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Costa MDN, Silva TA, Guimarães DSPSF, Ricci-Azevedo R, Teixeira FR, Silveira LR, Gomes MD, Faça VM, de Oliveira EB, Calado RT, Silva RN. The recombinant L-lysine α-oxidase from the fungus Trichoderma harzianum promotes apoptosis and necrosis of leukemia CD34 + hematopoietic cells. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:51. [PMID: 38355518 PMCID: PMC10865671 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In hematologic cancers, including leukemia, cells depend on amino acids for rapid growth. Anti-metabolites that prevent their synthesis or promote their degradation are considered potential cancer treatment agents. Amino acid deprivation triggers proliferation inhibition, autophagy, and programmed cell death. L-lysine, an essential amino acid, is required for tumor growth and has been investigated for its potential as a target for cancer treatment. L-lysine α-oxidase, a flavoenzyme that degrades L-lysine, has been studied for its ability to induce apoptosis and prevent cancer cell proliferation. In this study, we describe the use of L-lysine α-oxidase (LO) from the filamentous fungus Trichoderma harzianum for cancer treatment. RESULTS The study identified and characterized a novel LO from T. harzianum and demonstrated that the recombinant protein (rLO) has potent and selective cytotoxic effects on leukemic cells by triggering the apoptotic cascade through mitochondrial dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS The results support future translational studies using the recombinant LO as a potential drug for the treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana do Nascimento Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Aparecido Silva
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Ricci-Azevedo
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Roberti Teixeira
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Center of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Reis Silveira
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Damário Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Vítor Marcel Faça
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Brandt de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo T Calado
- Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology, and Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto N Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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2
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Serrath SN, Pontes AS, Paloschi MV, Silva MDS, Lopes JA, Boeno CN, Silva CP, Santana HM, Cardozo DG, Ugarte AVE, Magalhães JGS, Cruz LF, Setubal SS, Soares AM, Cavecci-Mendonça B, Santos LD, Zuliani JP. Exosome Liberation by Human Neutrophils under L-Amino Acid Oxidase of Calloselasma rhodostoma Venom Action. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:625. [PMID: 37999488 PMCID: PMC10674320 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
L-Amino acid oxidase (LAAO) is an enzyme found in snake venom that has multifaceted effects, including the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) during oxidative reactions, leading to various biological and pharmacological outcomes such as apoptosis, cytotoxicity, modulation of platelet aggregation, hemorrhage, and neutrophil activation. Human neutrophils respond to LAAO by enhancing chemotaxis, and phagocytosis, and releasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory mediators. Exosomes cellular nanovesicles play vital roles in intercellular communication, including immune responses. This study investigates the impact of Calloselasma rhodostoma snake venom-derived LAAO (Cr-LAAO) on human neutrophil exosome release, including activation patterns, exosome formation, and content. Neutrophils isolated from healthy donors were stimulated with Cr-LAAO (100 μg/mL) for 3 h, followed by exosome isolation and analysis. Results show that Cr-LAAO induces the release of exosomes with distinct protein content compared to the negative control. Proteomic analysis reveals proteins related to the regulation of immune responses and blood coagulation. This study uncovers Cr-LAAO's ability to activate human neutrophils, leading to exosome release and facilitating intercellular communication, offering insights into potential therapeutic approaches for inflammatory and immunological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne N. Serrath
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (S.N.S.); (A.S.P.); (M.V.P.); (M.D.S.S.); (J.A.L.); (C.N.B.); (C.P.S.); (H.M.S.); (D.G.C.); (A.V.E.U.); (J.G.S.M.); (L.F.C.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Adriana S. Pontes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (S.N.S.); (A.S.P.); (M.V.P.); (M.D.S.S.); (J.A.L.); (C.N.B.); (C.P.S.); (H.M.S.); (D.G.C.); (A.V.E.U.); (J.G.S.M.); (L.F.C.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Mauro V. Paloschi
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (S.N.S.); (A.S.P.); (M.V.P.); (M.D.S.S.); (J.A.L.); (C.N.B.); (C.P.S.); (H.M.S.); (D.G.C.); (A.V.E.U.); (J.G.S.M.); (L.F.C.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Milena D. S. Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (S.N.S.); (A.S.P.); (M.V.P.); (M.D.S.S.); (J.A.L.); (C.N.B.); (C.P.S.); (H.M.S.); (D.G.C.); (A.V.E.U.); (J.G.S.M.); (L.F.C.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Jéssica A. Lopes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (S.N.S.); (A.S.P.); (M.V.P.); (M.D.S.S.); (J.A.L.); (C.N.B.); (C.P.S.); (H.M.S.); (D.G.C.); (A.V.E.U.); (J.G.S.M.); (L.F.C.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Charles N. Boeno
