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Teuben MPJ, Hollman A, Blokhuis T, Pfeifer R, Spijkerman R, Teuber H, Pape HC, Leenen LPH. Splenectomy is associated with altered leukocyte kinetics after severe trauma. Eur J Med Res 2021; 26:26. [PMID: 33722293 PMCID: PMC7958390 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-021-00497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inadequate activation of the innate immune system after trauma can lead to severe complications such as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome. The spleen is thought to modulate the cellular immune system. Furthermore, splenectomy is associated with improved outcome in severely injured trauma patients. We hypothesized that a splenectomy alters the cellular immune response in polytrauma. METHODS All adult patients with an ISS ≥ 16 and suffering from splenic or hepatic injuries were selected from our prospective trauma database. Absolute leukocyte numbers in peripheral blood were measured. White blood cell kinetics during the first 14 days were compared between splenectomized patients, patients treated surgically for liver trauma and nonoperatively treated individuals. RESULTS A total of 129 patients with a mean ISS of 29 were included. Admission characteristics and leukocyte numbers were similar in all groups, except for slightly impaired hemodynamic status in patients with operatively treated liver injuries. On admission, leukocytosis occurred in all groups. During the first 24 h, leukopenia developed gradually, although significantly faster in the operatively treated patients. Thereafter, leukocyte levels normalized in all nonoperatively treated cases whereas leukocytosis persisted in operatively treated patients. This effect was significantly more prominent in splenectomized patients than all other conditions. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that surgery for intra-abdominal injuries is associated with an early drop in leucocyte numbers in peripheral blood. Moreover, splenectomy in severely injured patients is associated with an altered cellular immune response reflected by a persistent state of prominent leukocytosis after trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Paul Johan Teuben
- Department of Trauma, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Traumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Arne Hollman
- Department of Trauma, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Taco Blokhuis
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roman Pfeifer
- Department of Traumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roy Spijkerman
- Department of Trauma, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Teuber
- Department of Traumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Christoph Pape
- Department of Traumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, 8006, Zurich, Switzerland
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Soares ROS, Losada DM, Jordani MC, Évora P, Castro-E-Silva O. Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Revisited: An Overview of the Latest Pharmacological Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205034. [PMID: 31614478 PMCID: PMC6834141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) permeates a variety of diseases and is a ubiquitous concern in every transplantation proceeding, from whole organs to modest grafts. Given its significance, efforts to evade the damaging effects of both ischemia and reperfusion are abundant in the literature and they consist of several strategies, such as applying pre-ischemic conditioning protocols, improving protection from preservation solutions, thus providing extended cold ischemia time and so on. In this review, we describe many of the latest pharmacological approaches that have been proven effective against IRI, while also revisiting well-established concepts and presenting recent pathophysiological findings in this ever-expanding field. A plethora of promising protocols has emerged in the last few years. They have been showing exciting results regarding protection against IRI by employing drugs that engage several strategies, such as modulating cell-surviving pathways, evading oxidative damage, physically protecting cell membrane integrity, and enhancing cell energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniele M Losada
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Maria C Jordani
- Department of Surgery & Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Évora
- Department of Surgery & Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
- Department of Gastroenterology, São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Orlando Castro-E-Silva
- Department of Surgery & Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
- Department of Gastroenterology, São Paulo Medical School, University of São Paulo, 01246-903 São Paulo, Brazil.
