Crosslink among phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt, PTEN and STAT-5A signaling pathways post liposomal galactomannan hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

Resveratrol-based nano-formulations as an emerging therapeutic strategy for ovarian carcinoma: autophagy stimulation and SIRT-1/Beclin/MMP-9/P53/AKT signaling

Background

Resveratrol (RVS) is a stilbene derivative polyphenolic compound extensively recognized for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-aging properties, along with its enormous promise in carcinoma treatment. Unfortunately, the oral supplementation of RVS possesses physicochemical and pharmacokinetic constraints that hinder its effects, necessitating the development of suitable administration strategies to improve its effectiveness. As a result, the current study evaluates the use of resveratrol nano-formulations in ovarian cancer therapy. Ovarian cancer was induced in rats using (35 mg/kg BW) 20-Methyl cholanthrene (20-MC) followed by resveratrol and resveratrol nano-formulations therapy for one month.

Results

20-MC highlighted a noticeable alleviation in autophagy (ATF) biomarkers SIRT-1 and Beclin, inflammatory and apoptotic biomarkers MMP-9, P53 and AKT in addition to oxidative and nitrosative stress biomarkers TAC and NOX and ovarian cancer tumor biomarker CA-125.

Conclusions

Resveratrol and resveratrol nano-formulations modulated autophagy, inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers with the upper effect for resveratrol nano-formulations in competing 20-MC-induced ovarian cancer.

Necroptosis and autophagy in cisplatinum-triggered nephrotoxicity: Novel insights regarding their prognostic and diagnostic potential

Necroptosis is an innovative class of programmed autophagy (Atg) and necrosis; considered as a type of homeostatic housekeeping machinery that have observed an escalating concern due to its power in alleviating Cisplatinum-induced nephrotoxicity. This article elucidated in details the prospective role of both autophagy and necroptosis on Cisplatinum-triggered nephrotoxicity and investigating more potent therapy via lactoferrin and Ti-NPS conjugation. Cisplatinum is a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug; one of the limiting adverse actions of cisplatinum is renal toxicity. Upon cisplatinum administration, autophagy is highly stimulated in the kidney to shield against nephrotoxicity. Atg is a lysosomal degradation process which discards detorirated proteins to retain cell homeostasis. This article summarizes necroptosis progress in reconizing cisplatinum nephrotoxicity and debates how this progress can help in discovering more potent therapy via lactoferrin and Ti-NPS conjugation via monitoring autophagy and apoptotic biomarkers X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-1 (HPRT), FKBP prolyl isomerase 1B (FKBP), Cellular myelocytomatosis oncogene (C-myc), tumor suppressor gene (P53) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). Cisplatinum nephrotoxicity was conducted in rat model via an oral dose of (2 mg/kg BW) for one month furthermore a comparative study was conducted among TiNPs-loaded Cisplatinum and Lactoferrin loaded Cisplatinum. Loaded drug delivery system counteracted Cisplatinum triggered nephrotoxicity via controlling autophagy and apoptotic XBP, CHOP, HPRT, FKBP, C-myc, P53 and TNF-α signaling pathway.

Nano-based drug delivery systems in hepatocellular carcinoma

The high recurrence rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and poor prognosis after medical treatment reflects the necessity to improve the current chemotherapy protocols, particularly drug delivery methods. Development of targeted and efficient drug delivery systems (DDSs), in all active, passive and stimuli-responsive forms for selective delivery of therapeutic drugs to the tumour site has been extended to improve efficacy and reduce the severe side effects. Recent advances in nanotechnology offer promising breakthroughs in the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of cancer cells. In this review, the specific design of DDSs based on the different nano-particles and their surface engineering is discussed. In addition, the innovative clinical studies in which nano-based DDS was used in the treatment of HCC were highlighted.

Circular RNA ACVR2A promotes the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma through mir-511-5p targeting PI3K-Akt signaling pathway

Circular RNA (circRNA) is thought to mediate the occurrence and development of human cancer and usually acts as a tiny RNA (miRNA) sponge to regulate downstream gene expression. However, it is not clear whether and how circACVR2A (hsa_circ_0001073) is involved in the progression of HCC. The purpose of this study is to clarify the potential role and molecular mechanism of circACVR2A in regulating the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCC). The abundance of related proteins in circACVR2A, microRNA (miR511-5p) and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or Western blotting. Cell viability, invasion and apoptosis were analyzed by CCK-8, Transwell analysis and Tunel staining, respectively. The interaction between circACVR2A and microRNA was evaluated by double luciferase reporter gene assay. The results showed that circACVR2A was highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Our in vivo and in vitro data showed that circACVR2A promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC. In terms of mechanism, we found that circACVR2A can directly interact with miR511-5p and act as a miRNA sponge to regulate the expression of related proteins in PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.In HCC, circACVR2A can mediate miR-511-5p/mRNA network to activate PI3K signal pathway. This shows that the molecular regulatory network with circACVR2A as the core is a new potential target for diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Reciprocal crosslink among MeCP2/BDNF /CREB signaling pinpointed in autism spectrum disorder