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (S.N.S.); (A.S.P.); (M.V.P.); (M.D.S.S.); (J.A.L.); (C.N.B.); (C.P.S.); (H.M.S.); (D.G.C.); (A.V.E.U.); (J.G.S.M.); (L.F.C.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Carolina P. Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (S.N.S.); (A.S.P.); (M.V.P.); (M.D.S.S.); (J.A.L.); (C.N.B.); (C.P.S.); (H.M.S.); (D.G.C.); (A.V.E.U.); (J.G.S.M.); (L.F.C.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Hallison M. Santana
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (S.N.S.); (A.S.P.); (M.V.P.); (M.D.S.S.); (J.A.L.); (C.N.B.); (C.P.S.); (H.M.S.); (D.G.C.); (A.V.E.U.); (J.G.S.M.); (L.F.C.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Daniel G. Cardozo
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (S.N.S.); (A.S.P.); (M.V.P.); (M.D.S.S.); (J.A.L.); (C.N.B.); (C.P.S.); (H.M.S.); (D.G.C.); (A.V.E.U.); (J.G.S.M.); (L.F.C.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Andrey V. E. Ugarte
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (S.N.S.); (A.S.P.); (M.V.P.); (M.D.S.S.); (J.A.L.); (C.N.B.); (C.P.S.); (H.M.S.); (D.G.C.); (A.V.E.U.); (J.G.S.M.); (L.F.C.); (S.S.S.)
| | - João G. S. Magalhães
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (S.N.S.); (A.S.P.); (M.V.P.); (M.D.S.S.); (J.A.L.); (C.N.B.); (C.P.S.); (H.M.S.); (D.G.C.); (A.V.E.U.); (J.G.S.M.); (L.F.C.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Larissa F. Cruz
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (S.N.S.); (A.S.P.); (M.V.P.); (M.D.S.S.); (J.A.L.); (C.N.B.); (C.P.S.); (H.M.S.); (D.G.C.); (A.V.E.U.); (J.G.S.M.); (L.F.C.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Sulamita S. Setubal
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (S.N.S.); (A.S.P.); (M.V.P.); (M.D.S.S.); (J.A.L.); (C.N.B.); (C.P.S.); (H.M.S.); (D.G.C.); (A.V.E.U.); (J.G.S.M.); (L.F.C.); (S.S.S.)
| | - Andreimar M. Soares
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Proteins and Bioactive Compounds Applied to Health (LABIOPROT), National Institute of Science and Technology in Epidemiology of the Occidental Amazonia0 (INCT-EPIAMO), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho 76801-059, RO, Brazil;
| | - Bruna Cavecci-Mendonça
- Biotechonology Institute (IBTEC), São Paulo State University, Botucatu 01049-010, SP, Brazil; (B.C.-M.); (L.D.S.)
| | - Lucilene D. Santos
- Biotechonology Institute (IBTEC), São Paulo State University, Botucatu 01049-010, SP, Brazil; (B.C.-M.); (L.D.S.)
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases and Graduate Program in Medical Biotechnology, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana P. Zuliani
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ-Rondônia, Porto Velho 76812-245, RO, Brazil; (S.N.S.); (A.S.P.); (M.V.P.); (M.D.S.S.); (J.A.L.); (C.N.B.); (C.P.S.); (H.M.S.); (D.G.C.); (A.V.E.U.); (J.G.S.M.); (L.F.C.); (S.S.S.)
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho 76801-059, RO, Brazil
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3
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K L, M D S S, H M S, Y J I, M V P, C M A R, S N S, A M L, M N S, A M S, S S S, J P Z. Action of BjussuMP-II, a snake venom metalloproteinase isolated from Bothrops jararacussu venom, on human neutrophils. Toxicon 2023; 222:106992. [PMID: 36493931 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.106992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are enzymatic proteins present in large amounts in snake venoms presenting proteolytic, hemorrhagic, and coagulant activities. BjussuMP-II, a class P-I SVMP, isolated from the Bothrops jararacussu snake venom does not have relevant hemorrhagic activity but presents fibrinolytic, fibrinogenolytic, antiplatelet, gelatinolytic, and collagenolytic action. This study aimed to verify the action of BjussuMP-II on human neutrophil functionality focusing on the lipid bodies formation and hydrogen peroxide production, the release of dsDNA through colorimetric and microscopic assays, and cytokines by immunoenzymatic assays. Results showed that BjussuMP-II at concentrations of 1.5 up to 50 μg/mL for 24 h is not toxic to human neutrophils using an MTT assay. Under non-cytotoxic concentrations, BjussuMP-II can induce an increase in the formation of lipid bodies, production of hydrogen peroxide and cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8)] liberation and, the release of dsDNA to form NETs. Taken together, the data obtained show for the first time that BjussuMP-II has a pro-inflammatory action and activates human neutrophils that can contribute to local damage observed in snakebite victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisita K
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco-AC, Brazil
| | - Silva M D S
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Santana H M
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Ikenohuchi Y J
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Paloschi M V
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Rego C M A
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Serrath S N
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Lima A M
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos Aplicados à Saúde, LABIOPROT, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, INCT EPIAMO, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Sousa M N
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos Aplicados à Saúde, LABIOPROT, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, INCT EPIAMO, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Soares A M
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos Aplicados à Saúde, LABIOPROT, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, INCT EPIAMO, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil
| | - Setúbal S S
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil.
