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Thonai S, Kataki R, Das L, Begum F, Deka A, Borah DK. Comparative evaluation of calcium ion release, pH change, and dentinal tubule penetration of four different formulations of calcium hydroxide-based intracanal medicaments - An in vitro study. JOURNAL OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS 2023; 26:657-662. [PMID: 38292750 PMCID: PMC10823981 DOI: 10.4103/jcde.jcde_39_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Aim The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the release of calcium ion, pH change, and dentinal penetration depth of four different formulations of calcium hydroxide-based intracanal medicaments. Materials and Methods Eighty mandibular single-rooted premolar teeth were divided into four groups (n = 20): Group 1 - calcium hydroxide (CH) + distilled water (DW), Group 2 - nanocalcium hydroxide + DW, Group 3 - calcium hydroxide + chitosan, and Group 4 - calcium hydroxide + 2% chlorhexidine gluconate. Biomechanical preparation was done till the F2 rotary ProTaper system and intracanal medicaments were placed. Calcium ions and pH were assessed at 24 h, 7 days, 15 days, and 30 days using an ultraviolet spectrophotometer and pH meter, respectively. The evaluation of tubule penetration was scanned under a field emission scanning electron microscope. Results A significant difference was seen in calcium ion release and pH change among the four groups at 24 h, 7 days, 15 days, and 30 days as well as depth of dentinal penetration. Conclusion Calcium hydroxide mixed with 2% chlorhexidine gel showed alkaline pH and the highest calcium ion release as well as significant dentinal tubule penetration among all the four groups under observation. Both combinations can enhance antimicrobial effectiveness as intracanal medicaments. Further clinical study should be carried out to optimize its use as an alternative treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salouno Thonai
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Regional Dental College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Rubi Kataki
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Regional Dental College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Lima Das
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Regional Dental College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Firdushi Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, Guwahati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Adrija Deka
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Regional Dental College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Diganta Kumar Borah
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Regional Dental College, Guwahati, Assam, India
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Rôças IN, Provenzano JC, Neves MS, Alves FR, Gonçalves LS, Siqueira JF. Effects of calcium hydroxide paste in different vehicles on bacterial reduction during treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis. J Endod 2022; 49:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Farhadian N, Godiny M, Mansouri A, Moradi S, Tajehmiri A, Shahlaei M. Hydrophilic Natural Polymers for Sustained-controlled Release of Calcium Hydroxide. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2020; 19:323-332. [PMID: 33224239 PMCID: PMC7667564 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2019.13447.11623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Calcium Hydroxide (CH) is commonly employed as intracanal medicament in endodontics. In order to maximize its therapeutic effects, it is essential to develop new approaches for preparing the controlled drug release systems which, in turn, facilities the dissociation of CH into calcium and hydroxyl ions. This work studies the sustained-controlled release of calcium ions and the effect of pH changes on the different formulation of CH with hydrophilic natural polymers over a period of 30 days. Various formulations were prepared by combining CH with gelatin, aloe vera and gum tragacanth. Root canals of 60 human teeth were instrumented and filled with a different formulation of CH and suspended in plastic tubes containing distilled water. Three formulas of polymer/CH were evaluated, and pure CH powder was used as a control. At specific time intervals, the calcium ions release and the pH changes of the medium in different formulations were analyzed. The main interactions between the studied polymers and CH were investigated using FTIR spectra. The antibacterial activity of formulations against Enterococcus faecalis was also studied. Faster release of CH was observed for aloe vera/CH. Gum tragacanth/CH showed a slow-release during the first 15 days. In contrast, only Gelatin/CH formulation showed a prolonged release with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). The pure CH showed significantly higher pH values than the other formulations. The Gelatin/CH formulation was a better sustained-release system than the pure CH, and it can be used as a promising vehicle for CH in the root canal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Farhadian
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mostafa Godiny
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Mansouri
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sajad Moradi
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ahmad Tajehmiri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohsen Shahlaei
