1
|
Mohammed OB, Al-Shaebi EM, Al-Quraishy S, Omer SA, Abdel-Gaber R. Identification of Eimeria acervulina (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) infecting the broiler chicken Gallus gallus domesticus through morphology and molecular analyses. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:566-575. [PMID: 38149474 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is an intestinal protozoan disease that affects the poultry industry worldwide. The severity of this disease varies depending on the identity of the infectious agents. Therefore, this study was carried out to identify the Eimeria species that affect broiler chickens, Gallus gallus domesticus, through morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Twenty-five faecal samples were collected from the broiler chickens in a commercial poultry farm in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia). Using the floatation technique, faeces were examined microscopically for the Eimeria occurrence. Identification of Eimeria species was performed based on morphological criteria and molecular tools (DNA amplification for the partial small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA), internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-1, and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) genes. In this study, 32% (8 out of 25) of collected samples were found to be positive for coccidiosis. After sporulation in potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), the sporulated oocysts were observed as ovoid and measured 18.37-23.19 µm (19.87) long and 15.07-18.67 µm (16.46) wide, with the anterior location of a polar granule and absence of micropyle. These Eimeria oocysts were assumed to size and shape characteristics of Eimeria acervulina. Molecular analysis was conducted on the sequences of the polymerase chain reaction products from the three genes studied (18S rRNA, ITS-1, and COI). At the three genes, results showed that the resultant sequences clustered with E. acervulina from different regions confirming morphological description. This study highlighted the importance of molecular techniques to detect avian Eimeria species more than the traditional morphology-based tool to optimise the appropriate anticoccidial strategies for long-term control in the studied area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osama B Mohammed
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam M Al-Shaebi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sawsan A Omer
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rewaida Abdel-Gaber
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alam MZ, Dey AR, Rony SA, Parvin S, Akter S. Phylogenetic analysis of Eimeria tenella isolated from the litter of different chicken farms in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1563-1569. [PMID: 35384356 PMCID: PMC9297755 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eimeria tenella is the most pathogenic intracellular protozoan parasite of seven Eimeria species causing chicken coccidiosis around the world. This species is particularly responsible for caecal coccidiosis leading to serious morbidity–mortality and financial loss in poultry production. Methods The present study explored the genetic diversity of E. tenella. Litter slurry was collected from 18 broiler farms located in Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. Litter samples were processed for oocyst isolation–identification using parasitological techniques followed by genomic DNA extraction from sporulated oocysts. For molecular analysis, the internaltranscribedspacer1 gene of E. tenella was amplified using species‐specific primers and sequenced. After editing and alignment, 263 bp sequences were used for analysis. Results Genetic analysis showed seven distinct genotypes and detected six single nucleotide polymorphisms among the 18 E. tenella isolates. The nucleotide and genotype diversity were 0.00507 and 0.8235, respectively. A phylogenetic tree was constructed with 66 sequences (seven studied genotypes and 59 reference sequences from GenBank database). The neighbour‐joining tree represented that the studied E. tenella isolates were grouped with reference E. tenella isolates with strong nodal support (100%) and the nucleotide sequences of E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. mitis and E. praecox formed separate clusters without any geographical boundaries. Conclusions This is the first study on the genetic analysis of E. tenella from Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. These findings will provide baseline data on the species conformation and genetic variations of E. tenella. Further extensive investigation will be needed to reveal the population genetic structure of this parasite and thus will facilitate the planning of effective control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zahangir Alam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Anita Rani Dey
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Aqter Rony
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Shahnaz Parvin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Shirin Akter