| | - Zuliani J P
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil; Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho-RO, Brazil.
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4
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Paloschi MV, Boeno CN, Lopes JA, Rego CMA, Silva MDS, Santana HM, Serrath SN, Ikenohuchi YJ, Farias BJC, Felipin KP, Nery NM, Dos Reis VP, de Lima Lemos CT, Evangelista JR, da Silva Setúbal S, Soares AM, Zuliani JP. Reactive oxygen species-dependent-NLRP3 inflammasome activation in human neutrophils induced by l-amino acid oxidase derived from Calloselasma rhodostoma venom. Life Sci 2022; 308:120962. [PMID: 36113732 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
l-Amino acid oxidase isolated from Calloselasma rhodostoma (Cr-LAAO) snake venom is a potent stimulus for neutrophil activation and production of inflammatory mediators, contributing to local inflammatory effects in victims of envenoming. Cr-LAAO triggered the activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphatase (NADPH) oxidase complex and protein kinase C (PKC)-α signaling protein for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. This study aims to evaluate the ROS participation in the NLRP3 inflammasome complex activation in human neutrophil. Human neutrophils were isolated and stimulated for 1 or 2 h with RPMI (negative control), LPS (1 μg/mL, positive control) or Cr-LAAO (50 μg/mL). The neutrophil transcriptome was examined using the microarray technique, and RT-qPCR for confirmation of gene expression. Immunofluorescence assays for NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β and GSDMD proteins was performed by Western blot in the presence and/or absence of Apocynin, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase. IL-1β release was also detected in the presence and/or absence of NLRP3, caspase-1 and NADPH oxidase inhibitors. Results showed that Cr-LAAO upregulated the expression of genes that participate in the NADPH oxidase complex formation and inflammasome assembly. NLRP3 was activated and accumulated in the cytosol forming punctas, indicating its activation. Gasdermin D was not cleaved but lactate dehydrogenase was released. Furthermore, ROS inhibition decreased the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome complex proteins, as observed by protein expression in the presence and/or absence of apocynin, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor. IL-1β was also released, and pharmacological inhibition of NLRP3, caspase-1, and ROS reduced the amount of released cytokine. This is the first report demonstrating the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex via ROS generation by Cr-LAAO, which may lead to the development of local inflammatory effects observed in snakebite victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Valentino Paloschi
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Charles Nunes Boeno
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Amaral Lopes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Cristina Matiele Alves Rego
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Milena Daniela Souza Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Hallison Mota Santana
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Suzanne Nery Serrath
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Yoda Janaina Ikenohuchi
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Braz Junior Campos Farias
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Kátia Paula Felipin
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Neriane Monteiro Nery
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Valdison Pereira Dos Reis
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Caleb Torres de Lima Lemos
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Jaina Rodrigues Evangelista
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Sulamita da Silva Setúbal
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar Martins Soares
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pavan Zuliani
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.
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Inflammasome NLRP3 activation induced by Convulxin, a C-type lectin-like isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4706. [PMID: 35304541 PMCID: PMC8933474 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Convulxin (CVX), a C-type lectin-like protein isolated from the venom of the snake species, Crotalus durissus terrificus, stimulates platelet aggregation by acting as a collagen receptor agonist for glycoprotein VI found in the platelets. The effect of CVX on platelets has been studied, but its effect on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) remains unclear. Given the significance of PBMCs in inflammation, this study explored the effect of CVX on PBMCs, specifically regarding NLRP3 inflammasome activation by assessing cell viability, ability to induce cell proliferation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide production, interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-10 secretion, NLRP3 complex activation, and the role of C-type lectin-like receptors (CTLRs) in these. CVX was not toxic to PBMCs at the investigated concentrations and did not increase PBMC growth or IL-2 release; however, CVX induced IL-10 release and ROS generation via monocyte activation. It also activated the NLRP3 complex, resulting in IL-1β induction. Furthermore, the interaction between CVX and Dectin-2, a CTLR, induced IL-10 production. CVX interaction with CTLR has been demonstrated by laminarin therapy. Because of the involvement of residues near the Dectin-2 carbohydrate-recognition site, the generation of ROS resulted in inflammasome activation and IL-1β secretion. Overall, this work helps elucidate the function of CVX in immune system cells.
