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Puddick J, Naeher S, Pearman JK, Page CD, Romanazzi D, Schallenberg LA, Howarth JD, Vandergoes MJ, Wood SA. Characterizing carotenoids in cyanobacterial cultures - Opportunities and implications for paleolimnological studies. Harmful Algae 2023; 127:102481. [PMID: 37544666 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are increasing in frequency and intensity globally, impacting lake ecosystem health and posing a risk to human and animal health due to the toxins they can produce. Cyanobacterial pigments preserved in lake sediments provide a useful means of understanding the changes that have led to cyanobacterial blooms in lakes. However, there is some uncertainty as to whether specific carotenoids are unique to certain genera or types of cyanobacteria. To fill this knowledge gap, we analyzed pigments in 34 cyanobacteria cultures and applied the findings to sediments from three New Zealand lakes. The cyanobacterial carotenoids canthaxanthin, echinenone and zeaxanthin were detected in all cultures, whereas myxoxanthophyll was only detected in ten cultures (Microcoleus, Planktothrix and the picocyanobacteria cultures; Synechococcaceae). The sum of the individual carotenoid concentrations provided the strongest relationship with cyanobacterial biomass (R2 = 0.58) and could be used in paleolimnology studies to evaluate general cyanobacterial abundance. Ratios of canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin and myxoxanthophyll relative to echinenone indicated that carotenoid ratios could be used to differentiate picocyanobacteria and bloom-forming cyanobacteria, to some degree. High zeaxanthin/echinenone ratios were measured in picocyanobacteria and low zeaxanthin/echinenone ratios were measured in bloom-forming cyanobacteria. The zeaxanthin/echinenone ratio was applied to sediment core samples where the cyanobacterial community was also evaluated by 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding, with the zeaxanthin/echinenone ratios showing similar patterns to those observed in the cultures. The preliminary assessment described here suggests that zeaxanthin/echinenone ratios could provide a valuable paleoecological proxy for evaluating historical shifts in cyanobacterial communities and warrants further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Puddick
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street-East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
| | | | - John K Pearman
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street-East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
| | - Carrie D Page
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street-East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
| | - Donato Romanazzi
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street-East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
| | | | - Jamie D Howarth
- Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | | | - Susanna A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street-East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
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Kelly LT, Reed L, Puddick J, Hawes I, Hicks BJ, Allan MG, Lehmann MK, Wood SA. Growth conditions impact particulate absorption and pigment concentrations in two common bloom forming cyanobacterial species. Harmful Algae 2023; 125:102432. [PMID: 37220985 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Remote sensing using satellite imagery has been promoted as a method to broaden the scale and frequency of cyanobacterial monitoring. This relies on the ability to establish relationships between the reflectance spectra of water bodies and the abundance of cyanobacteria. A challenge to achieving this comes from a limited understanding of the extent to which the optical properties of cyanobacteria vary according to their physiological state and growth environment. The aim of the present study was to determine how growth stage, nutrient status and irradiance affect pigment concentrations and absorption spectra in two common bloom forming cyanobacterial taxa: Dolichospermum lemmermannii and Microcystis aeruginosa. Each species was grown in laboratory batch culture under a full factorial design of low or high light intensity and low, medium, or high nitrate concentrations. Absorption spectra, pigment concentrations and cell density were measured throughout the growth phases. The absorption spectra were all highly distinguishable from each other, with greater interspecific than intraspecific differences, indicating that both D. lemmermannii and M. aeruginosa can be readily differentiated using hyperspectral absorption spectra. Despite this, each species exhibited different responses in the per-cell pigment concentrations with varying light intensity and nitrate exposure. Variability among treatments was considerably higher in D. lemmermannii than in M. aeruginosa, which exhibited smaller changes in pigment concentrations among the treatments. These results highlight the need to understand the physiology of the cyanobacteria and to take caution when estimating biovolumes from reflectance spectra when species composition and growth stage are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Reed
- Coastal Marine Field Station, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | | | - Ian Hawes
- Coastal Marine Field Station, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Brendan J Hicks
- Coastal Marine Field Station, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | | | - Moritz K Lehmann
- Coastal Marine Field Station, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand; Xerra Earth Observation Institute, Alexandra, New Zealand
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Gregersen R, Howarth JD, Wood SA, Vandergoes MJ, Puddick J, Moy C, Li X, Pearman JK, Moody A, Simon KS. Resolving 500 Years of Anthropogenic Impacts in a Mesotrophic Lake: Nutrients Outweigh Other Drivers of Lake Change. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:16940-16951. [PMID: 36379054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Interactions among multiple stressors, legacies of past perturbations, and the lack of historical information make it difficult to determine the influence of individual anthropogenic impacts on lakes and separate them from natural ecosystem variability. In the present study, we coupled paleolimnological approaches, historical data, and ecological experiments to disentangle the impacts of multiple long-term stressors on lake ecosystem structure and function. We found that the lake structure and function remained resistant to the impacts of catchment deforestation and erosion, and the introduction of several exotic fish species. Changes in ecosystem structure and function were consistent, with nutrient enrichment being the primary driver of change. Significant and sustained changes in the lake diatom community structure (and their nutrient requirements), bacterial community function, and paleolimnological proxies of ecosystem function coincided with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in the catchment. The results highlight that the effects of increased nutrient inputs are much stronger than the influence of other, potentially significant, drivers of ecosystem change, and that the degree of nutrient impact can be underestimated by environmental monitoring due to its diffuse and accumulative nature. Delineating the effects of multiple anthropogenic drivers requires long-term records of both impacts and lake ecosystem change across multiple trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chris Moy
- University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Xun Li
- GNS Science, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Kevin S Simon
- The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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4
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Murray JS, Finch SC, Mudge EM, Wilkins AL, Puddick J, Harwood DT, Rhodes LL, van Ginkel R, Rise F, Prinsep MR. Structural Characterization of Maitotoxins Produced by Toxic Gambierdiscus Species. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20070453. [PMID: 35877746 PMCID: PMC9324523 DOI: 10.3390/md20070453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying compounds responsible for the observed toxicity of the Gambierdiscus species is a critical step to ascertaining whether they contribute to ciguatera poisoning. Macroalgae samples were collected during research expeditions to Rarotonga (Cook Islands) and North Meyer Island (Kermadec Islands), from which two new Gambierdiscus species were characterized, G. cheloniae CAWD232 and G. honu CAWD242. Previous chemical and toxicological investigations of these species demonstrated that they did not produce the routinely monitored Pacific ciguatoxins nor maitotoxin-1 (MTX-1), yet were highly toxic to mice via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Bioassay-guided fractionation of methanolic extracts, incorporating wet chemistry and chromatographic techniques, was used to isolate two new MTX analogs; MTX-6 from G. cheloniae CAWD232 and MTX-7 from G. honu CAWD242. Structural characterization of the new MTX analogs used a combination of analytical chemistry techniques, including LC–MS, LC–MS/MS, HR–MS, oxidative cleavage and reduction, and NMR spectroscopy. A substantial portion of the MTX-7 structure was elucidated, and (to a lesser extent) that of MTX-6. Key differences from MTX-1 included monosulfation, additional hydroxyl groups, an extra double bond, and in the case of MTX-7, an additional methyl group. To date, this is the most extensive structural characterization performed on an MTX analog since the complete structure of MTX-1 was published in 1993. MTX-7 was extremely toxic to mice via i.p. injection (LD50 of 0.235 µg/kg), although no toxicity was observed at the highest dose rate via oral administration (155.8 µg/kg). Future research is required to investigate the bioaccumulation and likely biotransformation of the MTX analogs in the marine food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Sam Murray
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7040, New Zealand; (J.P.); (D.T.H.); (L.L.R.); (R.v.G.)
