.G.-M.)
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10
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Pichardo-Velarde JG, Estrada N, Alonso-Rodríguez R, Ascencio F. Growth and paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin production by a Mexican dinoflagellate strain of Alexandrium tamiyavanichii Balech (1994) under different nutrient conditions. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 198:115802. [PMID: 37995589 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Alexandrium tamiyavanichii is a marine dinoflagellate known to produce Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxin. Thus, a strain was isolated from La Paz Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico and used to explore whether stress conditions, such as phosphorus limitation (PL) and nitrogen enrichment (NE) modulate population growth and PSP toxin production in the GSe medium. Growth kinetics showed that the PL treatment produced a 3.4-fold increase in cell density versus control at day 30 of the culture cycle. The highest PSP concentration was found in the control culture (309 fmol cell-1) on day 21. Saxitoxin (STX) was the main analog in all the treatments (> 40 % mol). In conclusion, PL and NE treatments promoted growth kinetics in the species studied but did not affect the PSP toxin production. For the first time, the present research describes A. tamiyavanichii high toxicity strain isolated from Mexican coasts relative to the South-Atlantic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge-Gerardo Pichardo-Velarde
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), Av. I.P.N. 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur 23096, Mexico
| | - Norma Estrada
- Programa Cátedras CONAHCYT, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), Av. I.P.N. 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur 23096, Mexico
| | - Rosalba Alonso-Rodríguez
- Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, P. O. Box 811, Mazatlán, Sinaloa 82040, Mexico.
| | - Felipe Ascencio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), Av. I.P.N. 195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur 23096, Mexico
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11
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Greenwald KM, Gibble CM, Miller MA, Donnelly-Greenan E, Kudela RM. Investigation of a Mass Stranding Event Reveals a Novel Pattern of Cascading Comorbidities in Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis). J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:171-178. [PMID: 37972641 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
During 2018, a seabird mortality event occurred in central California, US, that affected Northern Fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis), Common Murres (Uria aalge), and Cassin's Auklets (Ptychoramphus aleuticus). An increase in beachcast birds were reported on standardized surveys in conjunction with an increased number of live-stranded birds admitted to rehabilitation centers. Neurologic symptoms were noted during intake examination for some birds. Coincident with the mortality event, increased levels of the harmful algal bloom toxins domoic acid and saxitoxin were recorded in Monterey Bay and Morro Bay. Birds that died in care and beachcast carcasses were submitted to the California Department of Fish and Wildlife-Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center for postmortem examination (n=24). All examined birds were emaciated. Examined Common Murres and Cassin's Auklets had no gross evidence of preexisting disease; however, all examined Northern Fulmars exhibited severe pyogranulomatous inflammation of the urogenital system at gross postmortem exam. Tissues from nine Northern Fulmars were examined by histopathology, and samples from two Northern Fulmars were tested for the presence of domoic acid and saxitoxin. Histopathology revealed moderate to severe kidney infection by Eimeria sp. and gram-negative bacteria, intratubular urate stasis, ureter rupture, and emaciation. Additionally, domoic acid and saxitoxin were detected simultaneously in tissues of some tested birds. This communication highlights a novel pattern of cascading comorbidities in native seabirds from a mass stranding event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Greenwald
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Office of Spill Prevention and Response, Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, 151 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA
- Current address: California Energy Commission, 1516 9th St, Sacramento, California 95814 USA
| | - Corinne M Gibble
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Office of Spill Prevention and Response, Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, 151 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA
| | - Melissa A Miller
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Office of Spill Prevention and Response, Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, 151 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA
| | - Erica Donnelly-Greenan
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Rd., Moss Landing, California 95039, USA
- Current address: Save Our Shores, 345 Lake Ave., Suite A, Santa Cruz, California 95062, USA
| | - Raphael M Kudela
- University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
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12
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Accoroni S, Cangini M, Angeletti R, Losasso C, Bacchiocchi S, Costa A, Taranto AD, Escalera L, Fedrizzi G, Garzia A, Longo F, Macaluso A, Melchiorre N, Milandri A, Milandri S, Montresor M, Neri F, Piersanti A, Rubini S, Suraci C, Susini F, Vadrucci MR, Mudadu AG, Vivaldi B, Soro B, Totti C, Zingone A. Marine phycotoxin levels in shellfish-14 years of data gathered along the Italian coast. Harmful Algae 2024; 131:102560. [PMID: 38212084 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Along the Italian coasts, toxins of algal origin in wild and cultivated shellfish have been reported since the 1970s. In this study, we used data gathered by the Veterinary Public Health Institutes (IZS) and the Italian Environmental Health Protection Agencies (ARPA) from 2006 to 2019 to investigate toxicity events along the Italian coasts and relate them to the distribution of potentially toxic species. Among the detected toxins (OA and analogs, YTXs, PTXs, STXs, DAs, AZAs), OA and YTX were those most frequently reported. Levels exceeding regulatory limits in the case of OA (≤2,448 μg equivalent kg-1) were associated with high abundances of Dinophysis spp., and in the case of YTXs (≤22 mg equivalent kg-1) with blooms of Gonyaulax spinifera, Lingulodinium polyedra, and Protoceratium reticulatum. Seasonal blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. occur all along the Italian coast, but DA has only occasionally been detected in shellfish at concentrations always below the regulatory limit (≤18 mg kg-1). Alexandrium spp. were recorded in several areas, although STXs (≤13,782 µg equivalent kg-1) rarely and only in few sites exceeded the regulatory limit in shellfish. Azadinium spp. have been sporadically recorded, and AZAs have been sometimes detected but always in low concentrations (≤7 µg equivalent kg-1). Among the emerging toxins, PLTX-like toxins (≤971 μg kg-1 OVTX-a) have often been detected mainly in wild mussels and sea urchins from rocky shores due to the presence of Ostreopsis cf. ovata. Overall, Italian coastal waters harbour a high number of potentially toxic species, with a few HAB hotspots mainly related to DSP toxins. Nevertheless, rare cases of intoxications have occurred so far, reflecting the whole Mediterranean Sea conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monica Cangini
- National Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, CRM, Cesenatico, FC, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Angela Garzia
- DiSVA, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Anna Milandri
- National Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, CRM, Cesenatico, FC, Italy
| | - Stefania Milandri
- National Reference Laboratory for Marine Biotoxins, CRM, Cesenatico, FC, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Neri
- DiSVA, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Silva Rubini
- IZS della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cecilia Totti
- DiSVA, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Zhu H, Sakai T, Doi H, Yamaguchi K, Yamada A, Takatani T, Arakawa O. Tetrodotoxin/ Saxitoxin Accumulation Profile in the Euryhaline Marine Pufferfish Chelonodontops patoca. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 16:18. [PMID: 38251235 PMCID: PMC10820246 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine Takifugu pufferfish, which naturally possess tetrodotoxins (TTXs), selectively take up and accumulate TTXs, whereas freshwater Pao pufferfish, which naturally possess saxitoxins (STXs), selectively take up and accumulate STXs. To further clarify the TTXs/STXs selectivity in pufferfish, we conducted a TTX/STX administration experiment using Chelonodontops patoca, a euryhaline marine pufferfish possessing both TTXs and STXs. Forty nontoxic cultured individuals of C. patoca were divided into a seawater group (SW, acclimated/reared at 33‱ salinity; n = 20) and a brackish water group (BW, acclimated/reared at 8‱ salinity; n = 20). An aqueous TTX/STX mixture was intrarectally administered (both at 7.5 nmol/fish), and five individuals/group were analyzed after 1-48 h. Instrumental toxin analyses revealed that both TTX and STX were taken up, transferred, and retained, but more STX than TTX was retained in both groups. TTX gradually decreased and eventually became almost undetectable in the intestinal tissue, while STX was retained at ~5-10% of the dose level, and only STX showed transient transfer in the liver. The BW group showed a faster decrease/disappearance of TTX, greater STX retention in the intestine, and greater STX transient transfer to the liver. Thus, C. patoca appears to more easily accumulate STXs than TTXs, especially under hypoosmotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Zhu
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (H.Z.); (T.S.); (K.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.)
| | - Takashi Sakai
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (H.Z.); (T.S.); (K.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.)
| | - Hiroyuki Doi
- Nifrel, Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan, 2-1, Senribanpakukoen, Suita, Osaka 565-0826, Japan;
| | - Kenichi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (H.Z.); (T.S.); (K.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.)
| | - Akinori Yamada
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (H.Z.); (T.S.); (K.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.)
| | - Tomohiro Takatani
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (H.Z.); (T.S.); (K.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.)
| | - Osamu Arakawa
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (H.Z.); (T.S.); (K.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.)
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14
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Guzmán EA, Peterson TA, Winder PL, Francis KT, McFarland M, Roberts JC, Sandle J, Wright AE. An Assessment of Potential Threats to Human Health from Algae Blooms in the Indian River Lagoon (USA) 2018-2021: Unique Patterns of Cytotoxicity Associated with Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:664. [PMID: 37999526 PMCID: PMC10675324 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Indian River Lagoon (IRL), a 156-mile-long estuary located on the eastern coast of Florida, experiences phytoplankton bloom events due to increased seasonal temperatures coupled with anthropogenic impacts. This study aimed to gather data on the toxicity to human cells and to identify secondary metabolites found in water samples collected in the IRL. Water samples from 20 sites of the IRL were collected during the wet and dry seasons over a three-year period. A panel of cell lines was used to test cytotoxicity. Hemagglutination, hemolysis, and inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) were also measured. Cytotoxic blooms were seen both in the south (Microcystis) and the north (Pyrodinium) of the IRL. Each toxin induced a consistent pattern of cytotoxicity in the panel of human cell lines assayed. During blooms, cytotoxicity due to a single type of toxin is obvious from this pattern. In the absence of blooms, the cytotoxicity seen reflected either a mixture of toxins or it was caused by an unidentified toxin. These observations suggest that other toxins with the potential to be harmful to human health may be present in the IRL. Moreover, the presence of toxins in the IRL is not always associated with blooms of known toxin-producing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther A. Guzmán
- The Florida Center for Coastal and Human Health, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA; (T.A.P.); (P.L.W.); (K.T.F.); (M.M.); (J.C.R.); (J.S.); (A.E.W.)
