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Koduvayur Habeebullah SF, Al Said T, Alagarsamy S, Ahamed N, Martinez K, Abusam A, Madhusoodhanan R, Al Shamali M, Al-Zekri W, Al Yamani F. Pollution dynamics in the first marine protected area of the Northwestern Arabian Gulf: Environmental assessment and management implications. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2025; 369:125856. [PMID: 39952590 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2024] [Revised: 01/20/2025] [Accepted: 02/11/2025] [Indexed: 02/17/2025]
Abstract
Coastal ecosystems, especially in rapidly industrializing regions, are increasingly threatened by pollution, necessitating the establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) to mitigate such impacts. In the environmentally challenged Northwestern Arabian Gulf (NWAG), the establishment of Sulaibikhat MPA in 2012 represents a critical step toward preserving vulnerable marine habitats. This study provides the first comprehensive evaluation of pollution stress in this MPA, focusing on microbial indicators, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and surfactants in seawater and sediment samples collected from October 2018 to March 2021. Microbial indicators, including total coliforms and Escherichia coli, were within acceptable limits, but sediment contamination with TPH (18.8-1339.7 ppm) far exceeded moderate pollution thresholds. PAH levels were low in seawater but elevated in sediments, revealing both pyrogenic and fresh petroleum contamination. Surfactant concentrations, particularly non-ionic types, exceeded toxicity thresholds for aquatic organisms, signaling significant ecological risk. Trace levels of banned persistent organic pollutants such as Endosulfan II and PCB 74, were detected after June 2019, suggesting ongoing pollution from agricultural and industrial sources. This study highlights the urgent need for targeted pollution control and sustainable management practices to preserve the ecological integrity of the NWAG MPA. The results serve as a baseline for future monitoring and policy formulation, crucial for safeguarding this key marine ecosystem in a region facing escalating environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabeena Farvin Koduvayur Habeebullah
- Coastal and Marine Resource Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, PO Box 1638 Salmiya, 22017 Kuwait.
| | - Turki Al Said
- Coastal and Marine Resource Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, PO Box 1638 Salmiya, 22017 Kuwait
| | - Surendraraj Alagarsamy
- Coastal and Marine Resource Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, PO Box 1638 Salmiya, 22017 Kuwait
| | - Nisar Ahamed
- Coastal and Marine Resource Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, PO Box 1638 Salmiya, 22017 Kuwait
| | - Karell Martinez
- Coastal and Marine Resource Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, PO Box 1638 Salmiya, 22017 Kuwait
| | - Abdalla Abusam
- Coastal and Marine Resource Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, PO Box 1638 Salmiya, 22017 Kuwait
| | - Rakhesh Madhusoodhanan
- Coastal and Marine Resource Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, PO Box 1638 Salmiya, 22017 Kuwait
| | - Mustafa Al Shamali
- Coastal and Marine Resource Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, PO Box 1638 Salmiya, 22017 Kuwait
| | - Waleed Al-Zekri
- Coastal and Marine Resource Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, PO Box 1638 Salmiya, 22017 Kuwait
| | - Faiza Al Yamani
- Coastal and Marine Resource Program, Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, PO Box 1638 Salmiya, 22017 Kuwait
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Sasi S, Rayaroth MP, Aravindakumar CT, Aravind UK. Alcohol ethoxysulfates (AES) in environmental matrices. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:34167-34186. [PMID: 33970421 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extensive use of surfactants in numerous fields resulted in their discharge into various environmental compartments including soil, sediment, and water. Alcohol ethoxysulfates (AES) together with alcohol ethoxylates (AE), alkyl sulfates (AS), and linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS) find wide variety of applications in consumer products including both domestic and industrial applications. Consequently, all these surfactants pose several concerns to both aquatic and human health. In the context of environmental impacts, AES has almost equal importance as that of LAS though the literature on this topic is only emerging. This review provides a detailed overview on the various aspects of the anionic surfactant, AES, such as toxicity of AES, its fate in the ecosystem, technical advancements in the area of identification and quantification, its occurrence and distribution in different environmental compartments spanning across the world, and finally a remark of its potential removal strategy from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subha Sasi
- Advanced Centre of Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - Manoj P Rayaroth
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - Charuvila T Aravindakumar
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
- Inter University Instrumentation Centre, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - Usha K Aravind
- School of Environmental Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, 682022, India.
