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Tarantino G, Citro V. Crosstalk Between the Spleen and Other Organs/Systems: Downstream Signaling Events. IMMUNO 2024; 4:479-501. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno4040030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2025] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review was to gather pieces of information from available critically evaluated published articles concerning any interplay in which the spleen could be involved. For many years, the spleen has been alleged as an unnecessary biological structure, even though splenomegaly is an objective finding of many illnesses. Indeed, the previous opinion has been completely changed. In fact, the spleen is not a passive participant in or a simple bystander to a relationship that exists between the immune system and other organs. Recently, it has been evidenced in many preclinical and clinical studies that there are close associations between the spleen and other parts of the body, leading to various spleen–organ axes. Among them, the gut–spleen axis, the liver–spleen axis, the gut–spleen–skin axis, the brain–spleen axis, and the cardio-splenic axis are the most explored and present in the medical literature. Such recent sources of evidence have led to revolutionary new ideas being developed about the spleen. What is more, these observations may enable the identification of novel therapeutic strategies targeted at various current diseases. The time has come to make clear that the spleen is not a superfluous body part, while health system operators and physicians should pay more attention to this organ. Indeed, much work remains to be performed to assess further roles that this biological structure could play.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincenzo Citro
- Department of General Medicine, Umberto I Hospital, 84014 Nocera Inferiore, Italy
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Olympio KPK, Salles FJ, Ferreira APSDS, Pereira EC, Oliveira ASD, Leroux IN, Vieira FBA. The human exposome unraveling the impact of environment on health: promise or reality? Rev Saude Publica 2019; 53:6. [PMID: 30726487 PMCID: PMC6390641 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2019053000649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the innovative nature of the approach to human exposome, we present the state of the art of studies on exposome, and discuss current challenges and perspectives in this area. Several reading and discussion activities were conducted by the Expossoma e Saúde do Trabalhador (eXsat – Group Exposome and Worker's Health), with systematization of the literature in the area published between January 2005 and January 2017, available in the databases PubMed and Web of Science. This comment brings a thematic analysis to encourage the dissemination of the exposome approach for studies in the Public Health area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Polido Kaneshiro Olympio
- Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Departamento de Saúde Ambiental. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Departamento de Saúde Ambiental. Grupo de Pesquisa eXsat. Expossoma e Saúde do Trabalhador. The Human Exposome Research Group. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Junqueira Salles
- Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Departamento de Saúde Ambiental. Grupo de Pesquisa eXsat. Expossoma e Saúde do Trabalhador. The Human Exposome Research Group. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula Sacone da Silva Ferreira
- Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Departamento de Saúde Ambiental. Grupo de Pesquisa eXsat. Expossoma e Saúde do Trabalhador. The Human Exposome Research Group. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Elizeu Chiodi Pereira
- Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Departamento de Saúde Ambiental. Grupo de Pesquisa eXsat. Expossoma e Saúde do Trabalhador. The Human Exposome Research Group. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Allan Santos de Oliveira
- Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Departamento de Saúde Ambiental. Grupo de Pesquisa eXsat. Expossoma e Saúde do Trabalhador. The Human Exposome Research Group. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Isabelle Nogueira Leroux
- Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Departamento de Saúde Ambiental. Grupo de Pesquisa eXsat. Expossoma e Saúde do Trabalhador. The Human Exposome Research Group. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Flávia Bosquê Alves Vieira
- Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Saúde Pública. Departamento de Saúde Ambiental. Grupo de Pesquisa eXsat. Expossoma e Saúde do Trabalhador. The Human Exposome Research Group. São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Chiu WA, Euling SY, Scott CS, Subramaniam RP. Approaches to advancing quantitative human health risk assessment of environmental chemicals in the post-genomic era. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 271:309-23. [PMID: 20353796 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of genomics and associated technologies to human health risk assessment for environmental chemicals has focused largely on elucidating mechanisms of toxicity, as discussed in other articles in this issue. However, there is interest in moving beyond hazard characterization to making more direct impacts on quantitative risk assessment (QRA)--i.e., the determination of toxicity values for setting exposure standards and cleanup values. We propose that the evolution of QRA of environmental chemicals in the post-genomic era will involve three, somewhat overlapping phases in which different types of approaches begin to mature. The initial focus (in Phase I) has been and continues to be on "augmentation" of weight of evidence--using genomic and related technologies qualitatively to increase the confidence in and scientific basis of the results of QRA. Efforts aimed towards "integration" of these data with traditional animal-based approaches, in particular quantitative predictors, or surrogates, for the in vivo toxicity data to which they have been anchored are just beginning to be explored now (in Phase II). In parallel, there is a recognized need for "expansion" of the use of established biomarkers of susceptibility or risk of human diseases and disorders for QRA, particularly for addressing the issues of cumulative assessment and population risk. Ultimately (in Phase III), substantial further advances could be realized by the development of novel molecular and pathway-based biomarkers and statistical and in silico models that build on anticipated progress in understanding the pathways of human diseases and disorders. Such efforts would facilitate a gradual "reorientation" of QRA towards approaches that more directly link environmental exposures to human outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihsueh A Chiu
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, 20460, USA.