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15
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Finkelstein DS, Du Bois J. Trifunctional Saxitoxin Conjugates for Covalent Labeling of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300493. [PMID: 37746898 PMCID: PMC10863845 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium ion channels (NaV s) are integral membrane protein complexes responsible for electrical signal conduction in excitable cells. Methods that enable selective labeling of NaV s hold potential value for understanding how channel regulation and post-translational modification are influenced during development and in response to diseases and disorders of the nervous system. We have developed chemical reagents patterned after (+)-saxitoxin (STX) - a potent and reversible inhibitor of multiple NaV isoforms - and affixed with a reactive electrophile and either a biotin cofactor, fluorophore, or 'click' functional group for labeling wild-type channels. Our studies reveal enigmatic structural effects of the probes on the potency and efficiency of covalent protein modification. Among the compounds analyzed, a STX-maleimide-coumarin derivative is most effective at irreversibly blocking Na+ conductance when applied to recombinant NaV s and endogenous channels expressed in hippocampal neurons. Mechanistic analysis supports the conclusion that high-affinity toxin binding is a prerequisite for covalent protein modification. Results from these studies are guiding the development of next-generation tool compounds for selective modification of NaV s expressed in the plasma membranes of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren S Finkelstein
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 337 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Present address: Pliant Therapeutics, 260 Littlefield Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - J Du Bois
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 337 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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16
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Kim M, Hong S, Lim YK, Cha J, Kim Y, Lee CE, Yoon JN, Lee HS, Baek SH. Monthly distribution of lipophilic marine biotoxins and associated microalgae in the South Sea Coast of Korea throughout 2021. Sci Total Environ 2023; 898:165472. [PMID: 37442466 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture farms have been established along the South Sea Coast of Korea, supplying most of the seafood consumed domestically. However, annual harmful algal blooms pose a potential threat to seafood safety. This study aimed to determine the spatial and seasonal distributions of 12 lipophilic marine biotoxins (LMTs) in phytoplankton and mussels in the region in 2021. Solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) was used to monitor the cumulative compositions of LMTs in seawater. LMT concentrations were also determined in twelve commercially available species of domestic shellfish to evaluate the potential risks to human health. Gonyaulux spinifera and Dinophysis acuminata, causative microalgae of yessotoxins (YTXs) and pectenotoxins (PTXs), respectively, showed high densities in the region from May to July. This period corresponded to high LMT concentrations in phytoplankton and mussels. Phytoplankton mainly contained PTX-2 and homo-YTX, with a maximum concentration of 2300 ng g-1 wet weight (ww) in May. In contrast, mussels mainly contained homo-YTX and YTX, with a maximum concentration of 1300 ng g-1 ww in July. LMTs-producing microalgae showed low densities and concentrations after July, whereas mussels accumulated toxins until September. In the SPATT sampler, more diverse LMTs were detected than in seawater, phytoplankton, and mussels. For example, dinophysistoxin-1 and azaspiracid-2 were detected only in SPATT. YTXs were detected in domestic seafood samples, including mussels, red scallops, and pen shells, but the concentrations were below the European Food Safety Agency recommended standard of 3.75 mg YTX-eq. kg-1. Moreover, the hazard quotient was less than 100 in all scenarios, indicating that the human health risk was not significant. This study provides valuable data on monthly distribution patterns of LMTs in the South Sea Coast of Korea and can serve as baseline data for future management policies of marine biotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mungi Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Kyun Lim
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Cha
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngnam Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Eon Lee
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Nam Yoon
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seok Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Baek
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Rahav E, Herut B. Impact of combined seawater warming and triazine-type herbicide pollution on the physiology and potential toxicity of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum. Mar Pollut Bull 2023; 196:115612. [PMID: 37837785 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Coastal phytoplankton communities are often exposed to multiple anthropogenic stressors simultaneously. Here, we experimentally examined how temperature increase (20-26 °C) and triazine-type herbicides pollution (500 ng terbutryn L-1), both recognized as emerging stressors, affect the abundance, physiology and selected saxitoxin gene expression in the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum. The results show that A. minutum is more susceptible to terbutryn pollution with increasing temperatures, resulting in a significant decline in its abundance (∼80 %) and photosynthetic activity (∼40 %), while saxitoxin gene expression increased (1.5-2.5-fold). This suggests that in warming polluted coastal areas where A. minutum is often found, saxitoxin poisoning may occur even in the absence of a massive bloom. Our results recommend the development of science-based monitoring practices for algal dissolved toxins in coastal waters and estuaries, supporting environmental policies under warming and contaminated coastal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Rahav
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa, Israel 310800.
| | - Barak Herut
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa, Israel 310800
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18
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Beauclercq S, Grenier O, Arnold AA, Warschawski DE, Wikfors GH, Genard B, Tremblay R, Marcotte I. Metabolomics and lipidomics reveal the effects of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella on immune cells of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. Harmful Algae 2023; 129:102529. [PMID: 37951624 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of harmful algal blooms, mostly of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella in Canada, profoundly disrupts mussel aquaculture. These filter-feeding shellfish feed on A. catenella and accumulate paralytic shellfish toxins, such as saxitoxin, in tissues, making them unsafe for human consumption. Algal toxins also have detrimental effects upon several physiological functions in mussels, but particularly on the activity of hemocytes - the mussel immune cells. The objective of this work was to determine the effects of experimental exposure to A. catenella upon hemocyte metabolism and activity in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. To do so, mussels were exposed to cultures of the toxic dinoflagellate A. catenella for 120 h. The resulting mussel saxitoxin load had measurable effects upon survival of hemocytes and induced a stress response measured as increased ROS production. The neutral lipid fraction of mussel hemocytes decreased two-fold, suggesting a differential use of lipids. Metabolomic 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis showed that A. catenella modified the energy metabolism of hemocytes as well as hemocyte osmolyte composition. The modified energy metabolism was reenforced by contrasting plasma metabolomes between control and exposed mussels, suggesting that the blue mussel may reduce feed assimilation when exposed to A. catenella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Beauclercq
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Downtown Station, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Grenier
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Downtown Station, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Dror E Warschawski
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, CNRS UMR 7203, Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Gary H Wikfors
- Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC), NOAA Fisheries, Milford, CT, USA
| | - Bertrand Genard
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada; Les laboratoires Iso-BioKem Inc., 367 rue Gratien-Gélinas, Rimouski, QC, Canada
| | - Réjean Tremblay
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Marcotte
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Downtown Station, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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19
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Takati N, Azeddoug H, Benchekroun MN, Blaghen M, Ennaji MM. Biochemical responses in mice induced by saxitoxins extracted from the cockles Acanthocardia tuberculatum. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2023; 69:95-100. [PMID: 37605584 DOI: 10.14715/cmb/2023.69.6.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algae blooms have increased in frequency and geographic range in recent decades, and they produce toxins strains such as saxitoxins (STXs). they block voltage-gated sodium channels and can lead to several poisonings and the death of organisms that pose a significant risk to public and environmental health. The study of STXs toxicity has been carried out but little is known about the response of antioxidant enzymes activities to STXs in mice. The purpose of this study was to evaluate biochemical responses and oxidative stress induced by STXs extracted from Acanthocardia tuberculatum. To this end, daily, mice were treated orally for 7 days with sublethal concentrations (10 mg/100 g mouse). The animal's liver was assessed using biomarkers such as activities of catalase (CAT), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). In the blood, plasmatic markers were analysed as glutamic oxalic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), urea and creatinine. Globally, test toxicity test showed a significant decrease in the weight at 10 mg /100 g mouse, and the results showed an increase of GPT, GOT, CPK, LDH, CAT and TBARS activities and the inhibitory effect of GAPDH activities but creatinine, urea and SDH activities showed no significative difference from the control. We concluded that STXs induce oxidative stress breaking in mice the balance of the defence system and causing oxidations reactions. Moreover, STXs affect energy metabolism in mice, however, renal function in mice is not affected by exposure to STXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Takati
- Laboratory of BioGeosciences and Materials Engineering, Ecole Normale Supérieure, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Ghandi, 50069, Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - Houssine Azeddoug
- Laboratory of BioGeosciences and Materials Engineering, Ecole Normale Supérieure, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Ghandi, 50069, Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - Mohammed Nabil Benchekroun
- Team Research of Virology, Oncology, and Biotechnologies, Laboratory of Virology, Oncology, Biosciences, Environment and New Energies, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Mohammedia, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - Mohamed Blaghen
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences Ain cock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, 5366, Casablanca, Morocco.
| | - Moulay Mustapha Ennaji
- Team Research of Virology, Oncology, and Biotechnologies, Laboratory of Virology, Oncology, Biosciences, Environment and New Energies, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Mohammedia, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco.
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20
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Wang T, Fernandes SPS, Araújo J, Li X, Salonen LM, Espiña B. A carboxyl-functionalized covalent organic polymer for the efficient adsorption of saxitoxin. J Hazard Mater 2023; 452:131247. [PMID: 36963199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX), the most widely distributed neurotoxin in marine waters and emerging cyanotoxin of concern in freshwaters, causes paralytic shellfish poisoning in humans upon consumption of contaminated shellfish. To allow for the efficient monitoring of this biotoxin, it is of high importance to find high-affinity materials for its adsorption. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a covalent organic polymer for the efficient adsorption of STX. Two β-keto-enamine-based materials were prepared by self-assembly of 2,4,6-triformylphloroglucinol (Tp) with 2,5-diaminobenzoic acid (Pa-COOH) to give TpPa-COOH and with 2,5-diaminotoluene (Pa-CH3) to give TpPa-CH3. The carboxylic acid functionalized TpPa-COOH outperformed the methyl-bearing counterpart TpPa-CH3 by an order of magnitude despite the higher long-range order and surface area of the latter. The adsorption of STX by TpPa-COOH was fast with equilibrium reached within 1 h, and the Langmuir adsorption model gave a calculated maximum adsorption capacity, Qm, of 5.69 mg g-1, making this material the best reported adsorbent for this toxin. More importantly, the prepared TpPa-COOH also showed good reusability and high recovery rates for STX in natural freshwater, thereby highlighting the material as a good candidate for the extraction and pre-concentration of STX from aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxing Wang
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Starch and Protein Processing, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Soraia P S Fernandes
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry-Network of Chemistry and Technology (LAQV-REQUIMTE), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Araújo
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Xiaoxi Li
- Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center of Starch and Protein Processing, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Laura M Salonen
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Department of Organic Chemistry, 36310 Vigo, Spain; Nanochemistry Research Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga 4715-330, Portugal.
| | - Begoña Espiña
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal.