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; (A.L.W.); (M.R.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-3-548-2319
| | - Sarah C. Finch
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
| | - Elizabeth M. Mudge
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada;
| | - Alistair L. Wilkins
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; (A.L.W.); (M.R.P.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Jonathan Puddick
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7040, New Zealand; (J.P.); (D.T.H.); (L.L.R.); (R.v.G.)
| | - D. Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7040, New Zealand; (J.P.); (D.T.H.); (L.L.R.); (R.v.G.)
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Lesley L. Rhodes
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7040, New Zealand; (J.P.); (D.T.H.); (L.L.R.); (R.v.G.)
| | - Roel van Ginkel
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7040, New Zealand; (J.P.); (D.T.H.); (L.L.R.); (R.v.G.)
| | - Frode Rise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Blindern, P.O. Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Michèle R. Prinsep
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; (A.L.W.); (M.R.P.)
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Pearman JK, Wood SA, Vandergoes MJ, Atalah J, Waters S, Adamson J, Thomson-Laing G, Thompson L, Howarth JD, Hamilton DP, Pochon X, Biessy L, Brasell KA, Dahl J, Ellison R, Fitzsimons SJ, Gard H, Gerrard T, Gregersen R, Holloway M, Li X, Kelly DJ, Martin R, McFarlane K, McKay NP, Moody A, Moy CM, Naeher S, Newnham R, Parai R, Picard M, Puddick J, Rees ABH, Reyes L, Schallenberg M, Shepherd C, Short J, Simon KS, Steiner K, Šunde C, Terezow M, Tibby J. A bacterial index to estimate lake trophic level: National scale validation. Sci Total Environ 2022; 812:152385. [PMID: 34942258 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lakes and their catchments have been subjected to centuries to millennia of exploitation by humans. Efficient monitoring methods are required to promote proactive protection and management. Traditional monitoring is time consuming and expensive, which limits the number of lakes monitored. Lake surface sediments provide a temporally integrated representation of environmental conditions and contain high microbial biomass. Based on these attributes, we hypothesized that bacteria associated with lake trophic states could be identified and used to develop an index that would not be confounded by non-nutrient stressor gradients. Metabarcoding (16S rRNA gene) was used to assess bacterial communities present in surface sediments from 259 non-saline lakes in New Zealand encompassing a range of trophic states from alpine microtrophic lakes to lowland hypertrophic lakes. A subset of lakes (n = 96) with monitoring data was used to identify indicator amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) associated with different trophic states. A total of 10,888 indicator taxa were identified and used to develop a Sediment Bacterial Trophic Index (SBTI), which signficantly correlated (r2 = 0.842, P < 0.001) with the Trophic Lake Index. The SBTI was then derived for the remaining 163 lakes, providing new knowledge of the trophic state of these unmonitored lakes. This new, robust DNA-based tool provides a rapid and cost-effective method that will allow a greater number of lakes to be monitored and more effectively managed in New Zealand and globally. The SBTI could also be applied in a paleolimnological context to investigate changes in trophic status over centuries to millennia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Pearman
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand.
| | - Susanna A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | | | - Javier Atalah
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - Sean Waters
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - Janet Adamson
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | | | - Lucy Thompson
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - Jamie D Howarth
- Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - David P Hamilton
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia
| | - Xavier Pochon
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 349, Warkworth 0941, New Zealand
| | - Laura Biessy
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | | | - Jenny Dahl
- GNS Science, PO, Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Riki Ellison
- Waka Taurua Consulting, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | | | - Henry Gard
- GNS Science, PO, Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Tania Gerrard
- GNS Science, PO, Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Rose Gregersen
- Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | | | - Xun Li
- GNS Science, PO, Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - David J Kelly
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Nicholas P McKay
- School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, United States
| | - Adelaine Moody
- Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Chris M Moy
- University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | | | - Rewi Newnham
- Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Russleigh Parai
- Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Maïlys Picard
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | | | - Andrew B H Rees
- Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Lizette Reyes
- GNS Science, PO, Box 30-368, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Julia Short
- Adelaide University, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Kevin S Simon
- Auckland University, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - John Tibby
- Adelaide University, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Picard M, Wood SA, Pochon X, Vandergoes MJ, Reyes L, Howarth JD, Hawes I, Puddick J. Molecular and Pigment Analyses Provide Comparative Results When Reconstructing Historic Cyanobacterial Abundances from Lake Sediment Cores. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020279. [PMID: 35208733 PMCID: PMC8876145 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the historical onset of cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater bodies can help identify their potential drivers. Lake sediments are historical archives, containing information on what has occurred in and around lakes over time. Paleolimnology explores these records using a variety of techniques, but choosing the most appropriate method can be challenging. We compared results obtained from a droplet digital PCR assay targeting a cyanobacterial-specific region of the 16S rRNA gene in sedimentary DNA and cyanobacterial pigments (canthaxanthin, echinenone, myxoxanthophyll and zeaxanthin) analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography in four sediment cores. There were strong positive relationships between the 16S rRNA gene copy concentrations and individual pigment concentrations, but relationships differed among lakes and sediment core depths within lakes. The relationships were more consistent when all pigments were summed, which we attribute to different cyanobacteria species, in different lakes, at different times producing different suites of pigments. Each method had benefits and limitations, which should be taken into consideration during method selection and when interpreting paleolimnological data. We recommend this biphasic approach when making inferences about changes in the entire cyanobacterial community because they yielded complementary information. Our results support the view that molecular methods can yield results similar to traditional paleolimnological proxies when caveats are adequately addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maïlys Picard
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (S.A.W.); (X.P.); (J.P.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand;
- Correspondence:
| | - Susanna A. Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (S.A.W.); (X.P.); (J.P.)
| | - Xavier Pochon
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (S.A.W.); (X.P.); (J.P.)
- Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 349, Auckland 0941, New Zealand
| | - Marcus J. Vandergoes
- GNS Science, 1 Fairway Drive, Avalon, Lower Hutt 5011, New Zealand; (M.J.V.); (L.R.)
| | - Lizette Reyes
- GNS Science, 1 Fairway Drive, Avalon, Lower Hutt 5011, New Zealand; (M.J.V.); (L.R.)
| | - Jamie D. Howarth
- School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6012, New Zealand;
| | - Ian Hawes
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand;
| | - Jonathan Puddick
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (S.A.W.); (X.P.); (J.P.)