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Hong SH, Ku JM, Kim HI, Kim TY, Seo HS, Shin YC, Ko SG. Topical Application of KAJD Attenuates 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene-Induced Atopic Dermatitis Symptoms Through Regulation of IgE and MAPK Pathways in BALB/C Mice and Several Immune Cell Types. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1097. [PMID: 31607928 PMCID: PMC6761305 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a frequent skin complication that is caused by unknown reasons. KHU-ATO-JIN-D (KAJD) is a new drug aimed at AD composed of a mixture of extracts from six plants known to have anti-inflammatory and antiallergic effects. This study investigated whether KAJD alleviates 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced AD in BALB/c mice and several immune cell types. We applied KAJD to DNCB-induced AD-like skin lesions in BALB/c mice, phorbol myristate acetate/ionomycin-stimulated human mast cells (HMC-1), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages and splenocytes. Histological, ELISA, PCR, and Western blot experiments were performed. The application of KAJD significantly attenuated the lesion severity and skin thickness and inhibited the infiltration of inflammatory cells, mast cells, and CD4+ T cells into the sensitized skin of mice. Reduced leukocyte numbers and proinflammatory cytokine and IgE levels were also observed in the sera of KAJD-treated mice. Moreover, in vitro studies demonstrated that KAJD treatment reduced the LPS-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells. The regulation of IL-4 and IL-6 mRNA and MAPK pathways was also detected in agonist-induced isolated splenocytes and HMC-1 cells by the addition of KAJD. Taken together, our results demonstrate that KAJD inhibits the development of DNCB-induced AD in BALB/c mice and in several immune cell types, suggesting that KAJD might be a useful therapeutic drug for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hyang Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Mo Ku
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo In Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tai Young Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Sook Seo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Cheol Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells direct macrophage polarization to alleviate pancreatic islets dysfunction in type 2 diabetic mice. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:760. [PMID: 29988034 PMCID: PMC6037817 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0801-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction is recognized as a fundamental pathology of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been identified in protection of islets function in T2D individuals. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. It is widely accepted that β-cell dysfunction is closely related to improper accumulation of macrophages in the islets, and a series of reports suggest that MSCs possess great immunomodulatory properties by which they could elicit macrophages into an anti-inflammatory M2 state. In this study, we induced a T2D mouse model with a combination of high-fat diet (HFD) and low-dose streptozotocin (STZ), and then performed human umbilical cord-derived MSCs (hUC-MSCs) infusion to investigate whether the effect of MSCs on islets protection was related to regulation on macrophages in pancreatic islets. hUC-MSCs infusion exerted anti-diabetic effects and significantly promoted islets recovery in T2D mice. Interestingly, pancreatic inflammation was remarkably suppressed, and local M1 macrophages were directed toward an anti-inflammatory M2-like state after hUC-MSC infusion. In vitro study also proved that hUC-MSCs inhibited the activation of the M1 phenotype and induced the generation of the M2 phenotype in isolated mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), peritoneal macrophages (PMs) and in THP-1 cells. Further analysis showed that M1-stimulated hUC-MSCs increased the secretion of interleukin (IL)-6, blocking which by small interfering RNA (siRNA) largely abrogated the hUC-MSCs effects on macrophages both in vitro and in vivo, resulting in dampened restoration of β-cell function and glucose homeostasis in T2D mice. In addition, MCP-1 was found to work in accordance with IL-6 in directing macrophage polarization from M1 to M2 state. These data may provide new clues for searching for the target of β-cell protection. Furthermore, hUC-MSCs may be a superior alternative in treating T2D for their macrophage polarization effects.
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Nagata Y, Fujimoto M, Nakamura K, Isoyama N, Matsumura M, Fujikawa K, Uchiyama K, Takaki E, Takii R, Nakai A, Matsuyama H. Anti-TNF-α Agent Infliximab and Splenectomy Are Protective Against Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Transplantation 2017; 100:1675-82. [PMID: 27163536 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is associated with delayed graft function and results in poor long-term graft survival. We previously showed that splenectomy (SPLN) protects the kidney from I/R injury and reduces serum TNF-α levels. Herein, we further investigated the effects of SPLN on inflammatory responses and tissue injury in renal I/R by examining the expression of major inflammatory cytokines and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). Because it was shown previously that the anti-TNF-α agent infliximab (IFX) attenuated renal I/R injury, we also investigated whether IFX administration mimics the effects of SPLN. METHODS The left renal pedicles of adult male Wistar rats were clamped for 45 minutes and then reperfused for 24 hours; right nephrectomy and SPLN were performed immediately. A separate cohort was administered IFX 1 hour before surgery in lieu of SPLN. RESULTS Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels were markedly elevated by I/R injury; these increases were significantly reversed by IFX. Furthermore, IFX inhibited the induction of inflammatory cytokines and HSP70 during renal I/R injury. Time-dependent profiles revealed that the expression of inflammatory cytokines was elevated immediately after I/R, whereas levels of HSP70, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen began to rise 3 hours postreperfusion. Macrophages/monocytes were significantly increased in I/R-injured kidneys, but not in those administered IFX. The outcomes of SPLN mirrored those of IFX administration. CONCLUSIONS Splenectomy and TNF-α inhibition both protect the kidney from I/R injury by reducing the accumulation of renal macrophages/monocytes and induction of major inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Nagata
