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Caspa Gokulan R, Devaraj H. Stem Cell Markers CXCR-4 and CD133 Predict Aggressive Phenotype and Their Double Positivity Indicates Poor Prognosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13235895. [PMID: 34885003 PMCID: PMC8656999 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oral cancer is one of the most frequent malignancies in the world, with a poor prognosis. The absence of accurate biomarkers for predicting oral cancer progression is the primary cause of treatment failures. Multiple studies have shown that cancer stem cells play a critical role in tumor growth and chemo resistance. We uncovered, for the first time, the importance of combinatorial expression of stem cell related molecules CXCR-4 and CD-133 as possible biomarkers to predict poor prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. The findings will aid in the identification of high-risk cases in order to provide appropriate therapy. Abstract The activation of the SDF-1/CXCR-4 pathway is crucial for the invasion and metastasis of oral cancer cells. The CXCR-4 positive cells possess stem cell characteristics and express the cancer stem cell marker, CD133, in tumors of colon and pancreas. Despite several studies, the co-expression of CXCR-4 and CD133 and its significance is still largely unknown in oral cancer. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the impact of CXCR-4 and CD133 double positivity in the prognosis of oral cancer. The significance of PKC-δ, one of the key signaling molecules that regulates CXCR-4, was also analyzed. Immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence was used to investigate the co-localization of CXCR-4, PKC-δ and CD133 in the human tissues and cell lines of oral squamous cell carcinoma. The expression of CXCR-4, PKC-δ and CD133 were found to be higher in poorly differentiated and lymph node metastasis-positive cases. Interestingly, CXCR-4 positive cells showed positive staining for PKC-δ and CD133 in oral cancer tissue and cell lines. Moreover, CXCR-4+/CD133+ and CXCR-4+/PKC-δ+ double positive cases have the worst survival. We discovered, for the first time, that patients with expression of both CXCR-4 and CD133 have a lower survival rate, and CXCR-4+/CD133+, as well as CXCR-4+/PKC-δ+ double positivity, can be utilized to predict poor prognosis. CXCR-4, PKC-δ and CD133 might regulate aggressiveness and invasion of oral cancer cells.
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Han N, Li X, Wang Y, Wang L, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Ruan M, Zhang C. Increased tumor-infiltrating plasmacytoid dendritic cells promote cancer cell proliferation and invasion via TNF-α/NF-κB/CXCR-4 pathway in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer 2021; 12:3045-3056. [PMID: 33854604 PMCID: PMC8040884 DOI: 10.7150/jca.55580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumor-infiltrating immune cells are closely associated with tumor occurrence and progression. The present study explored the potential mechanism of tumor-infiltrating plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) mediating the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods: pDC distribution was detected by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. chemotaxis cytokine receptor-4/7 (CXCR-4/7) expression was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Cell proliferation and migration were measured by CCK-8, colony formation, wound healing and transwell assay. ELISA and western blotting were used to investigate cytokines secretion and NF-κB pathway activity. Results: Tumor-infiltrating pDC in OSCC was significantly increased and associated with tumor size, lymph node (LN) metastasis (P <0.05). Tumor-infiltrating-pDC-conditioned medium from OSCC patients significantly promoted tumor cell proliferation and invasion, which was at least partly mediated via enhancing the CXCR-4 expression of tumor cell. In addition, the activation of NF-κB pathway played a decisive role in the overexpression of CXCR-4, which was further regulated by pDC-derived TNF-α secretion. Conclusions: Tumor-infiltrating pDC promoted oral cancer proliferation and invasion via activating the TNF-α/NF-κB/CXCR-4 pathway, which may serve as a potential immunological target for the treatment of OSCC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Han
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, China
| | - Yupu Wang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Chunye Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Department of Oral Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zun Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University. Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Min Ruan
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Chenping Zhang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China
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Elhousiny M, Miller K, Ariyawadana A, Nimmo A. Identification of inflammatory mediators associated with metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma in experimental and clinical studies: systematic review. Clin Exp Metastasis 2019; 36:481-492. [PMID: 31559586 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-019-09994-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis, whether regional or distant, remains the main cause of morbidity and recurrence in oral cancer. The accumulating evidence suggests that inflammatory mediators are strong drivers for cancer progression and spread. However, the precise role of these inflammatory mediators in mediating specific metastatic stage is poorly understood due to lack of integration/validation of experimental research data and the clinical trials, i.e., the data produced from research is not translated to clinical therapeutic targets. This, in turn, results in the lack of developing reliable biomarker that can be used for accurate diagnosis/prognosis of the tumour spread. We have performed a systematic review to assess the role of inflammatory mediators as potential markers for diagnosis/prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) metastasis. We carried out a systematic search the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Scopus databases under the guidelines for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). Articles were divided into two groups; experimental (in-vivo) and clinical studies. The REporting recommendations for tumour MARKer prognostic studies Scale (REMARK) was used to assess the quality of the studies for the clinical search while Animal research: Reporting In-vivo experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines were used to assess the quality of the animal studies. Sixteen articles in the clinical group and four articles in the experimental group were included in the final review. We identified nine inflammatory mediators; CXCR4, CXCL12 (SDF-1), CCR7, IL-6, IL-18, CCL20 (MIP-3), CXCL1 (GRO-1), CCL3, CXCR2. This panel of inflammatory mediators can provide a framework for hypothesis testing of the potential value of these mediators in metastatic prognosis. We recommend carrying a large cohort study with data pooling for adequate assessment and testing of the inflammatory panel of mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa Elhousiny
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4878, Australia.