Autism spectrum disorder, or individual disability (ID), is a condition characterized by complications in social interaction, restricted repetitive behavior, and difficulties in social communication. Neuquinon (NQ) possess a powerful therapeutic potential in various neurodegenerative disease. Nevertheless, contributing to NQ's low water solubility and bioavailability, its medicinal use has been constrained. Liposomes were supposed to be prospective drug-delivering agents for NQ, crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and reaching the target organs. The current investigation aims to track the signaling pathways that govern NQ and liposomal neuquinon (LNQ) action in autistic models generated by ethyl formic acid. The neurotransmitters gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine (ACh), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in addition to, the gene expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) and the DNA damage COMET analysis at different time intervals of the study, were assessed. EFA in a dose of 500 mg/kg BW was used to induce autism in rats, and then NQ and LNQ were administered in 10 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg BW, respectively. The results revealed that NQ and LNQ significantly down-regulated BDNF, GABA, and AChE; on the other hand, they up-regulated MeCP2, CREB gene expressions, and ACh action. NQ and LNQ displayed improvement in DNA damage in almost all brain regions after EFA alterations; even better results were noticed post-LNQ therapy. Therefore, it may be concluded that neuquinon and liposomal-loaded neuquinon have a therapeutic index versus EFA-induced autism in a rat model.

Titanium dioxide nanostructure-loaded Adriamycin surmounts resistance in breast cancer therapy: ABCA/P53/C-myc crosstalk

Aim: To clarify the alternation of gene expression responsible for resistance of Adriamycin (ADR) in rats, in addition to investigation of a novel promising drug-delivery system using titanium dioxide nanoparticles loaded with ADR (TiO2-ADR). Method: Breast cancer was induced in female Sprague-Dawley rats, followed by treatment with ADR (5 mg/kg) or TiO2-ADR (2 mg/kg) for 1 month. Results: Significant improvements in both zinc and calcium levels were observed with TiO2-ADR treatment. Gene expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter membrane proteins (ABCA1 & ABCG1), P53 and Jak-2 showed a significant reduction and overexpression of the C-myc in breast cancer-induced rats. TiO2-ADR demonstrated a notable ability to upregulate these genes. Conclusion: TiO2-ADR could be a promising drug-delivery system for breast cancer therapy.

Collaboration of Hprt/K-RAS/c-Myc mutation in the oncogenesis of T-lymphocytic leukemia: a comparative study

Aim: Leukemia is a malignant clonal illness stem from the mutations of hematopoietic cells. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is one of the utmost prevalent kinds of leukemia, is brought on by atypical lymphoid progenitor cell division in the bone marrow. Materials & methods: A comparative study between, titanium Nanoparticle-loaded doxorubicin or cisplatin and lactoferrin-loaded doxorubicin or cisplatin, on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene (DMBA)-induced leukemia was investigated and confirming the hypothesis that messenger RNA of Hprt/K-RAS/c-Myc/SAT-2/P53/JAK-2 is a forthcoming signaling pathways in leukemia. Results: A significant alteration in Hprt, K-RAS, C-Myc, P53, JAK-2 and SAT-2 genes was observed post DMBA intoxication the aforementioned Nanodrugs modulated these signaling pathways. Conclusion: The carrier-loaded drugs triggered cytotoxicity of cancer cells via enhancing drug efficacy and bio-availability.

Alleviation of doxorubicin adverse effects via loading into various drug-delivery systems: a comparative study

Aim: Drug resistance is still a significant barrier to effective hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. Address the issue of doxorubicin resistance and inter-receptor crosstalk various doxorubicin formulations were investigated. Methods: Hepatocellular carcinoma was carried out using 3-methylechloroanthrene. Animals were then treated with doxorubicin, liposomal doxorubicin, titanium-loaded doxorubicin (TiO2-Dox), lactoferrin-doxorubicin and PEGylated doxorubicin. Biochemical and molecular analyses were assessed. Results: Results have declared a significant alternation of both sodium and potassium concentrations upon 3-methylechloroanthrene administration. Arginase-I and α-L-Fucodinase tumor biomarkers were significantly elevated. C-myc, Hprt-1 and EGFR gene expression were over-expressed. Treatment with the aforementioned treatment regimens significantly modulated all measured parameters. Conclusion: TiO2-Dox, doxorubicin-lactoferrin and PEGylated doxorubicin could be a promising regimen in hepatocellular carcinoma and overcoming the problem of drug resistance.