- 1 Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Malaviya R, Sunil VR, Venosa A, Vayas KN, Businaro R, Heck DE, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Macrophages and inflammatory mediators in pulmonary injury induced by mustard vesicants. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1374:168-75. [PMID: 27351588 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) and nitrogen mustard (NM) are cytotoxic alkylating agents that cause severe and progressive injury to the respiratory tract, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Evidence suggests that macrophages and the inflammatory mediators they release play roles in both acute and long-term pulmonary injuries caused by mustards. In this article, we review the pathogenic effects of SM and NM on the respiratory tract and potential inflammatory mechanisms contributing to this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Malaviya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Vasanthi R Sunil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Alessandro Venosa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Kinal N Vayas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Rita Businaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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Yavaşoğlu İ. Tumor Necrosis Factor and Splenectomy. Turk J Haematol 2016; 33:166. [PMID: 27211047 PMCID: PMC5100733 DOI: 10.4274/tjh.2016.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- İrfan Yavaşoğlu
- Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Aydın, Turkey, Phone : +90 256 212 00 20, E-mail :
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8
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Tumor Necrosis Factor α Blockade to Ameliorate Renal ischemia Reperfusion Injury: Potential Implications for Kidney Transplantation. Transplantation 2016; 100:1601-2. [PMID: 27163537 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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The spleen as an extramedullary source of inflammatory cells responding to acetaminophen-induced liver injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 304:110-20. [PMID: 27163765 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages have been shown to play a role in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity, contributing to both pro- and anti-inflammatory processes. In these studies, we analyzed the role of the spleen as an extramedullary source of hepatic macrophages. APAP administration (300mg/kg, i.p.) to control mice resulted in an increase in CD11b(+) infiltrating Ly6G(+) granulocytic and Ly6G(-) monocytic cells in the spleen and the liver. The majority of the Ly6G(+) cells were also positive for the monocyte/macrophage activation marker, Ly6C, suggesting a myeloid derived suppressor cell (MDSC) phenotype. By comparison, Ly6G(-) cells consisted of 3 subpopulations expressing high, intermediate, and low levels of Ly6C. Splenectomy was associated with increases in mature (F4/80(+)) and immature (F4/80(-)) pro-inflammatory Ly6C(hi) macrophages and mature anti-inflammatory (Ly6C(lo)) macrophages in the liver after APAP; increases in MDSCs were also noted in the livers of splenectomized (SPX) mice after APAP. This was associated with increases in APAP-induced expression of chemokine receptors regulating pro-inflammatory (CCR2) and anti-inflammatory (CX3CR1) macrophage trafficking. In contrast, APAP-induced increases in pro-inflammatory galectin-3(+) macrophages were blunted in livers of SPX mice relative to control mice, along with hepatic expression of TNF-α, as well as the anti-inflammatory macrophage markers, FIZZ-1 and YM-1. These data demonstrate that multiple subpopulations of pro- and anti-inflammatory cells respond to APAP-induced injury, and that these cells originate from distinct hematopoietic reservoirs.
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Kuriyama N, Iizawa Y, Kato H, Murata Y, Tanemura A, Azumi Y, Kishiwada M, Usui M, Sakurai H, Isaji S. Impact of Splenectomy Just Before Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplantation Using Small-for-Size Graft in Rats. Transplant Proc 2016; 48:1304-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2016.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Wystrychowski W, Filipczyk L, Cierpka L, Obuchowicz E, Więcek A, Wystrychowski A. Splenectomy attenuates the course of kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Transplant Proc 2015; 46:2558-61. [PMID: 25380865 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) initiates inflammatory response with synthesis of free oxygen radicals, chemokines, and cytokines which attract neutrophils and monocytes, which then differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells, activating adaptive immune response. The spleen is the main source of both monocytes and lymphocytes. The aim of this study was to assess whether splenectomy performed before or upon IRI affects post-ischemic and long-term renal function. METHODS Two weeks after right nephrectomy, the left kidney pedicle was clamped for 45 minutes in 24 rats. After the clip insertion, the spleen was removed in 12 animals and the remaining 12 rats underwent sham splenectomy. In the second experiment, splenectomy (n = 9) or sham procedure (n = 9) was performed simultaneously with right nephrectomy, 2 weeks before left kidney ischemia. The excretory function of the kidney was evaluated 48 hours and 7 days after ischemia. In the experimental model of chronic renal failure, 14 days before right nephrectomy, the prolonged 90-minute ischemia was induced in 32 rats with simultaneous splenectomy (n = 16) or sham procedure (n = 16). In long-term observation, the renal function and mortality rate was evaluated. RESULTS Kidney function preservation was superior in rats that underwent splenectomy together with renal ischemia when compared to controls. This was further expressed with a 2 times lower mortality rate in splenectomized animals in 6 months observation after prolonged renal ischemia. Renoprotective effect was not observed when splenectomy was performed 2 weeks before IRI. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest a detrimental influence of the spleen on the development of renal IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wystrychowski
