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Schmidt MJ, Farke D. Surgical management of primary and idiopathic internal hydrocephalus in dogs and cats. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1435982. [PMID: 39027907 PMCID: PMC11254760 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1435982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement is an effective method to treat internal hydrocephalus in dogs and cats. Although it has a long history in veterinary medicine, the technique continues to evolve. Despite continuing attempts to reduce the incidence of associated complications, shunt failure remains a major problem, and often leads to multiple hospital admissions. This review gives an overview about current knowledge of ventriculoperitoneal shunting techniques in animals, applicable shunt hardware as well as shunt-associated complications and their prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Farke
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Neurosurgery, Neuroradiology and Clinical Neurology, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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2
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Limpens C, Smits VTM, Fieten H, Mandigers PJJ. The effect of MRI-based screening and selection on the prevalence of syringomyelia in the Dutch and Danish Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1326621. [PMID: 38348108 PMCID: PMC10859423 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1326621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Syringomyelia (SM) is a heritable disorder causing a fluid filled cavity (FFC) in the spinal cord with a reported overall prevalence of 39 to 46% in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS). Breeders started screening their CKCS with MRI in the Netherlands since 2004 and in Denmark since 2015. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of MRI-based selection in breeding on the prevalence of SM. Method MRI scans of 2,125 purebred CKCS were available. SM was defined as having a visible FFC in the spinal cord. The prevalence of SM per year of birth was calculated, and a logistic regression was used to evaluate the affected status of offspring from affected versus unaffected parents and age category of the parent and study the combined effect of parental status and age-category to evaluate the effect on the affected status of the offspring. Results The mean FFC in affected CKCS was 2.03 ± 1.47 mm and ranged from 0.5 to 9 mm (median of 1.5 mm). An age effect exists as older CKCS, which has a higher frequency of being affected compared with younger CKCS. There was no significant sex predilection for SM in this dataset. The mean prevalence of SM decreased slightly from 38% (2010-2014; 2.8 ± 1.3 years of age (mean ± sd); median 2.6 years) to 27% (2015-2019; 2.4 ± 1.2 years of age; median 2.1 years) in the screened population of CKCS (p = 4.3e-07). Breeding with two affected parents increased the odds ratio with 3.08 for producing affected offspring (95% CI 1.58-6.04) compared with breeding with unaffected parents. Discussion MRI-based screening and selection against SM led to a minimal decrease in the prevalence of SM in the Dutch and Danish CKCS population. Breeding with dogs with SM significantly increases the risk of affected offspring. As the disorder is progressive with age, and based on the results of this study, MRI-based screening for all CKCS is recommended at an age of 3 years or older, and to reduce SM more effectively, CKCS affected with SM should not be used for breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citlalli Limpens
- Expertise Centre of Genetics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Vivian T. M. Smits
- Expertise Centre of Genetics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hille Fieten
- Expertise Centre of Genetics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Paul J. J. Mandigers
- Expertise Centre of Genetics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Evidensia Referral Hospital Arnhem, Arnhem, Netherlands
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3
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Yu Y, Hasegawa D, Kanazono S, Saito M. Clinical characterization of epileptic seizures in Pomeranians with idiopathic epilepsy or epilepsy of unknown cause. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 36:2113-2122. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Yu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University Tokyo Japan
| | - Daisuke Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University Tokyo Japan
- The Research Center for Animal Life Science Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University Tokyo Japan
| | - Shinichi Kanazono
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Service Veterinary Specialists & Emergency Center Saitama Japan
| | - Miyoko Saito
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery (Neurology), School of Veterinary Medicine Azabu University Kanagawa Japan
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4
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Tirrito F, Cozzi F, Bonaldi M, Corazzo S, Contiero B, Lombardo R. Ventriculomegaly in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Chiari-like malformation: relationship with clinical and imaging findings. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1185-1193. [PMID: 35831130 PMCID: PMC9523300 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to calculate lateral ventricles dimension in Cavalier King Charles Spaniel dogs with Chiari-like malformation and investigate the association between
ventriculomegaly and signalment, clinical signs, ventricular asymmetry, grade of Chiari-like malformation, syringomyelia and index of medullary kinking. Retrospectively, 43 client-owned
Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, older than 1 year of age, with magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of Chiari-like malformation were enrolled. Initial and follow-up (up to 36 months)
clinical status was graded. Images were reviewed to quantify the enlargement of lateral ventricles, evaluate ventricular symmetry, grade of Chiari-like malformation, grade of syringomyelia
and medullary kinking index. Cases presenting epileptic seizures during the evaluation period were also recorded. The most common initial clinical signs were scratching and neck pain.