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El-Benna J, Hurtado-Nedelec M, Gougerot-Pocidalo MA, Dang PMC. Effects of venoms on neutrophil respiratory burst: a major inflammatory function. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20200179. [PMID: 34249119 PMCID: PMC8237995 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play a pivotal role in innate immunity and in the inflammatory
response. Neutrophils are very motile cells that are rapidly recruited to the
inflammatory site as the body first line of defense. Their bactericidal activity
is due to the release into the phagocytic vacuole, called phagosome, of several
toxic molecules directed against microbes. Neutrophil stimulation induces
release of this arsenal into the phagosome and induces the assembly at the
membrane of subunits of the NAPDH oxidase, the enzyme responsible for the
production of superoxide anion that gives rise to other reactive oxygen species
(ROS), a process called respiratory burst. Altogether, they are responsible for
the bactericidal activity of the neutrophils. Excessive activation of
neutrophils can lead to extensive release of these toxic agents, inducing tissue
injury and the inflammatory reaction. Envenomation, caused by different animal
species (bees, wasps, scorpions, snakes etc.), is well known to induce a local
and acute inflammatory reaction, characterized by recruitment and activation of
leukocytes and the release of several inflammatory mediators, including
prostaglandins and cytokines. Venoms contain several molecules such as enzymes
(phospholipase A2, L-amino acid oxidase and proteases, among others) and
peptides (disintegrins, mastoporan, parabutoporin etc.). These molecules are
able to stimulate or inhibit ROS production by neutrophils. The present review
article gives a general overview of the main neutrophil functions focusing on
ROS production and summarizes how venoms and venom molecules can affect this
function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamel El-Benna
- Université de Paris, INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Margarita Hurtado-Nedelec
- Université de Paris, INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Xavier Bichat, UF Dysfonctionnements Immunitaires, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Anne Gougerot-Pocidalo
- Université de Paris, INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Xavier Bichat, UF Dysfonctionnements Immunitaires, Paris, France
| | - Pham My-Chan Dang
- Université de Paris, INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
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7
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Minutti-Zanella C, Gil-Leyva EJ, Vergara I. Immunomodulatory properties of molecules from animal venoms. Toxicon 2021; 191:54-68. [PMID: 33417946 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The immune system can amplify or decrease the strength of its response when it is stimulated by chemical or biological substances that act as immunostimulators, immunosuppressants, or immunoadjuvants. Immunomodulation is a progressive approach to treat a diversity of pathologies with promising results, including autoimmune disorders and cancer. Animal venoms are a mixture of chemical compounds that include proteins, peptides, amines, salts, polypeptides, enzymes, among others, which produce the toxic effect. Since the discovery of captopril in the early 1980s, other components from snakes, spiders, scorpions, and marine animal venoms have been demonstrated to be useful for treating several human diseases. The valuable progress in fields such as venomics, molecular biology, biotechnology, immunology, and others has been crucial to understanding the interaction of toxins with the immune system and its application on immune pathologies. More in-depth knowledge of venoms' components and multi-disciplinary studies could facilitate their transformation into effective novel immunotherapies. This review addresses advances and research of molecules from venoms that have immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Minutti-Zanella
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad de Las Américas Puebla, ExHda. Sta. Catarina Mártir s/n, San Andrés Cholula, 72820, Puebla, Mexico
| | - E J Gil-Leyva
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad de Las Américas Puebla, ExHda. Sta. Catarina Mártir s/n, San Andrés Cholula, 72820, Puebla, Mexico
| | - I Vergara
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad de Las Américas Puebla, ExHda. Sta. Catarina Mártir s/n, San Andrés Cholula, 72820, Puebla, Mexico.