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Wood SA, Puddick J, Hawes I, Steiner K, Dietrich DR, Hamilton DP. Variability in microcystin quotas during a Microcystis bloom in a eutrophic lake. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254967. [PMID: 34288957 PMCID: PMC8294494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystis is a bloom-forming genus of cyanobacteria with some genotypes that produce highly toxic microcystin hepatotoxins. In waterbodies where biological and physical factors are relatively homogenous, toxin quotas (the average amount of toxin per cell), at a single point in time, are expected to be relatively constant. In this study we challenged this assumption by investigating the spatial distribution of microcystin quotas at a single point in time on two separate occasions in a lake with a major Microcystis bloom. Microcystis cell concentrations varied widely across the lake on both sampling occasions (730- and 137-fold) together with microcystin quotas (148- and 362-fold). Cell concentrations and microcystin quotas were strongly positively correlated (R2 = 0.89, P < 0.001, n = 28; R2 = 0.67, P < 0.001, n = 25). Analysis of Microcystis strains using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region showed no relationship between microcystin quota and the relative abundance of specific sequences. Collectively, the results of this study indicate an association between microcystin production and cell density that magnifies the potential for bloom toxicity at elevated cell concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Hawes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | | | - David P. Hamilton
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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Murray JS, Finch SC, Puddick J, Rhodes LL, Harwood DT, van Ginkel R, Prinsep MR. Acute Toxicity of Gambierone and Quantitative Analysis of Gambierones Produced by Cohabitating Benthic Dinoflagellates. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050333. [PMID: 34063025 PMCID: PMC8147941 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the toxicity and production rates of the various secondary metabolites produced by Gambierdiscus and cohabitating benthic dinoflagellates is essential to unravelling the complexities associated with ciguatera poisoning. In the present study, a sulphated cyclic polyether, gambierone, was purified from Gambierdiscus cheloniae CAWD232 and its acute toxicity was determined using intraperitoneal injection into mice. It was shown to be of low toxicity with an LD50 of 2.4 mg/kg, 9600 times less toxic than the commonly implicated Pacific ciguatoxin-1B, indicating it is unlikely to play a role in ciguatera poisoning. In addition, the production of gambierone and 44-methylgambierone was assessed from 20 isolates of ten Gambierdiscus, two Coolia and two Fukuyoa species using quantitative liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Gambierone was produced by seven Gambierdiscus species, ranging from 1 to 87 pg/cell, and one species from each of the genera Coolia and Fukuyoa, ranging from 2 to 17 pg/cell. The production of 44-methylgambierone ranged from 5 to 270 pg/cell and was ubiquitous to all Gambierdiscus species tested, as well as both species of Coolia and Fukuyoa. The relative production ratio of these two secondary metabolites revealed that only two species produced more gambierone, G. carpenteri CAWD237 and G. cheloniae CAWD232. This represents the first report of gambierone acute toxicity and production by these cohabitating benthic dinoflagellate species. While these results demonstrate that gambierones are unlikely to pose a risk to human health, further research is required to understand if they bioaccumulate in the marine food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Sam Murray
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (J.P.); (L.L.R.); (D.T.H.); (R.v.G.)
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sarah C. Finch
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
| | - Jonathan Puddick
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (J.P.); (L.L.R.); (D.T.H.); (R.v.G.)
| | - Lesley L. Rhodes
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (J.P.); (L.L.R.); (D.T.H.); (R.v.G.)
| | - D. Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (J.P.); (L.L.R.); (D.T.H.); (R.v.G.)
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Roel van Ginkel
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (J.P.); (L.L.R.); (D.T.H.); (R.v.G.)
| | - Michèle R. Prinsep
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand;
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Puddick J, van Ginkel R, Page CD, Murray JS, Greenhough HE, Bowater J, Selwood AI, Wood SA, Prinsep MR, Truman P, Munday R, Finch SC. Acute toxicity of dihydroanatoxin-a from Microcoleus autumnalis in comparison to anatoxin-a. Chemosphere 2021; 263:127937. [PMID: 32828056 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The cyanobacterium Microcoleus autumnalis grows as thick benthic mats in rivers and is becoming increasingly prevalent around the world. M. autumnalis can produce high concentrations of anatoxins and ingestion of benthic mats has led to multiple dog deaths over the past two decades. M. autumnalis produces a suite of different anatoxin congeners including anatoxin-a (ATX), dihydroanatoxin-a, (dhATX), homoanatoxin-a and dihydrohomoanatoxin-a. Benthic mat samples often contain high levels of dhATX, but there is little toxicology information on this congener. In the present study, natural versions of dhATX and ATX were purified from cyanobacteria to determine the acute toxicity by different routes of administration using mice. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to confirm the putative structure of dhATX. By intraperitoneal (ip) injection, the median lethal dose (LD50) for dhATX was 0.73 mg/kg, indicating a reduced toxicity compared to ATX (LD50 of 0.23 mg/kg). However, by oral administration (both gavage and feeding), dhATX was more toxic than ATX (gavage LD50 of 2.5 mg/kg for dhATX and 10.6 mg/kg for ATX; feeding LD50 of 8 mg/kg for dhATX and 25 mg/kg for ATX). The relative nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-binding affinities of ATX and dhATX were determined using the Torpedo electroplaque assay which showed consistency with the relative toxicity determined by ip injection. This work highlights that toxicity studies based solely on ip injection may not yield LD50 values that are relevant to those derived via oral administration, and hence, do not provide a good estimate of the risk posed to human and animal health in situations where oral ingestion is the likely route of exposure. The high acute oral toxicity of dhATX, and its abundance in M. autumnalis proliferations, demonstrates that it is an important environmental contaminant that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roel van Ginkel
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Carrie D Page
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - J Sam Murray
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | | | - Joel Bowater
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | | | - Susanna A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Michèle R Prinsep
- Chemistry, School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Penelope Truman
- Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Rex Munday
- AgResearch Limited, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Sarah C Finch
- AgResearch Limited, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
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10
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Wood SA, Kelly L, Bouma-Gregson K, Humbert JF, Laughinghouse HD, Lazorchak J, McAllister T, McQueen A, Pokrzywinski K, Puddick J, Quiblier C, Reitz LA, Ryan K, Vadeboncoeur Y, Zastepa A, Davis TW. Toxic benthic freshwater cyanobacterial proliferations: Challenges and solutions for enhancing knowledge and improving monitoring and mitigation. Freshw Biol 2020; 65:1824-1842. [PMID: 34970014 PMCID: PMC8715960 DOI: 10.1111/fwb.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
1. This review summarises knowledge on the ecology, toxin production, and impacts of toxic freshwater benthic cyanobacterial proliferations. It documents monitoring, management, and sampling strategies, and explores mitigation options. 2. Toxic proliferations of freshwater benthic cyanobacteria (taxa that grow attached to substrates) occur in streams, rivers, lakes, and thermal and meltwater ponds, and have been reported in 19 countries. Anatoxin- and microcystin-containing mats are most commonly reported (eight and 10 countries, respectively). 3. Studies exploring factors that promote toxic benthic cyanobacterial proliferations are limited to a few species and habitats. There is a hierarchy of importance in environmental and biological factors that regulate proliferations with variables such as flow (rivers), fine sediment deposition, nutrients, associated microbes, and grazing identified as key drivers. Regulating factors differ among colonisation, expansion, and dispersal phases. 4. New -omics-based approaches are providing novel insights into the physiological attributes of benthic cyanobacteria and the role of associated microorganisms in facilitating their proliferation. 5. Proliferations are commonly comprised of both toxic and non-toxic strains, and the relative proportion of these is the key factor contributing to the overall toxin content of each mat. 6. While these events are becoming more commonly reported globally, we currently lack standardised approaches to detect, monitor, and manage this emerging health issue. To solve these critical gaps, global collaborations are needed to facilitate the rapid transfer of knowledge and promote the development of standardised techniques that can be applied to diverse habitats and species, and ultimately lead to improved management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Keith Bouma-Gregson