Ventriculomegaly was identified in 70% of dogs, Chiari-like malformation grade 2 was observed in 77% of cases, ventricular asymmetry and syringomyelia were identified in 54% and 80% of dogs,
respectively; the median medullary kinking index was 37.77%. Moreover, 28% of dogs presented epileptic seizures. No significant association was identified between dimension of lateral
ventricles and signalment, clinical signs, and imaging findings; no significant association was identified between ventriculomegaly and epilepsy (P≥0.05). In conclusion, the
prevalence of ventriculomegaly in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels is high but this finding does not seem related to the severity of clinical signs, presence of Chiari-like malformation,
syringomyelia and craniocervical junction abnormalities such as medullary kinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Tirrito
- Clinica Neurologica Veterinaria NVA.,AniCura Istituto Veterinario di Novara.,Studio Veterinario Associato Vet2Vet di Ferri e Porporato
| | | | | | | | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova
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5
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Gunde E, Czeibert K, Gábor A, Szabó D, Kis A, Arany-Tóth A, Andics A, Gácsi M, Kubinyi E. Longitudinal Volumetric Assessment of Ventricular Enlargement in Pet Dogs Trained for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Studies. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7030127. [PMID: 32899680 PMCID: PMC7558420 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies suggest that clinically sound ventriculomegaly in dogs could be a preliminary form of the clinically significant hydrocephalus. We evaluated changes of ventricular volumes in awake functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) trained dogs with indirectly assessed cognitive abilities over time (thus avoiding the use of anaesthetics, which can alter the pressure). Our research question was whether ventricular enlargement developing over time would have any detrimental effect on staying still while being scanned; which can be extrapolated to the ability to pay attention and to exert inhibition. Methods: Seven healthy dogs, 2–8 years old at the baseline scan and 4 years older at rescan, participated in a rigorous and gradual training for staying motionless (<2 mm) in the magnetic resonance (MR) scanner without any sedation during 6 minute-long structural MR sequences. On T1 structural images, volumetric analyses of the lateral ventricles were completed by software guided semi-automated tissue-type segmentations performed with FMRIB Software Library (FSL, Analysis Group, Oxford, UK). Results and conclusion: We report significant enlargement for both ventricles (left: 47.46 %, right: 46.07 %) over time while dogs retained high levels of attention and inhibition. The results suggest that even considerable ventricular enlargement arising during normal aging does not necessarily reflect observable pathological changes in behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gunde
- Department and Clinic of Surgery and Ophthalmology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (E.G.); (A.A.-T.)
| | - Kálmán Czeibert
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.G.); (D.S.); (A.A.); (M.G.); (E.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Gábor
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.G.); (D.S.); (A.A.); (M.G.); (E.K.)
- MTA-ELTE (Hungarian Academy of Sciences–Eötvös Loránd University) ‘Lendūlet Neuroethology of Communication Research Group, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Szabó
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.G.); (D.S.); (A.A.); (M.G.); (E.K.)
| | - Anna Kis
- Psychobiology Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Attila Arany-Tóth
- Department and Clinic of Surgery and Ophthalmology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (E.G.); (A.A.-T.)
| | - Attila Andics
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.G.); (D.S.); (A.A.); (M.G.); (E.K.)