| | - Kate Miller
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4878, Australia
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Anura Ariyawadana
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4878, Australia
- Griffith Health Institute, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Alan Nimmo
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4878, Australia
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Miguel AFP, Mello FW, Melo G, Rivero ERC. Association between immunohistochemical expression of matrix metalloproteinases and metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Head Neck 2019; 42:569-584. [PMID: 31750584 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this systematic review (SR) was to summarize and critically appraise available evidence on the association of the immunohistochemical expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) with the occurrence of lymph node/distant metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS Searches were conducted in five main electronic and three gray literature databases. RESULTS From 2128 records identified, 50 were included for qualitative analysis. A total of 12 MMPs were identified (-1, -2, -3, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -13, -25, -26, and MT1-MMP). Most included studies reported a positive association of MMP-1, -2, -3, -7, -9, and MT1-MMP with lymph node metastasis. MMP-8, -25, and -26 were not associated with lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS According to this SR, MMP-1, -2, -3, -7, -9, and MT1-MMP seem to play an important role in lymph node metastasis of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa F P Miguel
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fernanda W Mello
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Melo
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Elena R C Rivero
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Lin Y, Lin Y, Lin X, Sun X, Luo K. Combination of PET and CXCR4-Targeted Peptide Molecule Agents for Noninvasive Tumor Monitoring. J Cancer 2019; 10:3420-3426. [PMID: 31293645 PMCID: PMC6603417 DOI: 10.7150/jca.31087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine is emphasizing not only at individual but also at disease molecule level in modern medicine. Therefore, target-specific molecular agents are crucial for precise diagnosis and treatment. We developed a peptide agent that binds a critical chemokine receptor-CXCR4 and could be used to detect tumor status. Confocal images showed binding of the peptide agent to human osteosarcoma cells. Clinical gold-standard molecular imaging agent PET showed tumors had high glucose metabolism, CT showed that these xenograft tumors were calcified and displayed hypervascularity. Peptide imaging demonstrated that these tumors were CXCR4 positive. However, Western blot protein analysis revealed a discordance between the tumor and the CXCR4 targeted agent, suggesting that small changes in peptide sequences have profound effect on binding to their targets. We also demonstrated the molecular screening by modifying the peptide sequence and thereby altering the binding properties of the agent. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that small molecule peptide agents can be used as an additional diagnostic tool for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizi Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotian Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinic of August First Film Studio,301 Hospital, NO.1 Liuli Bridge, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Luo
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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Lavaee F, Zare S, Mojtahedi Z, Malekzadeh M, Khademi B, Ghaderi A. Serum CXCL12, but not CXCR4, Is Associated with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:901-904. [PMID: 29693336 PMCID: PMC6031803 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.4.901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most frequent malignancy of the head and neck (HN) region.
We here evaluated associations of stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1or CXCL12) and its receptor, CXCR4, with
HNSCCs. Materials and Methods: Sixty newly diagnosed HNSCC patients were enrolled in the patient group, and 28
healthy individuals in the control group. Plasma levels of CXCL12 and CXCR4 were measured using ELISA kits.
Results: There was a significant difference in mean CXCL12, but not CXCR4, plasma levels between the patient and
control groups (P=0.0001). No significant associations were found between mean plasma levels of either CXCL12 or
CXCR4 with age, gender, tumor site, tumor size, lymph-node involvement or tumor stage. Conclusion: For the first
time, our findings demonstrate a significant association between serum CXCL12 but not CXCR4 levels and HNSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Lavaee
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Cancer stem cell and its niche in malignant progression of oral potentially malignant disorders. Oral Oncol 2017; 75:140-147. [PMID: 29224811 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine association between cancer stem cells (CSCs) and their niche with progression of oral potentially malignant disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with histologically confirmed oral potentially malignant disorders, stratified into high/low risk lesions based on the degree of dysplasia and oral cancer were included in this study. Immunohistochemical profiling of markers of CSCs (CD44), endothelial cells (CD31) and CSC-vascular niche cross-talk (CXCR4 and SDF1) were carried out. Statistical analysis was performed to correlate the relationship of markers with histopathology grade (ANOVA, and χ2 test, unpaired t test) using GraphPad InStat v3.06. RESULTS The study included 550 samples (349 patients) and analysis showed progressive increase in expression levels of CSC and its niche markers with increase in grade of dysplasia as compared to the normal cohort (p < 0.05). Co-expression analysis revealed that, in comparison to the normal cohort, a larger percentage of patients showed increased expression of CD31 and CD44 (CD31high/CD44high; p < 0.05) and of CXCR4 and SDF1 (CXCR4high/SDF1high; p = 0.04), suggesting an association of the CSCs and the vascular niche. Further, distribution of patients with CD44high/CXCR4high (p < 0.05) and CD31high/SDF1high (p = 0.01) was significantly increased in the high-risk group (18%), suggesting a correlation between CD44+/CXCR4+ cells, the vascular niche and progression of oral dysplastic lesions. CONCLUSION The increased expression of CSCs, the vascular niche and their cross talk markers are associated with increase in severity of dysplasia suggesting their role in the progression of oral potentially malignant disorders and may hence be used in identifying high-risk OPMD.
