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Zhang Y, Sui X, Zhang S. Exploring spatio-temporal impact of COVID-19 on citywide taxi demand: A case study of New York City. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299093. [PMID: 38626168 PMCID: PMC11020838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has brought dramatic changes in our daily life, especially in human mobility since 2020. As the major component of the integrated transport system in most cities, taxi trips represent a large portion of residents' urban mobility. Thus, quantifying the impacts of COVID-19 on city-wide taxi demand can help to better understand the reshaped travel patterns, optimize public-transport operational strategies, and gather emergency experience under the pressure of this pandemic. To achieve the objectives, the Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) model is used to analyze the impact mechanism of COVID-19 on taxi demand in this study. City-wide taxi trip data from August 1st, 2020 to July 31st, 2021 in New York City was collected as model's dependent variables, and COVID-19 case rate, population density, road density, station density, points of interest (POI) were selected as the independent variables. By comparing GTWR model with traditional ordinary least square (OLS) model, temporally weighted regression model (TWR) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) model, a significantly better goodness of fit on spatial-temporal taxi data was observed for GTWR. Furthermore, temporal analysis, spatial analysis and the epidemic marginal effect were developed on the GTWR model results. The conclusions of this research are shown as follows: (1) The virus and health care become the major restraining and stimulative factors of taxi demand in post epidemic era. (2) The restraining level of COVID-19 on taxi demand is higher in cold weather. (3) The restraining level of COVID-19 on taxi demand is severely influenced by the curfew policy. (4) Although this virus decreases taxi demand in most of time and places, it can still increase taxi demand in some specific time and places. (5) Along with COVID-19, sports facilities and tourism become obstacles on increasing taxi demand in most of places and time in post epidemic era. The findings can provide useful insights for policymakers and stakeholders to improve the taxi operational efficiency during the remainder of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xueliang Sui
- Department of Traffic Information and Control Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shen Zhang
- Department of Traffic Information and Control Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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2
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Bulteau J, Torres ER, Tillous M. The impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on gendered mobility patterns in France. TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR & SOCIETY 2023; 33:100615. [PMID: 37360539 PMCID: PMC10274343 DOI: 10.1016/j.tbs.2023.100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 crisis has upset the way of life of our society. The objective of this study was to apprehend the consequences of public health policies on mobility through the lens of gender. The analyses are based on a representative sample of 3000 people living in France. Travel behaviour was quantified using three mobility indicators (number of daily trips, daily distance travelled and daily travel time) that we regressed on individual and contextual explanatory variables. Two periods were studied: lockdown (March 17, 2020 until May 11, 2020), and post-lockdown (a curfew period: January-February 2021). For the lockdown period, our results show: (i) a statistically significant gender difference for the three mobility indicators. On average, women made 1.19 daily trips versus 1.46 for men, travelled 12 km whereas versus 17 km for men and spent less time on travel (23 min) than men (30 min); (ii) the degree of mobility was particularly sensitive to access to a car, according to a gender difference. For the post-lockdown period, our results reveal that: (i) women were more likely than men to make a higher number of daily trips (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = [1.04-1.17]); (ii) having only one or no car in the household impacted the mobility of women during the post-lockdown period; (iii) women regained some mobility but without reaching the pre-lockdown level. A better understanding of the factors influencing mobility behaviour, in lockdown and curfew periods, can provide some pathways to improve transport planning and help public authorities while tackling gender inequalites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bulteau
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CEARC, Guyancourt, France
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3
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Ilgaz A, Saltan M. The impacts of Covid-19 pandemic on the sustainable mobility of university members in Turkey. CITIES (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 141:104449. [PMID: 38620104 PMCID: PMC10291291 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2023.104449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The global Covid-19 pandemic had a devastating impact on our lives. The pandemic led to sudden and momentous changes in mobility styles and travel habits. Many users started preferring to travel via private vehicles, which is contrary to sustainability policies. Strict measures were implemented against the Covid-19 pandemic in Turkey during this process, as was the case all over the world. Taking into consideration these realities, the aim of the present study was to examine the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on the travel modes (public transportation, walking, and bicycle), anxiety and stress perceptions, and working conditions of individuals. A survey was conducted to measure the impacts of the pandemic and the measures taken. The sample of this study consists of people who regularly attended Suleyman Demirel University in Isparta and Akdeniz University in Antalya, Turkey, before the pandemic. An online survey was conducted for the case study during the May-June 2021 semester, and the survey was representative of the study population with a total of 556 participants. The travel time for both different university students decreased during the pandemic period. The percentage of those traveling to the university with their own cars increased to 77 % in AU and 66.8 % in SDU. The use of public transportation dropped to 6.1 % in AU and 11.8 % in SDU. 56.97 % of AU participants and 51.15 % of SDU participants reported that their walking habits decreased. It was reported that 52.73 % of the respondents in AU and 55.75 % of the respondents in SDU did not change their bicycle usage frequency. 64.24 % of AU and 74.42 % of SDU reported that their anxiety levels increased during the pandemic period. And for each of these analyses, there was no statistical difference between the two different university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Ilgaz
- Akdeniz University, Building Works and Technical Head of Department, 07058 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Saltan
- Suleyman Demirel University, Civil engineering faculty, Isparta, Turkey
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4
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Sim J. Impacts of COVID-19 on Bike-Share Usage: The case of Daejeon, Korea. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES 2023:100856. [PMID: 37359132 PMCID: PMC10250155 DOI: 10.1016/j.trip.2023.100856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
After COVID-19 began spreading through fecal-oral routes, crowded cities introduced social distancing policies. Mobility patterns in urban also changed because of the pandemic and the policies to reduce the infection of it. This study investigates the impact of COVID-19 and related policies such as social-distancing by comparing bike-share demand in Daejeon, Korea. By using big data analytics and data visualization, the study measures differences in bike-sharing demand between 2018-19, before the pandemic, and 2020-21, during the pandemic. According to results, (1) bike-share users tend to travel long distances and cycle more than before the pandemic, (2) bike users choose cycling not for commuting but for transportation during the pandemic, and (3) the pandemic has broadened the spatial borders bike-usages. These results provide meaningful implications for urban planners and policymakers by identifying differences in the ways people use public bikes during the pandemic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Sim
- Urban Research Division, Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements
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5
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Lee KS, Eom JK. Systematic literature review on impacts of COVID-19 pandemic and corresponding measures on mobility. TRANSPORTATION 2023:1-55. [PMID: 37363373 PMCID: PMC10126540 DOI: 10.1007/s11116-023-10392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented COVID-19 outbreak has significantly influenced our daily life, and COVID-19's spread is inevitably associated with human mobility. Given the pandemic's severity and extent of spread, a timely and comprehensive synthesis of the current state of research is needed to understand the pandemic's impact on human mobility and corresponding government measures. This study examined the relevant literature published to the present (March 2023), identified research trends, and conducted a systematic review of evidence regarding transport's response to COVID-19. We identified key research agendas and synthesized the results, examining: (1) mobility changes by transport modes analyzed regardless of government policy implementation, using empirical data and survey data; (2) the effect of diverse government interventions to reduce mobility and limit COVID-19 spread, and controversial issues on travel restriction policy effects; and (3) future research issues. The findings showed a strong relationship between the pandemic and mobility, with significant impacts on decreased overall mobility, a remarkable drop in transit ridership, changes in travel behavior, and improved traffic safety. Government implemented various non-pharmaceutical countermeasures, such as city lockdowns, travel restrictions, and social distancing. Many studies showed such interventions were effective. However, some researchers reported inconsistent outcomes. This review provides urban and transport planners with valuable insights to facilitate better preparation for future health emergencies that affect transportation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11116-023-10392-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Sub Lee
- Railroad Policy Research Department, Korea Railroad Research Institute, 176 Railroad Museum Road, Uiwang-Si, 16105 Gyeonggi-Do Korea
| | - Jin Ki Eom
- Railroad Policy Research Department, Korea Railroad Research Institute, 176 Railroad Museum Road, Uiwang-Si, 16105 Gyeonggi-Do Korea
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6
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Truong D, Truong MD. Impacts of Daily Travel by Distances on the Spread of COVID-19: An Artificial Neural Network Model. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 2023; 2677:934-945. [PMID: 37153208 PMCID: PMC10149352 DOI: 10.1177/03611981211066899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The continued spread of COVID-19 poses significant threats to the safety of the community. Since it is still uncertain when the pandemic will end, it is vital to understand the factors contributing to new cases of COVID-19, especially from the transportation perspective. This paper examines the effect of the United States residents’ daily trips by distances on the spread of COVID-19 in the community. The artificial neural network method is used to construct and test the predictive model using data collected from two sources: Bureau of Transportation Statistics and the COVID-19 Tracking Project. The dataset uses ten daily travel variables by distances and new tests from March to September 2020, with a sample size of 10,914. The results indicate the importance of daily trips at different distances in predicting the spread of COVID-19. More specifically, trips shorter than 3 mi and trips between 250 and 500 mi contribute most to predicting daily new cases of COVID-19. Additionally, daily new tests and trips between 10 and 25 mi are among the variables with the lowest effects. This study’s findings can help governmental authorities evaluate the risk of COVID-19 infection based on residents’ daily travel behaviors and form necessary strategies to mitigate the risks. The developed neural network can be used to predict the infection rate and construct various scenarios for risk assessment and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dothang Truong