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21
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Rorar J, Garcia LD, Cutright T. Removal of saxitoxin and anatoxin-a by PAC in the presence and absence of microcystin-LR and/or cyanobacterial cells. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 128:161-170. [PMID: 36801032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria can produce cyanotoxins such as microcystin-LR (MC), saxitoxin (STX), and anatoxin-a (ANTX-a) which are harmful to humans and other animals. Individual removal efficiencies of STX and ANTX-a by powdered activated carbon (PAC) was investigated, as well as when MC-LR and cyanobacteria were present. Experiments were conducted with distilled water and then source water, using the PAC dosages, rapid mix/flocculation mixing intensities and contact times of two drinking water treatment plants in northeast Ohio. At pH 8 and 9, STX removal was 47%-81% in distilled water and 46%-79% in source water, whereas it was 0-28% for pH 6 in distilled water and 31%-52% in source water. When 1.6 µg/L or 20 µg/L MC-LR was present with STX, STX removal was increased with PAC simultaneously removing 45%-65% of the 1.6 µg/L MC-LR and 25%-95% of the 20 µg/L MC-LR depending on the pH. ANTX-a removal at pH 6 was 29%-37% for distilled water and 80% for source water, whereas it was 10%-26% for pH 8 in distilled water and 28% for pH 9 in source water. The presence of cyanobacteria cells decreased ANTX-a removal by at least 18%. When 20 µg/L MC-LR was present with ANTX-a in source water, 59%-73% ANTX-a and 48%-77% of MC-LR was removed at pH 9 depending on the PAC dose. In general, a higher PAC dose led to higher cyanotoxin removals. This study also documented that multiple cyanotoxins can be effectively removed by PAC for water at pH's between 6 and 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Rorar
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Akron, OH 44325-3905, USA
| | - Laura Davila Garcia
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Akron, OH 44325-3905, USA
| | - Teresa Cutright
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Akron, OH 44325-3905, USA.
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22
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Kim HS, Park H, Wang H, Kim T, Ki JS. Saxitoxins-producing potential of the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium affine and its environmental implications revealed by toxins and transcriptome profiling. Mar Environ Res 2023; 185:105874. [PMID: 36689843 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.105874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium occurs widely in coastal waters, and some of them can produce saxitoxins (STXs) that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). Alexandrium affine is a harmful algal bloom (HAB)-forming species off the coast of Asia; however, its ability to produce STXs has been controversial. In the present study, we detected STXs in A. affine Alex02 isolated from the southern coast of Korea. The total STXs equivalent (STXs eq) and profiles of Alex02 varied depending on the tested environmental conditions, including the temperature and nitrate concentrations. STXs toxicity levels of A. affine Alex02 (<0.8 STXs eq fmol cell-1) were significantly lower than those of toxic A. catenella Alex03 and A. pacificum Alex05. On a genetic basis, we identified all the STX biosynthesis sxt genes, except sxtX in A. affine, via large-scale transcriptome analysis. Interestingly, the two proteins, sxtA4 and sxtG, were similar in sequence and domain structure to those of other toxic dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria; however, their transcript levels were extremely low. Our results suggest that A. affine has the potential to produce STXs, while its toxicity is much lower or negligible, which is unlikely to cause PSP incidents in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Sol Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, South Korea
| | - Hyunjun Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, South Korea
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, South Korea
| | - Taehee Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, South Korea
| | - Jang-Seu Ki
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, South Korea.
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23
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Kramer BJ, Hem R, Gobler CJ. Elevated CO 2 significantly increases N 2 fixation, growth rates, and alters microcystin, anatoxin, and saxitoxin cell quotas in strains of the bloom-forming cyanobacteria, Dolichospermum. Harmful Algae 2022; 120:102354. [PMID: 36470609 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The effect of rising CO2 levels on cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) is an emerging concern, particularly within eutrophic ecosystems. While elevated pCO2 has been associated with enhanced growth rates of some cyanobacteria, few studies have explored the effect of CO2 and nitrogen availability on diazotrophic (N2-fixing) cyanobacteria that produce cyanotoxins. Here, the effects of elevated CO2 and fixed nitrogen (NO3-) availability on the growth rates, toxin production, and N2 fixation of microcystin, saxitoxin, and anatoxin-a - producing strains of the genus Dolichospermum were quantified. Growth rates of all Dolichospermum spp. were significantly increased by CO2 or both CO2 and NO3- with rates being highest in treatments with the highest levels of CO2 and NO3-for all strains. While NO3- suppressed N2 fixation, diazotrophy significantly increased when NO3--enriched Dolichospermum spp. were supplied with higher CO2 compared to cultures grown under lower CO2 levels. This suggests that diazotrophy will play an increasingly important role in N cycling in CO2-enriched, eutrophic lentic systems. NO3- significantly increased quotas of the N-rich cyanotoxins, microcystin and saxitoxin, at ambient and enriched CO2 levels, respectively. In contrast, elevated CO2 significantly decreased cell quotas of microcystin and saxitoxin, but significantly increased cell quotas of the N-poor cyanotoxin, anatoxin. N2 fixation was significantly negatively and positively correlated with quotas of N-rich and N-poor cyanotoxins, respectively. Findings suggest cellular quotas of N-rich toxins (microcystin and saxitoxin) may be significantly reduced, or cellular quotas of N-poor toxins (anatoxin) may be significantly enhanced, under elevated CO2 conditions during diazotrophic cyanobacterial blooms. Finally, in the future, ecosystems that experience combinations of excessive N loading and CO2 enrichment may become more prone to toxic blooms of Dolichospermum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Kramer
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, 239 Montauk Highway, Southampton, NY, United States, 11968
| | - Ronojoy Hem
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, 239 Montauk Highway, Southampton, NY, United States, 11968
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, 239 Montauk Highway, Southampton, NY, United States, 11968.
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24
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Núñez-Vázquez EJ, Poot-Delgado CA, Turner AD, Hernández-Sandoval FE, Okolodkov YB, Fernández-Herrera LJ, Bustillos-Guzmán JJ. Paralytic Shellfish Toxins of Pyrodinium bahamense (Dinophyceae) in the Southeastern Gulf of Mexico. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110760. [PMID: 36356010 PMCID: PMC9694361 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In September and November 2016, eight marine sampling sites along the coast of the southeastern Gulf of Mexico were monitored for the presence of lipophilic and hydrophilic toxins. Water temperature, salinity, hydrogen potential, dissolved oxygen saturation, inorganic nutrients and phytoplankton abundance were also determined. Two samples filtered through glass fiber filters were used for the extraction and analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) by lateral flow immunochromatography (IFL), HPLC with post-column oxidation and fluorescent detection (FLD) and UHPLC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Elevated nutrient contents were associated with the sites of rainwater discharge or those near anthropogenic activities. A predominance of the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense was found with abundances of up to 104 cells L-1. Identification of the dinoflagellate was corroborated by light and scanning electron microscopy. Samples for toxins were positive by IFL, and the analogs NeoSTX and STX were identified and quantified by HPLC-FLD and UHPLC-MS/MS, with a total PST concentration of 6.5 pg cell-1. This study is the first report that confirms the presence of PSTs in P. bahamense in Mexican waters of the Gulf of Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick J. Núñez-Vázquez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Apdo. Postal 128, La Paz 23000, Mexico
- Investigación para la Conservación y el Desarrollo (INCODE), Nayarit 1325 A. Col. Las Garzas, La Paz 23079, Mexico
- Correspondence: (E.J.N.-V.); (C.A.P.-D.)
| | - Carlos A. Poot-Delgado
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Champotón, Campeche (TECNM-ITESCHAM), Carretera Champotón, Isla Aguada Km 2, Col. El Arenal, Champotón 4400, Mexico
- Correspondence: (E.J.N.-V.); (C.A.P.-D.)
| | - Andrew D. Turner
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Food Safety Group, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | | | - Yuri B. Okolodkov
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Pesquerías (ICIMAP-UV), Universidad Veracruzana, Calle Mar Mediterráneo Núm. 314, Fracc. Costa Verde, Boca del Río 9429, Mexico
| | | | - José J. Bustillos-Guzmán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Apdo. Postal 128, La Paz 23000, Mexico
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25
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Mills C, Dillon MJ, Kulabhusan PK, Senovilla-Herrero D, Campbell K. Multiplex Lateral Flow Assay and the Sample Preparation Method for the Simultaneous Detection of Three Marine Toxins. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:12210-12217. [PMID: 35951987 PMCID: PMC9454242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A multiplex lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) has been developed to detect the primary marine biotoxin groups: amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins, paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins, and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins. The performance characteristics of the multiplex LFA were evaluated for its suitability as a screening method for the detection of toxins in shellfish. The marine toxin-specific antibodies were class-specific, and there was no cross-reactivity between the three toxin groups. The test is capable of detecting all three marine toxin groups, with working ranges of 0.2-1.5, 2.5-65.0, and 8.2-140.3 ng/mL for okadaic acid, saxitoxin, and domoic acid, respectively. This allows the multiplex LFA to detect all three toxin groups at the EU regulatory limits, with a single sample extraction method and dilution volume. No matrix effects were observed on the performance of the LFA with mussel samples spiked with toxins. The developed LFA uses a simple and pocket-sized, portable Cube Reader to provide an accurate result. We also evaluated the use of this Cube Reader with commercially available monoplex lateral flow assays for marine toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Mills
- Institute
for Global Food Security, School of Biological
Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, U.K.
| | - Michael J. Dillon
- Institute
for Global Food Security, School of Biological
Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, U.K.
- Faculty
of Health, Peninsula Medical School, University
of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, U.K.
| | - Prabir Kumar Kulabhusan
- Institute
for Global Food Security, School of Biological
Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, U.K.
- Kavli
Institute for NanoScience Discovery, Department of Physics, New Biochemistry
Building, University of Oxford, Dorothy Hodgkin Rd, Oxford OX13QU, U.K.
| | - Diana Senovilla-Herrero
- Institute
for Global Food Security, School of Biological
Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, U.K.
| | - Katrina Campbell
- Institute
for Global Food Security, School of Biological
Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, U.K.