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miR-204-5p regulates cell proliferation and metastasis through inhibiting CXCR4 expression in OSCC. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 82:202-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Expression of the CXCL12/CXCR4 chemokine axis predicts regional control in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 273:4525-4533. [PMID: 27328961 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-016-4144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the CXCL12/CXCR4 chemokine axis has been related with the appearance of metastatic recurrence survival, including regional and distant recurrence, in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). RT-PCR was used to determine mRNA expression levels of CXCL12 and CXCR4 in biopsy tumor samples in 111 patients with HNSCC. Five-year regional recurrence-free survival for patients with low CXCR4 expression (n = 39, 31.5 %) was 97.4 %, for patients with high CXCR4/high CXCL12 expression (n = 22, 19.8 %) it was 94.7 %, and for patients with high CXCR4/low CXCL12 expression (n = 50, 45.0 %) it was 63.3 %. We found significant differences in the regional recurrence-free survival according to CXCR4/CXCL12 expression values (P = 0.001). HNSCC patients with high CXCR4 and low CXCL12 expression values had a significantly higher risk of regional recurrence and could benefit from a more intense treatment of lymph node areas in the neck.
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da Silva JM, Soave DF, Moreira dos Santos TP, Batista AC, Russo RC, Teixeira MM, Silva TAD. Significance of chemokine and chemokine receptors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A critical review. Oral Oncol 2016; 56:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Xie S, Liu Y, Qiao X, Hua RX, Wang K, Shan XF, Cai ZG. What is the Prognostic Significance of Ki-67 Positivity in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma? J Cancer 2016; 7:758-67. [PMID: 27162533 PMCID: PMC4860791 DOI: 10.7150/jca.14214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUD Numerous studies have stated that Ki-67 is a good prognostic marker in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, some researchers believe the contrary. To address this controversy, we performed a systematic literature retrieval to estimate the prognostic significance of Ki-67 expression in patients with OSCC. METHODS Databases covering Pubmed, Ovid, Web of Science, Embase and the Cochrane library were searched regardless of publication year. Overall survival (OS), local recurrence (LR) and disease-free survival (DFS) were the main outcome measures. Relative risks (RRs) and its 95% confidential intervals (CIs) were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Twenty-seven articles with 2146 patients were included in this study. The results of the meta-analysis suggested that the pooled RRs and its CIs for OS, LR, and DFS were 1.45 (1.15 - 1.84), 1.76 (0.74 - 4.16) and 1.52 (1.07 - 2.14), respectively. However, the heterogeneities of OS and LR were obvious (I-squared (OS) = 59.4%, I-squared (LR) = 72.6%). After subgroup analysis based on systemic treatment, the cut-off value of Ki-67 expression, ethnicity and types of antibody, the heterogeneities became acceptable. It was observed that systemic treatment, cut-off values of Ki-67 expression, ethnicity and the types of antibody affected the results. The statistical analyses of subgroups suggested that non-systemic treatment, (OR=1.77, 95% CI = 1.39-2.25, p = 0.000) and Asian populations (OR=2.09, 95% CI = 1.32-3.32, p = 0.002) are high risks for Ki-67 high expression, and low cut-off value of Ki-67 expression (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.001-2.072), MIB-1 antibody (OR = 1.48, OR 95% = 1.10-1.99) might affect the identification of results. CONCLUSIONS According to this meta-analysis, high Ki-67 expression might be a negative prognostic marker of patients with OSCC, especially in Asian populations. In addition, Ki-67 expression affects the treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Xie
- 1. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Liu
- 1. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- 2. Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Rui-Xi Hua
- 3. Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Kan Wang
- 1. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Shan
- 1. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Cai
- 1. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
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CXCR4 over-expression and survival in cancer: a system review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:5022-40. [PMID: 25669980 PMCID: PMC4467131 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is frequently over-expressed in various types of cancer; many agents against CXCR4 are in clinical development currently despite variable data for the prognostic impact of CXCR4 expression. Here eighty-five studies with a total of 11,032 subjects were included to explore the association between CXCR4 and progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) in subjects with cancer. Pooled analysis shows that CXCR4 over-expression is significantly associated with poorer PFS (HR 2.04; 95% CI, 1.72-2.42) and OS (HR=1.94; 95% CI, 1.71-2.20) irrespective of cancer types. Subgroup analysis indicates significant association between CXCR4 and shorter PFS in hematological malignancy, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, renal cancer, gynecologic cancer, pancreatic cancer and liver cancer; the prognostic effects remained consistent across age, risk of bias, levels of adjustment, median follow-up period, geographical area, detection methods, publication year and size of studies. CXCR4 over-expression predicts unfavorable OS in hematological malignancy, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, renal cancer, lung cancer, gynecologic cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer and gallbladder cancer; these effects were independence of age, levels of adjustment, publication year, detection methods and follow-up period. In conclusion, CXCR4 over-expression is associated with poor prognosis in cancer.