Mitigation of apoptosis-mediated neurotoxicity induced by silver nanoparticles via rutaceae nutraceuticals: P53 activation and Bax/Bcl-2 regulation

Rapid progress in nano-scales and nanostructure extremely altered the way of diagnosing or preventing numerous diseases. One of the most important nano-medicines used in cancer treatment and diagnosis is silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Regardless of their extensive utilization, their prospective neurotoxicity wasn't studied yet. Herein, male Swiss Albino mice were intoxicated via two Nano-scales of AgNPs; (20 nm and 100 nm) for one month (100 mg/kg) then treated by leaves extracts of both Casimiroa edulis (C. edulis) and Glycosmis pentaphylla (G. pentaphylla), in addition to, mucilage and protein, the separated compounds from C. edulis fruits and seeds respectively in a dose of (500 mg/kg). Molecular, Biochemical and histopathological examinations were then conducted. Data recorded showed a significant elevation in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level and reduction in glutathione peroxidase (GPX) level post AgNPs intoxication. The oxidative stress occurred was modulated upon treatment regimens. Protein expression of C-reactive protein (CRP) showed a significant elevation and Molecular analysis recorded a significant up-regulation in the expression of both Bax and caspace-3 genes upon AgNPs intoxication in both particles size. On the contrary, both Bcl2 and P53 gene expression were shown to be significantly reduced. Treatment by C. edulis, G. pentaphylla, protein and mucilage extracts revealed modulation in apoptotic and pro-apoptotic biomarkers. Histopathological examination confirmed the obtained results. AgNPs exposure could induce neurotoxicity, genetic alternation and oxidative stress; the targeted extracts could be considered as a promising candidate in modulating apoptosis and neurotoxicity induced by AgNPs.

Ki-67 pulmonary immunoreactivity in silver nanoparticles toxicity: Size-rate dependent genotoxic impact

Engineered nanoparticles have been recently utilized in numerous domains particularly, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Nonetheless, the possible side effects resulting from AgNPs exposure are not fully clarified. The present study was designed to clarify the toxicity of AgNPs on lung tissue. Furthermore, therapeutic impact of Glycosmis pentaphylla (G. pentaphylla) and Casimiroa edulis (C. edulis) leaves extracts in addition to mucilage and protein (the purified compounds from C. edulis) was investigated against AgNPs induced pulmonary toxicity. Male Swiss albino mice were administered AgNPs orally in two different particle sizes (20 nm and 100 nm) for one month and was further treated via G. pentaphylla, C. edulis, mucilage and protein in a dose of 500 mg/ kg for three weeks. Biochemical, molecular, immunohistochemistry, and histopathological investigations were further assessed. An obvious alteration in oxidative stress biomarkers as well as mRNA gene expression of both survivin and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) was recorded in AgNPs intoxicated group. In addition to, exploration of positive nuclei for Ki-67 was also observed upon AgNPs intoxication. Data declared a significant improvement in the assessed parameters upon G. pentaphylla, C. edulis, mucilage and protein treatment. In conclusion; G. pentaphylla and C. edulis extracts could be considered as a promising candidate as therapeutic regimen against pulmonary toxicity induced via AgNPs due to their enrichment with different active constituents.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Due to the expansion of AgNPs applications, it is urgent to investigate their toxic impact associated with release of free silver ions. Different particle sizes of AgNPs can induce various alterations in cellular biochemical parameters, mRNA gene expression, histopathological and immunohistopathological examination. Herein, this natural products extracts are used for the first time as promising therapeutic regimen to ameliorate the toxic effect in AgNPs intoxicated lung tissue in mice model as a result of the bioactive metabolites, especially flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds.

Lipid based nanoparticles as a novel treatment modality for hepatocellular carcinoma: a comprehensive review on targeting and recent advances

Liver cancer is considered one of the deadliest diseases with one of the highest disease burdens worldwide. Among the different types of liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma is considered to be the most common type. Multiple conventional approaches are being used in treating hepatocellular carcinoma. Focusing on drug treatment, regular agents in conventional forms fail to achieve the intended clinical outcomes. In order to improve the treatment outcomes, utilizing nanoparticles-specifically lipid based nanoparticles-are considered to be one of the most promising approaches being set in motion. Multiple forms of lipid based nanoparticles exist including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, microemulsion, nanoemulsion, phytosomes, lipid coated nanoparticles, and nanoassemblies. Multiple approaches are used to enhance the tumor uptake as well tumor specificity such as intratumoral injection, passive targeting, active targeting, and stimuli responsive nanoparticles. In this review, the effect of utilizing lipidic nanoparticles is being discussed as well as the different tumor uptake enhancement techniques used.