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26
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Van Hemert C, Harley JR, Baluss G, Smith MM, Dusek RJ, Lankton JS, Hardison DR, Schoen SK, Kaler RSA. Paralytic shellfish toxins associated with Arctic Tern mortalities in Alaska. Harmful Algae 2022; 117:102270. [PMID: 35944958 PMCID: PMC10237520 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms produce biotoxins that can injure or kill fish, wildlife, and humans. These blooms occur naturally but have intensified in many locations globally due to recent climatic changes, including ocean warming. Such changes are especially pronounced in northern regions, where the effects of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) on marine wildlife are of growing concern. In Alaska, seabird mortality events have increased in frequency, magnitude, and duration since 2015 alongside anomalously high ocean temperatures. Although starvation has been implicated as the apparent cause of death in many of these die-offs, saxitoxin (STX) and other PSTs have been identified as possible contributing factors. Here, we describe a mortality event at a nesting colony of Arctic Terns (Sterna paradisaea) near Juneau, Alaska in 2019 and report elevated concentrations of PSTs in bird, forage fish, and mussel samples. Concentrations of STX and other PSTs in tern tissues (2.5-51.2 µg 100g-1 STX-equivalents [STX-eq]) were of similar magnitude to those reported from other PST-induced bird die-offs. We documented high PST concentrations in blue mussels (>11,000 µg 100g-1 STX-eq; Mytilus edulis spp.) collected from nearby beaches, as well as in forage fish (up to 494 µg 100g-1 STX-eq) retrieved from Arctic Tern nests, thereby providing direct evidence of PST exposure via the terns' prey. At maximum concentrations measured in this study, a single 5 g Pacific Sand Lance (Ammodytes personatus) could exceed the median lethal STX dose (LD50) currently estimated for birds, offering strong support for PSTs as a likely source of tern mortality. In addition to describing this localized bird mortality event, we used existing energetics data from adult and nestling Arctic Terns to calculate estimated cumulative daily PST exposure based on ecologically relevant concentrations in forage fish. Our estimates revealed potentially lethal levels of PST exposure even at relatively low (≤30 ug 100g-1 STX-eq) toxin concentrations in prey. These findings suggest that PSTs present a significant hazard to Arctic Terns and other northern seabirds and should be included in future investigations of avian mortality events as well as assessments of population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Van Hemert
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA.
| | - John R Harley
- Alaska Coastal Rainforest Center, University of Alaska Southeast, 11066 Auke Lake Way, Juneau AK, 99801, USA
| | - Gwen Baluss
- U.S. Forest Service, Juneau Ranger District, 8510 Mendenhall Loop Road, Juneau, AK, 99801, USA
| | - Matthew M Smith
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Robert J Dusek
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Julia S Lankton
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - D Ransom Hardison
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Stressor Detection and Impacts Division, National Center for Coastal Ocean Sciences Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Road, Beaufort, NC, 28516, USA
| | - Sarah K Schoen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Robert S A Kaler
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Migratory Bird Management, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, AK, 99503, USA
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27
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Passos LS, de Almeida ÉC, Villela A, Fernandes AN, Marinho MM, Gomes LC, Pinto E. Cyanotoxins and water quality parameters as risk assessment indicators for aquatic life in reservoirs. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 241:113828. [PMID: 36068755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the extent of pollution in an essential public water supply reservoir (southeastern Brazil). An environmental monitoring study was performed at the Billings Reservoir (at the water catchment site) to assess the water quality in 2017, 2018, and 2019. Physicochemical parameters were analyzed, quantifying the total cyanobacteria and the cyanotoxins microcystins (MCs) and saxitoxins (SXTs), as well as their possible ecological risk to the aquatic environment. We also determined metals and metalloids (As, Ba, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Sb) and fecal bacteria (Escherichia coli). Monthly samplings were performed for 2017, 2018, and 2019 (totaling 36 sampling campaigns). Metals, metalloids, and E. coli values were below the maximum limit allowed by the Brazilian legislation. High concentrations of total cyanobacteria (3.07 × 104 - 3.23 × 105 cells/mL), microcystin variants MC-LR (0.67-23.63 μg/L), MC-LA (0.03-8.66 μg/L), MC-RR (0.56-7.92 μg/L), and MC-YR (0.04-1.24 μg/L), as well as the saxitoxins GTX2 (0.18-5.37 μg/L), GTX3 (0.13-4.40 μg/L), and STX (0.12-2.92 μg/L) were detected. From an ecotoxicological point of view, the estimated values for the risk quotient (RQ) for microcystins and saxitoxins were largely greater than 1, indicating a high risk to aquatic life. Therefore, further efforts need to be made to delay the eutrophication of the reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Souza Passos
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 13416-000 Piracicaba, Brazil; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Éryka Costa de Almeida
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Villela
- Laboratory of Ictiology of Altamira, Federal University of Pará, Rua Cel. José Porfírio, 68378-000 Altamira, Brazil
| | - Adilson Nunes Fernandes
- Departamento de Recursos Hídricos Metropolitanos (MAR), Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo (SABESP), Rua Costa Carvalho, 05429-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Manzi Marinho
- Department of Plant Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 20550-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Levy Carvalho Gomes
- Laboratory of Applied Ichthyology, Vila Velha University, Rua José Dantas de Melo, 29102-770 Vila Velha, Brazil
| | - Ernani Pinto
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Centenário, 13416-000 Piracicaba, Brazil; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil; Food Research Center (FoRC-CEPID), University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago, 05508-080 São Paulo, Brazil
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Pease SKD, Brosnahan ML, Sanderson MP, Smith JL. Effects of Two Toxin-Producing Harmful Algae, Alexandrium catenella and Dinophysis acuminata (Dinophyceae), on Activity and Mortality of Larval Shellfish. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050335. [PMID: 35622582 PMCID: PMC9143080 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal bloom (HAB) species Alexandrium catenella and Dinophysis acuminata are associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in humans, respectively. While PSP and DSP have been studied extensively, less is known about the effects of these HAB species or their associated toxins on shellfish. This study investigated A. catenella and D. acuminata toxicity in a larval oyster (Crassostrea virginica) bioassay. Larval activity and mortality were examined through 96-h laboratory exposures to live HAB cells (10−1000 cells/mL), cell lysates (1000 cells/mL equivalents), and purified toxins (10,000 cells/mL equivalents). Exposure to 1000 cells/mL live or lysed D. acuminata caused larval mortality (21.9 ± 7.0%, 10.2 ± 4.0%, respectively) while exposure to any tested cell concentration of live A. catenella, but not lysate, caused swimming arrest and/or mortality in >50% of larvae. Exposure to high concentrations of saxitoxin (STX) or okadaic acid (OA), toxins traditionally associated with PSP and DSP, respectively, had no effect on larval activity or mortality. In contrast, pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) caused rapid larval mortality (49.6 ± 5.8% by 48 h) and completely immobilized larval oysters. The results indicate that the toxic effects of A. catenella and D. acuminata on shellfish are not linked to the primary toxins associated with PSP and DSP in humans, and that PTX2 is acutely toxic to larval oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. D. Pease
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA; (S.K.D.P.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Michael L. Brosnahan
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Redfield 3-30, MS 32, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA;
| | - Marta P. Sanderson
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA; (S.K.D.P.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Juliette L. Smith
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA; (S.K.D.P.); (M.P.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Lefebvre KA, Fachon E, Bowers EK, Kimmel DG, Snyder JA, Stimmelmayr R, Grebmeier JM, Kibler S, Ransom Hardison D, Anderson DM, Kulis D, Murphy J, Gann JC, Cooper D, Eisner LB, Duffy-Anderson JT, Sheffield G, Pickart RS, Mounsey A, Willis ML, Stabeno P, Siddon E. Paralytic shellfish toxins in Alaskan Arctic food webs during the anomalously warm ocean conditions of 2019 and estimated toxin doses to Pacific walruses and bowhead whales. Harmful Algae 2022; 114:102205. [PMID: 35550288 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change-related ocean warming and reduction in Arctic sea ice extent, duration and thickness increase the risk of toxic blooms of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella in the Alaskan Arctic. This algal species produces neurotoxins that impact marine wildlife health and cause the human illness known as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). This study reports Paralytic Shellfish Toxin (PST) concentrations quantified in Arctic food web samples that include phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic clams, benthic worms, and pelagic fish collected throughout summer 2019 during anomalously warm ocean conditions. PSTs (saxitoxin equivalents, STX eq.) were detected in all trophic levels with concentrations above the seafood safety regulatory limit (80 μg STX eq. 100 g-1) in benthic clams collected offshore on the continental shelf in the Beaufort, Chukchi, and Bering Seas. Most notably, toxic benthic clams (Macoma calcarea) were found north of Saint Lawrence Island where Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus) are known to forage for a variety of benthic species, including Macoma. Additionally, fecal samples collected from 13 walruses harvested for subsistence purposes near Saint Lawrence Island during March to May 2019, all contained detectable levels of STX, with fecal samples from two animals (78 and 72 μg STX eq. 100 g-1) near the seafood safety regulatory limit. In contrast, 64% of fecal samples from zooplankton-feeding bowhead whales (n = 9) harvested between March and September 2019 in coastal waters of the Beaufort Sea near Utqiaġvik (formerly Barrow) and Kaktovik were toxin-positive, and those levels were significantly lower than in walruses (max bowhead 8.5 μg STX eq. 100 g-1). This was consistent with the lower concentrations of PSTs found in regional zooplankton prey. Maximum ecologically-relevant daily toxin doses to walruses feeding on clams and bowhead whales feeding on zooplankton were estimated to be 21.5 and 0.7 μg STX eq. kg body weight-1 day-1, respectively, suggesting that walruses had higher PST exposures than bowhead whales. Average and maximum STX doses in walruses were in the range reported previously to cause illness and/or death in humans and humpback whales, while bowhead whale doses were well below those levels. These findings raise concerns regarding potential increases in PST/STX exposure risks and health impacts to Arctic marine mammals as ocean warming and sea ice reduction continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathi A Lefebvre
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
| | - Evangeline Fachon
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Emily K Bowers
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
| | - David G Kimmel
- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Jonathan A Snyder
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management, Anchorage, AK 9950 USA.
| | - Raphaela Stimmelmayr
- North-Slope Borough Department of Wildlife management, Utqiaġvik, AK, USA; Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA.
| | - Jacqueline M Grebmeier
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, MD 20688, USA.
| | - Steve Kibler
- NOAA National Ocean Service, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
| | - D Ransom Hardison
- NOAA National Ocean Service, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | - David Kulis
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | - Jim Murphy
- NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Juneau, AK 99801, USA.
| | - Jeanette C Gann
- NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Juneau, AK 99801, USA.
| | - Dan Cooper
- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Lisa B Eisner
- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Janet T Duffy-Anderson
- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Gay Sheffield
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Sea Grant / Marine Advisory Program, PO Box 400, Nome, AK 99762, USA.
| | - Robert S Pickart
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | - Anna Mounsey
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
| | - Maryjean L Willis
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
| | - Phyllis Stabeno
- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Siddon
- NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Juneau, AK 99801, USA.