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Zheng WY, Zhang DT, Yang SY, Li H. Elevated Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression Correlates With Advanced Stages of Oral Cancer and Is Linked to Poor Clinical Outcomes. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 73:2334-42. [PMID: 26117378 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2015.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Using a meta-analytic approach, the relation between increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression, tumor stage, and clinical outcomes in oral cancers was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Multiple English- and Chinese-language electronic databases were searched to identify high-quality case-and-control studies relevant to this meta-analysis. Methodologic quality of the included trials was assessed using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology statement to ensure consistency in reviewing and reporting the results. Statistical analyses were carried out with STATA 12.0 statistical software. RESULTS Nine case-and-control studies containing a combined total of 419 patients with oral cancer were included in the present meta-analysis. Results showed that patients who were positive for MMP-9 expression had a significantly poorer overall survival compared with those negative for MMP-9 (effect size = 2.10; 95% confidence interval, 0.98 to 3.22; P < .001). MMP-9 expression also positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and advanced T-stage groups (P < .05 for all comparisons). Further, high MMP-9 expression level correlated with increased oral cancer risk in Asians (P < .05 for all comparisons) as shown by method-stratified subgroup analysis. CONCLUSION The present results strongly suggest that MMP-9 expression level influences tumor invasion and metastasis in oral cancers. Based on these results, MMP-9 can be an excellent therapeutic target in patients with oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yin Zheng
- Researcher, Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of the Chengdu Military Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Ding-Tao Zhang
- Researcher, Department of Respiratory Medicine, General Hospital of the Chengdu Military Command, Chengdu, China.
| | - Shu-Yong Yang
- Researcher, Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of the Chengdu Military Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Li
- Researcher, Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of the Chengdu Military Command, Chengdu, China
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Lawal AO, Adisa AO, Kolude B, Adeyemi BF. Immunohistochemical expression of MMP-2 and MMP-8 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Exp Dent 2015; 7:e203-7. [PMID: 26155333 PMCID: PMC4483324 DOI: 10.4317/jced.52047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases that can degrade extracellular matrix components and affect invasiveness and aggressiveness of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aim of this study was to examine the immunohistochemical expression of MMP-2 and MMP-8 in OSCCs in patients presenting at the Tertiary Health facility in Nigeria. Material and Methods Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) OSCC samples diagnosed between the years 2010 and 2012 were used for his study. The FFPE were processed for MMP-2 and MMP-8 using the specifications of the manufacturer. Two investigators reviewed the slides scoring the pattern and intensity of staining as negative (0), weakly positive (+1), moderately positive (+2) and strongly positive (+3). The data were analysed using version 20 of the SPSS. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results Twenty-five OSCC consisting of 14 (56%) males and 11 females (44%) were used. The mean age was 54.6 ± 17.9 years. A higher proportion (100%) of poorly differentiated OSCC strongly expressed MMP-2 compared with the well differentiated and moderately differentiated OSSC. There was no significant difference in the expression of MMP-2 amongst the three grades of OSCC (X2 = 2.87; p= 0.17). Only 5 (20%) OSCC cases positively expressed MMP-8. Moderate expression of MMP-8 was only seen in well-differentiated OSCCs. Conclusions This study showed that a higher proportion of poorly differentiated OSSC strongly expressed MMP-2. Eighty percent of cases that express MMP-8 were females and moderate expression of MMP-8 was seen only in well differentiated OSCC. Key words:Oral squamous cell carcinoma, MMP-2, MMP-8, immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed-Oluwatoyin Lawal
- (FMCDS), Lecturer/Consultant, Department of Oral Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Akinyele-Olumuyiwa Adisa
- (FMCDS), Lecturer/Consultant, Department of Oral Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Bamidele Kolude
- (FWASC), Lecturer/Consultant, Department of Oral Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Bukola-Folasade Adeyemi
- (FWASC), Lecturer/Consultant, Department of Oral Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
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15
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Xie H, Huang S, Li W, Zhao H, Zhang T, Zhang D. Upregulation of Src homology phosphotyrosyl phosphatase 2 (Shp2) expression in oral cancer and knockdown of Shp2 expression inhibit tumor cell viability and invasion in vitro. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 117:234-42. [PMID: 24439919 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the clinical significance of Shp2 protein expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and elucidated its biologic significance in OSCC cells. STUDY DESIGN A total of 88 OSCC cases were used to assess Shp2 expression, out of which 70 were for immunohistochemistry and 18 paired tumors vs normal tissues were for Western blot of Shp2 expression. OSCC cells were used to assess the effects of Shp2 knockdown for cell viability, apoptosis, invasion, and protein expressions. RESULTS Expression of Shp2 protein was significantly upregulated in OSCC tissues compared with the normal tissues, and Shp2 overexpression was associated with advanced tumor clinical stages and lymph node metastasis ex vivo. Knockdown of Shp2 expression in vitro inhibited OSCC cell viability and invasion but induced apoptosis by regulating expression of the apoptosis-related proteins. CONCLUSIONS The data indicated that Shp2 may play an important role in OSCC progression. Further studies will investigate whether a target of Shp2 expression could be a novel therapeutic strategy for clinical control of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Xie