- MTA-ELTE (Hungarian Academy of Sciences–Eötvös Loránd University) ‘Lendūlet Neuroethology of Communication Research Group, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márta Gácsi
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.G.); (D.S.); (A.A.); (M.G.); (E.K.)
- MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Kubinyi
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.G.); (D.S.); (A.A.); (M.G.); (E.K.)
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6
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Farke D, Kolecka M, Czerwik A, Wrzosek M, Schaub S, Kramer M, Failing K, Schmidt MJ. Prevalence of seizures in dogs and cats with idiopathic internal hydrocephalus and seizure prevalence after implantation of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1986-1992. [PMID: 32918850 PMCID: PMC7517859 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seizures are considered a clinical sign in dogs with internal hydrocephalus but are not found in recent studies. Seizure prevalence due to ventricular enlargement and the prevalence of postoperative seizures in animals is not known. OBJECTIVES To determine seizure prevalence in dogs and cats with idiopathic internal hydrocephalus, to identify risk factors for seizure development, and to determine seizure prevalence in a 2-year period after ventriculo-peritoneal shunting (VPS). ANIMALS Records and MRIs of 197 animals from 2001 to December 2019 were investigated. A total of 121 animals (98 dogs and 23 cats) were included in the study. METHODS A retrospective multicenter case cohort study was conducted. Databases were searched for dogs and cats with internal hydrocephalus. MRI and CSF examinations were evaluated for signs of additional underlying disorders. Prevalence of seizures was estimated for animals showing only hydrocephalus internus. Risk factors were evaluated according to age, morphometric and morphological findings in the brain. All animals that underwent surgery were reexamined 2 years after surgery. RESULTS One hundred twenty-one animals (98 dogs and 23 cats) with internal hydrocephalus met the inclusion criteria. Seizure prevalence in dogs and cats with internal hydrocephalus was low (1.7%; <5.8% CI 95%). Seizures were not observed in the 2-year period after surgery. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Seizure prevalence in dogs and cats diagnosed with hydrocephalus internus is low. Seizures in association with VPS do not seem to be a complication of the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Farke
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal ClinicJustus‐Liebig‐UniversityGiessenGermany
| | - Malgorzata Kolecka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal ClinicJustus‐Liebig‐UniversityGiessenGermany
| | - Adriana Czerwik
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal ClinicJustus‐Liebig‐UniversityGiessenGermany
| | - Marcin Wrzosek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic for Horses, Dogs and Cats, The Faculty of Veterinary MedicineWrocław University of Environmental and Life SciencesWrocławPoland
| | - Sebastian Schaub
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal ClinicJustus‐Liebig‐UniversityGiessenGermany
| | - Martin Kramer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal ClinicJustus‐Liebig‐UniversityGiessenGermany
| | - Klaus Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineJustus Liebig‐University‐GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Martin Jürgen Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal ClinicJustus‐Liebig‐UniversityGiessenGermany
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7
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Korff CP, Williamson BG. Clinical Presentation of Chiari-like Malformation in 2 Persian Cats. Top Companion Anim Med 2020; 41:100460. [PMID: 32823159 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2020.100460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Two Persian breed cats, 10 and 5 years of age, were presented separately for difficulty prehending food as well as behavioral abnormalities including interanimal aggression and restlessness, pacing, or compulsive overgrooming. Both cats would regularly rest their head and neck in an extended position. Neurologic examination demonstrated calvarial and craniocervical junction pain in both and an L4-S3 myelopathy in one. Brain MRI of both cases, and CT and necropsy in 1 case, demonstrated ventriculomegaly and caudal fossa crowding, cerebellar indentation, and foramen magnum herniation consistent with Chiari-like malformation. No syringomyelia was present in either cat. The 2 cats were treated with anti-inflammatory doses of prednisolone with little to no clinical response, but experienced improvement with pregabalin and omeprazole. The 2 cats' clinical signs were consequently attributed to neuropathic and posture-related pain secondary to Chiari-like malformation. Persian breed cats may have a predisposition to Chiari-like malformation, which may not be solely a morphometric variant, and symptomatic cats may present with manifestations of neuropathic pain different from the classic signs reported in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney P Korff