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Noureen B, Ullah N, Tian Y, Du L, Chen W, Wu C, Wang P. An electrochemical PAH-modified aptasensor for the label-free and highly-sensitive detection of saxitoxin. Talanta 2022; 240:123185. [PMID: 34973551 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX), is one of the most dangerous and widespread paralytic shellfish toxins, causing a severe threat to the ecosystem and human health. So, it is important and highly essential to develop novel techniques for STX detection in a convenient, desirable, and low-cost manner. Herein, this study developed an electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) sensor covered with a layer-by-layer prepared, positively-charged weak polyelectrolyte layer of poly (allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) for the label-free detection of STX. The specific aptamer (Apt) sensitive to STX was electrostatically adsorbed onto the PAH layer. This leads to a preferentially flat orientation of the Apt within the Debye length, thus yielding a reduced charge-screening influence and a higher sensor signal. Each step of sensor surface modification, i.e. PAH adsorption, immobilization of Apt, and attachment of STX, was monitored by capacitance-voltage (C-V) and constant-capacitance (ConCap) measurements. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to characterize the surface morphology and roughness of the PAH layer. Fluorescence microscopy was used to confirm the effective immobilization of Apt onto the PAH-modified EIS sensor. The results showed that the detection range of this aptasensor for STX detection was 0.5-100 nM and the detection limit was as low as 0.05 nM. Furthermore, this aptasensor showed good selectivity and 9 days' stability. The mussel tissue extraction test suggested that this aptasensor can be used to detect STX in real samples. This aptasensor provides a convenient approach for moderate, rapid, and label-free detection of marine biological toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beenish Noureen
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Najeeb Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yulan Tian
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Liping Du
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China; Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Chunsheng Wu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Ping Wang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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Dulić T, Svirčev Z, Palanački Malešević T, Faassen EJ, Savela H, Hao Q, Meriluoto J. Assessment of Common Cyanotoxins in Cyanobacteria of Biological Loess Crusts. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030215. [PMID: 35324712 PMCID: PMC8953721 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanotoxins are a diverse group of bioactive compounds produced by cyanobacteria that have adverse effects on human and animal health. While the phenomenon of cyanotoxin production in aquatic environments is well studied, research on cyanotoxins in terrestrial environments, where cyanobacteria abundantly occur in biocrusts, is still in its infancy. Here, we investigated the potential cyanotoxin production in cyanobacteria-dominated biological loess crusts (BLCs) from three different regions (China, Iran, and Serbia) and in cyanobacterial cultures isolated from the BLCs. The presence of cyanotoxins microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxins, and β-N-methylamino-L-alanine was analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, while the presence of cyanotoxin-encoding genes (mcyE, cyrJ, sxtA, sxtG, sxtS, and anaC) was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. We could not detect any of the targeted cyanotoxins in the biocrusts or the cyanobacterial cultures, nor could we amplify any cyanotoxin-encoding genes in the cyanobacterial strains. The results are discussed in terms of the biological role of cyanotoxins, the application of cyanobacteria in land restoration programs, and the use of cyanotoxins as biosignatures of cyanobacterial populations in loess research. The article highlights the need to extend the field of research on cyanobacteria and cyanotoxin production to terrestrial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Dulić
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland; (Z.S.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland; (Z.S.); (J.M.)
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Tamara Palanački Malešević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Elisabeth J. Faassen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henna Savela
- Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20014 Turku, Finland;
| | - Qingzhen Hao
- Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, Beitucheng Western Road, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland; (Z.S.); (J.M.)
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
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32
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Ullah N, Chen W, Noureen B, Tian Y, Du L, Wu C, Ma J. An Electrochemical Ti 3C 2T x Aptasensor for Sensitive and Label-Free Detection of Marine Biological Toxins. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21144938. [PMID: 34300682 PMCID: PMC8309833 DOI: 10.3390/s21144938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX) belongs to the family of marine biological toxins, which are major contaminants in seafood. The reference methods for STX detection are mouse bioassay and chromatographic analysis, which are time-consuming, high costs, and requirement of sophisticated operation. Therefore, the development of alternative methods for STX analysis is urgent. Electrochemical analysis is a fast, low-cost, and sensitive method for biomolecules analysis. Thus, in this study, an electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) sensor based on aptamer-modified two-dimensional layered Ti3C2Tx nanosheets was developed for STX detection. The high surface area and rich functional groups of MXene benefited the modification of aptamer, which had specific interactions with STX. Capacitance-voltage (C-V) and constant-capacitance (ConCap) measurement results indicated that the aptasensor was able to detect STX with high sensitivity and good specificity. The detection range was 1.0 nM to 200 nM and detection limit was as low as 0.03 nM. Moreover, the aptasensor was found to have a good selectivity and two-week stability. The mussel tissue extraction test suggested the potential application of this biosensor in detecting STX in real samples. This method provides a convenient approach for low-cost, rapid, and label-free detection of marine biological toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najeeb Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China;
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (W.C.); (B.N.); (Y.T.); (L.D.)
| | - Beenish Noureen
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (W.C.); (B.N.); (Y.T.); (L.D.)
| | - Yulan Tian
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (W.C.); (B.N.); (Y.T.); (L.D.)
| | - Liping Du
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (W.C.); (B.N.); (Y.T.); (L.D.)
| | - Chunsheng Wu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (W.C.); (B.N.); (Y.T.); (L.D.)
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (J.M.)
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China;
- Medical Research Center, Xi’an No.3 Hospital, Xi’an 710018, China
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (J.M.)
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Zhao Y, Li L, Ma R, Wang L, Yan X, Qi X, Wang S, Mao X. A competitive colorimetric aptasensor transduced by hybridization chain reaction-facilitated catalysis of AuNPs nanozyme for highly sensitive detection of saxitoxin. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1173:338710. [PMID: 34172145 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX) is a small molecule toxin (Mw. ca. 299 g/mol) with high acute toxicity, and it has urgent need of facile analytical methods. Herein, a competitive colorimetric aptasensor was developed for highly sensitive detection of STX. An anti-STX aptamer was hybridized with a complementary strand on the magnetic beads and was competitively bound by STX. The supernatant containing the aptamer binding to STX was obtained by magnetic separation, which could trigger hybridization chain reaction (HCR) to generate rigid double stranded DNAs (dsDNAs) with sticky end and variable length. These HCR-dsDNAs were found to be able to facilitate significant enhancement on the peroxidase-like catalytic capability of AuNPs nanozyme towards 3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). The concentration of STX was responded in a "turn on" mode, based on the amplified colorimetric transduction thereof. The aptasensor realized high sensitivity, with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 42.46 pM. Moreover, a wide linear detection range of 78.13-2500 pM, good selectivity, as well as good recovery rates of 106.2-113.5% when analyzing STX in real shellfish samples were obtained. This strategy could be referred to develop robust aptasensors for simple and highly sensitive detection of other small molecules and toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglin Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Rui Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Lele Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaochen Yan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Sai Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
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Sylvers PH, Gobler CJ. Mitigation of harmful algal blooms caused by Alexandrium catenella and reduction in saxitoxin accumulation in bivalves using cultivable seaweeds. Harmful Algae 2021; 105:102056. [PMID: 34303515 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alexandrium catenella is a harmful algal bloom (HAB)-forming dinoflagellate that causes significant damage to the cultivation and harvest of shellfish due to its synthesis of paralytic shellfish toxins. To evaluate the potential for macroalgae aquaculture to mitigate A. catenella blooms, we determined the effects of three cultivable macroalgae - Saccharina latissima (sugar kelp), Chondrus crispus (Irish moss), and Ulva spp. - on A. catenella in culture- and field-based experiments. Co-culture growth assays of A. catenella exposed to environmentally realistic concentrations of each macroalgae showed that all species except low levels of C. crispus caused cell lysis and significant reductions in A. catenella densities relative to control treatments of 17-74% in 2-3 days and 42-96% in ~one week (p<0.05 for all assays). In a toxin accumulation experiment, S. latissima significantly lessened (p<0.05) saxitoxin (STX) accumulation in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis), keeping levels (71.80±1.98 µg STX 100 g-1) below US closure limits (80 µg STX 100 g-1) compared to the untreated control (93.47±8.11 µg STX 100 g-1). Bottle incubations of field-collected, bloom populations of A. catenella experienced significant reductions in cell densities of up to 95% when exposed to aquaculture concentrations of all three macroalgae (p<0.005 for all). The stocking of aquacultured S. latissima within mesocosms containing a bloom population of A. catenella (initial density: 3.2 × 104 cells L-1) reduced the population of A. catenella by 73% over 48 h (p<0.005) while Ulva addition caused a 54% reduction in A. catenella over 96 h (p<0.01). Among the three seaweeds, their ordered ability to inhibit A. catenella was S. latissima > Ulva spp. > C. crispus. Seaweeds' primary anti-A. catenella activity were allelopathic, while nutrient competition, pH elevation, and macroalgae-attached bacteria may have played a contributory role in some experiments. Collectively, these results suggest that the integration of macroalgae with shellfish-centric aquaculture establishments should be considered as a non-invasive, environmentally friendly, and potentially profit-generating measure to mitigate A. catenella-caused damage to the shellfish aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Sylvers
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton NY, United States
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton NY, United States.
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Kershaw JL, Jensen SK, McConnell B, Fraser S, Cummings C, Lacaze JP, Hermann G, Bresnan E, Dean KJ, Turner AD, Davidson K, Hall AJ. Toxins from harmful algae in fish from Scottish coastal waters. Harmful Algae 2021; 105:102068. [PMID: 34303514 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal bloom events are increasing in a number of water bodies around the world with significant economic impacts on the aquaculture, fishing and tourism industries. As well as their potential impacts on human health, toxin exposure from harmful algal blooms (HABs) has resulted in widespread morbidity and mortality in marine life, including top marine predators. There is therefore a need for an improved understanding of the trophic transfer, and persistence of toxins in marine food webs. For the first time, the concentrations of two toxin groups of commercial and environmental importance, domoic acid (DA) and saxitoxin (including Paralytic Shellfish Toxin (PST) analogues), were measured in the viscera of 40 different fish species caught in Scotland between February and November, 2012 to 2019. Overall, fish had higher concentrations of DA compared to PSTs, with a peak in the summer / autumn months. Whole fish concentrations were highest in pelagic species including Atlantic mackerel and herring, key forage fish for marine predators including seals, cetaceans and seabirds. The highest DA concentrations were measured along the east coast of Scotland and in Orkney. PSTs showed highest concentrations in early summer, consistent with phytoplankton bloom timings. The detection of multiple toxins in such a range of demersal, pelagic and benthic fish prey species suggests that both the fish, and by extension, piscivorous marine predators, experience multiple routes of toxin exposure. Risk assessment models to understand the impacts of exposure to HAB toxins on marine predators therefore need to consider how chronic, low-dose exposure to multiple toxins, as well as acute exposure during a bloom, could lead to potential long-term health effects ultimately contributing to mortalities. The potential synergistic, neurotoxic and physiological effects of long-term exposure to multiple toxins require investigation in order to appropriately assess the risks of HAB toxins to fish as well as their predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Kershaw
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 8LB, UK; School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Silje-Kristin Jensen
- The Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries, Kystens Hus, Stortorget 1A, 9008 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bernie McConnell
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Shaun Fraser
- NAFC Marine Centre, University of the Highlands and Islands, Port Arthur, Scalloway, Shetland, ZE1 0UN, UK
| | - Caroline Cummings
- US Fish and Wildlife Service Alaska Region, 1011 East Tudor Road, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, 99503
| | | | | | - Eileen Bresnan
- Marine Laboratory, Marine Scotland Science, Aberdeen, AB119DB, UK
| | - Karl J Dean
- Cefas, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Cefas, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Ailsa J Hall
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 8LB, UK
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Dillon M, Zaczek-Moczydlowska MA, Edwards C, Turner AD, Miller PI, Moore H, McKinney A, Lawton L, Campbell K. Current Trends and Challenges for Rapid SMART Diagnostics at Point-of-Site Testing for Marine Toxins. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:2499. [PMID: 33916687 PMCID: PMC8038394 DOI: 10.3390/s21072499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the past twenty years marine biotoxin analysis in routine regulatory monitoring has advanced significantly in Europe (EU) and other regions from the use of the mouse bioassay (MBA) towards the high-end analytical techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS). Previously, acceptance of these advanced methods, in progressing away from the MBA, was hindered by a lack of commercial certified analytical standards for method development and validation. This has now been addressed whereby the availability of a wide range of analytical standards from several companies in the EU, North America and Asia has enhanced the development and validation of methods to the required regulatory standards. However, the cost of the high-end analytical equipment, lengthy procedures and the need for qualified personnel to perform analysis can still be a challenge for routine monitoring laboratories. In developing regions, aquaculture production is increasing and alternative inexpensive Sensitive, Measurable, Accurate and Real-Time (SMART) rapid point-of-site testing (POST) methods suitable for novice end users that can be validated and internationally accepted remain an objective for both regulators and the industry. The range of commercial testing kits on the market for marine toxin analysis remains limited and even more so those meeting the requirements for use in regulatory control. Individual assays include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and lateral flow membrane-based immunoassays (LFIA) for EU-regulated toxins, such as okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs), saxitoxin (STX) and its analogues and domoic acid (DA) in the form of three separate tests offering varying costs and benefits for the industry. It can be observed from the literature that not only are developments and improvements ongoing for these assays, but there are also novel assays being developed using upcoming state-of-the-art biosensor technology. This review focuses on both currently available methods and recent advances in innovative methods for marine biotoxin testing and the end-user practicalities that need to be observed. Furthermore, it highlights trends that are influencing assay developments such as multiplexing capabilities and rapid POST, indicating potential detection methods that will shape the future market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dillon
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (M.D.); (M.A.Z.-M.)