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar S, Garg R, Banerjee PS, Ram H, Kundu K, Kumar S, Mandal M. Genetic diversity within ITS-1 region of Eimeria species infecting chickens of north India. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 36:262-267. [PMID: 26423669 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis, caused by apicomplexan parasites of the genus Eimeria, inflicts severe economic losses to the poultry industry around the globe. In the present study, ITS-1 based species specific nested PCR revealed prevalence of E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. mitis, E. praecox, E. necatrix and E. tenella in 79.2%, 12.5%, 64.6%, 89.6%, 60.4%, 64.6% and 97.9% poultry farms of north India, respectively. The ITS-1 sequences of different Eimeria spp. from north India were generated and analyzed to establish their phylogenetic relationship. The sequence identity with available sequences ranged from 80 to 100% in E. tenella, 95 to 100% in E. acervulina, 64 to 97% in E. necatrix, 96 to 99% in E. brunetti and 97 to 98% in E. mitis. Only long ITS-1 sequences of E. maxima could be generated in the present study and it had 80-100% identity with published sequences. Two out of the four ITS-1 sequences of E. maxima had mismatches in the published nested primer sequences from Australia, while one sequence of E. necatrix had a mismatch near 3' end of both forward and reverse published nested primer sequences, warranting for the need of designing new set of degenerate primers for these two species of Eimeria. In the phylogenetic tree, all isolates of E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. mitis, E. tenella and E. necatrix clustered in separate clades with high bootstrap value. E. maxima sequences of north Indian isolates grouped in a long form of E. maxima clade. Complete ITS-1 sequences of E. necatrix and E. mitis are reported for the first time from India. Further studies are required with more number of isolates to verify whether these differences are unique to geographical locations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajat Garg
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - P S Banerjee
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hira Ram
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K Kundu
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - M Mandal
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rathinam T, Gadde U, Chapman HD. Molecular detection of field isolates of Turkey Eimeria by polymerase chain reaction amplification of the cytochrome c oxidase I gene. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2795-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
5
|
You MJ. Detection of four important Eimeria species by multiplex PCR in a single assay. Parasitol Int 2014; 63:527-32. [PMID: 24495953 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The oocysts of some of the recognized species of chicken coccidiosis are difficult to distinguish morphologically. Diagnostic laboratories are increasingly utilizing DNA-based technologies for the specific identification of Eimeria species. This study reports a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay based on internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS-1) for the simultaneous diagnosis of the Eimeria tenella, Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria necatrix species, which infect domestic fowl. Primer pairs specific to each species were designed in order to generate a ladder of amplification products ranging from 20 to 25 bp, and a common optimum annealing temperature for these species was determined to be 52.5 °C. Sensitivity tests were performed for each species, showing a detection threshold of 1-5 pg. All the species were amplified homogeneously, and a homogenous band ladder was observed, indicating that the assay permitted the simultaneous detection of all the species in a single-tube reaction. In the phylogenic study, there was a clear species clustering, which was irrespective of geographical location, for all the ITS-1 sequences used. This multiplex PCR assay represents a rapid and potential cost-effective diagnostic method for the detection of some key Eimeria species that infect domestic fowl.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Jo You
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-safety Research Centre, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sensitive and specific identification by polymerase chain reaction of Eimeria tenella and Eimeria maxima, important protozoan pathogens in laboratory avian facilities. Lab Anim Res 2011; 27:255-8. [PMID: 21998616 PMCID: PMC3188734 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2011.27.3.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria tenella and Eimeria maxima are important pathogens causing intracellular protozoa infections in laboratory avian animals and are known to affect experimental results obtained from contaminated animals. This study aimed to find a fast, sensitive, and efficient protocol for the molecular identification of E. tenella and E. maxima in experimental samples using chickens as laboratory avian animals. DNA was extracted from fecal samples collected from chickens and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was employed to detect E. tenella and E. maxima from the extracted DNA. The target nucleic acid fragments were specifically amplified by PCR. Feces secreting E. tenella and E. maxima were detected by a positive PCR reaction. In this study, we were able to successfully detect E. tenella and E. maxima using the molecular diagnostic method of PCR. As such, we recommended PCR for monitoring E. tenella and E. maxima in laboratory avian facilities.