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Baye G Williamson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
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8
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Network analysis of canine brain morphometry links tumour risk to oestrogen deficiency and accelerated brain ageing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12506. [PMID: 31467332 PMCID: PMC6715702 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural ‘brain age’ is a valuable but complex biomarker for several brain disorders. The dog is an unrivalled comparator for neurological disease modeling, however canine brain morphometric diversity creates computational and statistical challenges. Using a data-driven approach, we explored complex interactions between patient metadata, brain morphometry, and neurological disease. Twenty-four morphometric parameters measured from 286 canine brain magnetic resonance imaging scans were combined with clinical parameters to generate 9,438 data points. Network analysis was used to cluster patients according to their brain morphometry profiles. An ‘aged-brain’ profile, defined by a small brain width and volume combined with ventriculomegaly, was revealed in the Boxer breed. Key features of this profile were paralleled in neutered female dogs which, relative to un-neutered females, had an 11-fold greater risk of developing brain tumours. Boxer dog and geriatric dog groups were both enriched for brain tumour diagnoses, despite a lack of geriatric Boxers within the cohort. Our findings suggest that advanced brain ageing enhances brain tumour risk in dogs and may be influenced by oestrogen deficiency—a risk factor for dementia and brain tumours in humans. Morphometric features of brain ageing in dogs, like humans, might better predict neurological disease risk than patient chronological age.
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9
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Rusbridge C, Stringer F, Knowler SP. Clinical Application of Diagnostic Imaging of Chiari-Like Malformation and Syringomyelia. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:280. [PMID: 30547039 PMCID: PMC6279941 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiari-like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM) is a frequent diagnosis in predisposed brachycephalic toy breeds since increased availability of MRI. However, the relevance of that MRI diagnosis has been questioned as CM, defined as identification of a cerebellar herniation, is ubiquitous in some breeds and SM can be asymptomatic. This article reviews the current knowledge of neuroanatomical changes in symptomatic CM and SM and diagnostic imaging modalities used for the clinical diagnosis of CM-pain or myelopathy related to SM. Although often compared to Chiari type I malformation in humans, canine CM-pain and SM is more comparable to complex craniosynostosis syndromes (i.e., premature fusion of multiple skull sutures) characterized by a short skull (cranial) base, rostrotentorial crowding with rostral forebrain flattening, small, and ventrally orientated olfactory bulbs, displacement of the neural tissue to give increased height of the cranium and further reduction of the functional caudotentorial space with hindbrain herniation. MRI may further reveal changes suggesting raised intracranial pressure such as loss of sulci definition in conjunction with ventriculomegaly. In addition to these brachycephalic changes, dogs with SM are more likely to have craniocervical junction abnormalities including rostral displacement of the axis and atlas with increased odontoid angulation causing craniospinal junction deformation and medulla oblongata elevation. Symptomatic SM is diagnosed on the basis of signs of myelopathy and presence of a large syrinx that is consistent with the neuro-localization. The imaging protocol should establish the longitudinal and transverse extent of the spinal cord involvement by the syrinx. Phantom scratching and cervicotorticollis are associated with large mid-cervical syringes that extend to the superficial dorsal horn. If the cause of CSF channel disruption and syringomyelia is not revealed by anatomical MRI then other imaging modalities may be appropriate with radiography or CT for any associated vertebral abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Rusbridge
- Fitzpatrick Referrals, Godalming, United Kingdom.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Susan P Knowler
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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10