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Zhang A, Wen X, Wang K, Huo Y, Geng Y, Ding Y, Li Y. Using surfactants for controlling rotifer contamination in mass cultivation of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Franco-Belussi L, Jones-Costa M, Salla RF, Souza BFS, Pinto-Vidal FA, Oliveira CR, Silva-Zacarin ECM, Abdalla FC, Duarte ICS, De Oliveira C. Hepatotoxicity of the anionic surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) in bullfrog tadpoles. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:129014. [PMID: 33250231 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The liver of anurans play an important role in metabolism, including detoxification, the biotransformation of molecules, and the storage of metabolites. Surfactants are part of domestic and industrial effluents. The effects of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) on anuran liver remain unknown, however, some studies have evaluated the effects of LAS on the skin, gills, heart, testes, and liver of fishes. Here, we tested the hypothesis that LAS is hepatotoxic, promoting morphometric alterations in hepatocytes along with inflammation in the tissue, altering hepatic catabolism. We evaluated the effects of a LAS concentration that is considered environmentally safe in Brazilian inland waters on the liver of Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles, including studies on morphology, morphometry, immunology, and metabolism. LAS exposure promoted enlargement of liver sinusoids and vacuolization of hepatocytes. Exposure to LAS also increased the area of mast cells and melanomacrophages (MMs). Additionally, LAS exposure increased hemosiderin inside MMs, suggesting alterations in the catabolism and storage of iron. Hepatocyte size increased after exposure to LAS, suggesting cytotoxic effects. Integrative analyses (i.e., morphometric, metabolic, and immunological) demonstrated hepatotoxic effects of LAS. These types of studies are key to understanding the negative effects of these substances on tadpole health, as these liver alterations impair anuran homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Franco-Belussi
- Laboratório de Fisiologia da Conservação (LAFISC), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratório de Patologia Experimental (LAPEx), Instituto de Biociências (INBIO), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Monica Jones-Costa
- Laboratório de Fisiologia da Conservação (LAFISC), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Fernanda Salla
- Laboratório de Fisiologia da Conservação (LAFISC), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Fernando Santos Souza
- Laboratório de Fisiologia da Conservação (LAFISC), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Augusto Pinto-Vidal
- Laboratório de Fisiologia da Conservação (LAFISC), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil; RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Cristiane Ronchi Oliveira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia da Conservação (LAFISC), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fabio Camargo Abdalla
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Classius De Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ding Y, Wen X, Peng X, Zhang A, Wang Z, Geng Y, Li Y. Surfactants as fungal parasite control agents in oleaginous microalga, Graesiella sp. WBG-1, mass culture. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Li X, Doherty AC, Brownawell B, Lara-Martin PA. Distribution and diagenetic fate of synthetic surfactants and their metabolites in sewage-impacted estuarine sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:209-218. [PMID: 29980039 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Surfactants are high production volume chemicals used in numerous domestic and industrial applications and, after use, the most abundant organic contaminants in wastewater. Their discharge might jeopardize the receiving aquatic ecosystems, including sediments, where they tend to accumulate. This is the first comprehensive study on their distribution and fate in this environmental compartment as we performed simultaneous analysis of the three main classes of surfactants (anionic: LAS; nonionic: NPEO and AEO; cationic: DTDMAC, DADMAC, BAC, and ATMAC) and some of their transformation products (SPC, NP, NPEC, and PEG). To account for spatial and time trends, surface sediments and dated cores were collected from Jamaica Bay, a heavily sewage-impacted estuary in New York City. The concentrations of surfactants in surface sediments were between 18 and > 200 μg g-1 and showed slight variation (<10%) over different sampling years (1998, 2003 and 2008). Cationic surfactants were found at the highest concentrations, with DTDMAC accounting for between 52 and 90% of the total sum of target compounds. Vertical concentration profiles in dated cores from the most contaminated station, in the vicinity of the biggest local sewage treatment plant (STP), indicated two sub-surface surfactant peaks in the mid-1960s (469 μg g-1) and late 1980s (572 μg g-1) coinciding with known STP upgrades. This trend was observed for most target compounds, except for DADMAC, C22ATMAC, and PEG, which showed a continuous increase towards the top of the cores. In-situ degradation was studied by comparing sediment core samples taken 12 years apart (1996 and 2008) and revealed a net decrease in PEG and specific surfactants (BAC, ATMAC, NPEO, and AEO) accompanied by growing concentrations of metabolites (SPC, NP, and NPEC). DTDMAC, DADMAC, and LAS, however, remained stable over this period, suggesting recalcitrant behavior under the anaerobic conditions in Jamaica Bay sediments. MAIN FINDING Chronology of major synthetic surfactants are illustrated in the dated sediment cores, as well as their different diagenetic fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Oceanography & Earth Science, Xiamen University, 361005, China.