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8
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Polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes in snakebite envenoming. Toxicon 2020; 187:188-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Cytosolic phospholipase A 2-α participates in lipid body formation and PGE 2 release in human neutrophils stimulated with an L-amino acid oxidase from Calloselasma rhodostoma venom. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10976. [PMID: 32620771 PMCID: PMC7334223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67345-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cr-LAAO, an l-amino acid oxidase isolated from Calloselasma rhodosthoma snake venom, has been demonstrated as a potent stimulus for neutrophil activation and inflammatory mediator production. However, the mechanisms involved in Cr-LAAO induced neutrophil activation has not been well characterized. Here we investigated the mechanisms involved in Cr-LAAO-induced lipid body (also known as lipid droplet) biogenesis and eicosanoid formation in human neutrophils. Using microarray analysis, we show for the first time that Cr-LAAO plays a role in the up-regulation of the expression of genes involved in lipid signalling and metabolism. Those include different members of phospholipase A2, mostly cytosolic phospholipase A2-α (cPLA2-α); and enzymes involved in prostaglandin synthesis including cyclooxygenases 2 (COX-2), and prostaglandin E synthase (PTGES). In addition, genes involved in lipid droplet formation, including perilipin 2 and 3 (PLIN 2 and 3) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), were also upregulated. Furthermore, increased phosphorylation of cPLA2-α, lipid droplet biogenesis and PGE2 synthesis were observed in human neutrophils stimulated with Cr-LAAO. Treatment with cPLA2-α inhibitor (CAY10650) or DGAT-1 inhibitor (A922500) suppressed lipid droplets formation and PGE2 secretion. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time the effects of Cr-LAAO to regulate neutrophil lipid metabolism and signalling.
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10
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Urra FA, Araya-Maturana R. Putting the brakes on tumorigenesis with snake venom toxins: New molecular insights for cancer drug discovery. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 80:195-204. [PMID: 32428714 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells exhibit molecular characteristics that confer them different proliferative capacities and survival advantages to adapt to stress conditions, such as deregulation of cellular bioenergetics, genomic instability, ability to promote angiogenesis, invasion, cell dormancy, immune evasion, and cell death resistance. In addition to these hallmarks of cancer, the current cytostatic drugs target the proliferation of malignant cells, being ineffective in metastatic disease. These aspects highlight the need to identify promising therapeutic targets for new generations of anti-cancer drugs. Toxins isolated from snake venoms are a natural source of useful molecular scaffolds to obtain agents with a selective effect on cancer cells. In this article, we discuss the recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of nine classes of snake toxins that suppress the hallmarks of cancer by induction of oxidative phosphorylation dysfunction, reactive oxygen species-dependent DNA damage, blockage of extracellular matrix-integrin signaling, disruption of cytoskeleton network and inhibition of growth factor-dependent signaling. The possible therapeutic implications of toxin-based anti-cancer drug development are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix A Urra
- Programa de Farmacología Molecular y Clínica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago 7800003, Chile; Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago 7800003, Chile.
| | - Ramiro Araya-Maturana
- Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago 7800003, Chile; Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile; Programa de Investigación Asociativa en Cáncer Gástrico, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile.
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11
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Setúbal SDS, Pontes AS, Nery NM, Rego CMA, Santana HM, de Lima AM, Boeno CN, Paloschi MV, Soares AM, Zuliani JP. Human neutrophils functionality under effect of an Asp49 phospholipase A 2 isolated from Bothrops atrox venom. Toxicon X 2020; 6:100032. [PMID: 32550587 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bothrops envenomation is associated with a cellular inflammatory response, characterized by pronounced neutrophil infiltration at the site of injury. Neutrophils act as the first line of defence, owing to their ability to migrate to the infected tissue, promoting an acute inflammatory response. At the site of inflammation, neutrophils perform defence functions such as phagocytosis, release of proteolytic enzymes, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and synthesis of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and lipid mediators. Neutrophils can also form neutrophil extracellular nets (NETs), webs composed of chromatin and granule proteins. This occurs after neutrophil activation and delivers high concentrations of anti-microbial molecules to the site of injury. This study evaluated the impact of BaTX-II, an Asp49 phospholipase A2 (PLA2) isolated from Bothrops atrox snake venom on human neutrophils in vitro. At non-toxic concentrations, BaTX-II induced hydrogen peroxide production by neutrophils, and this was reduced by wortmannin, a PI3K inhibitor. BaTX-II stimulated IL-1β, IL-8, LTB4, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and DNA content release, consistent with NET formation. This is the first study to show the triggering of relevant pro-inflammatory events by PLA2 Asp49 isolated from secretory venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulamita da S Setúbal
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Adriana S Pontes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Neriane M Nery
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Cristina M A Rego
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Hallison M Santana
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Anderson M de Lima
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, (FIOCRUZ) Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Charles N Boeno
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Mauro V Paloschi
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, (FIOCRUZ) Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Universidade São Lucas (UniSL), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Juliana P Zuliani
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, (FIOCRUZ) Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
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12