- Office of Information Management and Analysis, California State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | | | - H Dail Laughinghouse
- Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - James Lazorchak
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Monitoring and Modeling, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tara McAllister
- Te Pūnaha Matatini Centre of Research Excellence for Complex Systems, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew McQueen
- Environmental Risk Assessment Branch, US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineering Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Katyee Pokrzywinski
- Environmental Risk Assessment Branch, US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineering Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi, United States of America
| | | | | | - Laura A Reitz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ken Ryan
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Yvonne Vadeboncoeur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Arthur Zastepa
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy W Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, United States of America
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11
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Thomson-Laing G, Puddick J, Wood SA. Predicting cyanobacterial biovolumes from phycocyanin fluorescence using a handheld fluorometer in the field. Harmful Algae 2020; 97:101869. [PMID: 32732055 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacterial blooms are becoming more prevalent in freshwater systems, increasing the need for monitoring to protect human health. Phycocyanin fluorescence sensors have been developed as tools for providing fast and cost-effective proxy measurements for cyanobacterial biomass. However, poor precision and low sensitivity in many of the probe sensors assessed to-date has restricted their potential for practical application in cyanobacterial monitoring programmes. In the present study, the sensitivity and accuracy of a handheld fluorometer, the CyanoFluor, was assessed using 12 cyanobacterial strains and samples from four different lakes collected weekly for 12 weeks. After the initial measurements, the samples were lysed by sonication, which we hypothesised would reduce inter and intra-specific differences. The CyanoFluor displayed high sensitivity (limit of quantification = 3.5 µg L-1 of phycocyanin) and was able to detect cyanobacterial biovolumes to levels much lower than the threshold levels in current recreational guidelines worldwide. There were strong and significant phycocyanin to biovolume relationships (r2 ≥ 0.88, P < 0.05) for all 12 cyanobacterial cultures. Collectively, strong relationships between phycocyanin fluorescence and cyanobacterial biovolumes were also identified in environmental samples (r2 ≥ 0.78, P < 0.001), although weaker relationships were identified when lakes were analysed separately (r2 = 0.06 - 0.90). There were differences in phycocyanin per biovolume between both cultured strains and lakes, highlighting innate interspecific differences that exist between cyanobacterial species. Lysis of samples consistently reduced variability between technical replicates, in cyanobacteria cultures (up to 87% reduction in sample variability) and environmental samples (71 - 93% reduction), indicating that it would be a useful methodological step to improve the repeatability of results. When guideline thresholds (aligned with currently enforced risk assessment categories) were modelled based on the most successful linear regression model, 74% of samples were assigned to the correct risk category. The sensitivity of the CyanoFluor and accuracy of the phycocyanin threshold models, indicates high potential for this method to be integrated into cyanobacterial monitoring programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susanna A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
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12
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Murray JS, Nishimura T, Finch SC, Rhodes LL, Puddick J, Harwood DT, Larsson ME, Doblin MA, Leung P, Yan M, Rise F, Wilkins AL, Prinsep MR. The role of 44-methylgambierone in ciguatera fish poisoning: Acute toxicity, production by marine microalgae and its potential as a biomarker for Gambierdiscus spp. Harmful Algae 2020; 97:101853. [PMID: 32732047 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is prevalent around the tropical and sub-tropical latitudes of the world and impacts many Pacific island communities intrinsically linked to the reef system for sustenance and trade. While the genus Gambierdiscus has been linked with CFP, it is commonly found on tropical reef systems in microalgal assemblages with other genera of toxin-producing, epiphytic and/or benthic dinoflagellates - Amphidinium, Coolia, Fukuyoa, Ostreopsis and Prorocentrum. Identifying a biomarker compound that can be used for the early detection of Gambierdiscus blooms, specifically in a mixed microalgal community, is paramount in enabling the development of management and mitigation strategies. Following on from the recent structural elucidation of 44-methylgambierone, its potential to contribute to CFP intoxication events and applicability as a biomarker compound for Gambierdiscus spp. was investigated. The acute toxicity of this secondary metabolite was determined by intraperitoneal injection using mice, which showed it to be of low toxicity, with an LD50 between 20 and 38 mg kg-1. The production of 44-methylgambierone by 252 marine microalgal isolates consisting of 90 species from 32 genera across seven classes, was assessed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. It was discovered that the production of this secondary metabolite was ubiquitous to the eight Gambierdiscus species tested, however not all isolates of G. carpenteri, and some species/isolates of Coolia and Fukuyoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sam Murray
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
| | | | - Sarah C Finch
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | | | | | - D Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Michaela E Larsson
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123 Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Martina A Doblin
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123 Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Priscilla Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Frode Rise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alistair L Wilkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Michèle R Prinsep
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
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13
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Khomutovska N, Sandzewicz M, Łach Ł, Suska-Malawska M, Chmielewska M, Mazur-Marzec H, Cegłowska M, Niyatbekov T, Wood SA, Puddick J, Kwiatowski J, Jasser I. Limited Microcystin, Anatoxin and Cylindrospermopsin Production by Cyanobacteria from Microbial Mats in Cold Deserts. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040244. [PMID: 32290390 PMCID: PMC7232524 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic metabolites are produced by many cyanobacterial species. There are limited data on toxigenic benthic, mat-forming cyanobacteria, and information on toxic cyanobacteria from Central Asia is even more scarce. In the present study, we examined cyanobacterial diversity and community structure, the presence of genes involved in toxin production and the occurrence of cyanotoxins in cyanobacterial mats from small water bodies in a cold high-mountain desert of Eastern Pamir. Diversity was explored using amplicon-based sequencing targeting the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, toxin potential using PCR-based methods (mcy, nda, ana, sxt), and toxins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Molecular identification of cyanobacteria showed a high similarity of abundant taxa to Nostoc PCC-73102, Nostoc PCC-7524, Nodularia PCC-935 and Leptolyngbya CYN68. The PCRs revealed the presence of mcyE and/or ndaF genes in 11 samples and mcyD in six. The partial sequences of the mcyE gene showed high sequence similarity to Nostoc, Planktothrix and uncultured cyanobacteria. LC-MS/MS analysis identified six microcystin congeners in two samples and unknown peptides in one. These results suggest that, in this extreme environment, cyanobacteria do not commonly produce microcystins, anatoxins and cylindrospermopsins, despite the high diversity and widespread occurrence of potentially toxic taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliia Khomutovska
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (N.K.); (M.S.); (Ł.Ł.); (M.S.-M.); (M.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Sandzewicz
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (N.K.); (M.S.); (Ł.Ł.); (M.S.-M.); (M.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Łukasz Łach
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (N.K.); (M.S.); (Ł.Ł.); (M.S.-M.); (M.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Suska-Malawska
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (N.K.); (M.S.); (Ł.Ł.); (M.S.-M.); (M.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Monika Chmielewska
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (N.K.); (M.S.); (Ł.Ł.); (M.S.-M.); (M.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46 ave., 81-378 Gdynia, Poland;
| | - Marta Cegłowska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland;
| | - Toirbek Niyatbekov
- Institute of Botany, Plant Physiology and Genetics, Academy Science Republic of Tajikistan, 27 Karamov Str., Dushanbe 734017, Tajikistan;
| | - Susanna A. Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (S.A.W.); (J.P.)