- School of Graduate Studies, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL
- Dothang Truong,
| | - My D. Truong
- College of Business, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
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7
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Vallejo-Borda JA, Bhaduri E, Ortiz-Ramirez HA, Arellana J, Choudhury CF, Rodriguez-Valencia A, Wadud Z, Goswami AK. Modeling the COVID-19 Travel Choices in Colombia and India: A Hybrid Multiple Discrete-Continuous Nested Extreme Value Approach. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 2023; 2677:778-801. [PMID: 37153193 PMCID: PMC10140779 DOI: 10.1177/03611981231162588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected many daily activities, primarily as a result of the perceived contagion risk and government restrictions to mitigate the spread of the virus. To this end, drastic changes in the trip choices for commuting to work have been reported and studied, mostly through descriptive analysis. On the other hand, modeling-based research that can simultaneously understand both changes in mode choice and its frequency at an individual level has not been much used in existing studies. As such, this study aims to understand the changes in mode-choice preference and the frequency of trips, comparing pre-COVID with during-COVID scenarios, in two different countries of the Global South: Colombia and India. A hybrid multiple discrete-continuous nested extreme value model was implemented using the data obtained from online surveys in Colombia and India during the early COVID-19 period of March and April 2020. This study found that, in both countries, utility related to active modes (more used) and public transportation (less used) changed during the pandemic. In addition, this study highlights potential risks in likely unsustainable futures where there may be increased use of private vehicles such as cars and motorcycles, in both countries. It was also identified that perceptions toward government responses had a significant impact on the choices in Colombia, though this was not the case in India. These results may help decision makers focus on public policies to encourage sustainable transportation by avoiding the detrimental long-term behavioral changes resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Agustin Vallejo-Borda
- Civil Engineering Department, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
- Civil Engineering Department, Universidad de Investigación y Desarrollo, Bucaramanga, Colombia
- Department of Transport Engineering and Logistics, BRT+ Centre of Excellence, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eeshan Bhaduri
- Ranbir and Chitra Gupta School of Infrastructure Design and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | | | - Julián Arellana
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Charisma F. Choudhury
- Institute for Transport Studies & School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Zia Wadud
- Institute for Transport Studies & School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Arkopal K. Goswami
- Ranbir and Chitra Gupta School of Infrastructure Design and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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Mazanec J, Harantová V, Štefancová V, Brůhová Foltýnová H. Estimating Mode of Transport in Daily Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic Using a Multinomial Logistic Regression Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4600. [PMID: 36901610 PMCID: PMC10002273 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
At the beginning of 2020 there was a spinning point in the travel behavior of people around the world because of the pandemic and its consequences. This paper analyzes the specific behavior of travelers commuting to work or school during the COVID-19 pandemic based on a sample of 2000 respondents from two countries. We obtained data from an online survey, applying multinomial regression analysis. The results demonstrate the multinomial model with an accuracy of almost 70% that estimates the most used modes of transport (walking, public transport, car) based on independent variables. The respondents preferred the car as the most frequently used means of transport. However, commuters without car prefer public transport to walking. This prediction model could be a tool for planning and creating transport policy, especially in exceptional cases such as the limitation of public transport activities. Therefore, predicting travel behavior is essential for policymaking based on people's travel needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Mazanec
- Department of Quantitative Methods and Economic Informatics, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, 01026 Zilina, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Harantová
- Department of Road and Urban Transport, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, 01026 Zilina, Slovakia
| | - Vladimíra Štefancová
- Department of Railway Transport, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, 01026 Zilina, Slovakia
| | - Hana Brůhová Foltýnová
- Faculty of Social and Economic Studies, Jan Evangelista Purkyňe University in Ústí nad Labem, 40096 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
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9
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Nikolaidou A, Kopsacheilis A, Georgiadis G, Noutsias T, Politis I, Fyrogenis I. Factors affecting public transport performance due to the COVID-19 outbreak: A worldwide analysis. CITIES (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 134:104206. [PMID: 36683673 PMCID: PMC9841081 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2023.104206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we investigate the public transport trip frequency variations, as well as the reasons that led to the shift away from public transport means, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We studied relevant data from the Moovit platform, and we compared operational and trip frequency characteristics of public transport systems before and after the outbreak of the pandemic in 87 cities worldwide. On average, waiting times at public transport stops/stations increased while trip distances decreased, apparently due to the mobility restriction and social distancing measures implemented in 2020. Most of the Moovit users who said that they abandoned public transport in 2020 were found in Italy and Greece. We developed linear regression analysis models to investigate (among the 35 variables examined in the study) the relationship between public transport abandonment rates and socioeconomic factors, quality of service characteristics, and indicators of pandemic's spread. Empirical findings show that public transport dropout rates are positively correlated with the COVID-19 death toll figures, the cleanliness of public transport vehicles and facilities, as well as with the income inequality (GINI) index of the population, and thus reconfirm previous research findings. In addition, the waiting time at stops/stations and the number of transfers required for commute trips appeared to be the most critical public transport trip segments, which significantly determine the discontinuation of public transport use under pandemic circumstances. Our research findings indicate specific aspects of public transport services, which require tailored adjustments in order to recover ridership in the post-pandemic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Nikolaidou
- Transport Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Aristomenis Kopsacheilis
- Transport Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Georgios Georgiadis
- Transport Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Theodoros Noutsias
- Transport Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Ioannis Politis
- Transport Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Ioannis Fyrogenis
- Transport Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
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Airak S, Sukor NSA, Rahman NA. Travel behaviour changes and risk perception during COVID-19: A case study of Malaysia. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES 2023; 18:100784. [PMID: 36844954 PMCID: PMC9939401 DOI: 10.1016/j.trip.2023.100784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted travel behaviours due to the need for movement restrictions. The restrictions adversely affected various aspects of health and the economy. This study aimed to investigate factors affecting trip frequency during the recovery period of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia. An online national cross-sectional survey was conducted to collect data in conjunction with different movement restriction policies. The questionnaire includes socio-demographics, experience with COVID-19, risk perception of COVID-19, and trip frequency on several activities during the pandemic. Mann Whitney U was conducted to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between the socio-demographic factors for the respondents in the first and second surveys. Results show no significant difference in socio-demographic factors except for the level of education. The results indicate that the respondents from both surveys were comparable. Next, Spearman correlation analyses were conducted to find significant correlations between trip frequencies toward socio-demographics, experience with COVID-19 and risk perception. There was a correlation between the frequency of travel and risk perception for both surveys. Regression analyses were performed based on the findings to investigate trip frequency determinants during the pandemic. Perceived risk, gender, and occupation influenced the trip frequencies for both surveys. By understanding the influence of risk perception on the frequency of travel, the government can identify the appropriate policy during a pandemic or health emergency to avoid impeding normal travel behaviour. Thus, people's mental and psychological well-being are not negatively affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surachai Airak
- School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Sabahiah Abdul Sukor
- School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Noorhazlinda Abd Rahman
- School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Mavragani A, Blizzard CL, Palmer A, Nguyen HT, Cong Quyet T, Tran V, Nelson M. COVID-19 in Vietnam and Its Impact on Road Trauma: Retrospective Study Based on National Data. Interact J Med Res 2023; 12:e40883. [PMID: 36718815 PMCID: PMC9907775 DOI: 10.2196/40883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite significant improvement in the last decade, road trauma remains a substantial contributor to deaths in Vietnam. The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated public health measures that had an unforeseen benefit on road trauma in high-income countries. We investigate if this reduction was also seen in a low- to middle-income country like Vietnam. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate how the COVID-19 pandemic and the government policies implemented in response to it impacted road trauma fatalities in Vietnam. We also compared this impact to other government policies related to road trauma implemented in the preceding 14 years (2007-2020). METHODS COVID-19 data were extracted from the Vietnamese Ministry of Health database. Road traffic deaths from 2007 to 2021 were derived from the Vietnamese General Statistical Office. We used Stata software (version 17; StataCorp) for statistical analysis. Poisson regression modeling was used to estimate trends in road fatality rates based on annual national mortality data for the 2007-2021 period. The actual change in road traffic mortality in 2021 was compared with calculated figures to demonstrate the effect of COVID-19 on road trauma fatalities. We also compared this impact to other government policies that aimed to reduce traffic-related fatalities from 2007 to 2020. RESULTS Between 2007 and 2020, the number of annual road traffic deaths decreased by more than 50%, from 15.3 to 7 per 100,000 population, resulting in an average reduction of 5.4% per annum. We estimated that the road traffic mortality rate declined by 12.1% (95% CI 8.9-15.3%) in 2021 relative to this trend. The actual number of road trauma deaths fell by 16.4%. This reduction was largely seen from August to October 2021 when lockdown and social distancing measures were in force. CONCLUSIONS In 2021, the road traffic-related death reduction in Vietnam was 3 times greater than the trend seen in the preceding 14 years. The public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam was associated with a third of this reduction. It can thus be concluded that government policies implemented to address the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a 4.3% decrease in road traffic deaths in 2021. This has been observed in high-income countries, but we have demonstrated this for the first time in a low- and middle-income country.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Palmer