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Pereira dos Reis V, Macedo Tavares MN, Alves Rego CM, Ferreira e Ferreira AA, da Silva Setubal S, Soares AM, Zamuner SR, Zuliani JP. Light emitting diode (LED) photobiomodulation therapy on murine macrophage exposed to Bothropstoxin-I and Bothropstoxin-II myotoxins. Toxicon 2019; 172:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.10.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Pires WL, Kayano AM, de Castro OB, Paloschi MV, Lopes JA, Boeno CN, Pereira SDS, Antunes MM, Rodrigues MMS, Stábeli RG, Fernandes CFC, Soares AM, Zuliani JP. Lectin isolated from Bothrops jararacussu venom induces IL-10 release by TCD4 + cells and TNF-α release by monocytes and natural killer cells. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:595-605. [PMID: 31087703 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.ma1118-463r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BjcuL is a C-type lectin isolated from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom with specificity for binding β-d-galactose units. BjcuL is not toxic to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), but it inhibits PBMC proliferation and stimulates these cells to produce superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide primarily via lymphocyte stimulation; it does not stimulate the production of nitric oxide and PGE2 . The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of BjcuL on PBMC activation with a focus on cytokine release modulating PBMC proliferation. The results showed for the first time that BjcuL coupled to FITC interacted with monocytes, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and with subpopulations of T cells. These cell-cell interactions can lead to cell activation and inflammatory cytokines release, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In addition, TNF-α release was attributed to NK cells and monocytes, whereas IL-10 was attributed to TCD4+ and Treg cells when stimulated by BjcuL. The temporal cytokines profile produced by cells when stimulated with this lectin allows us to assert that BjcuL has immunomodulatory activity in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weverson Luciano Pires
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Anderson Makoto Kayano
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.,Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.,Centro de Medicina Tropical de Rondônia (CEPEM), Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Onassis Boeri de Castro
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Mauro Valentino Paloschi
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Amaral Lopes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Charles Nunes Boeno
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Soraya Dos Santos Pereira
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Maísa Mota Antunes
- Centro de Biologia Gastrointestinal, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Moreno Magalhães S Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Análise e Visualização de Dados - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Guerino Stábeli
- Plataforma Bi-institucional de Medicina Translacional - Fiocruz São Paulo e Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Medicina da Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Andreimar Martins Soares
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.,Centro Universitário São Lucas, UniSL, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pavan Zuliani
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.,Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
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14
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Effect of Vipera ammodytes ammodytes Snake Venom on the Human Cytokine Network. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070259. [PMID: 29941812 PMCID: PMC6070926 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Local inflammation is a well-known symptom of envenomation by snakes of the family Viperidae, attributed primarily to the phospholipase A2s, metalloproteinases and L-amino acid oxidases contained in their venom. The inflammatory effect of snake venoms has been associated with a marked increase of the cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α. To determine the impact of Vipera ammodytes ammodytes snake venom on the expression of inflammation-related genes, we incubated human U937 monocyte cells with dilutions of snake venom. Gene expression was quantified for 28 different genes using a TaqMan® Array Human Cytokine Network 96-well Plate in a RT-qPCR system. Our results have demonstrated that 1.0 μg/mL Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom solution induces a notable change in the expression of several cytokine network genes. Among the upregulated genes, there were several that encode interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factors. We further report the downregulation of three interleukin-related genes. Our findings come as supportive information for the known complex effect of snake venoms on the human cytokine network. It also provides relevant new information regarding the expression of genes that have not been previously associated with the effect of snake venoms.
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15
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Burin SM, Menaldo DL, Sampaio SV, Frantz FG, Castro FA. An overview of the immune modulating effects of enzymatic toxins from snake venoms. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:664-671. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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16
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Paloschi MV, Boeno CN, Lopes JA, Eduardo Dos Santos da Rosa A, Pires WL, Pontes AS, da Silva Setúbal S, Soares AM, Zuliani JP. Role of l-amino acid oxidase isolated from Calloselasma rhodostoma venom on neutrophil NADPH oxidase complex activation. Toxicon 2018; 145:48-55. [PMID: 29499246 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The action of Cr-LAAO, an l-amino acid oxidase isolated from Calloselasma rhodosthoma snake venom, on NADPH oxidase activation in isolated human neutrophil function was investigated. This enzyme has an intrinsic activity of hydrogen peroxide production. Cr-LAAO, in its native form, induces the ROS production in neutrophil and migration of cytosolic NADPH oxidase components p40phox, p47phox and p67phox to the membrane, and Rac, a GTPase protein member, with the involvement of intracellular signaling mediated by phospho PKC-α. In its inactive form, iCr-LAAO does not induce NADPH oxidase activation in neutrophil showing that the intrinsic enzymatic activity does not have a role in this process, suggesting that its primary structure is essential for the cell's stimulation. Accordingly, the data showed for the first time that the Cr-LAAO has a role in NADPH oxidase complex activation triggering relevant proinflammatory events in human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Valentino Paloschi
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Charles Nunes Boeno
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Amaral Lopes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | | | - Weverson Luciano Pires
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Adriana Silva Pontes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Sulamita da Silva Setúbal
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar Martins Soares
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pavan Zuliani
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.