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shengyun Huang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wengang Li
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hongbo Zhao
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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16
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Abstract
Despite the tremendous number of studies of prognostic molecular markers in cancer, only a few such markers have entered clinical practise. The lack of clinical prognostic markers clearly reflects limitations in or an inappropriate approach to prognostic studies. This situation should be of great concern for the research community, clinicians and patients. In the present review, we evaluate immunohistochemical prognostic marker studies in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) from 2006 to 2012. We comment upon general issues such as study design, assay methods and statistical methods, applicable to prognostic marker studies irrespective of cancer type. The three most frequently studied markers in OSCC are reviewed. Our analysis revealed that most new molecular markers are reported only once. To draw conclusions of clinical relevance based on the few markers that appeared in more than one study was problematic due to between-study heterogeneity. Currently, much valuable tissue material, time and money are wasted on irrelevant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine M Søland
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo
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17
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Bürkle B, Notscheid NK, Scheich J, Hefler L, Tempfer CB, Horvat R, Rezniczek GA. Spread of endometriosis to pelvic sentinel lymph nodes: gene expression analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 169:370-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Dissanayaka WL, Pitiyage G, Kumarasiri PVR, Liyanage RLPR, Dias KD, Tilakaratne WM. Clinical and histopathologic parameters in survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 113:518-25. [PMID: 22668430 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the relevance of clinical and histopathologic parameters on survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients in Sri Lanka. STUDY DESIGN A cohort of 193 previously diagnosed OSCC patients were followed for up to 5 years. Clinical and histopathologic parameters were analyzed regarding local recurrence and 5-year survival after treatment. RESULTS Site, stage, local recurrence, degree of differentiation, degree of keratinization, pattern of invasion, and status of the excision margins showed a significant association with the 5-year survival (P < .05). Multivariate analysis identified stage, pattern of invasion, and status of the excision margins as true independent prognostic indicators of OSCC. Pattern of invasion was the best prognosticator of both local recurrence and overall survival in the Cox regression model (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Stage, pattern of invasion, and status of the excision margins are superior prognostic indicators of OSCC compared with other parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waruna Lakmal Dissanayaka
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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19
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Mashhadiabbas F, Mahjour F, Mahjour SB, Fereidooni F, Hosseini FS. The immunohistochemical characterization of MMP-2, MMP-10, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and podoplanin in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 114:240-50. [PMID: 22769410 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to immunohistochemically evaluate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP- 2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2, and podoplanin in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Immunohistochemical staining of podoplanin-positive lymphatic vessel density (LVD) was also assessed. STUDY DESIGN Forty cases of OSCC were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS MMP-2, MMP-10, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and podoplanin were detected in each of the 40 OSCC cases. The expression of MMP-2 was significantly correlated with histologic grade. The expression of podoplanin was positively correlated with gender and negatively correlated with tumor size. A significant positive correlation was also detected between LVD and the presence of lymph node metastases, gender, age, and diameter of the lymph node (if involved), as well as histologic grade. CONCLUSIONS The results are suggestive of important roles that MMP-2, MMP-10, TIMP-2, and podoplanin play in pathologic processes of OSCC, including invasion. Our findings also suggest that LVD may play a role in lymphatic metastasis and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mashhadiabbas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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20
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Fluctuating roles of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:920595. [PMID: 23365550 PMCID: PMC3556887 DOI: 10.1155/2013/920595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One hallmark of cancer is the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is caused by proteinases. In oral cancers, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially MMP-9, are associated with this degradation. MMPs break down the ECM allowing cancer to spread; they also release various factors from their cryptic sites, including cytokines. These factors modulate cell behavior and enhance cancer progression by regulating angiogenesis, migration, proliferation, and invasion. The development of early metastases is typical for oral cancer, and increased MMP-9 expression is associated with a poor disease prognosis. However, many studies fail to relate MMP-9 expression with metastasis formation. Contrary to earlier models, recent studies show that MMP-9 plays a protective role in oral cancers. Therefore, the role of MMP-9 is complicated and may fluctuate throughout the different types and stages of oral cancers.