- Faculty of Health, Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Maja A. Zaczek-Moczydlowska
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (M.D.); (M.A.Z.-M.)
| | - Christine Edwards
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK; (C.E.); (L.L.)
| | - Andrew D. Turner
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK;
| | - Peter I. Miller
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Remote Sensing Group, Prospect Place, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK;
| | - Heather Moore
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, 18a Newforge Lane, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 5PX, UK; (H.M.); (A.M.)
| | - April McKinney
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, 18a Newforge Lane, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 5PX, UK; (H.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Linda Lawton
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK; (C.E.); (L.L.)
| | - Katrina Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (M.D.); (M.A.Z.-M.)
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Beckley JT, Pajouhesh H, Luu G, Klas S, Delwig A, Monteleone D, Zhou X, Giuvelis D, Meng ID, Yeomans DC, Hunter JC, Mulcahy JV. Antinociceptive properties of an isoform-selective inhibitor of Nav1.7 derived from saxitoxin in mouse models of pain. Pain 2021; 162:1250-1261. [PMID: 33086288 PMCID: PMC9359086 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.7 is highly expressed in nociceptive afferents and is critically involved in pain signal transmission. Nav1.7 is a genetically validated pain target in humans because loss-of-function mutations cause congenital insensitivity to pain and gain-of-function mutations cause severe pain syndromes. Consequently, pharmacological inhibition has been investigated as an analgesic therapeutic strategy. We describe a small molecule Nav1.7 inhibitor, ST-2530, that is an analog of the naturally occurring sodium channel blocker saxitoxin. When evaluated against human Nav1.7 by patch-clamp electrophysiology using a protocol that favors the resting state, the Kd of ST-2530 was 25 ± 7 nM. ST-2530 exhibited greater than 500-fold selectivity over human voltage-gated sodium channel isoforms Nav1.1-Nav1.6 and Nav1.8. Although ST-2530 had lower affinity against mouse Nav1.7 (Kd = 250 ± 40 nM), potency was sufficient to assess analgesic efficacy in mouse pain models. A 3-mg/kg dose administered subcutaneously was broadly analgesic in acute pain models using noxious thermal, mechanical, and chemical stimuli. ST-2530 also reversed thermal hypersensitivity after a surgical incision on the plantar surface of the hind paw. In the spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain, ST-2530 transiently reversed mechanical allodynia. These analgesic effects were demonstrated at doses that did not affect locomotion, motor coordination, or olfaction. Collectively, results from this study indicate that pharmacological inhibition of Nav1.7 by a small molecule agent with affinity for the resting state of the channel is sufficient to produce analgesia in a range of preclinical pain models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Beckley
- SiteOne Therapeutics, 351 Evergreen Drive, Suite B-1, Bozeman, MT 59715
| | - Hassan Pajouhesh
- SiteOne Therapeutics, 280 Utah Avenue, Suite 250, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - George Luu
- SiteOne Therapeutics, 280 Utah Avenue, Suite 250, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Sheri Klas
- SiteOne Therapeutics, 351 Evergreen Drive, Suite B-1, Bozeman, MT 59715
| | - Anton Delwig
- SiteOne Therapeutics, 280 Utah Avenue, Suite 250, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Dennis Monteleone
- SiteOne Therapeutics, 280 Utah Avenue, Suite 250, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Xiang Zhou
- SiteOne Therapeutics, 280 Utah Avenue, Suite 250, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Denise Giuvelis
- University of New England, Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, Biddeford, ME 04005
| | - Ian D Meng
- University of New England, Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, Biddeford, ME 04005
| | | | - John C Hunter
- SiteOne Therapeutics, 280 Utah Avenue, Suite 250, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - John V Mulcahy
- SiteOne Therapeutics, 280 Utah Avenue, Suite 250, South San Francisco, CA 94080
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Laureano-Rosario AE, McFarland M, Bradshaw DJ, Metz J, Brewton RA, Pitts T, Perricone C, Schreiber S, Stockley N, Wang G, Guzmán EA, Lapointe BE, Wright AE, Jacoby CA, Twardowski MS. Dynamics of microcystins and saxitoxin in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida. Harmful Algae 2021; 103:102012. [PMID: 33980451 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms that can produce toxins are common in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), which covers ~250 km of Florida's east coast. The current study assessed the dynamics of microcystins and saxitoxin in six segments of the IRL: Banana River Lagoon (BRL), Mosquito Lagoon (ML), Northern IRL (NIRL), Central IRL (CIRL), Southern IRL (SIRL), and the St. Lucie Estuary (SLE). Surface water samples (n = 40) collected during the 2018 wet and 2019 dry season were analyzed to determine associations between toxins and temperature, salinity, pH, oxygen saturation, concentrations of dissolved nutrients and chlorophyll-a, presence of biosynthetic genes for toxins, relative abundance of planktonic species, and composition of the microbial community. The potential toxicity of samples was assessed using multiple mammalian cell lines. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays were used to determine concentrations of microcystins and saxitoxin. Overall, the microcystins concentration ranged between 0.01-85.70 µg/L, and saxitoxin concentrations ranged between 0.01-2.43 µg/L across the IRL. Microcystins concentrations were 65% below the limit of quantification (0.05 µg/L), and saxitoxin concentrations were 85% below the limit of detection (0.02 µg/L). Microcystins concentrations were higher in the SLE, while saxitoxin was elevated in the NIRL and BRL. Cytotoxicity related to the presence of microcystins was seen in the SLE during the wet season. No significant patterns between cytotoxicity and saxitoxin were identified. Dissolved nutrients were identified as the most highly related parameters, explaining 53% of microcystin and 47% of saxitoxin variability. Multivariate models suggested cyanobacteria, flagellates, ciliates, and diatoms as the subset of microorganisms whose abundances were maximally correlated with saxitoxin and microcystins concentrations. Lastly, biosynthetic genes for microcystins were detected in the SLE and for saxitoxin in the BRL and NIRL. These results highlight the synergistic roles environmental and biological parameters play in influencing the dynamics of toxin production by harmful algae in the IRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdiel E Laureano-Rosario
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA.
| | - Malcolm McFarland
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - David J Bradshaw
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Jackie Metz
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Rachel A Brewton
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Tara Pitts
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Carlie Perricone
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Stephanie Schreiber
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Nicole Stockley
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Guojun Wang
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Esther A Guzmán
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Brian E Lapointe
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Amy E Wright
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Charles A Jacoby
- St. Johns River Water Management District, PO Box 1429, Palatka, Florida 32178, USA
| | - Michael S Twardowski
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
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Gibble CM, Kudela RM, Knowles S, Bodenstein B, Lefebvre KA. Domoic acid and saxitoxin in seabirds in the United States between 2007 and 2018. Harmful Algae 2021; 103:101981. [PMID: 33980431 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As harmful algal blooms (HABs) increase in magnitude and duration worldwide, they are becoming an expanding threat to marine wildlife. Over the past decade, blooms of algae that produce the neurotoxins domoic acid (DA) and saxitoxin (STX) and documented concurrent seabird mortality events have increased bicoastally in the United States. We conducted a retrospective analysis of HAB related mortality events in California, Washington, and Rhode Island between 2007 and 2018 involving 12 species of seabirds, to document the levels, ranges, and patterns of DA and STX in eight sample types (kidney, liver, stomach, intestinal, cloacal, cecal contents, bile, blood) collected from birds during these events. Samples (n = 182) from 83 birds were examined for DA (n = 135) or STX (n = 17) or both toxins simultaneously (n = 30), using ELISA or LCMS at the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA-NMFS) Wildlife Algal-toxin Research and Response Network (WARRN-West) or the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC). DA or STX was detected in seven of the sample types with STX below the minimum detection limit in blood for the three samples tested. DA was found in 70% and STX was found in 23% of all tested samples. The ranges of detectable levels of DA and STX in all samples were 0.65-681,190.00 ng g-1 and 2.00-20.95 ng g-1, respectively. Cloacal contents from a Pacific loon (Gavia pacifica) collected in 2017 from Ventura County, California, had the highest maximum level of DA for all samples and species tested in this study. The highest level of STX for all samples and species was detected in the bile of a northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) collected in 2018 from San Luis Obispo County, California. DA detections were consistently found in gastrointestinal samples, liver, bile, and kidney, whereas STX detections were most frequently seen in liver and bile samples. Co-occurring HAB toxins (DA and STX) were detected in white-winged scoters (Melanitta deglandi) in 2009, a Brandt's cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus) in 2015, and a northern fulmar and common murre (Uria aalge) in 2018. This article provides DA and STX tissue concentrations and patterns in avian samples and shows the utility of various sample types for the detection of HAB toxins. Future research to understand the pharmacodynamics of these toxins in avian species and to establish lethal doses in various bird species would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne M Gibble
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Office of Spill Prevention and Response, Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care & Research Center, 151 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 United States.
| | - Raphael M Kudela
- University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 United States.
| | - Susan Knowles
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, Wisconsin, 53711 United States.
| | - Barbara Bodenstein
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, Wisconsin, 53711 United States.
| | - Kathi A Lefebvre
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA 98112 United States.