| | - Anne Cooper Doherty
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, 1001 I Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814, United States
| | - Bruce Brownawell
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States
| | - Pablo A Lara-Martin
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, CEI-MAR, Puerto Real, 11510, Spain
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Garcia-Galan MJ, Sordet M, Buleté A, Garric J, Vulliet E. Evaluation of the influence of surfactants in the bioaccumulation kinetics of sulfamethoxazole and oxazepam in benthic invertebrates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 592:554-564. [PMID: 28342560 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The potential ecotoxicological effects of mixtures of contaminants in the aquatic environment are generating a global concern. Benthic invertebrates, such as the crustacean Gammarus fossarum, are key in the functioning of aquatic ecosystems, and are frequently used as sentinel species of water quality status. The aim of this work was to study the effects of a mixture of the most frequently detected surfactants in the bioconcentration kinetics of two pharmaceuticals in G. fossarum, evaluating their potential enhancing or suppressing effects. Laboratory exposure experiments for both pharmaceuticals and surfactants (concentration ratio 1:25) were set up for two individual compounds, the anxiolytic oxazepam and the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole. Gammarid samples were processed using microQuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) extraction. Pharmaceuticals concentration in the organisms was followed-up by means of nanoliquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS). Results indicated a similar mode of action of the surfactants in the bioconcentration kinetics of both drugs, decreasing the accumulation rate in the organism. Oxazepam showed a higher accumulation potential than sulfamethoxazole in all cases. Depuration experiments for oxazepam also demonstrated the high depurative capacity of gammarids, eliminating >50% of the concentration of oxazepam in <6h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jesus Garcia-Galan
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, Université Lyon1, ENS-Lyon. 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; GEMMA, Environmental Engineering and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Hydraulic, Maritime and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, building D1, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Martin Sordet
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, Université Lyon1, ENS-Lyon. 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Audrey Buleté
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, Université Lyon1, ENS-Lyon. 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jeanne Garric
- IRSTEA, UR MAEP, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vulliet
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, Université Lyon1, ENS-Lyon. 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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Monitoring of Anionic Surfactants in a Wastewater Treatment Plant of Algiers Western Region by a Simplified Spectrophotometric Method. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-016-1884-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Jardak K, Drogui P, Daghrir R. Surfactants in aquatic and terrestrial environment: occurrence, behavior, and treatment processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:3195-216. [PMID: 26590059 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5803-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants belong to a group of chemicals that are well known for their cleaning properties. Their excessive use as ingredients in care products (e.g., shampoos, body wash) and in household cleaning products (e.g., dishwashing detergents, laundry detergents, hard-surface cleaners) has led to the discharge of highly contaminated wastewaters in aquatic and terrestrial environment. Once reached in the different environmental compartments (rivers, lakes, soils, and sediments), surfactants can undergo aerobic or anaerobic degradation. The most studied surfactants so far are linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), alkylphenol ethoxylate (APEOs), and alcohol ethoxylate (AEOs). Concentrations of surfactants in wastewaters can range between few micrograms to hundreds of milligrams in some cases, while it reaches several grams in sludge used for soil amendments in agricultural areas. Above the legislation standards, surfactants can be toxic to aquatic and terrestrial organisms which make treatment processes necessary before their discharge into the environment. Given this fact, biological and chemical processes should be considered for better surfactants removal. In this review, we investigate several issues with regard to: (1) the toxicity of surfactants in the environment, (2) their behavior in different ecological systems, (3) and the different treatment processes used in wastewater treatment plants in order to reduce the effects of surfactants on living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jardak
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS-Eau Terre et Environnement), Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, Qc, G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - P Drogui
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS-Eau Terre et Environnement), Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, Qc, G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - R Daghrir
- Researcher in Water Technology Center, 696 avenue Sainte-Croix, Montréal, Québec, H4L 3Y2, Canada.
