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Sabotič J, Bayram E, Ezra D, Gaudêncio SP, Haznedaroğlu BZ, Janež N, Ktari L, Luganini A, Mandalakis M, Safarik I, Simes D, Strode E, Toruńska-Sitarz A, Varamogianni-Mamatsi D, Varese GC, Vasquez MI. A guide to the use of bioassays in exploration of natural resources. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 71:108307. [PMID: 38185432 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Bioassays are the main tool to decipher bioactivities from natural resources thus their selection and quality are critical for optimal bioprospecting. They are used both in the early stages of compounds isolation/purification/identification, and in later stages to evaluate their safety and efficacy. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the most common bioassays used in the discovery and development of new bioactive compounds with a focus on marine bioresources. We present a comprehensive list of practical considerations for selecting appropriate bioassays and discuss in detail the bioassays typically used to explore antimicrobial, antibiofilm, cytotoxic, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-ageing potential. The concept of quality control and bioassay validation are introduced, followed by safety considerations, which are critical to advancing bioactive compounds to a higher stage of development. We conclude by providing an application-oriented view focused on the development of pharmaceuticals, food supplements, and cosmetics, the industrial pipelines where currently known marine natural products hold most potential. We highlight the importance of gaining reliable bioassay results, as these serve as a starting point for application-based development and further testing, as well as for consideration by regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Engin Bayram
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - David Ezra
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, The Volcani Institute, P.O.Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
| | - Susana P Gaudêncio
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Biomolecular Sciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, Blue Biotechnology & Biomedicine Lab, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Berat Z Haznedaroğlu
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Nika Janež
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Leila Ktari
- B3Aqua Laboratory, National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies, Carthage University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Anna Luganini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Manolis Mandalakis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 71500 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ivo Safarik
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Biology Centre, ISBB, CAS, Na Sadkach 7, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dina Simes
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; 2GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Evita Strode
- Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Agency of Daugavpils University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Anna Toruńska-Sitarz
- Department of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Despoina Varamogianni-Mamatsi
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 71500 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Marlen I Vasquez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus
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Overlingė D, Toruńska-Sitarz A, Kataržytė M, Pilkaitytė R, Gyraitė G, Mazur-Marzec H. Characterization and Diversity of Microcystins Produced by Cyanobacteria from the Curonian Lagoon (SE Baltic Sea). Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120838. [PMID: 34941676 PMCID: PMC8703916 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are the most widely distributed and structurally diverse cyanotoxins that can have significant health impacts on living organisms, including humans. The identification of MC variants and their quantification is very important for toxicological assessment. Within this study, we explored the diversity of MCs and their potential producers from the Curonian Lagoon. MC profiles were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, while the potential producers were detected based on the presence of genus-specific mcyE gene sequences. Among the numerous MCs detected, one new potential MC variant with m/z 1057 was partially characterized. Moreover, two other MCs with m/z 1075 and m/z 1068 might belong to new variants with serine (Ser), rarely detected in position one of the peptides. They might also represent MC-Y(OMe)R and MC-WR, respectively. However, the application of a low-resolution MS/MS system made the unambiguous identification of the MCs impossible. Based on this example, the problems of peptide structure identification are discussed in the work. Genetic analysis revealed that potential MCs producers include Dolichospermum/Anabaena, Microcystis spp., and Planktothrix agardhii. The diversity and temporal variations in MC profiles may indicate the presence of several chemotypes of cyanobacteria in the Curonian Lagoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donata Overlingė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipeda, Lithuania; (M.K.); (R.P.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Toruńska-Sitarz
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81378 Gdynia, Poland; (A.T.-S.); (H.M.-M.)
| | - Marija Kataržytė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipeda, Lithuania; (M.K.); (R.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Renata Pilkaitytė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipeda, Lithuania; (M.K.); (R.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Greta Gyraitė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipeda, Lithuania; (M.K.); (R.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81378 Gdynia, Poland; (A.T.-S.); (H.M.-M.)
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Konkel R, Toruńska-Sitarz A, Cegłowska M, Ežerinskis Ž, Šapolaitė J, Mažeika J, Mazur-Marzec H. Blooms of Toxic Cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena in Norwegian Fjords During Holocene Warm Periods. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040257. [PMID: 32326551 PMCID: PMC7232221 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In paleoecological studies, molecular markers are being used increasingly often to reconstruct community structures, environmental conditions and ecosystem changes. In this work, nodularin, anabaenopeptins and selected DNA sequences were applied as Nodularia spumigena markers to reconstruct the history of the cyanobacterium in the Norwegian fjords. For the purpose of this study, three sediment cores collected in Oslofjorden, Trondheimsfjorden and Balsfjorden were analyzed. The lack of nodularin in most recent sediments is consistent with the fact that only one report on the sporadic occurrence and low amounts of the cyanobacterium in Norwegian Fjords in 1976 has been published. However, analyses of species-specific chemical markers in deep sediments showed that thousands of years ago, N. spumigena constituted an important component of the phytoplankton community. The content of the markers in the cores indicated that the biomass of the cyanobacterium increased during the warmer Holocene periods. The analyses of genetic markers were less conclusive; they showed the occurrence of microcystin/nodularin producing cyanobacteria of Nostocales order, but they did not allow for the identification of the organisms at a species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Konkel
- University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, Division of Marine Biotechnology, Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81-378 Gdynia, Poland; (R.K.); (A.T.-S.)