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Ramos TK, Costa LDF, Yunes JS, Resgalla C, Barufi JB, Bastos EDO, Horta PA, Rörig LR. Saxitoxins from the freshwater cyanobacterium Raphidiopsis raciborskii can contaminate marine mussels. Harmful Algae 2021; 103:102004. [PMID: 33980444 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Raphidiopsis raciborskii (formerly Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii) is a freshwater cyanobacterium potentially producing saxitoxins (STX) and cylindrospermopsin. Its ecophysiological versatility enables it to form blooms in the most diverse types of environments, from tropical to temperate, and from relatively pristine to polluted. In Peri Lake, located in the subtropical south of Brazil, growing populations of STX-producing R. raciborskii have been detected since 1994, posing risks to the use of its waters that supply a population of about 100,000 inhabitants. Despite the existence of a monitoring system for the presence and toxicity of cyanobacteria in Peri Lake water, no assessment has been made in the coastal region, downstream of outflowing lake water, thereby potentially making available a toxic biomass to natural and cultivated shellfish populations in the salt water ecosystem. To address this problem, the present study evaluated environmental variables and STX concentration by profiling the outflowing waters between Peri Lake and the adjacent coastal zone. Laboratory experiments were carried out with three strains of R. raciborskii in order to confirm the effect of salinity on STX production and verify if Perna Perna mussels fed with R. raciborskii cultures would absorb and accumulate STX. Results showed that environmental concentrations of STX reach high levels (up to 6.31 µg L-1 STX eq.), especially in the warmer months, reaching the coastal zone. In laboratory tests, it was found that the strains tolerate salinities between 4 and 6 and that salinity influences the production of STX. In addition, mussels fed with R. raciborskii effectively absorb and accumulate STX, even in typically marine salinities (22 to 30), suggesting that R. raciborskii biomass remains available and toxic despite salinity shock. These results draw attention to the ecological and health risk associated with R. raciborskii blooms, both in the lake environment and in the adjacent marine environment, calling attention to the need to improve the monitoring and management systems for water and shellfish toxicity in the region of interest, as well as other places where toxic cyanobacteria of limnic origin can reach the coastal zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanise Klein Ramos
- Laboratory of Phycology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Center for Biological Sciences, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Luiza Dy Fonseca Costa
- Laboratory of Cyanobacteria and Phycotoxins, Institute of Oceanography, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil; INNOVATIO Business Incubatorin in Oceantec Technology Park, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - João Sarkis Yunes
- Laboratory of Cyanobacteria and Phycotoxins, Institute of Oceanography, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Charrid Resgalla
- School of Sea, Science and Technology, University of Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, SC, 88302-901, Brazil
| | - José Bonomi Barufi
- Laboratory of Phycology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Center for Biological Sciences, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo de Oliveira Bastos
- Laboratory of Phycology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Center for Biological Sciences, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Antunes Horta
- Laboratory of Phycology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Center for Biological Sciences, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Rubi Rörig
- Laboratory of Phycology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Center for Biological Sciences, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
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Li J, Persson KM. Quick detection method for paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) monitoring in freshwater - A review. Chemosphere 2021; 265:128591. [PMID: 33189391 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this critical review was to provide a comprehensive summary of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) producing species and knowledge gaps in detecting PSTs in drinking water resources, with a focus on recent development of PSTs monitoring methods and tools for drinking water monitoring. PSTs, which are also called Saxitoxins (STXs), are a group of neurotoxins not only produced by marine dinoflagellates but also freshwater cyanobacteria. The presence of PSTs in freshwater has been reported from all continents except Antarctica. PSTs in poisoned sea food such as shellfish, molluscs and crustaceans may attack the nerve system after consumption. The high incidences of PSTs occurring in drinking water sources showed another route of potential human exposure. A development of simple and fast screening tools for drinking water surveillance of PSTs is needed. Neurotoxins produced by freshwater cyanobacteria are understudied relative to microcystin and little study is done around PSTs in drinking water monitoring. Some fast screening methods exist. The critical issues for using them in water surveillance, particularly matrix effect and cross-reactivity are summarized, and future research directions are high-lighted. We conclude that monitoring routines at drinking water resources should start from species level, followed by a profound screening of toxin profile. For practical monitoring routine, fast screening methods should be combined with highly sensitive and accurate analytical methods such as liquid chromatography/liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/LC-MS). A thorough understanding of toxin profile in source water is necessary for screening tool selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Division of Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering LTH, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Kenneth M Persson
- Division of Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering LTH, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
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Han J, Park JS, Park Y, Lee J, Shin HH, Lee KW. Effects of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin-producing dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum on the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 163:111937. [PMID: 33341583 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To understand how the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus responds to the toxic marine dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum, we assessed acute toxicity and investigated swimming behavior parameters (e.g., swimming speed, swimming path trajectory, and swimming distance) in response to G. catenatum exposure. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of detoxification-related genes (e.g., phase I cytochrome P450 [CYP] and phase II glutathione-S transferase [GST]) were measured in G. catenatum-exposed copepods. No significant change in survival was observed in response to G. catenatum, but swimming speed was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) at a high concentration of G. catenatum (600 cells/mL). Furthermore, the swimming distance was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared to that of the control at 600 cells/mL G. catenatum, while no significant change in swimming path trajectory was observed, suggesting that G. catenatum potentially has adverse effects on the swimming behavior of T. japonicus. In addition, the transcriptional regulation of T. japonicus CYPs and -GSTs were significantly upregulated and downregulated (P < 0.05), respectively, in response to G. catenatum. In particular, certain genes (e.g., CYPs [CYP307E1, CYP3041A1, and CYP3024A2] and GSTs [GST-kappa, GST-mu5, and GST-omega]) were significantly induced (P < 0.05) by G. catenatum, suggesting that these genes likely play a critical role in detoxification mechanisms and might be useful as potential molecular biomarkers in response to G. catenatum exposure. Overall, these results elucidate the potential impacts of the dinoflagellate G. catenatum on the swimming behavior and detoxification system of the marine copepod T. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghoon Han
- Department of Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Sang Park
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeun Park
- Department of Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea; University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Lee
- Department of Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Shin
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun-Woo Lee
- Department of Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea.
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Cho Y, Hidema S, Omura T, Koike K, Koike K, Oikawa H, Konoki K, Oshima Y, Yotsu-Yamashita M. SxtA localizes to chloroplasts and changes to its 3'UTR may reduce toxin biosynthesis in non-toxic Alexandrium catenella (Group I) ✰. Harmful Algae 2021; 101:101972. [PMID: 33526188 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
SxtA is the enzyme that catalyses the first step of saxitoxin biosynthesis. We developed an immunofluorescent method to detect SxtA using antibodies against SxtA peptides. Confocal microscopy revealed the presence of abundant, sub-cellularly localized signal in cells of toxic species and its absence in non-toxic species. Co-localization of SxtA with Rubisco II and ultra-structural observation by transmission electron microscopy strongly suggested the association of SxtA with chloroplasts. We also characterized a non-toxic sub-clone of Alexandrium catenella (Group I) to elucidate the mutation responsible for its loss of toxicity. Although sxtA4 gene copy number was indistinguishable in toxic and non-toxic sub-clones, mRNA and protein expression were significantly reduced in the non-toxic sub-clone and we uncovered sequence variation at the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of sxtA4 mRNA. We propose that differences in the sxtA4 mRNA 3'UTR lead to down-regulation of STX biosynthesis post-transcriptionally, thereby explaining the differences in toxicity amongst different A. catenella (Group I) sub-clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Cho
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Shizu Hidema
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Takuo Omura
- Laboratory of Aquatic Science Consultant Co., Ltd. 2-30-17, Higashikamata, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0031, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Kanae Koike
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Oikawa
- Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Fisheries Technology Institute, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
| | - Keiichi Konoki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yasukatsu Oshima
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Mari Yotsu-Yamashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
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44
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Porzani SJ, Lima ST, Metcalf JS, Nowruzi B. In Vivo and In Vitro Toxicity Testing of Cyanobacterial Toxins: A Mini-Review. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 2021; 258:109-150. [PMID: 34622370 DOI: 10.1007/398_2021_74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms are increasing and becoming a worldwide concern as many bloom-forming cyanobacterial species can produce toxic metabolites named cyanotoxins. These include microcystins, saxitoxins, anatoxins, nodularins, and cylindrospermopsins, which can adversely affect humans, animals, and the environment. Different methods to assess these classes of compounds in vitro and in vivo include biological, biochemical, molecular, and physicochemical techniques. Furthermore, toxic effects not attributable to known cyanotoxins can be observed when assessing bloom material. In order to determine exposures to cyanotoxins and to monitor compliance with drinking and bathing water guidelines, it is necessary to have reliable and effective methods for the analysis of these compounds. Many relatively simple low-cost methods can be employed to rapidly evaluate the potential hazard. The main objective of this mini-review is to describe the assessment of toxic cyanobacterial samples using in vitro and in vivo bioassays. Newly emerging cyanotoxins, the toxicity of analogs, or the interaction of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins with other toxicants, among others, still requires bioassay assessment. This review focuses on some biological and biochemical assays (MTT assay, Immunohistochemistry, Micronucleus Assay, Artemia salina assay, Daphnia magna test, Radionuclide recovery, Neutral red cytotoxicity and Comet assay, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Annexin V-FITC assay and Protein Phosphatase Inhibition Assay (PPIA)) for the detection and measurement of cyanotoxins including microcystins, cylindrospermopsins, anatoxin-a, saxitoxins, and nodularins. Although most bioassay analyses often confirm the presence of cyanotoxins at low concentrations, such bioassays can be used to determine whether some strains or blooms of cyanobacteria may produce other, as yet unknown toxic metabolites. This review also aims to identify research needs and data gaps concerning the toxicity assessment of cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh J Porzani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Stella T Lima