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Liang C, Wang X, Peng X. Arsenic retention and transport behavior in the presence of typical anionic and nonionic surfactants. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 39:249-258. [PMID: 26899663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The massive production and wide use of surfactants have resulted in a large amount of surfactant residuals being discharged into the environment, which could have an impact on arsenic behavior. In the present study, the influence of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and nonionic surfactant polyethylene glycol octylphenyl ether (Triton X-100) on arsenic behavior was investigated in batch and column tests. The presence of SDBS and Triton X-100 reduced arsenic retention onto ferrihydrite (FH), enhanced arsenic transport through FH coated sand (FH-sand) columns and promoted arsenic release from the FH surface. With coexisting surfactants in solution, the equilibrium adsorbed amount of arsenic on FH decreased by up to 29.7% and the adsorption rate decreased by up to 52.3%. Pre-coating with surfactants caused a decrease in the adsorbed amount and adsorption rate of arsenic by up to 15.1% and 58.3%, respectively. Because of the adsorption attenuation caused by surfactants, breakthrough of As(V) and As(III) with SDBS in columns packed with FH-sand was 23.8% and 14.3% faster than that in those without SDBS, respectively. In columns packed with SDBS-coated FH-sand, transport of arsenic was enhanced to a greater extent. Breakthrough of As(V) and As(III) was 52.4% and 43.8% faster and the cumulative retention amount was 44.5% and 57.3% less than that in pure FH-sand column systems, respectively. Mobilization of arsenic by surfactants increased with the increase of the initial adsorbed amount of arsenic. The cumulative release amount of As(V) and As(III) from the packed column reached 10.8% and 36.0%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xianliang Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xianjia Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Kegler P, Baum G, Indriana LF, Wild C, Kunzmann A. Physiological Response of the Hard Coral Pocillopora verrucosa from Lombok, Indonesia, to Two Common Pollutants in Combination with High Temperature. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142744. [PMID: 26555818 PMCID: PMC4640544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on interactive effects of global (e.g. ocean warming) and local stressors (e.g. pollution) is needed to develop appropriate management strategies for coral reefs. Surfactants and diesel are common coastal pollutants, but knowledge of their effects on hard corals as key reef ecosystem engineers is scarce. This study thus investigated the physiological reaction of Pocillopora verrucosa from Lombok, Indonesia, to exposure with a) the water-soluble fraction of diesel (determined by total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH); 0.69 ± 0.14 mg L-1), b) the surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS; 0.95 ± 0.02 mg L-1) and c) combinations of each pollutant with high temperature (+3°C). To determine effects on metabolism, respiration, photosynthetic efficiency and coral tissue health were measured. Findings revealed no significant effects of diesel, while LAS resulted in severe coral tissue losses (16-95% after 84 h). High temperature led to an increase in photosynthetic yield of corals after 48 h compared to the control treatment, but no difference was detected thereafter. In combination, diesel and high temperature significantly increased coral dark respiration, whereas LAS and high temperature caused higher tissue losses (81-100% after 84 h) and indicated a severe decline in maximum quantum yield. These results confirm the hypothesized combined effects of high temperature with either of the two investigated pollutants. Our study demonstrates the importance of reducing import of these pollutants in coastal areas in future adaptive reef management, particularly in the context of ocean warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Kegler
- Department of Ecology, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Bremen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Gunilla Baum
- Department of Ecology, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Lisa F. Indriana
- Mataram Marine Bio Industry Technical Implementation Unit, Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Pemenang, Indonesia
| | - Christian Wild
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kunzmann
- Department of Ecology, Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Bremen, Germany
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Baderna D, Lomazzi E, Passoni A, Pogliaghi A, Petoumenou MI, Bagnati R, Lodi M, Viarengo A, Sforzini S, Benfenati E, Fanelli R. Chemical characterization and ecotoxicity of three soil foaming agents used in mechanized tunneling. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 296:210-220. [PMID: 25917697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The construction of tunnels and rocks with mechanized drills produces several tons of rocky debris that are today recycled as construction material or as soil replacement for covering rocky areas. The lack of accurate information about the environmental impact of these excavated rocks and foaming agents added during the excavation process has aroused increasing concern for ecosystems and human health. The present study proposes an integrated approach to the assessment of the potential environmental impact of three foaming agents containing different anionic surfactants and other polymers currently on the market and used in tunnel boring machines. The strategy includes chemical characterization with high resolution mass spectrometry techniques to identify the components of each product, the use of in silico tools to perform a similarity comparison among these compounds and some pollutants already listed in regulatory frameworks to identify possible threshold concentrations of contamination, and the application of a battery of ecotoxicological assays to investigate the impact of each foaming mixture on model organisms of soil (higher plants and Eisenia andrei) and water communities (Daphnia magna). The study identified eleven compounds not listed on the material safety data sheets for which we have identified possible concentrations of contamination based on existing regulatory references. The bioassays allowed us to determine the no effect concentrations (NOAECs) of the three mixtures, which were subsequently used as threshold concentration for the product in its entirety. The technical mixtures used in this study have a different degree of toxicity and the predicted environmental concentrations based on the conditions of use are lower than the NOAEC for soils but higher than the NOAEC for water, posing a potential risk to the waters due to the levels of foaming agents in the muck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Baderna