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Knowler SP, Galea GL, Rusbridge C. Morphogenesis of Canine Chiari Malformation and Secondary Syringomyelia: Disorders of Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:171. [PMID: 30101146 PMCID: PMC6074093 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiari-like Malformation (CM) and secondary syringomyelia (SM), as well as their analogous human conditions, is a complex developmental condition associated with pain and accompanying welfare concerns. CM/SM is diagnosed ever more frequently, thanks in part to the increased availability of magnetic resonance imaging in veterinary medicine. Research over the last two decades has focused primarily on its pathophysiology relating to overcrowding of the cranial caudal fossa. More recent characterizations of CM/SM include brachycephaly with osseous reduction and neural parenchymal displacement involving the entire brain and craniocervical junction to include rostral flattening, olfactory bulb rotation, increased height of the cranium, reduced cranial base with spheno-occipital synchondrosis angulation, reduced supraoccipital and interparietal crest and rostral displacement of the axis and atlas with increased odontoid angulation. The most shared manifestation of CM is the development of fluid-filled pockets (syrinx, syringes) in the spinal cord that can be readily quantified. Dogs with symptomatic CM without SM have a reduced basioccipital bone, compensatory increased cranial fossa height with displaced parenchyma whereby the cerebellum is invaginated beneath the occipital lobes but without compromising cerebrospinal fluid channels enough to cause SM. Thus, broadly defined, CM might be described as any distortion of the skull and craniocervical junction which compromises the neural parenchyma and cerebrospinal fluid circulation causing pain and/or SM. The etiology of CM is multifactorial, potentially including genetically-influenced, breed-specific abnormalities in both skeletal and neural components. Since causation between specific morphologic changes and SM or clinical signs is unproven, CM might be more appropriately considered as a brachycephalic obstructive CSF channel syndrome (BOCCS) rather than a single malformation. Understanding the normal development of the brain, skull and craniocervical junction is fundamental to identifying deviations which predispose to CM/SM. Here we review its anatomical, embryological, bio-mechanical, and genetic underpinnings to update the profession's understanding of this condition and meaningfully inform future research to diminish its welfare impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P Knowler
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel L Galea
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London,, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Rusbridge
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.,Fitzpatrick Referrals Veterinary Specialist Hospital, Surrey, United Kingdom
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11
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Hechler AC, Moore SA. Understanding and Treating Chiari-like Malformation and Syringomyelia in Dogs. Top Companion Anim Med 2018; 33:1-11. [DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Schmidt MJ, Kolecka M, Kirberger R, Hartmann A. Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Perfusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Demonstrates Reduced Periventricular Cerebral Blood Flow in Dogs with Ventriculomegaly. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:137. [PMID: 28879204 PMCID: PMC5572229 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of ventriculomegaly in dogs is still a matter of debate. Signs of increased intraventricular pressure and atrophy of the cerebral white matter have been found in dogs with ventriculomegaly, which would imply increased intraventricular pressure and, therefore, a pathological condition, i.e., to some extent. Reduced periventricular blood flow was found in people with high elevated intraventricular pressure. The aim of this study was to compare periventricular brain perfusion in dogs with and without ventriculomegaly using perfusion weighted-magnetic-resonance-imaging to clarify as to whether ventriculomegaly might be associated with an increase in intraventricular pressure. Perfusion was measured in 32 Cavalier King Charles spaniels (CKCS) with ventriculomegaly, 10 CKCSs were examined as a control group. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured using free-hand regions of interest (ROI) in five brain regions: periventricular white matter, caudate nucleus, parietal cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus. CBF was significantly lower in the periventricular white matter of the dogs with ventriculomegaly (p = 0.0029) but not in the other ROIs. Reduction of periventricular CBF might imply increase of intraventricular pressure in ventriculomegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Kolecka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Robert Kirberger
- Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Noh D, Choi S, Choi H, Lee Y, Lee K. Evaluation of interthalamic adhesion size as an indicator of brain atrophy in dogs with and without cognitive dysfunction. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2017; 58:581-587. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daji Noh
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Kyungpook National University; Daegu 41566 Korea