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | | | | | - Viet Tran
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.,Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.,Tasmanian Health Service, Hobart, Australia
| | - Mark Nelson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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12
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Sung H. Causal impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on daily ridership of public bicycle sharing in Seoul. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2023; 89:104344. [PMID: 36514674 PMCID: PMC9731812 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2022.104344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Public bicycle can be a disease-resilient travel mode during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Nonetheless, its evidence on public bicycle sharing is still inconclusive. This study used Bayesian structural time series models and causal impact inference for the data on the daily ridership of public bicycles in Seoul, South Korea, for 1826 days from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2021. The study found that the usage of public bicycles was robust against the COVID-19 pandemic even in densely populated Seoul. Compared with the pre-pandemic period, public bicycles' usage was unaffected on days when weather conditions, such as snow, rain, and wind speed were not as severe, as well as on days with non-seasonal event factors, such as weekdays, public holidays, and traditional Korean holidays. In addition, its robustness against the pandemic became more pronounced as the number of bicycle racks increased and the intensity of social distancing increased. However, public bicycles were in demand primarily for leisure and exercise, not for travel, during the pandemic. Public bicycle sharing can be a disease-resilient travel mode. Continuous investment in infrastructure such as bicycle paths and public bicycle is required to become a more resilient travel mode against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungun Sung
- Graduate School of Urban Studies, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, South Korea
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Jiang S, Cai C. Unraveling the dynamic impacts of COVID-19 on metro ridership: An empirical analysis of Beijing and Shanghai, China. TRANSPORT POLICY 2022; 127:158-170. [PMID: 36097611 PMCID: PMC9452005 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had severely disruptive impacts on transportation, particularly public transit. To understand metro ridership changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic, this study conducts an in-depth analysis of two Chinese megacities from January 1, 2020, to August 31, 2021. Generalized linear models are used to explore the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on metro ridership. The dependent variable is the relative change in metro ridership, and the independent variables include COVID-19, socio-economic, and weather variables. The results suggested the following: (1) The COVID-19 pandemic has a significantly negative effect on the relative change in metro ridership, and the number of cumulative confirmed COVID-19 cases within 14 days performs better in regression models, which reflects the existence of the time lag effect of the COVID-19 pandemic. (2) Emergency responses are negatively associated with metro system usage according to severity and duration. (3) The marginal effects of the COVID-19 variables and emergency responses are larger on weekdays than on weekends. (4) The number of imported confirmed COVID-19 cases only significantly affects metro ridership in the weekend and new-normal-phase models for Beijing. In addition, the daily gross domestic product and weather variables are significantly associated with metro ridership. These findings can aid in understanding the usage of metro systems in the outbreak and new-normal phases and provide transit operators with guidance to adjust services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiong Jiang
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, China
| | - Canhuang Cai
- College of Computer and Data Science, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
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Khan SA, Khan A, Zia K, Shawish I, Barakat A, Ul-Haq Z. Cheminformatics-Based Discovery of Potential Chemical Probe Inhibitors of Omicron Spike Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810315. [PMID: 36142242 PMCID: PMC9498999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past two decades, the world has witnessed the emergence of various SARS-CoV-2 variants with distinct mutational profiles influencing the global health, economy, and clinical aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic. These variants or mutants have raised major concerns regarding the protection provided by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and vaccination, rates of virus transmission, and/or the risk of reinfection. The newly emerged Omicron, a genetically distinct lineage of SARS-CoV-2, continues its spread in the face of rising vaccine-induced immunity while maintaining its replication fitness. Efforts have been made to improve the therapeutic interventions and the FDA has issued Emergency Use Authorization for a few monoclonal antibodies and drug treatments for COVID-19. However, the current situation of rapidly spreading Omicron and its lineages demands the need for effective therapeutic interventions to reduce the COVID-19 pandemic. Several experimental studies have indicated that the FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies are less effective than antiviral drugs against the Omicron variant. Thus, in this study, we aim to identify antiviral compounds against the Spike protein of Omicron, which binds to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and facilitates virus invasion. Initially, docking-based virtual screening of the in-house database was performed to extract the potential hit compounds against the Spike protein. The obtained hits were optimized by DFT calculations to determine the electronic properties and molecular reactivity of the compounds. Further, MD simulation studies were carried out to evaluate the dynamics of protein–ligand interactions at an atomistic level in a time-dependent manner. Collectively, five compounds (AKS-01, AKS-02, AKS-03, AKS-04, and AKS-05) with diverse scaffolds were identified as potential hits against the Spike protein of Omicron. Our study paves the way for further in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Ali Khan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Alamgir Khan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Komal Zia
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Ihab Shawish
- Department of Math and Sciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Prince Sultan University, P.O. Box 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Assem Barakat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (Z.U.-H.)
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (Z.U.-H.)
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15
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Paul T, Chakraborty R, Afia Ratri S, Debnath M. Impact of COVID-19 on mode choice behavior: A case study for Dhaka, Bangladesh. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES 2022; 15:100665. [PMID: 35910685 PMCID: PMC9326223 DOI: 10.1016/j.trip.2022.100665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To ensure safety against the COVID-19, along with all other countries, Bangladesh as a least-developed country needs to deal with the changes in travel behavior, particularly changes in mode choice behavior. As Dhaka has been marked as a hotspot for the virus contagion, this paper has focused on the changes in mode choice behavior of Dhaka people due to the COVID-19 pandemic while they are on the road. A web-based questionnaire survey was conducted to capture the information on mode preferences and perspectives on travel characteristics for commute and discretionary trips before and during COVID-19. Multinomial Logit (MNL) model based on a utility function has been used to investigate the significance of the socio-demographic attributes and travel characteristics of the trips on the mode choice behavior and to calculate the maximum utility of the mode choice. This study highlighted some noticeable changes in perspective towards mode choice. People prefer walking, private cars, and rickshaw more during the pandemic as they feel these modes are more reliable, available, and cost-effective in this crucial time. Usage of public transportation dropped drastically for discretionary purposes. Additionally, usage of the on-demand vehicle increased during the pandemic as a large portion of commuters shifted to on-demand vehicles from public transportation. Furthermore, this paper suggested some viable policy-making implications to cope with the current pandemic and relatable future national and global crises. Finally, the paper concludes by suggesting some future research insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonmoy Paul
- Department of Civil Engineering, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Rohit Chakraborty
- Department of Civil Engineering, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Salma Afia Ratri
- Department of Civil Engineering, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh
| | - Mithun Debnath
- Christopher B. and Susan S. Burke Graduate Program in Civil Engineering, Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University
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16
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An overview of the impact of COVID-19 on road traffic safety and travel behavior. TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING 2022; 9:100119. [PMCID: PMC9123801 DOI: 10.1016/j.treng.2022.100119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 epidemic caused global roads and highway networks to be disrupted to historic proportions. While the world is focused on combating COVID-19 pandemic, people are still dying and being injured as a result of traffic collisions on the highways owing to movement restrictions. Although the impact of shutdown mechanisms on traffic safety is still being studied, initial studies reveal a decrease in traffic flow and a rise in risky driving behaviors. On the other hand, it is important to investigate how the epidemic has influenced travel behavioral characteristics in order to design mobility regulations for the post-COVID-19 future. Considering numerous investigations, the present study attempts to provide an overview of the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on road traffic crashes, deaths, and injuries, as well as road travel behavior. The magnitude of COVID-19 was found to result in fewer crashes and injuries, as well as a reduction in road safety performance, but substantially greater serious accidents. According to a study of many papers, Travel objective, method of transportation, mileage traveled, and numbers of trips for principal travel were considerably different before and during the epidemic. The result of this study have significant legislative ramifications and also can help to guide how further lockdowns are managed in terms of traffic safety and travel behavior.