| | - Jonathan Puddick
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; (S.A.W.); (J.P.)
| | - Jan Kwiatowski
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (N.K.); (M.S.); (Ł.Ł.); (M.S.-M.); (M.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Iwona Jasser
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (N.K.); (M.S.); (Ł.Ł.); (M.S.-M.); (M.C.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-552-6680
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14
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Thomson-Laing G, Puddick J, Laroche O, Fulton S, Steiner K, Heath MW, Wood SA. Broad and Fine Scale Variability in Bacterial Diversity and Cyanotoxin Quotas in Benthic Cyanobacterial Mats. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:129. [PMID: 32117151 PMCID: PMC7017413 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Benthic proliferations of Microcoleus autumnalis (basionym Phormidium autumnale) and closely related taxa are being reported with increasing frequency in streams and rivers worldwide. This species commonly produces the potent neurotoxin anatoxin, and exposure to this has resulted in animal fatalities and human health concerns. Bacterial communities within cyanobacterial assemblages can facilitate processes such as nutrient cycling and are posited to influence cyanobacterial growth and function. However, there is limited knowledge on spatial variability of bacterial communities associated with benthic cyanobacteria and anatoxin content and quotas. In this study, M. autumnalis-dominated mat samples were collected from six sites in two New Zealand streams. Associated bacterial communities were characterized using 16S rRNA metabarcoding, anatoxin content by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and anaC copies using droplet digital PCR. Bacterial assemblages differed significantly when amplicon sequence variants were compared between streams and most sites within streams. These differences were associated with conductivity, DRP, DIN, temperature, anatoxin concentration, and quota. Despite the differences in bacterial community composition; at phyla, class and order levels there was high similarity across spatial scales, with Bacteroidetes (ca. 67%) and Proteobacteria (ca. 25%) dominant. There was significant variability in total anatoxin concentrations between sites in both streams (p < 0.001). When the data were converted to anatoxin quotas variability was reduced, suggesting that the relative abundance of toxic genotypes is a key driver of total anatoxin concentrations in mats. This study demonstrates the complexity of microbial communities within M. autumnalis-dominated mats and highlights their likely important role in within-mat nutrient cycling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olivier Laroche
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand.,Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | | | | | - Mark W Heath
- Greater Wellington Reginal Council, Wellington, New Zealand
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15
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Kelly LT, Bouma-Gregson K, Puddick J, Fadness R, Ryan KG, Davis TW, Wood SA. Multiple cyanotoxin congeners produced by sub-dominant cyanobacterial taxa in riverine cyanobacterial and algal mats. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220422. [PMID: 31841562 PMCID: PMC6913960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Benthic cyanobacterial proliferations in rivers are have been reported with increasing frequency worldwide. In the Eel and Russian rivers of California, more than a dozen dog deaths have been attributed to cyanotoxin toxicosis since 2000. Periphyton proliferations in these rivers comprise multiple cyanobacterial taxa capable of cyanotoxin production, hence there is uncertainty regarding which taxa are producing toxins. In this study, periphyton samples dominated by the cyanobacterial genera Anabaena spp. and Microcoleus spp. and the green alga Cladophora glomerata were collected from four sites in the Eel River catchment and one site in the Russian River. Samples were analysed for potential cyanotoxin producers using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in concert with Sanger sequencing. Cyanotoxin concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry, and anatoxin quota (the amount of cyanobacterial anatoxins per toxigenic cell) determined using droplet digital PCR. Sequencing indicated Microcoleus sp. and Nodularia sp. were the putative producers of cyanobacterial anatoxins and nodularins, respectively, regardless of the dominant taxa in the mat. Anatoxin concentrations in the mat samples varied from 0.1 to 18.6 μg g-1 and were significantly different among sites (p < 0.01, Wilcoxon test); however, anatoxin quotas were less variable (< 5-fold). Dihydroanatoxin-a was generally the most abundant variant in samples comprising 38% to 71% of the total anatoxins measured. Mats dominated by the green alga C. glomerata contained both anatoxins and nodularin-R at concentrations similar to those of cyanobacteria-dominated mats. This highlights that even when cyanobacteria are not the dominant taxa in periphyton, these mats may still pose a serious health risk and indicates that more widespread monitoring of all mats in a river are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura T. Kelly
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
- Cawthron Institute, The Wood, Nelson, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Keith Bouma-Gregson
- Office of Information Management and Analysis, California State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | | | - Rich Fadness
- North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board, Santa Rosa, California, United States of America
| | - Ken G. Ryan
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Timothy W. Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, United States of America
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Wood SA, Biessy L, Puddick J. Anatoxins are consistently released into the water of streams with Microcoleus autumnalis-dominated (cyanobacteria) proliferations. Harmful Algae 2018; 80:88-95. [PMID: 30502816 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Proliferations of potentially toxic, mat-forming Microcoleus are increasing in streams globally. A range of cyanotoxins are produced by Microcoleus, with the neurotoxic anatoxins (anatoxin-a, dihydro-anatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a and dihydro-homoanatoxin-a) the most commonly reported. The anatoxins produced by Microcoleus are thought to be largely contained within the cells. More knowledge on whether anatoxins are been released into the overlying stream water is required to better assess health risks to human, animals, and aquatic organisms. Field studies were conducted in three streams experiencing toxic Microcoleus autumnalis (basionym Phormidium autumnale)-dominated proliferations. Samples were collected every 1.5-3 h over a 24- or 26-h sampling period. Water samples were analyzed for total (intracellular and dissolved) and dissolved anatoxins, and time-integrated anatoxin samples were collected using solid phase adsorption tracking technology (SPATT). Anatoxins were detected in all stream water and SPATT samples (max. 0.91 ng mL-1 and 95 ng g-1 of strata-x hr-1). At two sites, anatoxins were largely dissolved, whereas at the third site only total anatoxins could be detected. Temporal variability in anatoxin concentrations was observed, but there were no evident patterns between sampling sites. Linear regression showed a very weakstatistically significant relationship (R2 = 0.24, p = 0.002) between total anatoxin concentrations in water and SPATT, however, when tested per site, only one of the three showed a significant relationship. These results highlight the potential for chronic exposure to anatoxins for humans (i.e., through drinking water) and aquatic organisms in streams with M. autumnalis proliferations. The health implications of this are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand.