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21
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Koontongkaew S. The tumor microenvironment contribution to development, growth, invasion and metastasis of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. J Cancer 2013; 4:66-83. [PMID: 23386906 PMCID: PMC3564248 DOI: 10.7150/jca.5112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a complex tissue that contains tumor cells and the surrounding stroma, which is populated by different types of mesenchymal cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Collectively, they are referred to as the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recent studies have shown that TME has a more profound influence on the growth and metastasis of HNSCC than was previously appreciated. Because carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are frequently observed in the stroma of the tumor, this review focuses on the potential role of tumor-CAFs interactions in progression of HNSCC. Tumor-CAFs crosstalk enhances the production of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and inflammatory mediators, which eventually facilitates tumor growth. In fact, factors and cells that do not support tumor growth are usually down regulated or mitigated in TME. Therefore TME may determine the fate of the tumors at the site of invasion and metastasis. For tumor cells that survive at these sites, stromal activation may serve to establish a supportive tumor stroma, fostering the outgrowth of the metastatic cells. The concept of tumor-stromal interactions and microenvironmental niche has profound consequences in tumor growth and metastasis and therefore, it's understanding will open up new strategies for the diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sittichai Koontongkaew
- 1. Oral Biology Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Klong Luang, Prathumtani 12121, Thailand ; 2. Medicinal Herb Research Unit, Thammasat University, Thailand
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22
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Albert S, Hourseau M, Halimi C, Serova M, Descatoire V, Barry B, Couvelard A, Riveiro ME, Tijeras-Raballand A, de Gramont A, Raymond E, Faivre S. Prognostic value of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the mobile tongue. Oral Oncol 2012; 48:1263-71. [PMID: 22776129 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression and the prognostic value of chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), its cognate ligand the CXCL12, and markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the mobile tongue. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with primary SCC of the mobile tongue who underwent surgery in our center were screened retrospectively. Patients without prior treatment, who had pre-surgery TNM staging and available tumor samples, were eligible. Protein expression of CXCL12, CXCR4, CA9, E-cadherin, and vimentin was determined by immunohistochemical staining, scored, and correlated with clinical and pathological parameters and overall survival. Multivariate and Cox proportional hazards analyses were performed. RESULTS Among 160 patients treated and screened, 47 were analyzed. CXCR4 and CXCL12 expression was high in tumor cells. CXCR4 expression in primary tumor samples was significantly higher in patients with high-grade tumors, lymph node metastases, and microscopic nerve invasion (p ≤ 0.05). There was a non-significant trend towards a correlation between high CXCL12 expression and pathologic tumor stage (p=0.07). Tumors with high CXCR4 expression correlated with poor overall survival (hazard ratio=3.6, 95% confidence interval 1.3-9.7; p=0.011), notably in the CXCR4(high)/vimentin-positive subgroup. Vimentin-positive tumors, characterizing EMT, were associated with lower survival (hazard ratio=4.5, 95% confidence interval 1.6-12.3; p=0.0086). Multivariate analysis confirmed vimentin (but not CXCR4) expression as an independent prognostic factor of poor overall survival (p=0.016). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that CXCR4 is a marker of tumor aggressiveness and vimentin is an important and independent prognostic factor in patients with SCC of the mobile tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Albert
- INSERM U728, RayLab, and Departments of Medical Oncology, Beaujon University Hospital (AP-HP - Paris 7 Diderot), Clichy, France
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23
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In vivo invasion of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells does not require macrophages. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:2857-65. [PMID: 21641405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Invasion of tumor cells into the local stroma is an important component in cancer progression. Here we report studies of the in vivo invasion of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells in response to applied gradients of a growth factor [epidermal growth factor (EGF)] and a chemokine (CXCL12), using orthotopic floor-of-mouth models. Analysis of the invading cells indicated that >75% of them were tumor cells, about 15% macrophages, and <10% were unidentified. Surprisingly, although macrophages invaded together with tumor cells, macrophage contributions were not required for HNSCC invasion. CXCL12-induced in vivo invasion of HNSCC cells was also observed and found to occur via a unidirectional transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) through CXCR4. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme using TNF-α protease inhibitor-2 selectively inhibited CXCL12-induced invasion but not EGF-induced invasion, consistent with CXCL12 activation of EGFR via release of EGFR ligands.