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Giuseppe La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Lomazzi
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Giuseppe La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Passoni
- Unit of Analytical Instrumentation, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Giuseppe La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Pogliaghi
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Giuseppe La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Ifigeneia Petoumenou
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Giuseppe La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Renzo Bagnati
- Unit of Analytical Instrumentation, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Giuseppe La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Lodi
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Giuseppe La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Aldo Viarengo
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation (DiSIT), University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Susanna Sforzini
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation (DiSIT), University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Emilio Benfenati
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Giuseppe La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Fanelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Giuseppe La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
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Ma Q, Ma W, Chen X, Wang Z, Bai H, Zhang L, Li W, Wang C, Li X. Comprehensive analysis of fatty alcohol ethoxylates by ultra high pressure hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled with ion mobility spectrometry mass spectrometry using a custom-designed sub-2 μm column. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2182-91. [PMID: 25847530 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ma
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Beijing China
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Wei Ma
- Post-Doctoral Mobile Station of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin China
| | - Xi Chen
- Waters Corporation; Shanghai China
| | - Ziming Wang
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Hua Bai
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Beijing China
| | - Lanwei Zhang
- Post-Doctoral Mobile Station of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin China
| | - Wentao Li
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Beijing China
| | - Chao Wang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Beijing China
| | - Xinshi Li
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine; Beijing China
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14
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Mollaei J, Mortazavi SB, Jonidi Jafari A. Removal of Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate by Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor, Using Synthetic Media. HEALTH SCOPE 2014. [DOI: 10.17795/jhealthscope-16721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Baena-Nogueras RM, Rojas-Ojeda P, Sanz JL, González-Mazo E, Lara-Martín PA. Reactivity and fate of secondary alkane sulfonates (SAS) in marine sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 189:35-42. [PMID: 24631971 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This research is focused on secondary alkane sulfonates (SAS), anionic surfactants widely used in household applications that access aquatic environments mainly via sewage discharges. We studied their sorption capacity and anaerobic degradation in marine sediments, providing the first data available on this topic. SAS partition coefficients increased towards those homologues having longer alkyl chains (from up to 141 L kg(-1) for C14 to up to 1753 L kg(-1) for C17), which were those less susceptible to undergo biodegradation. Overall, SAS removal percentages reached up to 98% after 166 days of incubation using anoxic sediments. The degradation pathway consisted on the formation of sulfocarboxylic acids after an initial fumarate attack of the alkyl chain and successive β-oxidations. This is the first study showing that SAS can be degraded in absence of oxygen, so this new information should be taken into account for future environmental risk assessments on these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa María Baena-Nogueras
- Departamento de Química-Física, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), Campus de Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Patricia Rojas-Ojeda
- Unidad de Microbiología Aplicada, Centro de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Crta. De Colmenar km 15, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Sanz
- Unidad de Microbiología Aplicada, Centro de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Crta. De Colmenar km 15, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo González-Mazo
- Departamento de Química-Física, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), Campus de Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Pablo A Lara-Martín
- Departamento de Química-Física, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), Campus de Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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16