| | - Anna Toruńska-Sitarz
- University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, Division of Marine Biotechnology, Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81-378 Gdynia, Poland; (R.K.); (A.T.-S.)
| | - Marta Cegłowska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Science, Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81-712 Sopot, Poland;
| | - Žilvinas Ežerinskis
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (Ž.E.); (J.Š.)
| | - Justina Šapolaitė
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (Ž.E.); (J.Š.)
| | - Jonas Mažeika
- Laboratory of nuclear geophysics and radioecology, Nature research Centre Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- University of Gdańsk, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, Division of Marine Biotechnology, Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81-378 Gdynia, Poland; (R.K.); (A.T.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-585-236-621
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Savadova K, Mazur-Marzec H, Karosienė J, Kasperovičienė J, Vitonytė I, Toruńska-Sitarz A, Koreivienė J. Effect of Increased Temperature on Native and Alien Nuisance Cyanobacteria from Temperate Lakes: An Experimental Approach. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E445. [PMID: 30380769 PMCID: PMC6265895 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to global warming, an increase in cyanobacterial blooms is expected. In this work, the response of two native species of Planktothrix agardhii and Aphanizomenon gracile, as well as the response of two species alien to Europe-Chrysosporum bergii and Sphaerospermopsis aphanizomenoides-to gradual temperature increase was tested. The northernmost point of alien species distribution in the European continent was recorded. The tested strains of native species were favoured at 20⁻28 °C. Alien species acted differently along temperature gradient and their growth rate was higher than native species. Temperature range of optimal growth rate for S. aphanizomenoides was similar to native species, while C. bergii was favoured at 26⁻30 °C but sensitive at 18⁻20 °C. Under all tested temperatures, non-toxic strains of the native cyanobacteria species prevailed over the toxic ones. In P. agardhii, the decrease in concentration of microcystins and other oligopeptides with the increasing temperature was related to higher growth rate. However, changes in saxitoxin concentration in A. gracile under different temperatures were not detected. Accommodating climate change perspectives, the current work showed a high necessity of further studies of temperature effect on distribution and toxicity of both native and alien cyanobacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Savadova
- Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81-378 Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Jūratė Karosienė
- Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | | | - Irma Vitonytė
- Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Anna Toruńska-Sitarz
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81-378 Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Judita Koreivienė
- Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Cegłowska M, Toruńska-Sitarz A, Kowalewska G, Mazur-Marzec H. Specific Chemical and Genetic Markers Revealed a Thousands-Year Presence of Toxic Nodularia spumigena in the Baltic Sea. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16040116. [PMID: 29617355 PMCID: PMC5923403 DOI: 10.3390/md16040116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Baltic Sea, diazotrophic cyanobacteria have been present for thousands of years, over the whole brackish water phase of the ecosystem. However, our knowledge about the species composition of the cyanobacterial community is limited to the last several decades. In the current study, the presence of species-specific chemical and genetic markers in deep sediments were analyzed to increase the existing knowledge on the history of toxic Nodularia spumigena blooms in the Baltic Sea. As chemical markers, three cyclic nonribosomal peptides were applied: the hepatotoxic nodularin, which in the sea was detected solely in N. spumigena, and two anabaenopeptins (AP827 and AP883a) characteristic of two different chemotypes of this species. From the same sediment samples, DNA was isolated and the gene involved in biosynthesis of nodularin, as well as the phycocyanin intergenic spacer region (PC-IGS), were amplified. The results of chemical and genetic analyses proved for the first time the thousands-year presence of toxic N. spumigena in the Baltic Sea. They also indicated that through all this time, the same two sub-populations of the species co-existed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cegłowska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81-727 Sopot, Poland.
| | - Anna Toruńska-Sitarz
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Marszałka J. Płisudskiego 46, PL-81-378 Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Grażyna Kowalewska
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81-727 Sopot, Poland.
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81-727 Sopot, Poland.
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Marszałka J. Płisudskiego 46, PL-81-378 Gdynia, Poland.