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17
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Chen K, Steiner R. Longitudinal and spatial analysis of Americans' travel distances following COVID-19. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH. PART D, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT 2022; 110:103414. [PMID: 35942325 PMCID: PMC9350684 DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2022.103414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Travel has become less common due to COVID-19. While prior research has discussed recent travel changes for Americans in multiple ways, few have examined the adjusted travel that has been sustained since March 2021. In addition, little is known about changes in Americans' travel patterns in trips by distance. In this research, we asked two questions: 1) How have the numbers of trips by distance changed since 2019? and, 2) What are the geospatial patterns of the changes? Data from mid-March to mid-September 2021 indicates a 7% decrease in the number of trips and a 14.5% increase in people staying home. People traveled less except for those in the middle U.S. states, from North Dakota to Texas, as vertically aligned. Staying home more seemed to occur mainly in the South. Trips between 50 and 500 miles increased nationwide. COVID-19 has had different levels of impact on trips of different distance ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanglin Chen
- Center for Health and the Built Environment, School of Landscape Architecture and Planning, College of Design, Construction and Planning, University of Florida, USA
| | - Ruth Steiner
- Center for Health and the Built Environment, School of Landscape Architecture and Planning, College of Design, Construction and Planning, University of Florida, USA
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18
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Kellermann R, Sivizaca Conde D, Rößler D, Kliewer N, Dienel HL. Mobility in pandemic times: Exploring changes and long-term effects of COVID-19 on urban mobility behavior. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES 2022; 15:100668. [PMID: 35971332 PMCID: PMC9365868 DOI: 10.1016/j.trip.2022.100668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic marked a global disruption of unprecedented scale which was closely associated with human mobility. Since mobility acts as a facilitator for spreading the virus, individuals were forced to reconsider their respective behaviors. Despite numerous studies having detected behavioral changes during the first lockdown period (spring 2020), there is a lack of longitudinal perspectives that can provide insights into the intra-pandemic dynamics and potential long-term effects. This article investigates COVID-19-induced mobility-behavioral transformations by analyzing travel patterns of Berlin residents during a 20-month pandemic period and comparing them to the pre-pandemic situation. Based on quantitative analysis of almost 800,000 recorded trips, our longitudinal examination revealed individuals having reduced average monthly travel distances by ∼20%, trip frequencies by ∼11%, and having switched to individual modes. Public transportation has suffered a continual regression, with trip frequencies experiencing a relative long-term reduction of ∼50%, and a respective decrease of traveled distances by ∼43%. In contrast, the bicycle (rather than the car) was the central beneficiary, indicated by bicycle-related trip frequencies experiencing a relative long-term increase of ∼53%, and travel distances increasing by ∼117%. Comparing behavioral responses to three pandemic waves, our analysis revealed each wave to have created unique response patterns, which show a gradual softening of individuals' mobility related self-restrictions. Our findings contribute to retracing and quantifying individuals' changing mobility behaviors induced by the pandemic, and to detecting possible long-term effects that may constitute a "new normal" of an entirely altered urban mobility landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Kellermann
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Work, Technology and Participation, Cluster Mobility Research, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - David Rößler
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Information Systems, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Kliewer
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Information Systems, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Liudger Dienel
- Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Work, Technology and Participation, Cluster Mobility Research, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Singh BP, Kumari S, Nair A, Kumari S, Wabaidur SM, Avtar R, Rahman S. Temporary reduction in VOCs associated with health risk during and after COVID-19 in Maharashtra, India. JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY 2022; 80:53-76. [PMID: 35992767 PMCID: PMC9382016 DOI: 10.1007/s10874-022-09440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A novel coronavirus has affected almost all countries and impacted the economy, environment, and social life. The short-term impact on the environment and human health needs attention to correlate the Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and health assessment for pre-, during, and post lockdowns. Therefore, the current study demonstrates VOC changes and their effect on air quality during the lockdown. The findings of result, the levels of the mean for total VOC concentrations were found to be 15.45 ± 21.07, 2.48 ± 1.61, 19.25 ± 28.91 µg/m3 for all monitoring stations for pre-, during, and post lockdown periods. The highest value of TVOCs was observed at Thane, considered an industrial region (petroleum refinery), and the lowest at Bandra, which was considered a residential region, respectively. The VOC levels drastically decreased by 52%, 89%, 80%, and 97% for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m-xylene, respectively, during the lockdown period compared to the previous year. In the present study, the T/B ratio was found lower in the lockdown period as compared to the pre-lockdown period. This can be attributed to the complete closure of non-traffic sources such as industries and factories during the lockdown. The Lifetime Cancer Risk values for all monitoring stations for benzene for pre-and-post lockdown periods were higher than the prescribed value, except during the lockdown period. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10874-022-09440-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Pratap Singh
- Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability (Institute of Eminence) & Department of Environmental Studies, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Saumya Kumari
- Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability (Institute of Eminence) & Department of Environmental Studies, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Arathi Nair
- Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability (Institute of Eminence) & Department of Environmental Studies, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sweety Kumari
- Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability (Institute of Eminence) & Department of Environmental Studies, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ram Avtar
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
| | - Shakilur Rahman
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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20
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Dadashzadeh N, Larimian T, Levifve U, Marsetič R. Travel Behaviour of Vulnerable Social Groups: Pre, during, and Post COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191610065. [PMID: 36011698 PMCID: PMC9407727 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the emergence of COVID-19, travel restrictions due to the pandemic have influenced several activities, in particular the mobility patterns of individuals. Our main goal is to draw the attention of scholars and policy makers to a specific segment of the population, namely (1) older people, (2) persons with disabilities (PwDs), (3) females, and (4) low-income population that are more vulnerable for travel behaviour change due to crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This article systematically reviews the studies that have explored the implications of COVID-19 for the mobility and activities of individuals pre-, during, and post-pandemic using the PRISMA method. It is found that there are a few studies regarding the travel and mobility needs and challenges of older people and PwDs, and there is no direct study concerning female and low-income individuals while such crisis exist. Questions such as "What are the adverse impacts of restrictions on their travel behaviour?", "How can they travel safely to work, shopping, and medical centres?", "Which transportation modes can be more effective for them?", and "What are the government and policy makers' role in providing accessible and affordable mobility services in the presence of such crisis?" are without relevant answers in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Dadashzadeh
- Intelligent Transport Cluster, Faculty of Technology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3HF, UK
- Correspondence: (N.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Taimaz Larimian
- School of Architecture, Building and Civil Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Ulysse Levifve
- Civil Engineering Faculty, Technical University of Compiègne, 60200 Compiègne, France
| | - Rok Marsetič
- Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (N.D.); (R.M.)
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21
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Ceccato R, Baldassa A, Rossi R, Gastaldi M. Potential long-term effects of Covid-19 on telecommuting and environment: An Italian case-study. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH. PART D, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT 2022; 109:103401. [PMID: 35958732 PMCID: PMC9355418 DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2022.103401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To contain the sudden spread of SARS-CoV-2, many governments encouraged people to work from home, generating an unprecedented diffusion of this activity. Furthermore, Covid-19 has induced drastic changes in everyday life and travel habits, which might persist in the future. This paper aims to understand and estimate the potential long-term impacts of telework on the environment due to the pandemic, by analyzing factors affecting the frequency of telecommuting, the mode choice for traveling to work, and pollutant emissions generated by these trips. Data from a mobility survey administered in Padova (Italy) was used. Results indicate that Covid-19 could cause a rebound effect reversing the positive impacts of working from home, since, even if the number of trips could be reduced, many shifts towards non-sustainable travel modes could occur. The promotion of telework should be combined with measures fostering sustainable travel habits to pave the way towards a future green mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Ceccato
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Baldassa
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rossi
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Gastaldi
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia, 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
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22
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Associations between COVID-19 Pandemic, Lockdown Measures and Human Mobility: Longitudinal Evidence from 86 Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127317. [PMID: 35742567 PMCID: PMC9223807 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recognizing an urgent need to understand the dynamics of the pandemic’s severity, this longitudinal study is conducted to explore the evolution of complex relationships between the COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown measures, and social distancing patterns in a diverse set of 86 countries. Collecting data from multiple sources, a structural equation modeling (SEM) technique is applied to understand the interdependencies between independent variables, mediators, and dependent variables. Results show that lockdown and confinement measures are very effective to reduce human mobility at retail and recreation facilities, transit stations, and workplaces and encourage people to stay home and thereby control COVID-19 transmission at critical times. The study also found that national contexts rooted in socioeconomic and institutional factors influence social distancing patterns and severity of the pandemic, particularly with regard to the vulnerability of people, treatment costs, level of globalization, employment distribution, and degree of independence in society. Additionally, this study portrayed a mutual relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and human mobility. A higher number of COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths reduces human mobility and the countries with reduced personal mobility have experienced a deepening of the severity of the pandemic. However, the effect of mobility on pandemic severity is stronger than the effect of pandemic situations on mobility. Overall, the study displays considerable temporal changes in the relationships between independent variables, mediators, and dependent variables considering pandemic situations and lockdown regimes, which provides a critical knowledge base for future handling of pandemics. It has also accommodated some policy guidelines for the authority to control the transmission of COVID-19.
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23
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Kong X, Zhang A, Xiao X, Das S, Zhang Y. Work from home in the post-COVID world. CASE STUDIES ON TRANSPORT POLICY 2022; 10:1118-1131. [PMID: 35399610 PMCID: PMC8985448 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The working standard of shared office spaces has evolved in recent years. Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, many companies have instituted work from home (WFH) policies in accordance with public health guidelines in order to increase social distancing and decrease the spread of COVID-19. As the pandemic and WFH-related policies have continued for more than a year, there has been a rise in people becoming accustomed to the remote environments; however, others are more enthusiastic about returning to in-person work environments, reflecting the desire to restore pre-pandemic environments. As working from home is related to transportation issues such as changing commuting patterns and decreased congestion, motorized trips, and emission, there is a need to explore the extent of public attitudes on this important issue. This study used unique open-source survey data that provides substantial information on this topic. Using an advanced categorical data analysis method known as cluster correspondence analysis, this study identified several key findings. Not having prior WFH experiences, being eager to interact with colleagues, difficulties with adapting to virtual meeting technologies, and challenges with self-discipline while WFH were strongly associated with individuals who refused to continuously WFH at all after the pandemic. Individuals holding a strong view against the seriousness of the COVID-19 pandemic were also largely associated with never choosing WFH during and after the pandemic. For individuals with some prior WFH experiences, the transition to WFH every day in response to the outbreak was much easier, compared to those without prior experiences. Moreover, being forced to WFH during the COVID-19 pandemic positively influences the choice of WFH after the pandemic. The findings of this study will be beneficial to help policymakers and sustainable city planners understand public opinions about WFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Kong
- Texas A&M University, 3127 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Amy Zhang
- The University of Texas at Austin, 305 E 23rd St, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Texas A&M University, 3127 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Subasish Das
- Texas A&M Transportation Institute, 1111 RELLIS Pkwy, Bryan, TX 77807, United States
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- Texas A&M University, 3127 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, United States