| | - Laura Biessy
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Puddick
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
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17
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Hodges CM, Wood SA, Puddick J, McBride CG, Hamilton DP. Sensor manufacturer, temperature, and cyanobacteria morphology affect phycocyanin fluorescence measurements. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:1079-1088. [PMID: 29079975 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sensors to measure phycocyanin fluorescence in situ are becoming widely used as they may provide useful proxies for cyanobacterial biomass. In this study, we assessed five phycocyanin sensors from three different manufacturers. A combination of culture-based experiments and a 30-sample field study was used to examine the effect of temperature and cyanobacteria morphology on phycocyanin fluorescence. Phycocyanin fluorescence increased with decrease in temperature, although this varied with manufacturer and cyanobacterial density. Phycocyanin fluorescence and cyanobacterial biovolume were strongly correlated (R 2 > 0.83, P < 0.05) for single-celled and filamentous species. The relationship was generally weak for a colonial strain of Microcystis aeruginosa. The colonial culture was divided into different colony size classes and phycocyanin measured before and after manual disaggregation. No differences were measured, and the observation that fluorescence spiked when large colonial aggregates drifted past the light source suggests that sample heterogeneity, rather than lack of light penetration into the colonies, was the main cause of the poor relationship. Analysis of field samples showed a strong relationship between in situ phycocyanin fluorescence and spectrophotometrically measured phycocyanin (R 2 > 0.7, P < 0.001). However, there was only a weak relationship between phycocyanin fluorescence and cyanobacterial biovolume for two sensors (R 2 = 0.22-0.29, P < 0.001) and a non-significant relationship for the third sensor (R 2 = 0.29, P > 0.4). The five sensors tested in our study differed in their output of phycocyanin fluorescence, upper working limits (1200 to > 12,000 μg/L), and responses to temperature, highlighting the need for comprehensive sensor calibration and knowledge on the limitations of specific sensors prior to deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Hodges
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Susanna A Wood
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson, New Zealand
| | | | | | - David P Hamilton
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.
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Altaner S, Puddick J, Wood SA, Dietrich DR. Adsorption of Ten Microcystin Congeners to Common Laboratory-Ware Is Solvent and Surface Dependent. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9040129. [PMID: 28383495 PMCID: PMC5408203 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9040129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria can produce heptapetides called microcystins (MC) which are harmful to humans due to their ability to inhibit cellular protein phosphatases. Quantitation of these toxins can be hampered by their adsorption to common laboratory-ware during sample processing and analysis. Because of their structural diversity (>100 congeners) and different physico-chemical properties, they vary in their adsorption to surfaces. In this study, the adsorption of ten different MC congeners (encompassing non-arginated to doubly-arginated congeners) to common laboratory-ware was assessed using different solvent combinations. Sample handling steps were mimicked with glass and polypropylene pipettes and vials with increasing methanol concentrations at two pH levels, before analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We demonstrated that MC adsorb to polypropylene surfaces irrespective of pH. After eight successive pipet actions using polypropylene tips ca. 20% of the MC were lost to the surface material, which increased to 25%–40% when solutions were acidified. The observed loss was alleviated by changing the methanol (MeOH) concentration in the final solvent. The required MeOH concentration varied depending on which congener was present. Microcystins only adsorbed to glass pipettes (loss up to 30% after eight pipet actions) when in acidified aqueous solutions. The latter appeared largely dependent on the presence of ionizable groups, such as arginine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Altaner
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box 662, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
| | | | - Susanna A Wood
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
| | - Daniel R Dietrich
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box 662, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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Prinsep MR, Appleton TG, Hanson GR, Lane I, Smith CD, Puddick J, Fairlie DP. Tolyporphin Macrocycles from the Cyanobacterium Tolypothrix nodosa Selectively Bind Copper and Silver and Reverse Multidrug Resistance. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:5577-5585. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b03000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michèle R. Prinsep
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Ian Lane
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Charles D. Smith
- Department
of Pharmacology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, United States
| | - Jonathan Puddick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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Wood SA, Maier MY, Puddick J, Pochon X, Zaiko A, Dietrich DR, Hamilton DP. Trophic state and geographic gradients influence planktonic cyanobacterial diversity and distribution in New Zealand lakes. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 93:fiw234. [PMID: 27856621 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are commonly associated with eutrophic lakes, where they often form blooms and produce toxins. However, they are a ubiquitous component of phytoplankton in lakes of widely varying trophic status. We hypothesised that cyanobacterial diversity would vary among lakes of differing trophic status, but that the relative importance of geographical and hydromorphological characteristics driving these patterns would differ across trophic groups. DNA from 143 New Zealand lakes that spanned a range of geographic, hydromorphological and trophic gradients was analysed using automated rRNA intergenic spacer analysis and screened for genes involved in cyanotoxin production. Statistical analysis revealed significant delineation among cyanobacterial communities from different trophic classes. Multivariate regression indicated that geographical features (latitude, longitude and altitude) were significant in driving cyanobacterial community structure; however, partitioning of their effects varied among trophic categories. High-throughput sequencing was undertaken on selected samples to investigate their taxonomic composition. The most abundant and diverse (71 operational taxonomic units) taxon across all lake types was the picocyanobacteria genus Synechococcus Cyanotoxins (microcystins n = 23, anatoxins n = 1) were only detected in eutrophic lowland lakes. Collectively, these data infer that increasing eutrophication of lakes will have broad-scale impacts on planktonic cyanobacteria diversity and the prevalence of cyanotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand .,Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Marcia Y Maier
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.,Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, D-78457, Germany
| | | | - Xavier Pochon
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.,Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Anastasija Zaiko
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.,Marine Science and Technology Center, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda LT-92294, Lithuania
| | - Daniel R Dietrich
- Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, D-78457, Germany
| | - David P Hamilton
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
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21
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Rogers S, Puddick J, Wood SA, Dietrich DR, Hamilton DP, Prinsep MR. The effect of cyanobacterial biomass enrichment by centrifugation and GF/C filtration on subsequent microcystin measurement. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:821-34. [PMID: 25763766 PMCID: PMC4379527 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7030821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins are cyclic peptides produced by multiple cyanobacterial genera. After accumulation in the liver of animals they inhibit eukaryotic serine/threonine protein phosphatases, causing liver disease or death. Accurate detection/quantification of microcystins is essential to ensure safe water resources and to enable research on this toxin. Previous methodological comparisons have focused on detection and extraction techniques, but have not investigated the commonly used biomass enrichment steps. These enrichment steps could modulate toxin production as recent studies have demonstrated that high cyanobacterial cell densities cause increased microcystin levels. In this study, three microcystin-producing strains were processed using no cell enrichment steps (by direct freezing at three temperatures) and with biomass enrichment (by centrifugation or GF/C filtration). After extraction, microcystins were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. All processing methods tested, except GF/C filtration, resulted in comparable microcystin quotas for all strains. The low yields observed for the filtration samples were caused by adsorption of arginine-containing microcystins to the GF/C filters. Whilst biomass enrichment did not affect microcystin metabolism over the time-frame of normal sample processing, problems associated with GF/C filtration were identified. The most widely applicable processing method was direct freezing of samples as it could be utilized in both field and laboratory environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
| | | | - Susanna A Wood
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
| | - Daniel R Dietrich
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box 662, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - David P Hamilton
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
| | - Michele R Prinsep
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
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Puddick J, Prinsep MR, Wood SA, Cary SC, Hamilton DP, Holland PT. Further characterization of glycine-containing microcystins from the McMurdo dry Valleys of Antarctica. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:493-515. [PMID: 25675414 PMCID: PMC4344637 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7020493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins are hepatotoxic cyclic peptides produced by several cyanobacterial genera worldwide. In 2008, our research group identified eight new glycine-containing microcystin congeners in two hydro-terrestrial mat samples from the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Eastern Antarctica. During the present study, high-resolution mass spectrometry, amino acid analysis and micro-scale thiol derivatization were used to further elucidate their structures. The Antarctic microcystin congeners contained the rare substitution of the position-1 ᴅ-alanine for glycine, as well as the acetyl desmethyl modification of the position-5 Adda moiety (3S-amino-9S-methoxy-2S,6,8S-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4E,6E-dienoic acid). Amino acid analysis was used to determine the stereochemistry of several of the amino acids and conclusively demonstrated the presence of glycine in the microcystins. A recently developed thiol derivatization technique showed that each microcystin contained dehydrobutyrine in position-7 instead of the commonly observed N-methyl dehydroalanine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michèle R Prinsep
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
| | - Susanna A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7010, New Zealand.