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Bahareh Nowruzi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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Podduturi R, Schlüter L, Liu T, Osti JAS, Moraes MDAB, Jørgensen NOG. Monitoring of saxitoxin production in lakes in Denmark by molecular, chromatographic and microscopic approaches. Harmful Algae 2021; 101:101966. [PMID: 33526182 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diversity of phytoplankton in three eutrophic and two mesotrophic lakes in Denmark was determined by microscopic and HPLC pigment analyses to identify and quantify potential saxitoxin (STX) producing cyanobacteria. Potential dominant STX-producers were identified to the filamentous genera Dolichospermum, Cuspidothrix, Phormidium and Planktolyngbya. Presence of STX production was documented by extraction of five intracellular STXs that included (in declining concentration in the cyanobacteria) dc-neo-STX, neo-STX, dc-STX, STX and GTX. Total concentrations of the five STXs varied from 9 to 142 fg per potential STX producer, corresponding to 87 to 985 ng L-1 in the lakes. For molecular detection of the STX-producers, a quantitative PCR method was developed by design of a new robust primer set with broad coverage to target the sxtA gene that is common to all STX-producing cyanobacteria. After validation, copy numbers of the sxtA gene were determined to vary from about 104 (mesotrophic lakes) to 108 per mL (the most eutrophic lake). A moderate but significant correlation was observed between abundance of the sxtA copies and concentrations of the five intracellular STXs. The qPCR assay was found to be a rapid and robust procedure for quantification of STX producers. Saxitoxin and its analogs appeared not to cause health concerns in the lakes, but commercial fishing for pike perch in the most eutrophic lake should be monitored to test for food web accumulation of STXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Podduturi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Tingting Liu
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Munique de Almeida Bispo Moraes
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels O G Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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46
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Seveno J, Even Y, Le Gac M. Strong constitutive expression divergence among strains but no evidence of differential expression associated with sexual reproduction in Alexandrium minutum. Harmful Algae 2020; 100:101940. [PMID: 33298362 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction remains poorly characterized in dinoflagellates. This is especially the case at the molecular level. Here crossing experiments were performed among strains of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum belonging to two genetically divergent groups. Gene expression was compared between sexually compatible and incompatible crosses at the time of gamete fusion and resting cyst (~zygote) formation. Not a single transcript was identified as differentially expressed between compatible and incompatible crosses at these two crucial time points of the dinoflagellate life cycle. However, several thousands of transcripts displayed constitutive expression differences between strains. This was especially the case between the strains belonging to the genetically divergent groups. A few hundreds of transcripts were also identified as differentially expressed between strains belonging to opposite mating types. Some of these transcripts displayed homology with the SxtA protein, known to be involved in saxitoxin production in cyanobacteria, as well as with proteins potentially involved in mating in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Seveno
- Ifremer, DYNECO PELAGOS, 29280 Plouzané, France; Laboratoire Mer Molécule Santé, Le Mans Université, 72000 Le Mans, France
| | - Yasmine Even
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin, UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
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47
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Shin HH, Li Z, Réveillon D, Rovillon GA, Mertens KN, Hess P, Kim HJ, Lee J, Lee KW, Kim D, Park BS, Hwang J, Seo MH, Lim WA. Centrodinium punctatum (Dinophyceae) produces significant levels of saxitoxin and related analogs. Harmful Algae 2020; 100:101923. [PMID: 33298361 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Centrodinium punctatum is a fusiform dinoflagellate with a global marine distribution. Due to a close phylogenetic relationship of one C. punctatum strain to Alexandrium species, toxin production of this C. punctatum strain was assessed using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) profile of C. punctatum was dominated by six analogs, i.e. STX (30%), GTX-1 (20%) and neoSTX (24%), followed by GTX-2 (9%), GTX-4 (9%) and GTX-3 (8%); deoxy-STX was also putatively identified while no gymnodimines, spirolides or goniodomins were detected. This is the first record of C. punctatum producing saxitoxins. The estimated cellular toxicity was rather elevated, between 91 and 212 pg cell-1 (or 259 and 601 fmol cell-1). When considering the toxicity equivalent factors, results suggest that this species can produce high cellular toxicity compared to other STX-producing dinoflagellates. Morphological details of the sulcal area and the hypotheca of Centrodinium punctatum were re-examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM); this revealed that in the sulcal area, the left posterior sulcal plate (Ssp) is larger and longer than the left posterior sulcal plate and extended into the hypotheca. Based on the morphological observation, a revised interpretation of the sulcus and hypotheca is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Ho Shin
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 656-830, Republic of Korea.
| | - Zhun Li
- Biological Resource Center/Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Damien Réveillon
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, Nantes 03, F-44311 France
| | | | - Kenneth Neil Mertens
- Ifremer, LITTORAL, LER BO, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, BP40537, F-29185 Concarneau Cedex, France
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, Nantes 03, F-44311 France
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 656-830, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Lee
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun-Woo Lee
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Daekyung Kim
- Daegu Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum Soo Park
- Marine Ecosystem Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinik Hwang
- Environment and Resource Convergence Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ho Seo
- Marine Ecology Research Center, Yeosu 59697, Republic of Korea
| | - Weol Ae Lim
- National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, 619-705, Republic of Korea
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González-Jartín JM, de Castro Alves L, Alfonso A, Piñeiro Y, Vilar SY, Rodríguez I, Gomez MG, Osorio ZV, Sainz MJ, Vieytes MR, Rivas J, Botana LM. Magnetic nanostructures for marine and freshwater toxins removal. Chemosphere 2020; 256:127019. [PMID: 32417588 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Marine and freshwater toxins contaminate water resources, shellfish and aquaculture products, causing a broad range of toxic effects in humans and animals. Different core-shell nanoparticles were tested as a new sorbent for removing marine and freshwater toxins from liquid media. Water solutions were contaminated with 20 μg/L of marine toxins and up to 50 μg/L of freshwater toxins and subsequently treated with 250 or 125 mg/L of nanoparticles. Under these conditions, carbon nanoparticles removed around 70% of saxitoxins, spirolides, and azaspiracids, and up to 38% of diarrheic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the case of freshwater toxins, the 85% of microcystin LR was eliminated; other cyclic peptide toxins were also removed in a high percentage. Marine toxins were adsorbed in the first 5 min of contact, while for freshwater toxins it was necessary 60 min to reach the maximum adsorption. Toxins were recovered by extraction from nanoparticles with different solvents. Gymnodinium catenatum, Prorocentrum lima, and Microcystis aeruginosa cultures were employed to test the ability of nanoparticles to adsorb toxins in a real environment, and the same efficacy to remove toxins was observed in these conditions. These results suggest the possibility of using the nanotechnology in the treatment of contaminated water or in chemical analysis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M González-Jartín
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Lisandra de Castro Alves
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Facultad de Física, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Y Piñeiro
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Facultad de Física, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Susana Yáñez Vilar
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Facultad de Física, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Inés Rodríguez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain; Laboratario CIFGA S.A., Avda. Benigno Rivera, 56, 27003, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Manuel González Gomez
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Facultad de Física, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Zulema Vargas Osorio
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Facultad de Física, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - María J Sainz
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Proyectos de Ingeniería, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - J Rivas
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Facultad de Física, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
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49
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Christensen VG, Khan E. Freshwater neurotoxins and concerns for human, animal, and ecosystem health: A review of anatoxin-a and saxitoxin. Sci Total Environ 2020; 736:139515. [PMID: 32485372 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacteria are a concern worldwide because they can adversely affect humans, animals, and ecosystems. However, neurotoxins produced by freshwater cyanobacteria are understudied relative to microcystin. Thus, the objective of this critical review was to provide a comprehensive examination of the modes of action, production, fate, and occurrence of the freshwater neurotoxins anatoxin-a and saxitoxin as they relate to human, animal, and ecosystem health. Literature on freshwater anatoxin-a and saxitoxin was obtained and reviewed for both laboratory and field studies. Current (2020) research identifies as many as 41 anatoxin-a producing species and 15 saxitoxin-producing species of freshwater cyanobacteria. Field studies indicate that anatoxin-a and saxitoxin have widespread distribution, and examples are given from every continent except Antarctica. Human and animal health concerns can range from acute to chronic. However, few researchers studied chronic or sublethal effects of freshwater exposures to anatoxin-a or saxitoxin. Ecosystem health also is a concern, as the effects of toxicity may be far reaching and include consequences throughout the food web. Several gaps in knowledge were identified for anatoxin-a and saxitoxin, including triggers of production and release, environmental fate and degradation, primary and secondary exposure routes, diel variation, food web effects, effects of cyanotoxin mixtures, and sublethal health effects on individual organisms and populations. Despite the gaps, this critical review facilitates our current understanding of freshwater neurotoxins and thus can serve to `` guide future research on anatoxin-a, saxitoxin, and other cyanotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G Christensen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, Mounds View, MN, USA; North Dakota State University, Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, Fargo, ND, USA.
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction Department, University of Nevada - Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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50
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Cusick KD, Widder EA. Bioluminescence and toxicity as driving factors in harmful algal blooms: Ecological functions and genetic variability. Harmful Algae 2020; 98:101850. [PMID: 33129462 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are an ecologically important group of marine microbial eukaryotes with a remarkable array of adaptive strategies. It is ironic that two of the traits for which dinoflagellates are best known, toxin production and bioluminescence, are rarely linked when considering the ecological significance of either. Although dinoflagellate species that form some of the most widespread and frequent harmful algal blooms (HABs) are bioluminescent, the molecular and eco-evolutionary associations between these two traits has received little attention. Here, the major themes of biochemistry and genetics, ecological functions, signaling mechanisms, and evolution are addressed, with parallels and connections drawn between the two. Of the 17 major classes of dinoflagellate toxins, only two are produced by bioluminescent species: saxitoxin (STX) and yessotoxin. Of these, STX has been extensively studied, including the identification of the STX biosynthetic genes. While numerous theories have been put forward as to the eco-evolutionary roles of both bioluminescence and toxicity, a general consensus is that both function as grazing deterrents. Thus, both bioluminescence and toxicity may aid in HAB initiation as they alleviate grazing pressure on the HAB species. A large gap in our understanding is the genetic variability among natural bloom populations, as both toxic and non-toxic strains have been isolated from the same geographic location. The same applies to bioluminescence, as there exist both bioluminescent and non-bioluminescent strains of the same species. Recent evidence demonstrating that blooms are not monoclonal events necessitates a greater level of understanding as to the genetic variability of these traits among sub-populations as well as the mechanisms by which cells acquire or lose the trait, as sequence analysis of STX+ and STX- species indicate the key gene required for toxicity is lost rather than gained. While the extent of genetic variability for both bioluminescence and toxicity among natural HAB sub-populations remains unknown, it is an area that needs to be explored in order to gain greater insights into the molecular mechanisms and environmental parameters driving HAB evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen D Cusick
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Biological Sciences, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, United States.
| | - Edith A Widder
- Ocean Research and Conservation Association, 1420 Seaway Dr, Fort Pierce, FL 34949, United States.
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