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24
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Patil GR, Dhore R, Bhavathrathan BK, Pawar DS, Sahu P, Mulani A. Consumer responses towards essential purchases during COVID-19 pan-India lockdown. RESEARCH IN TRANSPORTATION BUSINESS & MANAGEMENT 2022; 43:100768. [PMID: 38013949 PMCID: PMC9173572 DOI: 10.1016/j.rtbm.2021.100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Humanity experienced one of the worst crises in recent history due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The spread of the disease and the lockdown announced by the government of India created an emergency, disrupting the supply of essential commodities and creating panic and anxiety among the people. This paper aims at capturing the behavior of consumers purchasing essential commodities before and during the lockdown using an online questionnaire. Responses from 730 households covering 20 states in India were used. The data analysis revealed that consumers made a lesser number of trips during lockdown but purchased excess commodities considering the future uncertainties. The local family grocery stores, called kirana shops served well during the pandemic. During the lockdown, consumers made shorter trips by vehicles and walked extensively. Income was found to influence purchase behavior. The disruptions at the organized retail stores for in-store as well as online purchases were identified using factor analysis. Out of the three factors identified each for in-store and online purchases, perceived risk and vendor distrust had major influence respectively. The findings of this study give pointers to many infrastructure and policy initiatives that target tackling such emergencies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal R Patil
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Rutuja Dhore
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - B K Bhavathrathan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Kozhippara P. O, Palakkad 678557, Kerala, India
| | - Digvijay S Pawar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy District 502285, Telangana, India
| | - Prasanta Sahu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Asim Mulani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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25
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Kaplan S, Tchetchik A, Greenberg D, Sapir I. Transit use reduction following COVID-19: The effect of threat appraisal, proactive coping and institutional trust. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH. PART A, POLICY AND PRACTICE 2022; 159:338-356. [PMID: 35309688 PMCID: PMC8919800 DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Transit systems suffered from a significant demand decrease during COVID-19. Understanding the psychological motivators underlying reduced transit use can help transit authorities and operators to take proactive action towards returning to the "new normal" and increasing their preparedness towards future pandemics. This study is based on the protection motivation theory to understand the effect of threat appraisal, and coping appraisal and denial mechanisms on transit use reduction for commuting. The behavioral framework is validated by a survey of 856 transit users in Israel during August 2020, three months after the end of the lockdown and before the vaccine administration. The results show that: i) Skepticism, risk ubiquity, and personal immunity beliefs lead to maladaptive threat appraisal; ii) wearing masks and social distancing are antecedents of fear of infection while using transit and reduced transit use; iii) higher perceived threat deters transit use, while trust in transit operators motivates transit use; and iv) in a franchised transit system, trust in transit operators depends on the perceived level-of-service and trust in the ability of government authorities to regulate, monitor and enforce transit operators' preventive and protective actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Kaplan
- The Department of Geography, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mt Scopus, Jerusalem 919051 Israel
| | - Anat Tchetchik
- The Department of Geography and Environment, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002 Israel
| | - Doron Greenberg
- The Department of Economics and Business Administration, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Itsik Sapir
- The Department of Mechanical Engineering & Mechatronics, Afeka Tel Aviv Academic College of Engineering, Tel-Aviv 6910717, Israel
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26
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Pan Y, He SY. Analyzing COVID-19's impact on the travel mobility of various social groups in China's Greater Bay Area via mobile phone big data. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH. PART A, POLICY AND PRACTICE 2022; 159:263-281. [PMID: 35317198 PMCID: PMC8929529 DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak has significantly impacted people's mobility in terms of travel, which is directly related to regional economic vitality and individuals' well-being. This study conducted research on the COVID-19 epidemic's impact on travel mobility in China's Greater Bay Area, utilizing mobile phone big data. The overall influence of COVID-19 was measured by investigating the impact between different income and migration groups in three core cities: Shenzhen, Guangzhou, and Foshan. Individuals' weekly travel frequency and activity space area between December 2019 and May 2020 were calculated, and the average values between the different cities and various social groups were compared. The results showed that travel mobility declined during the epidemic's peak, followed by a recovery based on the overall trend. The start and end of strict law enforcement had a significant impact on the initial decline and subsequent recovery of travel mobility in the core cities. COVID-19 had a larger impact on core cities than peripheral areas, and on non-commute travel frequency, compared to commute travel frequency. Compared to advantaged groups, socially disadvantaged groups experienced a steeper decline in travel mobility during the epidemic's peak, but a more significant recovery afterwards. These findings indicate that discretionary activities have not yet recovered and remain below the pre-epidemic level, and that disadvantaged social groups had limited access to superior precautionary measures for avoiding infection. Based on the findings, we provide several policy suggestions regarding the recovery of travel mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Sylvia Y He
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
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Spatiotemporal Changeability of the Load of the Urban Road Transport System under Permanent and Short-Term Legal and Administrative Retail Restrictions. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In Poland, in 2018, the act on Sunday retail restrictions was introduced, changing citizen’s spatial mobility (altered patterns of transport behaviour related to shopping on a weekly scale). Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic (from 2020) on transport behaviour during this time has had an impact, since people were encouraged to stay at home and limit their mobility to an absolute minimum. As a result, the main aim of the article was to identify spatiotemporal changeability of the load of the urban road transport system under permanent and short-term legal and administrative retail restrictions and to determine its spatial and temporal nature on the example of Łódź (a big city in central Poland) during 2018–2021. For that purpose, the authors used three types of source data, i.e., official governmental normative data (acts, ordinances, etc.), informative data (official pandemic announcements issued during ministerial press conferences, governmental social media content, etc.), and objective empirical data (induction loops). The pandemic restrictions imposed on top of the existing permanent retail restrictions were shown to distinctly shape the weekly distribution of traffic. In weeks with non-trading Sundays, the percentage of vehicle traffic on weekdays was substantially higher than on weekends, which was particularly noticeable during the first year of the pandemic (2020). Long-term observations have also shown that people began to plan their weekends differently upon the initial implementation of Sunday retail restrictions.
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Mouratidis K, Peters S. COVID-19 impact on teleactivities: Role of built environment and implications for mobility. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH. PART A, POLICY AND PRACTICE 2022; 158:251-270. [PMID: 35291720 PMCID: PMC8898698 DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents new evidence on changes in a broad range of teleactivities due to the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and investigates how the built environment relates to these changes. The paper relies on survey and geospatial data from Oslo and its surrounding Viken region in Norway. Findings suggest that most teleactivities increased due to COVID-19. Telework, teleconferencing, online learning, telehealth, and virtual meetings with friends and family all increased during COVID-19 compared to the pre-COVID-19 period. The next step in the analysis examined relationships between built environment characteristics and teleactivities before and during COVID-19. Telework and virtual meetings increased to a greater extent in denser neighborhoods than in lower-density neighborhoods. A larger increase in online learning was associated with lower neighborhood density, lower accessibility to public transport, and more local facilities. Numerous local facilities were associated with more frequent telework and virtual meetings both before and during COVID-19. The substantial COVID-19-induced increase in teleactivities found in the study highlights the potential of information and communications technology (ICT) for replacing travel for various activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Mouratidis
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
| | - Sebastian Peters
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
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Mogaji E. Wishful thinking? Addressing the long-term implications of COVID-19 for transport in Nigeria. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH. PART D, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT 2022; 105:103206. [PMID: 36570333 PMCID: PMC9761280 DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2022.103206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With their inherent economic and infrastructure challenges, developing countries must assess commuters' travel behaviour and establish whether consumers' desire for sustainable transportation is feasible or merely wishful thinking. Using a qualitative research design, these issues were explored based on semi-structured interviews conducted with 72 participants across the six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Findings suggest that the desires and dreams of the commuters are great, and they want to reduce their journeys, work from home, and do online shopping. However, when they consider the inherent challenges, they can only hope for a better future. COVID-19 has impacted the ownership or use of motorised and non-motorised transport, but this is also influenced by affordability, convenience, and awareness. Likewise, there are long-term effects on home and work location choices, but this is further influenced by the large informal economy of the country, job accessibility and the infrastructural developments across the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Mogaji
- University of Greenwich, London, UK
- Centre for Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation (CEMRI), Abuja, Nigeria
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Shelat S, van de Wiel T, Molin E, van Lint JWC, Cats O. Analysing the impact of COVID-19 risk perceptions on route choice behaviour in train networks. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264805. [PMID: 35239712 PMCID: PMC8893614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Unlike previous pandemics, COVID-19 has sustained over a relatively longer period with cyclical infection waves and numerous variants. Public transport ridership has been hit particularly hard. To restore travellers' confidence it is critical to assess their risk determinants and trade-offs. METHODS To this end, we survey train travellers in the Netherlands in order to: (i) quantify the impact of trip-specific, policy-based, and pandemic-related attributes on travellers' COVID-19 risk perceptions; and (ii) evaluate the trade-off between this risk perception and other travel attributes. Adopting the hierarchical information integration approach, in a two-stage stated preference experiment, respondents are asked to first rate how risky they perceive different travel situations to be, and then to choose between different travel options that include their own perceived risk rating as an attribute. Perceived risk ratings and choices between travel options are modelled using a linear regression and a mixed multinomial logit model, respectively. RESULTS We find that on-board crowding and infection rates are the most important factors for risk perception. Amongst personal characteristics, the vulnerability of family and friends has the largest impact-nearly twice that of personal health risk. The bridging choice experiment reveals that while values of time have remained similar to pre-pandemic estimates, travellers are significantly more likely to choose routes with less COVID-19 risk (e.g., due to lower crowding). Respondents making longer trips by train value risk four times as much as their shorter trip counterparts. By combining the two models, we also report willingness to pay for mitigating factors: reduced crowding, mask mandates, and increased sanitization. CONCLUSION Since we evaluate the impact of a large number of variables on route choice behaviour, we can use the estimated models to predict behaviour under detailed pandemic scenarios. Moreover, in addition to highlighting the importance of COVID-19 risk perceptions in public transport route choices, the results from this study provide valuable information regarding the mitigating impacts of various policies on perceived risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanmay Shelat
- Department of Transport and Planning, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Thijs van de Wiel
- Department of Transport and Planning, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Eric Molin
- Transport and Logistics Group, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - J. W. C. van Lint
- Department of Transport and Planning, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Oded Cats
- Department of Transport and Planning, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
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The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Traffic Flow Characteristics, Emissions Production and Fuel Consumption at a Selected Intersection in Slovakia. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15062020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The surveyof traffic intensity is used to obtain information on the number of vehicles on roads during the day. Subsequently, it is possible to derive from this the daily, weekly, and other road traffic intensity information. This survey represents the basis for the calculation of the annual average daily traffic volume and the basic characteristics of traffic flow. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused extensive economic and social damage around the world. These damages have also affected traffic. Changes in traffic behavior have mainly affected the reduction in traffic intensity on road networks. Thanks to the reduction in the demand for transport, there has also been a significant reduction in traffic delays, fuel consumption and emissions. An examination of changes in traffic intensity took place at a selected intersection in 2019, 2020 and 2021. This paper describes the effects of reducing the traffic intensity, fuel consumption and emissions obtained by microsimulation. The results obtained confirmed the reduction in traffic, which also contributed to a significant reduction in vehicle delays.