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Mazur-Marzec H, Bertos-Fortis M, Toruńska-Sitarz A, Fidor A, Legrand C. Chemical and Genetic Diversity of Nodularia spumigena from the Baltic Sea. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14110209. [PMID: 27834904 PMCID: PMC5128752 DOI: 10.3390/md14110209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nodularia spumigena is a toxic, filamentous cyanobacterium occurring in brackish waters worldwide, yet forms extensive recurrent blooms in the Baltic Sea. N. spumigena produces several classes of non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs) that are active against several key metabolic enzymes. Previously, strains from geographically distant regions showed distinct NRP metabolic profiles. In this work, conspecific diversity in N. spumigena was studied using chemical and genetic approaches. NRP profiles were determined in 25 N. spumigena strains isolated in different years and from different locations in the Baltic Sea using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Genetic diversity was assessed by targeting the phycocyanin intergenic spacer and flanking regions (cpcBA-IGS). Overall, 14 spumigins, 5 aeruginosins, 2 pseudaeruginosins, 2 nodularins, 36 anabaenopeptins, and one new cyanopeptolin-like peptide were identified among the strains. Seven anabaenopeptins were new structures; one cyanopeptolin-like peptide was discovered in N. spumigena for the first time. Based on NRP profiles and cpcBA-IGS sequences, the strains were grouped into two main clusters without apparent influence of year and location, indicating persistent presence of these two subpopulations in the Baltic Sea. This study is a major step in using chemical profiling to explore conspecific diversity with a higher resolution than with a sole genetic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, Marszałka J. Piłusudskiego 46, 81378 Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Mireia Bertos-Fortis
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Center of Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Anna Toruńska-Sitarz
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, Marszałka J. Piłusudskiego 46, 81378 Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Anna Fidor
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, Marszałka J. Piłusudskiego 46, 81378 Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Catherine Legrand
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Center of Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden.
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Felczykowska A, Pawlik A, Mazur-Marzec H, Toruńska-Sitarz A, Narajczyk M, Richert M, Węgrzyn G, Herman-Antosiewicz A. Selective inhibition of cancer cells' proliferation by compounds included in extracts from Baltic Sea cyanobacteria. Toxicon 2015; 108:1-10. [PMID: 26410109 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are a rich source of biologically active compounds used in pharmacology and biotechnology. Due to their high capacity of adaptation, which is reflected in the production of diverse metabolites, including toxins, these microorganisms are able to inhabit very different environments. In this work, water and ethanol extracts from 11 cyanobacterial strains derived from the Baltic Sea (Microcystis, Synechocystis, Leptolyngbya, Pseudanabaena, Lyngbya, Phormidium, Nodularia and Anabaena genera) were screened for anticancer activity. MCF-7 human breast cancer and HeLa cervical cancer cell lines, as well as HDFa normal human fibroblasts, were used. Three extracts derived from Pseudanabaena sp., Pseudanabaena cf. galeata and Microcystis aeruginosa revealed potent and selective antiproliferative activities against cancer cells. The mechanism of the anticancer activity was explored in MCF-7 cells, and was found to rely on the inhibition of the pro-survival Akt kinase and induction of cell death. The peptide profiles of selected cyanobacterial extracts were determined using LC-MS/MS, and classes of bioactive compounds that might be potentially responsible for the observed anticancer activities are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Felczykowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Pawlik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Anna Toruńska-Sitarz
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Magdalena Narajczyk
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Malwina Richert
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Herman-Antosiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Grabowska M, Kobos J, Toruńska-Sitarz A, Mazur-Marzec H. Non-ribosomal peptides produced by Planktothrix agardhii from Siemianówka Dam Reservoir SDR (northeast Poland). Arch Microbiol 2014; 196:697-707. [PMID: 24972671 PMCID: PMC4168019 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-014-1008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Planktothtrix agardhii (Oscillatoriales) is a filamentous cyanobacterium, which frequently forms blooms in shallow, polymictic and eutrophicated waters. This species is also a rich source of unique linear and cyclic peptides. In the current study, the profile of the peptides in samples from the P. agardhii-dominated Siemianówka Dam Reservoir (SDR) (northeast Poland) was analyzed for four subsequent years (2009-2012). The LC-MS/MS analyses revealed the presence of 33 peptides. Twelve of the most abundant ones, including five microcystins, five anabaenopeptins, one aeruginosin and one planktocyclin, were present in all field samples collected during the study. The detection of different peptides in two P. agardhii isolates indicated that the SDR population was composed of several chemotypes, characterized by different peptide patterns. The total concentration of microcystins (MCs) positively correlated with the biomass of P. agardhii. Between subsequent years, the changes in the ratio of the total MCs concentration to the biomass of P. agardhii were noticed, but they were less than threefold. This is the first study on the production of different classes of non-ribosomal peptides by freshwater cyanobacteria in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Grabowska
- Department of Hydrobiology, University of Białystok, Świerkowa 20B, 15-950 Białystok, Poland
| | - Justyna Kobos
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Anna Toruńska-Sitarz
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
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