Collapse
|
7
|
Diagnosis of Eimeria species using traditional and molecular methods in field studies. Vet Parasitol 2011; 176:95-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
8
|
Goh MY, Pan MZ, Blake DP, Wan KL, Song BK. Eimeria maxima phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase: locus sequencing, characterization, and cross-phylum comparison. Parasitol Res 2011; 108:611-20. [PMID: 20938684 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K) may play an important role in host-cell invasion by the Eimeria species, protozoan parasites which can cause severe intestinal disease in livestock. Here, we report the structural organization of the PIP5K gene in Eimeria maxima (Weybridge strain). Two E. maxima BAC clones carrying the E. maxima PIP5K (EmPIP5K) coding sequences were selected for shotgun sequencing, yielding a 9.1-kb genomic segment. The EmPIP5K coding region was initially identified using in silico gene-prediction approaches and subsequently confirmed by mapping rapid amplification of cDNA ends and RT-PCR-generated cDNA sequence to its genomic segment. The putative EmPIP5K gene was located at position 710-8036 nt on the complimentary strand and comprised of 23 exons. Alignment of the 1147 amino acid sequence with previously annotated PIP5K proteins from other Apicomplexa species detected three conserved motifs encompassing the kinase core domain, which has been shown by previous protein deletion studies to be necessary for PIP5K protein function. Phylogenetic analysis provided further evidence that the putative EmPIP5K protein is orthologous to that of other Apicomplexa. Subsequent comparative gene structure characterization revealed events of intron loss/gain throughout the evolution of the apicomplexan PIP5K gene. Further scrutiny of the genomic structure revealed a possible trend towards "intron gain" between two of the motif regions. Our findings offer preliminary insights into the structural variations that have occurred during the evolution of the PIP5K locus and may aid in understanding the functional role of this gene in the cellular biology of apicomplexan parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yen Goh
- School of Science, Monash University Sunway Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, DE, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bhaskaran MS, Venkatesan L, Aadimoolam R, Tirunelveli Jayagopal H, Sriraman R. Sequence diversity of internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS-1) region of Eimeria infecting chicken and its relevance in species identification from Indian field samples. Parasitol Res 2009; 106:513-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1696-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
10
|
Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for the specific detection and quantification of seven Eimeria species that cause coccidiosis in chickens. Mol Cell Probes 2009; 23:83-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
11
|
Motriuk-Smith D, Seville RS, Oliver CE, Hofmann DL, Smith AW. Species of Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) From Tree Squirrels (Sciurus niger) (Rodentia: Sciuridae) and Analysis of the ITS1, ITS2, and 5.8S rDNA. J Parasitol 2009; 95:191-7. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-1653.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
12
|
Martynova-Vankley A, Syvyk A, Teplova I, Hume M, Nalian A. Rapid detection of avian Eimeria species using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Poult Sci 2008; 87:1707-13. [PMID: 18753436 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) assay was developed to rapidly discriminate species of avian Eimeria. Amplification by PCR of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (approximately 1,600 nucleotides) with Eimeria genus-specific primers followed by cloning and sequencing allowed us to carry out phylogenetic analyses and identify clone sequences to species level in most cases. Clones were subsequently used to amplify a smaller fragment (approximately 120 nucleotides) suitable for DGGE. The fragments were separated on denaturing gradient gel and bands with unique migration distances were mixed to obtain an identification ladder. The identification ladder and PCR products obtained from DNA extracted from fecal samples from several poultry farms were compared. Applying the DGGE method in this study allowed a rapid differentiation of Eimeria species present in fecal samples collected from poultry farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Martynova-Vankley
- Department of Biotechnology, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches TX 75965, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Haug A, Gjevre AG, Thebo P, Mattsson JG, Kaldhusdal M. Coccidial infections in commercial broilers: epidemiological aspects and comparison ofEimeriaspecies identification by morphometric and polymerase chain reaction techniques. Avian Pathol 2008; 37:161-70. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450801915130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
14
|
Haug A, Thebo P, Mattsson JG. A simplified protocol for molecular identification of Eimeria species in field samples. Vet Parasitol 2007; 146:35-45. [PMID: 17386979 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to find a fast, sensitive and efficient protocol for molecular identification of chicken Eimeria spp. in field samples. Various methods for each of the three steps of the protocol were evaluated: oocyst wall rupturing methods, DNA extraction methods, and identification of species-specific DNA sequences by PCR. We then compared and evaluated five complete protocols. Three series of oocyst suspensions of known number of oocysts from Eimeria mitis, Eimeria praecox, Eimeria maxima and Eimeria tenella were prepared and ground using glass beads or mini-pestle. DNA was extracted from ruptured oocysts using commercial systems (GeneReleaser, Qiagen Stoolkit and Prepman) or phenol-chloroform DNA extraction, followed by identification of species-specific ITS-1 sequences by optimised single species PCR assays. The Stoolkit and Prepman protocols showed insufficient repeatability, and the former was also expensive and relatively time-consuming. In contrast, both the GeneReleaser protocol and phenol-chloroform protocols were robust and sensitive, detecting less than 0.4 oocysts of each species per PCR. Finally, we evaluated our new protocol on 68 coccidia positive field samples. Our data suggests that rupturing the oocysts by mini-pestle grinding, preparing the DNA with GeneReleaser, followed by optimised single species PCR assays, makes a robust and sensitive procedure for identifying chicken Eimeria species in field samples. Importantly, it also provides minimal hands-on-time in the pre-PCR process, lower contamination risk and no handling of toxic chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Haug
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, Pb. 8156, N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|