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Kwon D, Oh SES, Choi S, Kim BHS. Viability of compact cities in the post-COVID-19 era: subway ridership variations in Seoul Korea. THE ANNALS OF REGIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 71:1-29. [PMID: 35281751 PMCID: PMC8900476 DOI: 10.1007/s00168-022-01119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 exposed the vulnerability of compact cities against shock events. As the impact of COVID-19 not only persists, but also expands throughout the world, this study questions whether the compact city model would be sustainable in the post-COVID-19 era. As such, this study examines the dynamics among major COVID-19 outbreak events, government interventions, and subway ridership in two compact cities, Seoul and New York City. Then, to gain thorough understanding of the impact of risks on compact urban form, it narrows the scope to Seoul in comparing subway ridership patterns in 2019 and 2020, and identifying characteristics that affect the volatility of subway ridership levels. The results affirm that individual mobility, COVID-19 outbreaks, and government interventions are closely related, and reveal that the extent of social distancing measures in compact cities is limited. This finding aligns with existing literature that link diseases transmission with dense population and mixed land use, accentuating the vulnerability of the compact city model against shocks. As a result, a multidimensional urban planning approach that incorporates polycentric and decentralized urban form is recommended to effectively and sustainably control disease outbreaks in compact cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeyoung Kwon
- Program in Regional Information, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Eun Sally Oh
- Program in Regional Information, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Choi
- Program in Regional Information, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Brian H. S. Kim
- Program in Regional Information, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
- Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
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Braut B, Migheli M, Truant E. Household mobility in food purchasing during COVID-19 lockdown: Evidence from Torino, Italy. CITIES (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 122:103554. [PMID: 35035017 PMCID: PMC8743337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2021.103554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During the first wave of COVID-19, lockdown restrictions limited people's movements mainly to food purchasing. Using survey data collected in Torino, Italy, from university students, this study analyses the lockdown's impact on the transportation means used for purchasing food compared to the pre-lockdown period. Food store businesses were not limited by the restrictions and people had to purchase food; however, national and local rules limited citizens' movements, potentially leading to a different choices of transportation means than before the pandemic. The results show that both the lockdown and, perhaps, the fear of contagion, moved the preferences of people from public and shared means to foot and private vehicles. These findings can help in rethinking how transportation is organised in an urban environment, such as that in Torino. Ensuring the safety of public and shared transportation may help sustain mobility during health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Braut
- University of Torino, Department of Economics and Statistics "Cognetti de Martiis", lungo Dora Siena, 100, I-10153 Torino (TO), Italy
| | - Matteo Migheli
- University of Torino, Department of Economics and Statistics "Cognetti de Martiis", lungo Dora Siena, 100, I-10153 Torino (TO), Italy
- Collegio "Carlo Alberto", CeRP and OETT, piazza Arbarello, 8, I-10122 Torino (TO), Italy
| | - Elisa Truant
- University of Torino, Department of Management, corso Unione Sovietica, 218bis, I-10134 Torino (TO), Italy
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Fridrisek P, Janos V. COVID-19 and suburban public transport in the conditions of the Czech Republic. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES 2022; 13:100523. [PMID: 34931180 PMCID: PMC8674527 DOI: 10.1016/j.trip.2021.100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This article focuses on possible approaches to safe regional public transport during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purposes of the research are examination the conditions for ensuring safe transport and the impact on the planning of transport services. The result is an assessment of the operation of regional public transport, consisting of the possibility of maintaining safe distances in public transport. Authors work on suburban transport cases in selected regions of the Czech Republic (Prague and Moravian-Silesian Region). Census devices in public transport, periodical transport surveys, Google mobility reports and data on fare sales from regional transport were used as data sources. Emphasis is placed on a safe distance between commuters, this condition leads to lower occupancy of the vehicle while maintaining the capacity of the vehicles. The value of this new occupancy is determined for selected vehicles and the coefficient that represents the maximum occupancy level to ensure safe transport is established. The capacity of the connections is examined in the period before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Compared to the period before COVID-19, the daily variation of passengers is expected to change significantly, leading to different occupancy rates during the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Fridrisek
- Department of Logistics and Management of Transport, Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Transportation Sciences, Konviktská 20, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vit Janos
- Department of Logistics and Management of Transport, Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Transportation Sciences, Konviktská 20, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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35
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Puello LP. Impact of COVID-19 restrictions on mode use and mode captivity the city of Santo Domingo in Latin America. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES 2022; 13:100515. [PMID: 36855536 PMCID: PMC9948762 DOI: 10.1016/j.trip.2021.100515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores transportation mode choice patterns of a population in Latin America before and during the COVID-19 pandemic based on survey data from the city of Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic). An online survey consisting of two waves was conducted between April and June 2020 among randomly chosen transport system users. The survey consisted of both a stated choice experiment, revealed preference, and psychometric indicators. Hybrid choice models were developed and included two latent variables (1) satisfaction with public transport and (2) the response to COVID-19. The results indicate that there is a strong habit of private vehicle use in the Dominican population. The main deterrents for public transport use are limited capacity and reduced safety (including regarding social distancing). The findings particularly highlight the success of the metro as a public transport mode in the city of Santo Domingo. Both cost and time are significant factors in mode choice, before and during the pandemic, but more so for OMSA bus use than for metro use. One of the conclusions from this study is that ignorin covid-related latent effects on public transport service during the pandemic may yield biased (lower) estimations of Value of Travel Time Savings. Finally, the results also show that mode captivity for public transport users plays an important role during the pandemic. These users have no access to alternative transportation and are obliged to continue using public transport. This implies that governments would be wise to urge transport operators not to reduce capacity and frequency during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- La Paix Puello
- Civil Engineering Department, Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo (INTEC) Los Próceres, Galá, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
- Pevida Highway Designers, LLC, 8600 NW 17th St, Suite 200, Doral, 33126 FL, United States
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Sunio V, Joseph Li W, Pontawe J, Dizon A, Bienne Valderrama J, Robang A. Service contracting as a policy response for public transport recovery during the Covid-19 Pandemic: A preliminary evaluation. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES 2022; 13:100559. [PMID: 35169695 PMCID: PMC8828415 DOI: 10.1016/j.trip.2022.100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We examine and assess the service contracting (SC) program implemented for the first time in Metro Manila, Philippines as a response to the impact of the pandemic on road-based public transport sector. We develop an evaluation framework, consisting of three indicators: social amelioration, increase in transport supply and performance improvement. These indicators are the purported objectives of SC. Using a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods, our evaluation suggests that although SC has brought positive impact in terms of the first two indicators, there is no robust evidence so far that may suggest that SC has improved the performance of public transport service delivery. We also find that while the primary objective of providing social amelioration to affected operators is appropriate during the time of the pandemic, this has also brought challenges in financially sustaining the program and in effecting improvements to public transport services. Our work aims to contribute as an empirical case study on the upsides and downsides of service contracting implemented as a business model for public transport provision during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsolo Sunio
- Philippine Council for Industry, Energy, and Emerging Technology Research and Development, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig City, Philippines
- Science Engineering and Management Research Institute, University of Asia and the Pacific, Pasig City, Philippines
| | - Wilhansen Joseph Li
- Sakay Mobility Philippines Corporation, Philippines
- Department of Information Systems and Computer Science, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Joemier Pontawe
- Department of Transportation, Philippines
- School of Architecture and Planning, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Faculty of Management and Development Studies, University of the Philippines Open University, Philippines
| | - Albert Dizon
- Sakay Mobility Philippines Corporation, Philippines
| | - Joel Bienne Valderrama
- Department of Geography, College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of the Philippines-Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Agnes Robang
- Sakay Mobility Philippines Corporation, Philippines
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Jamal S, Chowdhury S, Newbold KB. Transport preferences and dilemmas in the post-lockdown (COVID-19) period: Findings from a qualitative study of young commuters in Dhaka, Bangladesh. CASE STUDIES ON TRANSPORT POLICY 2022; 10:406-416. [PMID: 35036315 PMCID: PMC8744405 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
At the start of the pandemic in early 2020, many cities went to complete or partial lockdown to minimize the mass transmission of COVID-19. Consequently, personal travel patterns have changed throughout the world. This study explores the transport mode preferences and associated dilemmas that commuters face in Dhaka, Bangladesh, in the post-lockdown period. We conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews of 20 young commuters residing in Dhaka. We followed a deductive reasoning approach, and the transcriptions were analyzed following thematic analysis. Findings suggest that despite the perceived high risk of COVID-19 transmission in certain modes, all commuters don't have the ease and flexibility to switch to their preferred safer mode, with commuters trading-off between health risk, affordability and availability of suitable modes, along with other challenges. However, the country's sustainable goals can still be achieved if proper actions, such as removing the challenges commuters face while switching to a sustainable and safe mode during COVID-19 are taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaila Jamal
- School of Earth, Environment and Society, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Sadia Chowdhury
- Dhaka Transport Coordination Authority, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
| | - K Bruce Newbold
- School of Earth, Environment and Society, McMaster University, Canada
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Dias C, Abd Rahman N, Abdullah M, Sukor NSA. Influence of COVID-19 Mobility-Restricting Policies on Individual Travel Behavior in Malaysia. SUSTAINABILITY 2021; 13:13960. [DOI: 10.3390/su132413960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in new postpandemic travel patterns as a result of the stay-at-home policies and restricted movement orders imposed by the Malaysian government. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in individual travel behavior after the government imposed a series of lockdowns, also known as movement control orders (MCO). From March to April 2021, a questionnaire survey was distributed throughout Malaysia, and 435 complete responses were collected. Results indicated that the respondents predominantly chose private cars for various traveling purposes during the pandemic. When choosing a travel mode during the pandemic, married respondents and essential workers placed a significantly higher priority on pandemic-related - items such as cleanliness, infection concern, social distance, and wearing face masks, compared to single respondents and nonessential workers. Binary logistic regression models were developed to estimate individuals’ propensity to make trips for different purposes, i.e., work/study, social activities, recreational activities, and religious activities. Results indicated that essential workers were nearly three times more likely than the general population to make a work trip during the pandemic. Regarding social and recreational trips, males were more likely to make such types of trips as compared to females. Furthermore, those who perceived a higher risk of infection were less likely to make social and recreational trips. Regarding religious trips, males were significantly more likely to make such trips during the pandemic as compared to females. In addition, Muslims had significantly higher odds of making a trip for religious purposes during the pandemic. The findings of this study could be useful in transportation planning when considering travel restrictions during pandemics based on peoples’ travel purposes and mode choices.