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17
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Jimenez R, Ikonomopoulou MP, Lopez JA, Miles JJ. Immune drug discovery from venoms. Toxicon 2017; 141:18-24. [PMID: 29170055 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This review catalogues recent advances in knowledge on venoms as standalone therapeutic agents or as blueprints for drug design, with an emphasis on venom-derived compounds that affects the immune system. We discuss venoms and venom-derived compounds that affect total immune cell numbers, immune cell proliferation, immune cell migration, immune cell phenotype and cytokine secretion. Identifying novel compounds that 'tune' the system, up-regulating the immune response during infectious disease and cancer and down-regulating the immune response during autoimmunity, will greatly expand the tool kit of human immunotherapeutics. Targeting these pathways may also open therapeutic options that alleviate symptoms of envenomation. Finally, combining recent advances in venomics with progress in low cost, high-throughput screening platforms will no doubt yield hundreds of prototype immune modulating compounds in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Jimenez
- Griffith University, School of Natural Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maria P Ikonomopoulou
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA) in Food, CEI UAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Alejandro Lopez
- Griffith University, School of Natural Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John J Miles
- Griffith University, School of Natural Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, AITHM, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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18
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Bhattacharjee P, Bera I, Chakraborty S, Ghoshal N, Bhattacharyya D. Aristolochic acid and its derivatives as inhibitors of snake venom L-amino acid oxidase. Toxicon 2017; 138:1-17. [PMID: 28803055 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Snake venom L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) exerts toxicity by inducing hemorrhage, pneumorrhagia, pulmonary edema, cardiac edema, liver cell necrosis etc. Being well conserved, inhibitors of the enzyme may be synthesized using the template of the substrate, substrate binding site and features of the catalytic site of the enzyme. Previous findings showed that aristolochic acid (AA), a major constituent of Aristolochia indica, inhibits Russell's viper venom LAAO enzyme activity since, AA interacts with DNA and causes genotoxicity, derivatives of this compound were synthesized by replacing the nitro group to reduce toxicity while retaining the inhibitory potency. The interactions of AA and its derivatives with LAAO were followed by inhibition kinetics and surface plasmon resonance. Similar interactions with DNA were followed by absorption spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. LAAO-induced cytotoxicity was evaluated by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell viability assays, confocal and epifluorescence microscopy. The hydroxyl (AA-OH) and chloro (AA-Cl) derivatives acted as inhibitors of LAAO but did not interact with DNA. The derivatives significantly reduced LAAO-induced ROS generation and cytotoxicity in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) and hepatoma (HepG2) cell lines. Confocal images indicated that AA, AA-OH and AA-Cl interfered with the binding of LAAO to the cell membrane. AA-OH and AA-Cl significantly inhibited LAAO activity and reduced LAAO-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Bhattacharjee
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR -Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
| | - Indrani Bera
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR -Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Subhamoy Chakraborty
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR -Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Nanda Ghoshal
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR -Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Debasish Bhattacharyya
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR -Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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19
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Xavier CV, da S Setúbal S, Lacouth-Silva F, Pontes AS, Nery NM, de Castro OB, Fernandes CFC, Soares AM, Fortes-Dias CL, Zuliani JP. Phospholipase A 2 Inhibitor from Crotalus durissus terrificus rattlesnake: Effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and human neutrophils cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 105:1117-1125. [PMID: 28743568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Crotalus Neutralizing Factor (CNF) is an inhibitor of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), present in the blood plasma of Crotalus durissus terrificus snake. This inhibitor neutralizes the lethal and enzymatic activity of crotoxin, the main neurotoxin from this venom. In this study, we investigated the effects of CNF on the functionality of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and human neutrophils. The following parameters were evaluated: viability and proliferation, chemotaxis, cytokines and LTB4 production, cytosolic PLA2s activity, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and superoxide anion (O2-) production. CNF showed no toxicity on PBMCs or neutrophils, and acts by stimulating the release of TNF-α and LTB4, but neither stimulates IL-10 and IL-2 nor affects PBMCs proliferation and O2- release. In neutrophils, CNF induces chemotaxis but does not induce the release of both MPO and O2-. However, it induces LTB4 and IL-8 production. These data show the influence of CNF on PBMCs' function by inducing TNF-α and LTB4 production, and on neutrophils, by stimulating chemotaxis and LTB4 production, via cytosolic PLA2 activity, and IL-8 release. The inflammatory profile produced by CNF is shown for the first time. Our present results suggest that CNF has a role in activation of leukocytes and exert proinflammatory effects on these cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline V Xavier
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Núcleo de Saúde, NUSAU, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Sulamita da S Setúbal
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Núcleo de Saúde, NUSAU, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Fabianne Lacouth-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Núcleo de Saúde, NUSAU, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Adriana S Pontes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Núcleo de Saúde, NUSAU, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Neriane M Nery
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Núcleo de Saúde, NUSAU, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Onassis Boeri de Castro
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Núcleo de Saúde, NUSAU, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Carla F C Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Núcleo de Saúde, NUSAU, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical (CEPEM), Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Núcleo de Saúde, NUSAU, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Consuelo L Fortes-Dias
- Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana P Zuliani
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, PGBIOEXP, Núcleo de Saúde, NUSAU, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.