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Mustafa M, Alaajam WH, Azeim AA, Alfayi NA, Alqobty RM, Alghannam S. Diffusion of calcium hydroxide through dentinal tubules of retreated root canals: An in vitro study. Eur J Dent 2019; 12:386-392. [PMID: 30147404 PMCID: PMC6089045 DOI: 10.4103/ejd.ejd_77_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Studies about the dispersion of hydroxyl ions through dentin of endodontically retreated teeth are scarce. The present study aims at examining the diffusion of calcium hydroxide in vitro by recording the pH changes of retreated root canal using two types of calcium hydroxide preparations. Materials and Methods: A total of 45 recently extracted single-rooted mandibular first premolars were collected and cleaned from calculus and remains of periodontal tissue. The teeth so collected were stored in thymol 10% solution till use. During collection, teeth with cracks, open apices, and restorations were excluded. Root canal preparations were performed using Protaper rotary system files, till #F3 file. All canals were obturated using cold lateral condensation and zinc oxide-based sealer. After 7 days, all gutta-percha were removed and the canals were irrigated with normal saline. The teeth were then randomly distributed into three groups. Canals in Group I were kept empty without any dressing to serve as a negative control group, Canals in Group II were filled with a freshly prepared mixture of calcium hydroxide powder with normal saline solution, and Group III was filled with Metapex. Periodically, the calcium hydroxide material was removed and the pH was measured using pH meter at 7, 10, 14, and 30 days. Results: The pH values of Group II and III ranged between 9.2 and 11.2. This was found to be highly significant against the negative control group. After 7 and 10 days, freshly mixed Ca(OH)2 showed the higher pH than the creamy Metapex, and statistically the difference was highly significant after 10 days (P<0.001). After 14 days, Metapex group pH was higher than freshly mixed Ca(OH)2, but it was not statistically significant as they reached nearly the same pH after 30 days (P>0.05). Conclusion: All Ca(OH)2 preparations had high pH around the roots after 7 and 10 days. Metapex continued to have higher pH after 14 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Mustafa
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, Division of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, AlKharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa Hassan Alaajam
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, Division of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Abdul Azeim
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, Division of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Shahad Alghannam
- General Dentist,College of Dentistry and Hospital, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, AlKharj, Saudi Arabia
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Lima TFR, Ascendino JF, Cavalcante IDO, D Assunção FLC, Salazar-Silva JR, Silva EJNLD, Lemos SG, Soares ADJ. Influence of chlorhexidine and zinc oxide in calcium hydroxide pastes on pH changes in external root surface. Braz Oral Res 2019; 33:e005. [PMID: 30758405 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2019.vol33.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the influence of chlorhexidine (liquid and gel) and zinc oxide in calcium hydroxide (CH) pastes on root pH in simulated external resorption. One hundred human anterior teeth with a single root canal were selected. After decoronation and root canal instrumentation, the specimens were divided into 4 experimental groups and 1 control group (without intracanal paste): CH + saline (CH+S), CH + 2% chlorhexidine liquid (CH+ CHX), CH + 2% chlorhexidine gel (CH+ CHXg), and CH + 2% chlorhexidine gel + zinc oxide (CH+ CHXg+ZnO). pH was measured using a microelectrode at 3 and 24 h, and 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after inserting intracanal pastes. Data were analyzed statistically using an ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). The CH+CHXg+ZnO group had the highest pH values throughout (p<0.05). The CH+S and CH+ CHX groups had the highest pH values after 1 week and the CH+ CHXg group after 2 weeks. CH+ CHXg maintained the highest pH until the fourth week compared with CH+ CHX (p < 0.05). The control group remained at a neutral pH at all evaluated times. It can be concluded that chlorhexidine solution or gel maintained the alkaline pH of CH, and chlorhexidine gel allowed a slower decrease in pH over time. CH+ CHXg+ZnO showed the highest pH values and was an effective intracanal medication for maintaining alkaline root pH in the area of resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Farias Rocha Lima
- Universidade Federal da Paraiba - UFPB, Endodontics Area, Department of Restorative Dentistry, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fabio Luiz Cunha D Assunção
- Universidade Federal da Paraiba - UFPB, Endodontics Area, Department of Restorative Dentistry, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Juan Ramon Salazar-Silva
- Universidade Federal da Paraiba - UFPB, Endodontics Area, Department of Restorative Dentistry, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | | | | | - Adriana de Jesus Soares
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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CRESPO MP, PEREIRA KDF, KUGA MC, PORTO TS, ARMADA L. Alkalizing potential and calcium release of residues from intracanal dressing containing calcium hydroxide. REVISTA DE ODONTOLOGIA DA UNESP 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-2577.11018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction If the restoration, that seal the root canal from oral environment, failed or solubilize, the intracanal dressing could be partially removed, decreasing the efficiency of calcium hydroxide (CH). Objective To evaluate the alkalizing potential and calcium ions release of intracanal residues from different medications, in different periods. Materials and method Human incisors were endodontically instrumented and randomly divided (n=10). The root canals were filled with: G1⎯Calcium hydroxide (CH); G2⎯CH with 0.4% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHC); G3⎯CH with camphorated paramonochlorophenol and glycerin (HPG); G4⎯CH was maintained during all experiment, as positive control group (PC) and G5⎯ No medication was performed in the negative control group (NC). The specimens were immersed in distilled water for 7 days. The intracanal dressing was removed from the experimental groups using F1 instrument (Protaper). The teeth were stored in distilled water for 24 hours, 7, 14 and 28 days. pH value and calcium ions released were evaluated and the data were submitted to ANOVA one-way and Tukey tests. Result All experimental groups presented lower alkalizing potential and calcium ions release than PC (P<0.05). No significant difference was found among the experimental groups, regardless of the period (P>0.05). Conclusion The alkalizing potential and calcium ions release of residues from different intracanal dressing, in different periods, were similar and lower than the positive control group, that the medication was maintained inside the root canal, encouraging the replacement of intracanal dressing when the restoration fail.