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Mouratidis K. How COVID-19 reshaped quality of life in cities: A synthesis and implications for urban planning. LAND USE POLICY 2021; 111:105772. [PMID: 34566233 PMCID: PMC8456312 DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper synthesizes knowledge on how the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic reshaped the relationship between cities and quality of life. The possible impacts of cities on seven domains of quality of life - travel, leisure, work, social relationships, residential well-being, emotional responses, and health - during COVID-19 are reviewed. Findings indicate that the role of transport and land use, urban nature, public space, facilities and services, housing, and information and communications technology (ICT) in quality of life in cities was transformed during COVID-19. Access to healthcare facilities and services and local amenities; opportunities for walking and cycling; COVID-19-secure public transport; access to a car; urban blue or green space and access to nearby nature; easy access to open public space; living in a dwelling of sufficient size and quality; private or communal outdoor areas; and ICT infrastructure and systems possibly helped to mitigate the negative impacts of COVID-19 on quality of life in cities. Implications for urban planning and policy arise from the COVID-19 crisis, shedding light on ways to address inequities, support vulnerable groups, and improve quality of life in cities in times of pandemics but also under normal circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Mouratidis
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Landscape and Society, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
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Sogbe E. The evolving impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on public transportation in Ghana. CASE STUDIES ON TRANSPORT POLICY 2021; 9:1607-1614. [PMID: 34900583 PMCID: PMC8648554 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People's mobility improves as a result of transportation, allowing for greater accessibility. However, the COVID-19 pandemic, which began in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, has had a significant effect on mobility and accessibility to public transport. OBJECTIVES Looking at the nature of public transports in Ghana with passengers sitting close to each other coupled with the restrictions on mobility, this paper sought to investigate the effect of the pandemic on public transportation in Ghana. METHOD The study attempts to use an online and paper-based questionnaire that included questions on usual mode of transportation, usual mode of public transportation prior to and throughout the time of COVID-19, factors influencing public transport mode option prior to and throughout the time of COVID-19 from 1005 commuters. Statistical analysis included descriptive analysis and in addition quantitative comparative analysis. Non-parametric tests were used for inferential statistical analysis. To understand whether usual mode of transportation has evolved due to COVID-19, Wilcoxon signed-ranked test was used to contrast factors influencing mode option prior to and throughout the time of COVID-19. RESULTS Results explained that the major impact of COVID-19 on public transportation were social distancing and increase in the cost of transportation. There was a sharp decline in the use of para transit services with high occupancy such as "trotro" to the use of taxis. Commuters considered physical distancing, occupants wearing face masks, cleanliness of vehicle and safety from traffic accidents as essential factors influencing public transport mode choice during COVID-19. The results of the cross-tabulation analysis, which looked at the relationship between the effect of COVID-19 on transportation and the effect of COVID-19 on social, economic and religious activities showed these variables were insignificant, X2 (2, N = 1005) = 3.057, p = .217. CONCLUSION On the basis of the study findings, some recommendations were made for policymakers and stakeholders in the transport industry in order to make it much safer and conducive to travel on public transport in a pandemic in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Sogbe
- DESK-Air Engineering Consults, P.O. Box HP 1332, Ho, Ghana
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Mouratidis K, Papagiannakis A. COVID-19, internet, and mobility: The rise of telework, telehealth, e-learning, and e-shopping. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2021; 74:103182. [PMID: 34540566 PMCID: PMC8437688 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2021.103182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This study provides new evidence on changes in a range of online activities due to the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Online activities replaced physical participation in activities and contributed to changes in urban mobility during the pandemic. Using data from a nationwide survey in Greece, the paper examines changes in the importance and the frequency of engaging in online activities before and during COVID-19. Findings show that both the importance and the frequency of engaging in telework, teleconferencing, online learning (e-learning), telehealth, and online shopping (e-shopping) significantly increased during COVID-19 compared to pre-COVID-19. Substantial increases in importance were reported for telework (31% increase), teleconferencing (34% increase), online learning (34% increase), and telehealth (21% increase). Those who, on a daily basis, teleworked, teleconferenced, and made video calls with family or friends quadrupled during COVID-19, while daily online learners increased seven-fold. Telehealth and online shopping also increased but more modestly. Urban mobility in the post-COVID-19 era is likely to depend on the degree of prevalence and acceptance of these remote online activities, together with a set of complex and interconnected factors related to urban form, the spatial planning and decision-making system, and social awareness about the future of cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Mouratidis
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Landscape and Society, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
- School of Spatial Planning and Development, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Abstract
Lockdown policies applied worldwide to limit the spread of COVID-19, and mainly based on health considerations, have negatively impacted on public transport (PT) usage, suspected as a means for the virus spreading due to difficulties ensuring social distancing. This resulted not only in a setback to sustainable mobility, but also impacting on equity and social exclusion issues. The paper aimed to cover this topic, investigating the conjecture that the spread of the coronavirus is directly correlated to PT usage. A correlation analysis among the daily number of certified coronavirus cases and the PT trips measured in the day in which the contagions occurred was performed within the second wave in Italy. The appropriateness of the case study is twofold because Italy was one of the main European countries with a high mass contagion and because the vaccination campaign had not yet started in Italy. Estimation results show a high correlation (up to 0.87) between COVID-19 contagion and PT trips performed 22 days before. This threshold indicates that quarantine measures, commonly set at two weeks and based only on incubation considerations, were inadequate as a containment strategy, and may have produced a possible slowdown in identifying new cases and hence, in adopting mitigation policies. A cause–effect test was also implemented, concluding that there is a strong causal link between COVID-19 and PT trips. The main issues discussed in this research cover the transportation and the health filed but also laid the groundwork for ethical considerations concerning the right to mobility and social equity. Obtained results could yield significant insights into the context variables that influence the spread of the virus, also helping appropriate definition of restrictive policies, thereby ensuring a sustainable recovery and development of urban areas in the post-pandemic era.