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Michel A, Brauch HJ, Worch E, Lange FT. Homologue specific analysis of a polyether trisiloxane surfactant in German surface waters and study on its hydrolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 186:126-135. [PMID: 24370670 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of a polyether trisiloxane surfactant in the ng L(-1) range in German surface waters is reported for the first time. The studied surfactant does not ubiquitously occur in the aquatic environment but can reach surface waters on a local scale. As a first step towards the understanding of the environmental fate, the hydrolysis was studied according to the OECD guideline 111. It confirmed that the trisiloxane surfactant is sensitive to hydrolysis and that the hydrolysis rate strongly depends on the pH and the temperature. If one takes only into account the hydrolysis, the trisiloxane surfactant could persist several weeks in river water (the half-life in water is approximately 50 days at pH 7, 25 °C, and an initial concentration of 2 mg L(-1)). A degradation product, more polar than the initial trisiloxane surfactant, was identified by high resolution mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Michel
- DVGW Water Technology Center (DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, TZW), Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany; TU Dresden, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Water Chemistry, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Heinz-Jürgen Brauch
- DVGW Water Technology Center (DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, TZW), Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eckhard Worch
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Water Chemistry, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank T Lange
- DVGW Water Technology Center (DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, TZW), Karlsruher Str. 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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17
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Olkowska E, Ruman M, Polkowska Ż. Occurrence of surface active agents in the environment. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2014; 2014:769708. [PMID: 24527257 PMCID: PMC3914419 DOI: 10.1155/2014/769708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the specific structure of surfactants molecules they are applied in different areas of human activity (industry, household). After using and discharging from wastewater treatment plants as effluent stream, surface active agents (SAAs) are emitted to various elements of the environment (atmosphere, waters, and solid phases), where they can undergo numerous physic-chemical processes (e.g., sorption, degradation) and freely migrate. Additionally, SAAs present in the environment can be accumulated in living organisms (bioaccumulation), what can have a negative effect on biotic elements of ecosystems (e.g., toxicity, disturbance of endocrine equilibrium). They also cause increaseing solubility of organic pollutants in aqueous phase, their migration, and accumulation in different environmental compartments. Moreover, surfactants found in aerosols can affect formation and development of clouds, which is associated with cooling effect in the atmosphere and climate changes. The environmental fate of SAAs is still unknown and recognition of this problem will contribute to protection of living organisms as well as preservation of quality and balance of various ecosystems. This work contains basic information about surfactants and overview of pollution of different ecosystems caused by them (their classification and properties, areas of use, their presence, and behavior in the environment).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Olkowska
- Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marek Ruman
- Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Będzińska 60 Street, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Żaneta Polkowska
- Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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18
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Fernández-Ramos C, Ballesteros O, Blanc R, Zafra-Gómez A, Camino-Sánchez F, Navalón A, Vílchez J. Determination of alcohol sulfates and alcohol ethoxysulfates in marine and river sediments using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2013; 115:606-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Corada-Fernández C, Lara-Martín PA, Candela L, González-Mazo E. Vertical distribution profiles and diagenetic fate of synthetic surfactants in marine and freshwater sediments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 461-462:568-575. [PMID: 23756216 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript deals with the presence and degradation of the most commonly-used surfactants, including anionic (linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, LAS, and alkyl ethoxysulfates, AES) and non-ionic (alcohol polyethoxylates, AEOs, and nonylphenol polyethoxylates, NPEOs) compounds, in sediments and pore water from several aquatic environments (Southwest, Spain). Different vertical distributions were observed according to the respective sources, uses, production volumes and physicochemical properties of each surfactant. Levels of nonionics (up to 10 mg kg(-1)) were twice as high as anionics in industrial areas and harbors, whereas the opposite was found near urban wastewater discharge outlets. Sulfophenyl carboxylic acids (SPCs), LAS degradation products, were identified at anoxic depths at some sampling stations. Their presence was related to in situ anaerobic degradation of LAS in marine sediments, whereas the occurrence of these metabolites in freshwater sediments was attributed to the existence of wastewater sources nearby. No significant changes in the average length of AEO and NPEO ethoxylated chains were observed along the sediment cores, suggesting that their biodegradation was very limited in the sampling area. This may be directly related to their lower bioavailability, as their calculated sediment-pore water distribution coefficients (log K(sw)), which showed that non-ionic surfactants examined in this study had greater sorption affinity than the anionic surfactants (e.g., 2.3±0.3 for NPEOs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Corada-Fernández
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus of International Excellence of the Sea (CEI.MAR), Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, 11510, Cadiz, Spain
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20