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
| | - Stephen Craig Cary
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
| | - David P Hamilton
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
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Kleinteich J, Wood SA, Puddick J, Schleheck D, Küpper FC, Dietrich D. Potent toxins in Arctic environments – Presence of saxitoxins and an unusual microcystin variant in Arctic freshwater ecosystems. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:423-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Puddick J, Prinsep MR, Wood SA, Miles CO, Rise F, Cary SC, Hamilton DP, Wilkins AL. Structural characterization of new microcystins containing tryptophan and oxidized tryptophan residues. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3025-45. [PMID: 23966035 PMCID: PMC3766880 DOI: 10.3390/md11083025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins are cyclic peptides produced by cyanobacteria, which can be harmful to humans and animals when ingested. Eight of the (more than) 90 microcystin variants presently characterized, contain the amino acid tryptophan. The well-researched oxidation products of tryptophan; kynurenine, oxindolylalanine, and N-formylkynurenine, have been previously identified in intact polypeptides but microcystin congeners containing oxidized tryptophan moieties have not been reported. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric analysis of an extract of Microcystis CAWBG11 led to the tentative identification of two new tryptophan-containing microcystins (MC‑WAba and MC-WL), as well as eight other microcystin analogs containing kynurenine, oxindolylalanine and N‑formylkynurenine (Nfk). Investigation of one of these congeners (MC‑NfkA) by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to verify the presence of Nfk in the microcystin. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of a tryptophan oxidation experiment demonstrated that tryptophan-containing microcystins could be converted into oxidized tryptophan analogs and that low levels of oxidized tryptophan congeners were present intracellularly in CAWBG11. MC-NfkR and MC-LNfk were detected in standards of MC-WR and MC-LW, indicating that care during storage of tryptophan-containing microcystins is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Puddick
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; E-Mails: (J.P.); (S.A.W.)
| | - Michèle R. Prinsep
- Chemistry Department, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +64-78-384-466 (ext. 8902); Fax: +64-78-384-219
| | - Susanna A. Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand; E-Mails: (J.P.); (S.A.W.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; E-Mails: (S.C.C.); (D.P.H.)
| | - Christopher O. Miles
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; E-Mail:
| | - Frode Rise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, N-0315 Oslo, Norway; E-Mail:
| | - Stephen Craig Cary
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; E-Mails: (S.C.C.); (D.P.H.)
| | - David P. Hamilton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; E-Mails: (S.C.C.); (D.P.H.)
| | - Alistair L. Wilkins
- Chemistry Department, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; E-Mail:
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway; E-Mail:
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Puddick J, Prinsep MR, Wood SA, Craig Cary S, Hamilton DP. Enhanced sample preparation for quantitation of microcystins by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry. Phytochem Anal 2012; 23:285-291. [PMID: 21960244 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microcystins (MCs) are a group of cyanotoxins which pose a serious health threat when present in aquatic systems. Quantitative analysis of MCs by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry has potential for the processing of large numbers of samples quickly and economically. The existing method uses an expensive internal standard and protocols that are incompatible with automated sample preparation and data acquisition. OBJECTIVE To produce a MALDI-TOF sample preparation technique for the quantitation of MCs that not only maintains reproducibility and sensitivity, but is also compatible with an automated work-flow. METHODOLOGY Seven different MALDI-TOF sample preparations were assessed for signal reproducibility (coefficient of variation) and sensitivity (method detection limit) using a cost-effective internal standard (angiotensin I). The best preparation was then assessed for its quantitative performance using three different MC congeners ([Dha⁷] MC-LR, MC-RR and MC-YR). RESULTS The sensitivity of six of the preparations was acceptable, as was the reproducibility for two thin-layer preparations performed on a polished steel target. Both thin-layer preparations could be used with a MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer that automatically acquires data, and one could be used in an automated sample preparation work-flow. Further investigation using the thin-layer spot preparation demonstrated that linear quantification of three different MC congeners was possible. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates that with different sample preparation methods and modern instrumentation, large numbers of samples can be analysed rapidly for MCs at low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Puddick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Abstract
As the only known example of complete organ regeneration in mammals, deer antler in the growing or velvet phase is of major interest in developmental biology. This regeneration event initiates from self-renewing antler stem cells that exhibit pluripotency. At present, it remains unclear how the activation and quiescence of antler stem cells are regulated. Therefore, in the present study proteins that were differentially expressed between the antler stem cells and somatic cells (facial periosteum) were identified by a gel-based proteomic technique, and analysed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. Several molecular pathways (PI3K/Akt, ERK/MAPK, p38 MAPK, etc.) were found to be activated during proliferation. Also expressed were the transcription factors POU5F1, SOX2, NANOG and MYC, which are key markers of embryonic stem cells. Expression of these proteins was confirmed in both cultured cells and fresh tissues by Western blot analysis. Therefore, the molecular pathways and transcription factors identified in the current study are common to embryonic and adult stem cells. However, expression of embryonic stem cell transcription factors would suggest that antler stem cells are, potentially, an intermediary stem cell type between embryonic and the more specialized tissue-specific stem cells like those residing in muscle, fat or from a hematopoietic origin. The retention of this embryonic, pluripotent lineage may be of fundamental importance for the subsequent regenerative capacity of antlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyi Li
- Developmental Biology Group, AgResearch Ltd, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, New Zealand
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Special Economic Animals, Changchun, China
| | - Anne Harper
- Developmental Biology Group, AgResearch Ltd, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Puddick
- Waikato Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Wenying Wang
- Developmental Biology Group, AgResearch Ltd, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, New Zealand
| | - Chris McMahon
- Developmental Biology Group, AgResearch Ltd, Ruakura Agricultural Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