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20
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Costa TR, Menaldo DL, Zoccal KF, Burin SM, Aissa AF, Castro FAD, Faccioli LH, Greggi Antunes LM, Sampaio SV. CR-LAAO, an L-amino acid oxidase from Calloselasma rhodostoma venom, as a potential tool for developing novel immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42673. [PMID: 28205610 PMCID: PMC5311993 DOI: 10.1038/srep42673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
L-amino acid oxidases from snake venoms have been described to possess various biological functions. In this study, we investigated the inflammatory responses induced in vivo and in vitro by CR-LAAO, an L-amino acid oxidase isolated from Calloselasma rhodostoma venom, and its antitumor potential. CR-LAAO induced acute inflammatory responses in vivo, with recruitment of neutrophils and release of IL-6, IL-1β, LTB4 and PGE2. In vitro, IL-6 and IL-1β production by peritoneal macrophages stimulated with CR-LAAO was dependent of the activation of the Toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4. In addition, CR-LAAO promoted apoptosis of HL-60 and HepG2 tumor cells mediated by the release of hydrogen peroxide and activation of immune cells, resulting in oxidative stress and production of IL-6 and IL-1β that triggered a series of events, such as activation of caspase 8, 9 and 3, and the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene BAX. We also observed that CR-LAAO modulated the cell cycle of these tumor cells, promoting delay in the G0/G1 and S phases. Taken together, our results suggest that CR-LAAO could serve as a potential tool for the development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer, since this toxin promoted apoptosis of tumor cells and also activated immune cells against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tássia R Costa
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Danilo L Menaldo
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina F Zoccal
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra M Burin
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre F Aissa
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabíola A de Castro
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lúcia H Faccioli
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lusânia M Greggi Antunes
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Suely V Sampaio
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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21
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Pires WL, de Castro OB, Kayano AM, da Silva Setúbal S, Pontes AS, Nery NM, Paloschi MV, Dos Santos Pereira S, Stábeli RG, Fernandes CFC, Soares AM, Zuliani JP. Effect of BjcuL, a lectin isolated from Bothrops jararacussu, on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 41:30-41. [PMID: 28188836 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BjcuL is a C-type lectin with specificity for the binding of β-d-galactose units isolated from Bothrops jararacussu venom. It triggers cellular infiltration in post capillary venules, increases edema and vascular permeability in murine models, contributes to in vitro neutrophil activation and modulates macrophage functional activation towards an M1 state. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of BjcuL on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) activation with a focus on PBMCs proliferation and inflammatory mediators release. Results showed that BjcuL is not toxic to PBMCs, that BjcuL inhibits PBMCs proliferation and that it stimulates PBMCs to produce superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, primarily via lymphocyte stimulation, but does not stimulate the production of nitric oxide and PGE2. These results demonstrate that BjcuL has an immunomodulatory effect on PBMCs. Further studies are needed to confirm the immunomodulatory effect of BjcuL, to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of action responsible for its effects and to determine its potential application as an immunopharmacological and biotechnological tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weverson Luciano Pires
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Onassis Boeri de Castro
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Anderson Makoto Kayano
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Sulamita da Silva Setúbal
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Adriana Silva Pontes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Neriane Monteiro Nery
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Mauro Valentino Paloschi
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Soraya Dos Santos Pereira
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Guerino Stábeli
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Carla Freire Celedônio Fernandes
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Anticorpos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Andreimar Martins Soares
- Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pavan Zuliani
- Laboratório de Imunologia Celular Aplicada à Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde (CEBio), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rondônia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil.
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