- Department of General, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
| | - L Filipczyk
- Department of Nephrology, Municipal Hospital, Bytom, Poland
| | - L Cierpka
- Department of General, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - E Obuchowicz
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - A Więcek
- Department of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders; Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - A Wystrychowski
- Department of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders; Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Venosa A, Malaviya R, Gow AJ, Hall L, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Protective role of spleen-derived macrophages in lung inflammation, injury, and fibrosis induced by nitrogen mustard. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L1487-98. [PMID: 26475734 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00276.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) is a vesicant that causes lung injury and fibrosis, accompanied by a persistent macrophage inflammatory response. In these studies we analyzed the spleen as a source of these cells. Splenectomized (SPX) and sham control rats were treated intratracheally with NM (0.125 mg/kg) or PBS control. Macrophage responses were analyzed 1-7 days later. Splenectomy resulted in an increase in lung macrophages expressing CCR2, but a decrease in ATR-1α(+) cells, receptors important in bone marrow and spleen monocyte trafficking, respectively. Splenectomy was also associated with an increase in proinflammatory M1 (iNOS(+), CD11b(+)CD43(+)) macrophages in lungs of NM-treated rats, as well as greater upregulation of iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression. Conversely, a decrease in CD11b(+)CD43(-) M2 macrophages was observed in SPX rats, with no changes in CD68(+), CD163(+), CD206(+), or YM-1(+) M2 macrophages, suggesting distinct origins of M2 subpopulations responding to NM. Macrophage expression of M2 genes including IL-10, ApoE, PTX-2, PTX-3, 5-HT2α, and 5-HT7 was also reduced in NM-treated SPX rats compared with shams, indicating impaired M2 activity. Changes in lung macrophages responding to NM as a consequence of splenectomy were correlated with exacerbated tissue injury and more rapid fibrogenesis. These data demonstrate that the spleen is a source of a subset of M2 macrophages with anti-inflammatory activity; moreover, in their absence, proinflammatory/cytotoxic M1 macrophages predominate in the lung, resulting in heightened pathology. Understanding the origin of macrophages and characterizing their phenotype after vesicant exposure may lead to more targeted therapeutics aimed at reducing toxicity and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Venosa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Rama Malaviya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Leroy Hall
- Drug Safety Sciences, Johnson & Johnson, Raritan, New Jersey; and
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey;
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Kondo H, Takahashi N, Gotoh K, Fukui A, Saito S, Aoki K, Kume O, Shinohara T, Teshima Y, Saikawa T. Splenectomy exacerbates atrial inflammatory fibrosis and vulnerability to atrial fibrillation induced by pressure overload in rats: Possible role of spleen-derived interleukin-10. Heart Rhythm 2015; 13:241-50. [PMID: 26144348 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spleen is important for cardiac remodeling induced by myocardial infarction. However, the role of the spleen in inflammatory atrial fibrosis induced by pressure overload is unknown. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate whether splenectomy (SPX) attenuates or exacerbates pressure overload-induced atrial inflammatory fibrosis and vulnerability to atrial fibrillation (AF) in rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (6 weeks old) were divided into Sham+Sham, Sham+SPX, abdominal aortic constriction (AAC)+Sham, and AAC+SPX groups, and were evaluated for inflammation, fibrosis, and AF on days 2, 4, 14, and 28. RESULTS On day 4, an AAC-induced rise in interleukin-10 (IL-10) level was observed in the spleen, serum, and left atrium (LA), with SPX showing inhibitory effects in the latter 2 instances. In addition, AAC-induced M2 macrophage recruitment into the LA was decreased by SPX, as determined by immunofluorescence labeling (P <.05). On day 28, AAC-induced heterogeneous interstitial fibrosis of the LA was enhanced by SPX (P <.05). Electrophysiologic recordings revealed that the duration of AF and prolongation of interatrial conduction time induced by AAC were increased by SPX (P < .01 and P <.05, respectively). Furthermore, in the AAC+SPX group, the number of macrophages infiltrating into the LA on day 2 was marginal, but increased on day 28 relative to the AAC+Sham group. IL-10 administration attenuated the AAC-induced atrial remodeling that was aggravated by SPX. CONCLUSION The study results suggest that SPX exacerbates AAC-induced inflammatory atrial fibrosis and increases vulnerability to AF after 4 weeks, likely because of depletion of spleen-derived IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Kondo
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Examination, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Naohiko Takahashi
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Examination, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan.