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Fernández-Ramos C, Ballesteros O, Zafra-Gómez A, Blanc R, Navalón A, Vílchez J. Determination of alcohol sulfates and alcohol ethoxysulfates in wastewater samples by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Terzic S, Ahel M. Nontarget analysis of polar contaminants in freshwater sediments influenced by pharmaceutical industry using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:557-566. [PMID: 21056522 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive analytical procedure for a reliable identification of nontarget polar contaminants in aquatic sediments was developed, based on the application of ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOFMS). The procedure was applied for the analysis of freshwater sediment that was highly impacted by wastewater discharges from the pharmaceutical industry. A number of different contaminants were successfully identified owing to the high mass accuracy of the QTOFMS system, used in combination with high chromatographic resolution of UHPLC. The major compounds, identified in investigated sediment, included a series of polypropylene glycols (n=3-16), alkylbenzene sulfonate and benzalkonium surfactants as well as a number of various pharmaceuticals (chlorthalidone, warfarin, terbinafine, torsemide, zolpidem and macrolide antibiotics). The particular advantage of the applied technique is its capability to detect less known pharmaceutical intermediates and/or transformation products, which have not been previously reported in freshwater sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senka Terzic
- Division of Marine and Environmental Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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22
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Corada-Fernández C, Lara-Martín PA, Candela L, González-Mazo E. Tracking sewage derived contamination in riverine settings by analysis of synthetic surfactants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:2010-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1em10150a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Moldovan Z, Avram V, Marincas O, Petrov P, Ternes T. The determination of the linear alkylbenzene sulfonate isomers in water samples by gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1218:343-9. [PMID: 21159344 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A number of 20 compounds of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LASs) family were identified by electron impact mass spectrometry (EI-MS) in water samples collected from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). This paper presents the mass spectra of 20 compounds, the proposed mechanism of formation of the diagnostic ions obtained by EI-MS and the distribution of individual isomers in water samples collected from compartments of WWTP. The individual isomers from four homolog series C(10)-, C(11)-, C(12)- and C(13)-LAS were analyzed as methyl derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaharie Moldovan
- National Institute of Research and Development for Isotopic and Molecular Technology (INCDTIM), Donath Street 65-103, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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24
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Richardson SD. Environmental Mass Spectrometry: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4742-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101102d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605
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Härmä H, Laakso S, Pihlasalo S, Hänninen P, Faure B, Rana S, Bergström L. Rapid detection of trace amounts of surfactants using nanoparticles in fluorometric assays. NANOSCALE 2010; 2:69-71. [PMID: 20648365 DOI: 10.1039/b9nr00172g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Rapid microtiter assays that utilize the time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer or quenching of dye-labeled proteins adsorbed onto the surfaces of polystyrene or maghemite nanoparticles have been developed for the detection and quantification of trace amounts of surfactants at concentrations down to 10 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harri Härmä
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Medicity, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, Turku, Finland.
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27
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Pan YP, Tsai SW. Determination and residual characteristic of alkylphenols in household food detergents of Taiwan. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 76:381-386. [PMID: 19375146 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The non-ionic surfactants are mostly composed of alkylphenols for the ingredients of synthetic food detergents. Due to the ability to mimic hormones, it has been noticed that the exposures of alkylphenols might cause a variety of adverse effects. To assess the associate risks from possible exposures, concentrations of alkylphenols, including 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), technical nonylphenol isomers (t-NP(S)), and 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP), in household food detergents of Taiwan were determined. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometer (GC/MS) was used to analyze alkylphenols in samples. The Taguchi experimental design was utilized to study the possible factors that might affect the residual characteristics of alkylphenols from detergents on dishware and fruits. By the analysis of variance, the orders of importance of different parameters were determined. The results showed that the concentrations of alkylphenols in food detergents ranged from 1.71 x 10(-5) to 2.13 x 10(-3) (APs/detergent, mgg(-1)). For residual characteristics, the cleaning temperature was found to be the only significant factor that will affect the 4-t-OP left on the dishware, while the concentrations of detergents used will affect the left of t-NPs and 4-NP on dishware as well. On the other hand, the varieties of fruits, the concentrations of detergents, and the concentrations of alkylphenols were found to have significant effects for the t-NPs left on fruits. As for the exposure assessments, the maximum dose of APs exposures from the use of household food detergents in Taiwan was also estimated in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Pan
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605
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29
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Frömel T, Knepper TP. Mass spectrometry as an indispensable tool for studies of biodegradation of surfactants. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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