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24
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Clatot F, Picquenot JM, Choussy O, Gouérant S, Moldovan C, Schultheis D, Cornic M, François A, Blot E, Laberge-Le-Couteulx S. Intratumoural level of SDF-1 correlates with survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2011; 47:1062-8. [PMID: 21840752 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The SDF-1/CXCR4 pathway has been suggested to play a role in the metastatic dissemination of various tumours. We assessed the prognostic impact of SDF-1 and CXCR4 expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Seventy-one HNSCC samples collected at the time of initial diagnosis were retrospectively analysed. SDF-1 and CXCR4 expression levels were measured using real-time RT-PCR and correlated to survival. After a median follow-up of 45 months, 25 patients (35%) died of cancer (group D), and 46 patients (65%) were alive or dead without evidence of HSNCC evolution (group A). The median level of CXCR4 expression was 0.33 and 0.29 in groups A and D, respectively (P=0.93), showing no correlation with recurrence or survival. By contrast, the median level of SDF-1 expression was significantly different in the A and D groups (2.41 vs 1.16, respectively, P=0.018). Using the median level as a cut-off, patients with low SDF-1 had poorer metastasis-free (P=0.026), disease-free (P=0.006) and overall specific survival rates (P=0.002). The prognostic value of SDF-1 was confirmed by a multivariate analysis. In this series of 71 HNSCC patients, the SDF-1 expression level correlated significantly with metastatic evolution and overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Clatot
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Henri Becquerel, 1 rue d'Amiens, 76038 Rouen cedex, France.
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25
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Zhao BC, Wang ZJ, Mao WZ, Ma HC, Han JG, Zhao B, Xu HM. CXCR4/SDF-1 axis is involved in lymph node metastasis of gastric carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:2389-96. [PMID: 21633638 PMCID: PMC3103791 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i19.2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the role of CXC chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) in lymph node metastasis of gastric carcinoma.
METHODS: In 40 cases of gastric cancer, expression of CXCR4 mRNA in cancer and normal mucous membrane and SDF-1 mRNA in lymph nodes around the stomach was detected using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (TaqMan) and immunohistochemistric assay. SGC-7901 and MGC80-3 cancer cells were used to investigate the effect of SDF-1 on cell proliferation and migration.
RESULTS: Quantitative reverse transcription PCR and immunohistochemistry revealed that the expression level of CXCR4 in gastric cancer was significantly higher than that in normal mucous membrane (1.6244 ± 1.3801 vs 1.0715 ± 0.5243, P < 0.05). The expression level of CXCR4 mRNA in gastric cancer with lymph node metastasis was also significantly higher than that without lymph node metastasis (0.823 ± 0.551 vs 0.392 ± 0.338, P < 0.05). CXCR4 expression was significantly related to poorly differentiated, high tumor stage and lymph node metastasis. Significant differences in the expression level of SDF-1 mRNA were found between lymph nodes in metastatic gastric cancer and normal nodes (0.5432 ± 0.4907 vs 0.2640 ± 0.2601, P < 0.05). The positive expression of SDF-1 mRNA in lymph nodes of metastatic gastric cancer was consistent with the positive expression of CXCR4 mRNA in gastric cancer (r = 0.776, P < 0.01). Additionally, human gastric cancer cell lines expressed CXCR4 and showed vigorous proliferation and migratory responses to SDF-1. AMD3100 (a specific CXCR4 antagonist) was also found to effectively reduce the migration of gastric cancer cells.
CONCLUSION: The CXCR4/SDF-1 axis is involved in the lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer. CXCR4 is considered as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of gastric cancer.