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Aspects of Solvent Chemistry for Calcium Hydroxide Medicaments. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10101219. [PMID: 29065542 PMCID: PMC5667025 DOI: 10.3390/ma10101219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Calcium hydroxide pastes have been used in endodontics since 1947. Most current calcium hydroxide endodontic pastes use water as the vehicle, which limits the dissolution of calcium hydroxide that can be achieved and, thereby, the maximum pH that can be achieved within the root canal system. Using polyethylene glycol as a solvent, rather than water, can achieve an increase in hydroxyl ions release compared to water or saline. By adopting non-aqueous solvents such as the polyethylene glycols (PEG), greater dissolution and faster hydroxyl ion release can be achieved, leading to enhanced antimicrobial actions, and other improvements in performance and biocompatibility.
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GIONGO M, SANTOS RAMD, MACIEL SM, FRACASSO MDLC, VICTORINO FR. Analysis of pH and release of calcium of association between melaleuca alternifolia oil and calcium hydroxide. REVISTA DE ODONTOLOGIA DA UNESP 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-2577.07816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction The use of intracanal medications with antimicrobial properties is essential for decontaminating root canals during endodontic treatment. Calcium hydroxide is used for this because of its excellent properties. Melaleuca alternifolia oil has shown medicinal importance by demonstrating antifungal and bactericidal action against proven human pathogens. Objective To evaluate the physical and chemical aspects such as pH and calcium release, of Melaleuca alternifolia oil associated with calcium hydroxide, during different time intervals. Material and method Calcium hydroxide powder was added to vehicles to reach a concentration of 72mg / 0.1mL. Three groups were formed: Group I: Calcium Hydroxide + Distilled Water; Group II: Calcium hydroxide + Propylene Glycol; Group III: Calcium hydroxide + Melaleuca oil. The pH of each group was measured after time intervals of 10 minutes; 24 and 48 hours; 7, 15 and 30 days after tooling by a pH meter. Calcium release was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry equipped with a calcium hollow cathode lamp. Data were statistically analyzed by using the Kruskall-Wallis and Dunn test. Result Group II showed high pH, similar to group III that remained uniform at 15 and 30 days. Calcium release that began after 24 hours, was similar in Groups II and III, and showed a peak release in 48 hours. Conclusion The association of Melaleuca oil with calcium hydroxide showed good results in the pH and calcium release analyses, and showed action similar to that of propylene glycol + calcium hydroxide.
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Ordinola-Zapata R, Bramante CM, GarcÍa-godoy F, Moldauer BI, Minotti PG, TercíLIA Grizzo L, Duarte MAH. The effect of radiopacifiers agents on pH, calcium release, radiopacity, and antimicrobial properties of different calcium hydroxide dressings. Microsc Res Tech 2015; 78:620-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Clovis Monteiro Bramante
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Dental Materials and Endodontics, Dental School of Bauru; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Franklin GarcÍa-godoy
- Bioscience Research Center, College of Dentistry; University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Memphis Tennessee
| | | | | | - Larissa TercíLIA Grizzo
- Department of Biological Science; Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Dental Materials and Endodontics, Dental School of Bauru; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
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Shetty S, Manjunath MK, Tejaswi S. An In-vitro Evaluation of the pH Change Through Root Dentin Using Different Calcium Hydroxide Preparations as an Intracanal Medicament. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8:ZC13-6. [PMID: 25478439 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/9374.4950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The aim of the study was to evaluate the pH variation in the surrounding medium after the use of two different vehicles of Calcium hydroxide - Saline (aqueous), Propylene glycol (viscous) and Calcium hydroxide containing guttapercha points over a period of 7 days as an intracanal medicament. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty single rooted premolars were decoronated at the cementoenamel junction and cleaned and shaped uptil size 40 master apical file. External defects were made on the mesial surface in the coronal third of the roots and divided randomly into 4 groups. One control and three experimental. In the control - group I the root canals were left empty. In the experimental groups - group II was filled with Ca(OH)2 + saline, group III was filled with Ca(OH)2 + propylene glycol and group IV the root canals were filled with Calcium hydroxide points. The coronal accesses were sealed with 3mm of Cavit G and all the surfaces of the root except the defect were covered with 3 coats at Nail varnish. The samples were then placed in air tight vials containing 2ml of distilled water. The vials were kept in an incubator and the pH of the surrounding medium was measured using a digital pH meter after 1,3,5 and 7 days respectively. RESULTS A statistically significant difference (p<0.05) existed between the experimental groups over the observation period. At day 1, a high pH was recorded by the calcium hydroxide points and saline groups and a lower pH by the propylene group. At day's 3 and 5, the maximum pH was recorded by the propylene glycol group and minimum by the calcium hydroxide points and saline groups. At day 7, the pH of all the groups had dropped, with propylene glycol recording the maximum pH followed by saline and lastly calcium hydroxide points. CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this study, a viscous vehicle is better among other vehicles, calcium hydroxide paste of propylene glycol provided the highest 7 days release of hydroxyl ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneeth Shetty
- Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, J.S.S Dental College & Hospital, J.S.S University , Mysore, India
| | - M K Manjunath
- Professor & Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, J.S.S Dental College & Hospital, J.S.S University , Mysore, India
| | - Sunil Tejaswi
- Reader, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, J.S.S Dental College & Hospital, J.S.S University , Mysore, India
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Effect of Ultrasonic Activation on pH and Calcium Released by Calcium Hydroxide Pastes in Simulated External Root Resorption. J Endod 2012; 38:834-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Chula DG, de Pontes Lima RK, Berbert FLVC, Tanomaru-Filho M. Release and diffusion of hydroxyl ion from calcium hydroxide-based medicaments. Dent Traumatol 2012; 28:320-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.2011.01112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chávez-Guerrero L, Flores J, Kharissov BI. Recycling of ash from mezcal industry: a renewable source of lime. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 81:633-638. [PMID: 20851456 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Agave bagasse is a byproduct generated in the mezcal industry. Normally it is burned to reduce its volume, then a byproduct is generated in the form of residual ash, which can contaminate the water in rivers and lakes near the production places called "mezcaleras". This report details measurements of the Agave Salmiana fiber transformation after the burning process. The wasted ash was heated at 950°C, and then hydrolyzed. The compounds were indentified using the X-ray diffraction. The images obtained by scanning electron microscope showed all the morphological transformations of the lime through the whole process. Thermal, elemental and morphological characterization of the agave bagasse were done. Experiments showed that 16% of ash was produced in the burning process of agave bagasse (450°C), and 66% of the ash remains after heating (950°C) in the form of calcium oxide. The results show an important renewable source of calcium compounds, due to the high production of agave based beverages in México.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chávez-Guerrero
- Department of Nanotechnology, PIIT Monterrey, C.P. 66600, Apodaca, Centre of Innovation Research and Development on Engineering and Technology, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, Mexico.
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Freire LG, Carvalho CN, Ferrari PHP, Siqueira EL, Gavini G. Influence of dentin on pH of 2% chlorhexidine gel and calcium hydroxide alone or in combination. Dent Traumatol 2010; 26:276-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.2010.00874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Húngaro Duarte MA, Midena RZ, Zeferino MA, Vivan RR, Weckwerth PH, dos Santos F, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Tanomaru-Filho M. Evaluation of pH and Calcium Ion Release of Calcium Hydroxide Pastes Containing Different Substances. J Endod 2009; 35:1274-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Vianna ME, Zilio DM, Ferraz CCR, Zaia AA, Souza-Filho FJD, Gomes BPFDA. Concentration of hydrogen ions in several calcium hydroxide pastes over different periods of time. Braz Dent J 2009; 20:382-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-64402009000500005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this in vitro study was to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions (pH) of calcium hydroxide [(Ca(OH)2] pastes combined with different vehicles over 7 periods of time. The Ca(OH)2 was manipulated with the following vehicles: i: sterile water; ii: iodoform plus sterile water; iii: local anesthetics (Lydocaine 2% with 1: 100,000 epinephrine); iv: polyethyleneglycol; v: glycerin; vi: 2.0% chlorhexidine gel; vii: camphorated paramonochlorophenol (CMCP); viii: (CMCP) + glycerin; and ix: polyethyleneglycol plus CMCP. The pastes were made on a glass plate to toothpaste consistency and the pH was measured at the following times: 5 min, 1, 24, 48 h; 7, 14 and 28 days. The data were statistically analyzed (Kruskal-Wallis at p<0.05). At 5 min, 1 and 24 h, the pH of all tested pastes ranged from 13.05 to 11.16. At 48 h and 7 days the pH of all tested pastes ranged from 11.66 to 8.92. At 14 and 28 days almost all pastes had pH means lower than 10. In conclusion, the mean pH of all tested calcium hydroxide pastes decreased with the time. Pastes made with aqueous vehicles (especially with sterile water), followed by oily vehicles (especially with CMCP + glycerin), held the highest pH means over the periods of time tested.
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