| | - Koro Gotoh
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Akira Fukui
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Examination, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Shotaro Saito
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Examination, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Kohei Aoki
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Osamu Kume
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Examination, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Shinohara
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Examination, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Yasushi Teshima
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Examination, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Tetsunori Saikawa
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Examination, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
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Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) prolongs hospital stay and increases mortality in various clinical settings. Ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), nephrotoxic agents and infection leading to sepsis are among the major causes of AKI. Inflammatory responses substantially contribute to the overall renal damage in AKI. Both innate and adaptive immune systems are involved in the inflammatory process occurring in post-ischaemic AKI. Proinflammatory damage-associated molecular patterns, hypoxia-inducible factors, adhesion molecules, dysfunction of the renal vascular endothelium, chemokines, cytokines and Toll-like receptors are involved in the activation and recruitment of immune cells into injured kidneys. Immune cells of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, such as neutrophils, dendritic cells, macrophages and lymphocytes contribute to the pathogenesis of renal injury after IRI, and some of their subpopulations also participate in the repair process. These immune cells are also involved in the pathogenesis of nephrotoxic AKI. Experimental studies of immune cells in AKI have resulted in improved understanding of the immune mechanisms underlying AKI and will be the foundation for development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets. This Review describes what is currently known about the function of the immune system in the pathogenesis and repair of ischaemic and nephrotoxic AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ryoun Jang
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Centre, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-Ro Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, South Korea
| | - Hamid Rabb
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Zhao JJ, Liu JL, Liu L, Jia HY. Protection of mesenchymal stem cells on acute kidney injury. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:91-6. [PMID: 24220681 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the protection of allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on an ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R)‑induced acute kidney injury (AKI) rat model and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. The BMSCs were isolated and cultured from adult Sprague‑Dawley (SD) rats and the I/R‑induced AKI model was established by bilateral clamping of renal pedicles for 60 min. Following successfully establishing the AKI model, 1x106 BMSCs were administered by intrarenal injection. All animals were randomly divided into four groups (n=10 in each): 1 (sham control), 2 (I/R), 3 (I/R+culture medium) and 4 (I/R+BMSCs). Serum levels of creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured in all four groups at 24 and 72 h. Three days post‑surgery, the level of inflammatory factors, including interleukin‑6 (IL‑6), tumour necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the kidney was analysed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Three days following surgery, mRNA expression levels of IL‑6 and TNF‑α were significantly lower, however, the expression level of VEGF was significantly higher in group 4 compared with groups 2 and 3 (P<0.05). By contrast, the immunofluorescence results showed that the injected BMSCs differentiated into vascular endothelial cells. In conclusion, the present study identified that intrarenal administration of BMSCs improved I/R‑induced AKI through the anti‑inflammatory effect and a paracrine mechanism and therefore, may be hypothesised for the use in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jie Zhao
- Clinical Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
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Gigliotti JC, Huang L, Ye H, Bajwa A, Chattrabhuti K, Lee S, Klibanov AL, Kalantari K, Rosin DL, Okusa MD. Ultrasound prevents renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by stimulating the splenic cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:1451-60. [PMID: 23907510 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AKI affects both quality of life and health care costs and is an independent risk factor for mortality. At present, there are few effective treatment options for AKI. Here, we describe a nonpharmacologic, noninvasive, ultrasound-based method to prevent renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice, which is a model for human AKI. We exposed anesthetized mice to an ultrasound protocol 24 hours before renal ischemia. After 24 hours of reperfusion, ultrasound-treated mice exhibited preserved kidney morphology and function compared with sham-treated mice. Ultrasound exposure before renal ischemia reduced the accumulation of CD11b(+)Ly6G(high) neutrophils and CD11b(+)F4/80(high) myeloid cells in kidney tissue. Furthermore, splenectomy and adoptive transfer studies revealed that the spleen and CD4(+) T cells mediated the protective effects of ultrasound. Last, blockade or genetic deficiency of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor abrogated the protective effect of ultrasound, suggesting the involvement of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that an ultrasound-based treatment could have therapeutic potential for the prevention of AKI, possibly by stimulating a splenic anti-inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Gigliotti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Daeheungdong, Chungku, South Korea
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