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26
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Walk EL, Weed SA. Recently identified biomarkers that promote lymph node metastasis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:747-72. [PMID: 24212639 PMCID: PMC3756388 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a heterogeneous cancer that arises in the upper aerodigestive tract. Despite advances in knowledge and treatment of this disease, the five-year survival rate after diagnosis of advanced (stage 3 and 4) HNSCC remains approximately 50%. One reason for the large degree of mortality associated with late stage HNSCC is the intrinsic ability of tumor cells to undergo locoregional invasion. Lymph nodes in the cervical region are the primary sites of metastasis for HNSCC, occurring before the formation of distant metastases. The presence of lymph node metastases is strongly associated with poor patient outcome, resulting in increased consideration being given to the development and implementation of anti-invasive strategies. In this review, we focus on select proteins that have been recently identified as promoters of lymph node metastasis in HNSCC. The discussed proteins are involved in a wide range of critical cellular functions, and offer a more comprehensive understanding of the factors involved in HNSCC metastasis while additionally providing increased options for consideration in the design of future therapeutic intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse L Walk
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Program in Cancer Cell Biology, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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27
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Oliveira LR, Ribeiro-Silva A. Prognostic significance of immunohistochemical biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 40:298-307. [PMID: 21269808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Advances in understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) have resulted in an increasing number of biomarkers that can be used to predict the behaviour of this disease. The authors conducted a literature review of studies examining the role of immunohistochemistry-based protein biomarkers in predicting OSCC outcome. Only articles published in PubMed-indexed journals over the past 5 years were considered. 22 molecular biomarkers were identified and classified into five groups based on their biological functions: cell cycle acceleration and proliferation; tumour suppression and apoptosis; hypoxia; angiogenesis; and cell adhesion and matrix degradation. The cell cycle acceleration and proliferation biomarkers showed the most divergent prognostic findings. Studies on tumour suppression and apoptosis biomarkers were the most prevalent. There were only a few studies examining molecular biomarkers of hypoxia and angiogenesis, and studies examining cell adhesion and matrix degradation biomarkers have shown that this group has the greatest potential for assessing prognostic parameters. Amongst the several proteins analysed, the immunohistochemical expression levels of epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR), p53, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have demonstrated the greatest potential for survival prediction in OSCC, but this review demonstrates that their prognostic relevance is debatable and requires further standardisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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28
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Yu T, Wu Y, Helman JI, Wen Y, Wang C, Li L. CXCR4 promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma migration and invasion through inducing expression of MMP-9 and MMP-13 via the ERK signaling pathway. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:161-72. [PMID: 21205837 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-10-0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The increased migration and invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells are key events in the development of metastasis to the lymph nodes and distant organs. Although the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand, stromal cell-derived factor-1α, have been found to play an important role in tumor invasion, its precise role and potential underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we showed that knockdown of CXCR4 significantly decreased Tca8113 cells migration and invasion, accompanied with the reduction of MMP-9 and MMP-13 expression. Inhibition of ligand binding to CXCR4 by a specific antagonist TN14003, also led to reduced cancer cell migration and invasion. Because the degradation of the extracellular matrix and the basement membrane by proteases, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) is critical for migration and invasion of cancer cells, we investigated the expression of several MMPs and found that the expression of functional MMP-9 and MMP-13 was selectively decreased in CXCR4 knockdown cells. More importantly, decreased cell migration and invasion of CXCR4 knockdown cells were completely rescued by exogenous expression of MMP-9 or MMP-13, indicating that the two MMPs are downstream targets of CXCR4-mediated signaling. Furthermore, we found the level of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was significantly decreased in CXCR4-silenced cells, suggesting that ERK may be a potential mediator of CXCR4-regulated MMP-9 and MMP-13 expression in Tca8113 cells. Taken together, our results strongly suggest the underlying mechanism of CXCR4 promoting Tca8113 migration and invasion by regulating MMP-9 and MMP-13 expression perhaps via activation of the ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
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29
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Wu R, Zhao X, Wang Z, Zhou M, Chen Q. Novel Molecular Events in Oral Carcinogenesis via Integrative Approaches. J Dent Res 2010; 90:561-72. [PMID: 20940368 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510383691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R.Q. Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - X.F. Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Z.Y. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - M. Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Q.M. Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
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30
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Ruiz A, Salvo VA, Ruiz LA, Báez P, García M, Flores I. Basal and steroid hormone-regulated expression of CXCR4 in human endometrium and endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2010; 17:894-903. [PMID: 20720261 PMCID: PMC4495731 DOI: 10.1177/1933719110379920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is associated with activation of local and systemic inflammatory mechanisms, including increased levels of chemokines and other proinflammatory cytokines. We have previously reported increased gene expression of chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), the receptor for CXCL12, in lesions of the rat model of endometriosis. The CXCR4-CXCL12 axis has been shown to have both immune (HIV infection, lymphocyte chemotaxis) and nonimmune functions, including roles in tissue repair, angiogenesis, invasion, and migration. There is evidence indicating that these mechanisms are also at play in endometriosis; therefore, we hypothesized that activation of the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis could be responsible, at least in part, for the survival and establishment of endometrial cells ectopically. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed that CXCR4 protein levels were significantly higher in endometriotic lesions compared to the endometrium of controls. Next, we determined basal gene and protein expression of CXCR4 and CXCL12 and regulation by estradiol (E2) and/or progesterone (P4) in endometrial cell lines using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and Western blots. Basal CXCR4 gene expression levels were higher in epithelial versus stromal cells; conversely, CXCL12 was expressed at higher levels in stromal vs epithelial cells. CXCR4 gene expression was significantly downregulated by ovarian steroid hormones in endometrial epithelial. These data suggest that steroid modulation of CXCR4 is defective in endometriosis, although the specific mechanism involved remains to be elucidated. These findings have implications for future therapeutic strategies specifically targeting the inflammatory component in endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology, Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Virgilio A. Salvo
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Lynnette A. Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology, Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Perla Báez
- Department of Microbiology, Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Miosotis García
- Department of Pathology, Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Idhaliz Flores
- Department of Microbiology, Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce, PR, USA
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