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Pfohl-Leszkowicz A. Chapter 7 Formation, Persistence and Significance of DNA Adduct Formation in Relation to Some Pollutants from a Broad Perspective. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-0854(07)02007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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5
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Aubier M. L’homme est-il malade de son environnement ? Med Sci (Paris) 2006; 22:563-4. [PMID: 16828024 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20062267563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Application of Xenopus laevis in ecotoxicology (I) —Introduction and quality control of laboratory animal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-006-1273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Weis BK, Balshaw D, Barr JR, Brown D, Ellisman M, Lioy P, Omenn G, Potter JD, Smith MT, Sohn L, Suk WA, Sumner S, Swenberg J, Walt DR, Watkins S, Thompson C, Wilson SH. Personalized exposure assessment: promising approaches for human environmental health research. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2005; 113:840-8. [PMID: 16002370 PMCID: PMC1257643 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2004] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
New technologies and methods for assessing human exposure to chemicals, dietary and lifestyle factors, infectious agents, and other stressors provide an opportunity to extend the range of human health investigations and advance our understanding of the relationship between environmental exposure and disease. An ad hoc Committee on Environmental Exposure Technology Development was convened to identify new technologies and methods for deriving personalized exposure measurements for application to environmental health studies. The committee identified a "toolbox" of methods for measuring external (environmental) and internal (biologic) exposure and assessing human behaviors that influence the likelihood of exposure to environmental agents. The methods use environmental sensors, geographic information systems, biologic sensors, toxicogenomics, and body burden (biologic) measurements. We discuss each of the methods in relation to current use in human health research; specific gaps in the development, validation, and application of the methods are highlighted. We also present a conceptual framework for moving these technologies into use and acceptance by the scientific community. The framework focuses on understanding complex human diseases using an integrated approach to exposure assessment to define particular exposure-disease relationships and the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in disease occurrence. Improved methods for exposure assessment will result in better means of monitoring and targeting intervention and prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda K Weis
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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Khoury MJ, Davis R, Gwinn M, Lindegren ML, Yoon P. Do we need genomic research for the prevention of common diseases with environmental causes? Am J Epidemiol 2005; 161:799-805. [PMID: 15840611 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwi113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerns have been raised about the value of genomic research for prevention and public health, especially for complex diseases with risk factors that are amenable to environmental modification. Given that gene-environment interactions underlie almost all human diseases, the public health significance of genomic research on common diseases with modifiable environmental risks is based not necessarily on finding new genetic "causes" but on improving existing approaches to identifying and modifying environmental risk factors to better prevent and treat disease. Such applied genomic research for environmentally caused diseases is important, because 1) it could help stratify disease risks and differentiate interventions for achieving population health benefits; 2) it could help identify new environmental risk factors for disease or help confirm suspected environmental risk factors; and 3) it could aid our understanding of disease occurrence in terms of transmission, natural history, severity, etiologic heterogeneity, and targets for intervention at the population level. While genomics is still in its infancy, opportunities exist for developing, testing, and applying the tools of genomics to clinical and public health research, especially for conditions with known or suspected environmental causes. This research is likely to lead to population-wide health promotion and disease prevention efforts, not only to interventions targeted according to genetic susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muin J Khoury
- Office of Genomics and Disease Prevention, Coordinating Center on Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Satoh S, Fugetsu B, Nomizu M, Nishi N. Functional DNA–Silica Composite Prepared by Sol–Gel Method. Polym J 2005. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.37.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Epidemiology. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF TOXICOLOGY 2005. [PMCID: PMC7150287 DOI: 10.1016/b0-12-369400-0/00378-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yamanaka T, Toyoshiba H, Sone H, Parham FM, Portier CJ. The TAO-Gen algorithm for identifying gene interaction networks with application to SOS repair in E. coli. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2004; 112:1614-1621. [PMID: 15598612 PMCID: PMC1247658 DOI: 10.1289/txg.7105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/21/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
One major unresolved issue in the analysis of gene expression data is the identification and quantification of gene regulatory networks. Several methods have been proposed for identifying gene regulatory networks, but these methods predominantly focus on the use of multiple pairwise comparisons to identify the network structure. In this article, we describe a method for analyzing gene expression data to determine a regulatory structure consistent with an observed set of expression profiles. Unlike other methods this method goes beyond pairwise evaluations by using likelihood-based statistical methods to obtain the network that is most consistent with the complete data set. The proposed algorithm performs accurately for moderate-sized networks with most errors being minor additions of linkages. However, the analysis also indicates that sample sizes may need to be increased to uniquely identify even moderate-sized networks. The method is used to evaluate interactions between genes in the SOS signaling pathway in Escherichia coli using gene expression data where each gene in the network is over-expressed using plasmids inserts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeharu Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Risk Analysis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health/DHHS, 111 Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Schwender H, Zucknick M, Ickstadt K, Bolt HM. A pilot study on the application of statistical classification procedures to molecular epidemiological data. Toxicol Lett 2004; 151:291-9. [PMID: 15177665 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of new statistical methods for use in molecular epidemiology comprises the building and application of appropriate classification rules. The aim of this study was to assess various classification methods that can potentially handle genetic interactions. A data set comprising genotypes at 25 single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) loci from 518 breast cancer cases and 586 age-matched population-based controls from the GENICA study was used to built a classification rule with the discrimination methods SVM (support vector machine), CART (classification and regression tree), Bagging, Random Forest, LogitBoost and k nearest neighbours (kNN). A blind pilot analysis of the genotypic data set was a first approach to obtain an impression of the statistical structure of the data. Furthermore, this analysis was performed to explore classification methods that may be applied to molecular-epidemiological evaluation. The results showed that all blindly applied classification methods had a slightly smaller misclassification rate than a random classification. The findings, nevertheless, suggest that SNP data might be useful for the classification of individuals into categories of high or low risk of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Schwender
- Department of Statistics, Collaborative Research Centre 475, University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
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