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Yasin YJ, Grivna M, Abu-Zidan FM. Global impact of COVID-19 pandemic on road traffic collisions. World J Emerg Surg 2021; 16:51. [PMID: 34583713 PMCID: PMC8478263 DOI: 10.1186/s13017-021-00395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various strategies to reduce the spread of COVID-19 including lockdown and stay-at-home order are expected to reduce road traffic characteristics and consequently road traffic collisions (RTCs). We aimed to review the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence, patterns, and severity of the injury, management, and outcomes of RTCs and give recommendations on improving road safety during this pandemic. METHODS We conducted a narrative review on the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on RTCs published in English language using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar with no date restriction. Google search engine and websites were also used to retrieve relevant published literature, including discussion papers, reports, and media news. Papers were critically read and data were summarized and combined. RESULTS Traffic volume dropped sharply during the COVID-19 pandemic which was associated with significant drop in RTCs globally and a reduction of road deaths in 32 out of 36 countries in April 2020 compared with April 2019, with a decrease of 50% or more in 12 countries, 25 to 49% in 14 countries, and by less than 25% in six countries. Similarly, there was a decrease in annual road death in 33 out of 42 countries in 2020 compared with 2019, with a reduction of 25% or more in 5 countries, 15-24% in 13 countries, and by less than 15% in 15 countries. In contrast, the opposite occurred in four and nine countries during the periods, respectively. There was also a drop in the number of admitted patients in trauma centers related to RTCs during both periods. This has been attributed to an increase in speeding, emptier traffic lanes, reduced law enforcement, not wearing seat belts, and alcohol and drug abuse. CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic has generally reduced the overall absolute numbers of RTCs, and their deaths and injuries despite the relative increase of severity of injury and death. The most important factors that affected the RTCs are decreased mobility with empty lines, reduced crowding, and increased speeding. Our findings serve as a baseline for injury prevention in the current and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin J. Yasin
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Environmental Health and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Michal Grivna
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fikri M. Abu-Zidan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Das S, Boruah A, Banerjee A, Raoniar R, Nama S, Maurya AK. Impact of COVID-19: A radical modal shift from public to private transport mode. TRANSPORT POLICY 2021; 109:1-11. [PMID: 36570699 PMCID: PMC9759716 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented shock triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant impact on public transportation services, travel behavior and mode choice preferences. Increasing risk of virus contagion in shared travel modes might result in a systemic shift from public transport to car commute. Such a shift causes increased congestions, emissions with a burden on the existing infrastructure. Given the urgent need of reconsideration of transport in a post-COVID world, this study presents insights into the possible shift from public transport to car commute due to the coronavirus crisis, potential factors influencing the mode shift, with emphasis being also laid on suitable strategies for promoting public transport use in the future world. Based on an online questionnaire survey conducted in India, results of logistic regression model indicate that commuters' socio-economic characteristics such as age, gender and monthly income tend to significantly influence mode switch preferences. In addition, trip characteristics including travel time, overcrowding and hygiene are strongly associated with mode shift preferences from public transport to car use. Commuters' perceptions on several strategies for promoting public transport have also been assessed, which will indeed pave the way for the formulation of post-COVID transport policies. In essence, efforts need to be directed towards restoring users' confidence and trust by providing a safe, secure and healthy environment to the public transport users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanhita Das
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Alice Boruah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Arunabha Banerjee
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Rahul Raoniar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Suresh Nama
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Maurya
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
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Pawar DS, Yadav AK, Choudhary P, Velaga NR. Modelling work- and non-work-based trip patterns during transition to lockdown period of COVID-19 pandemic in India. TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR & SOCIETY 2021; 24:46-56. [PMID: 34745888 PMCID: PMC8561416 DOI: 10.1016/j.tbs.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the transportation sector across the world. Implementation of lockdown (that includes restricted travel activities) is a prevention strategy executed by various governments to minimize the spread of COVID-19. India went into complete lockdown from 25th March 2020; however, change in commuter's travel behavior was observed from the third week of March (termed as transition to lockdown) due to pandemic fear. In total 1945 participants participated in the travel behaviour survey and their responses with respect to work-based and non-work-based trips during transition period were analysed to understand their adaptation towards COVID-19. The study also attempted to quantify the effects of influencing factors which can explain change in the commuters' travel behaviour. The findings revealed that one-year increment in traveller's age had 2% reduced probability of no travel during transition than pre-transition. For non-work-related travel, chances of lower travel frequency were significantly greater during the transition period as compared to pre-transition. Compared to the non-essential trips, the chances of reduced travel frequency for the essential trips were found to be lower by 92%. By examining these behavioural changes, the present study aims to assist the policymakers in understanding the dynamics of fluctuating travel demand with respect to trip purpose during pandemic situations like COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digvijay S Pawar
- Transportation Systems Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502285, India
| | - Ankit Kumar Yadav
- Transportation Systems Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Pushpa Choudhary
- Transportation Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Nagendra R Velaga
- Transportation Systems Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
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Travel Demand Prediction during COVID-19 Pandemic: Educational and Working Trips at the University of Padova. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13126596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The diffusion of the COVID-19 pandemic has induced fundamental changes in travel habits. Although many previous authors have analysed factors affecting observed variations in travel demand, only a few works have focused on predictions of future new normal conditions when people will be allowed to decide whether to travel or not, although risk mitigation measures will still be enforced on vehicles, and innovative mobility services will be implemented. In addition, few authors have considered future mandatory trips of students that constitute a great part of everyday travels and are fundamental for the development of society. In this paper, logistic regression models were calibrated by using data from a revealed and stated-preferences mobility survey administered to students and employees at the University of Padova (Italy), to predict variables impacting on their decisions to perform educational and working trips in the new normal phase. Results highlighted that these factors are different between students and employees; furthermore, available travel alternatives and specific risk mitigation measures on vehicles were found to be significant. Moreover, the promotion of the use of bikes, as well as bike sharing, car pooling and micro mobility among students can effectively foster sustainable mobility habits. On the other hand, countermeasures on studying/working places resulted in a slight effect on travel decisions.
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Politis I, Georgiadis G, Papadopoulos E, Fyrogenis I, Nikolaidou A, Kopsacheilis A, Sdoukopoulos A, Verani E. COVID-19 lockdown measures and travel behavior: The case of Thessaloniki, Greece. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES 2021; 10:100345. [PMID: 36844001 PMCID: PMC9940606 DOI: 10.1016/j.trip.2021.100345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the travel behavior changes in Thessaloniki, Greece aiming to understand them and explore the factors that affect them under the COVID-19 mobility restriction measures. Socioeconomic and mobility data from two questionnaire surveys, one year before and during the COVID-19 lockdown of April 2020 (with 1462 and 196 responses respectively), were compared by utilizing a wide variety of inductive statistical tests. Ordinary Least-Squares regression models and Cox proportional hazards duration models were employed to explore any concurrent socioeconomic effect on travel behavior patterns. Results showed that the number of daily trips per person was on average decreased by 50% during the lockdown. This decrease was much greater for the non-commuting trips. Trips on foot were increased, private car was mainly used for commuting and public transport modal shares were heavily reduced. Trip durations were generally increased, as travelling was considered a recreational activity per se. The starting times of the first trips of the day were more evenly distributed throughout the day and many travelers only started their first trips late in the afternoon. Older travelers generally maintained their mobility behavior patterns despite their higher vulnerability to COVID-19 disease. Lower-income travelers were likely to make more daily trips. Male travelers tended to make higher-duration trips compared to their female counterparts. Since pandemics may become recurring events in the future, our findings provide for a better understanding of their influence on mobility and support the design of customized policies to fulfill sustainable mobility objectives during lockdown circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Politis
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Georgiadis
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efthymis Papadopoulos
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Fyrogenis
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Nikolaidou
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aristomenis Kopsacheilis
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandros Sdoukopoulos
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Verani
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Working Women, Delhi Metro and Covid-19: A Case Study in Delhi-NCR. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF LABOUR ECONOMICS 2021; 64:389-413. [PMID: 34075281 PMCID: PMC8161715 DOI: 10.1007/s41027-021-00313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Availability of safe, reliable and affordable public transport facilitates access to work opportunities. This relationship between transport and economic independence is not gender neutral. Delhi’s Metro Rail Network marked a milestone in this regard as it provided a gender-sensitive means of mass transit with specific facilities for women passengers. However, the onset of Covid-19 pandemic, followed by restrictions on mobility and change in working habits, brought the urban public transport network to a standstill. Given this background, the paper explores the impact of Metro Rail Network on the commuting pattern and preferences of working women in Delhi-NCR region as well as the travel-related challenges faced by women that were magnified during the pandemic.
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Hasselwander M, Tamagusko T, Bigotte JF, Ferreira A, Mejia A, Ferranti EJS. Building back better: The COVID-19 pandemic and transport policy implications for a developing megacity. SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2021; 69:102864. [PMID: 36568855 PMCID: PMC9760281 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2021.102864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected human mobility via lockdowns, social distancing rules, home quarantines, and the full or partial suspension of transportation. Evidence-based policy recommendations are urgently needed to ensure that transport systems have resilience to future pandemic outbreaks, particularly within Global South megacities where demand for public transport is high and reduced access can exacerbate socio-economic inequalities. This study focuses on Metro Manila - a characteristic megacity that experienced one of the most stringent lockdowns worldwide. It analyzes aggregated cell phone and GPS data from Google and Apple that provide a comprehensive representation of mobility behavior before and during the lockdown. While significant decreases are observed for all transport modes, public transport experienced the largest drop (-74.5 %, on average). The study demonstrates that: (i) those most reliant on public transport were disproportionately affected by lockdowns; (ii) public transport was unable to fulfil its role as public service; and, (iii) this drove a paradigm shift towards active mobility. Moving forwards, in the short-term policymakers must promote active mobility and prioritize public transport to reduce unequal access to transport. Longer-term, policymakers must leverage the increased active transport to encourage modal shift via infrastructure investment, and better utilize big data to support decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hasselwander
- CITTA - Research Centre for Territory, Transports and Environment, University of Coimbra, Department of Civil Engineering, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tiago Tamagusko
- CITTA - Research Centre for Territory, Transports and Environment, University of Coimbra, Department of Civil Engineering, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joao F Bigotte
- CITTA - Research Centre for Territory, Transports and Environment, University of Coimbra, Department of Civil Engineering, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Adelino Ferreira
- CITTA - Research Centre for Territory, Transports and Environment, University of Coimbra, Department of Civil Engineering, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alvin Mejia
- Wuppertal Institute, Research Unit Mobility and International Cooperation, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emma J S Ferranti
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Exploring the Traveler’s Intentions to Use Public Transport during the COVID-19 Pandemic While Complying with Precautionary Measures. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11083630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Public transport use has drastically declined during the COVID-19 pandemic because the virus spreads through close contact with infected people and contaminated surfaces, especially in closed-environments. Evidence suggests that following the necessary safety guidelines can limit the spread of the virus, however, non-compliance to precautionary measures has been reported widely. Ignoring the precautionary measures may lead to quick transmission of the virus since public transport vehicles generally resemble closed-environments. This study explores people’s intentions to use public transport during the COVID-19 pandemic while adhering to precautionary measures. For this purpose, a total of 1516 useable responses were collected through a questionnaire survey conducted in Lahore, Pakistan. Regression models were developed to model the intentions to use public transport during the pandemic, to adhere to the precautionary measures while using public transport during the pandemic, and to use public transport while suffering from COVID-19 disease. The results of this study will help in understanding the intentions of the public transport users during the COVID-19 pandemic. It will also provide insights for policymakers and public transport operators about further necessary actions to promote safe public transport use during the current and any possible future pandemics. As public transport use declined during the pandemic, policy implications for alternative mobility options such as demand-responsive-transport (DRT) are also presented. Considering the study results, a policy interventions framework is proposed to promote the safe use of various public transport modes, particularly in developing regions.
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