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Tripathi A, Puddick J, Prinsep MR, Rottmann M, Chan KP, Chen DYK, Tan LT. Lagunamide C, a cytotoxic cyclodepsipeptide from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. Phytochemistry 2011; 72:2369-2375. [PMID: 21903231 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lagunamide C (1) is a cytotoxic cyclodepsipeptide isolated from the marine cyanobacterium, Lyngbya majuscula, from the western lagoon of Pulau Hantu Besar, Singapore. The complete structural characterization of the molecule was achieved by extensive NMR spectroscopic analysis as well as chemical manipulations. Several methods, including the advanced Marfey's method, a modified method based on derivatization with Mosher's reagents and analysis using LC-MS, and the use of (3)J(H-H) coupling constant values, were utilized for the determination of its absolute configuration. Compound 1 is related to the aurilide-class of molecules and it differs mainly in the macrocyclic structure by having a 27 membered ring system due to additional methylene carbon in the polyketide moiety. Lagunamide C displayed potent cytotoxic activity against a panel of cancer cell lines, such as P388, A549, PC3, HCT8, and SK-OV3 cell lines, with IC(50) values ranging from 2.1 nM to 24.4 nM. Compound 1 also displayed significant antimalarial activity with IC(50) value of 0.29 μM when tested against Plasmodium falciparum. In addition, lagunamide C exhibited weak anti-swarming activity when tested at 100 ppm against the Gram-negative bacterial strain, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashootosh Tripathi
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Prinsep MR, Puddick J. Laser desorption ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry of the tolyporphins, bioactive metabolites from the cyanobacterium Tolypothrix nodosa. Phytochem Anal 2011; 22:285-290. [PMID: 21312309 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The tolyporphins are metabolites isolated from the cyanobacterium Tolypothrix nodosa, comprising a porphyrin-like macrocycle with C-glycoside, hydroxide or acetate substituents. Previous studies of porphyrins by MALDI/LDI-TOF MS indicate that strong radical cations and anions are usually observed in the parent spectra with little fragmentation of the macrocycle. The spectra of the tolyporphins were obtained and trends in the series utilised to partially characterise two new analogues. OBJECTIVE To examine tolyporphins by LDI-TOF MS and utilise trends observed to partially characterise two new analogues. METHODOLOGY The tolyporphins were analysed by LDI-TOF MS in positive and negative ion mode and by a post source decay method (LIFT) in positive ion mode. Tolyporphin A was also analysed by MALDI-TOF MS for comparison. Results were analysed and used to obtain structural information on two new analogues. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The resulting spectra generally contained intense radical cations or anions, with little fragmentation of the macrocyclic core or the C-glycosides observed. These results are consistent with previous studies of porphyrins. Major fragment ions observed in LIFT spectra yielded key structural information. An inseparable mixture of two tolyporphins was also examined. Analysis of the LIFT spectrum of the parent ion resulted in the postulation of structures of these two new analogues. CONCLUSIONS Tolyporphins yield LDI-TOF mass spectra somewhat analogous to those of porphyrins; furthermore, the substituents fragment in a characteristic manner permitting partial characterisation of the new analogues tolyporphins L and M by comparison of their LDI-TOF mass spectra with those of the known analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle R Prinsep
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
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Tripathi A, Puddick J, Prinsep MR, Rottmann M, Tan LT. Lagunamides A and B: cytotoxic and antimalarial cyclodepsipeptides from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. J Nat Prod 2010; 73:1810-4. [PMID: 20936843 DOI: 10.1021/np100442x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Lagunamides A (1) and B (2) are new cyclic depsipeptides isolated from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula obtained from Pulau Hantu Besar, Singapore. The planar structural characterization of these molecules was achieved by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 2D NMR experiments. In addition to Marfey's method and (3)J(H-H) coupling constant values, a modified method based on Mosher's reagents and analysis using LC-MS was deployed for the determination of the absolute configuration. Lagunamides A and B displayed significant antimalarial properties, with IC(50) values of 0.19 and 0.91 μM, respectively, when tested against Plasmodium falciparum. Lagunamides A and B also possessed potent cytotoxic activity against P388 murine leukemia cell lines, with IC(50) values of 6.4 and 20.5 nM, respectively. Furthermore, these cyanobacterial compounds exhibited moderate antiswarming activities when tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashootosh Tripathi
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore
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Tripathi A, Puddick J, Prinsep MR, Lee PPF, Tan LT. Hantupeptins B and C, cytotoxic cyclodepsipeptides from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. Phytochemistry 2010; 71:307-311. [PMID: 19913263 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hantupeptins B (2) and C (3) were isolated, along with the previously reported hantupeptin A (1), from the marine cyanobacterium, Lyngbya majuscula, collected from Pulau Hantu Besar, Singapore. Their structures were elucidated by interpretation of extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. Compounds 2 and 3 are cyclic depsipeptides consisting of five alpha-amino/hydroxy acid residues, including phenyllactic acid, proline, N-methyl-valine, valine, N-methyl-isoleucine, and a beta-hydroxy acid unit with different degrees of unsaturation at the terminal end of each molecule. The absolute configurations of the common amino acids and phenyllactic acid were determined by the advanced Marfey's and chiral HPLC analyses, respectively. The complete stereochemistry of 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-7-octynoic acid moiety in hantupeptin A was elucidated by a combination of homonuclear J-resolved 2D NMR experiments and by Mosher's method. Hantupeptins B and C showed moderate in vitro cytotoxicity when tested against MOLT-4 (leukemic) and MCF-7 (breast cancer) cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashootosh Tripathi
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore
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Tripathi A, Puddick J, Prinsep MR, Lee PPF, Tan LT. Hantupeptin A, a cytotoxic cyclic depsipeptide from a Singapore collection of Lyngbya majuscula. J Nat Prod 2009; 72:29-32. [PMID: 19093843 DOI: 10.1021/np800448t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chemical investigation of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula from Pulau Hantu Besar, Singapore, has led to the isolation of a cyclodepsipeptide, hantupeptin A (1). The planar structure of 1 was assigned on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic experiments. The absolute configuration of the amino and hydroxyl acid residues in the molecule was determined by application of the advanced Marfey method, chiral HPLC analysis, and Mosher's method. Hantupeptin A showed cytotoxicity to MOLT-4 leukemia cells and MCF-7 breast cancer cells with IC(50) values of 32 and 4.0 microM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashootosh Tripathi
- Natural Sciences and Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore
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