| | - Sooyoung Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon 24341 Korea
| | - Hojung Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Chungnam National University; Daejeon 34134 Korea
| | - Youngwon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Chungnam National University; Daejeon 34134 Korea
| | - Kija Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Kyungpook National University; Daegu 41566 Korea
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14
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Diagnostic techniques to detect the epileptogenic zone: Pathophysiological and presurgical analysis of epilepsy in dogs and cats. Vet J 2016; 215:64-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force's current understanding of idiopathic epilepsy of genetic or suspected genetic origin in purebred dogs. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:175. [PMID: 26316206 PMCID: PMC4552344 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0463-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine idiopathic epilepsy is a common neurological disease affecting both purebred and crossbred dogs. Various breed-specific cohort, epidemiological and genetic studies have been conducted to date, which all improved our knowledge and general understanding of canine idiopathic epilepsy, and in particular our knowledge of those breeds studied. However, these studies also frequently revealed differences between the investigated breeds with respect to clinical features, inheritance and prevalence rates. Awareness and observation of breed-specific differences is important for successful management of the dog with epilepsy in everyday clinical practice and furthermore may promote canine epilepsy research. The following manuscript reviews the evidence available for breeds which have been identified as being predisposed to idiopathic epilepsy with a proven or suspected genetic background, and highlights different breed specific clinical features (e.g. age at onset, sex, seizure type), treatment response, prevalence rates and proposed inheritance reported in the literature. In addition, certain breed-specific diseases that may act as potential differentials for idiopathic epilepsy are highlighted.
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Laubner S, Ondreka N, Failing K, Kramer M, Schmidt MJ. Magnetic resonance imaging signs of high intraventricular pressure--comparison of findings in dogs with clinically relevant internal hydrocephalus and asymptomatic dogs with ventriculomegaly. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:181. [PMID: 26231840 PMCID: PMC4522113 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0479-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of canine brains with enlarged ventricles in asymptomatic dogs were compared to those in dogs with clinically relevant internal hydrocephalus, in order to determine the imaging findings indicative of a relevant increase in intraventricular pressure. Discrimination between clinically relevant hydrocephalus and ventriculomegaly based on MRI findings has not been established yet and is anything but trivial because of the wide variation in ventricular size in different dog breeds and individuals. The MRI scans of the brains of 67 dogs of various breeds, skull conformation and weight were reviewed retrospectively. Based on clinical and imaging findings, the dogs were divided into three groups: a normal group (n = 20), a group with clinically silent ventriculomegaly (n = 25) and a group with severe clinically relevant internal hydrocephalus (n = 22). In addition to the ventricle/brain-index, a number of potential subjective signs of increased intraventricular pressure were recorded and compared between the groups. Results The ventricle/brain-index was significantly higher in dogs with relevant hydrocephalus (p < 0.001) and a threshold value of 0.6 was specified as a discriminator between internal hydrocephalus and ventriculomegaly. Other MR imaging findings associated with clinically relevant hydrocephalus were an elevation of the corpus callosum (p < 0.01), dorsoventral flattening of the interthalamic adhesion (p < 0.0001), periventricular edema (p < 0.0001), dilation of the olfactory recesses (p < 0.0001), thinning of the cortical sulci (p < 0.0001) and/or the subarachnoid space (p < 0.0027) and disruption of the internal capsule adjacent to the caudate nucleus (p < 0.0001). Conclusion A combination of the abovementioned criteria may support a diagnosis of hydrocephalus that requires treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0479-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Laubner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Straße 108, Giessen, 35392, Germany.
| | - Nele Ondreka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Straße 108, Giessen, 35392, Germany.
| | - Klaus Failing
- Department of Biomathematics, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Straße 95, Giessen, 35392, Germany.
| | - Martin Kramer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Straße 108, Giessen, 35392, Germany.
| | - Martin J Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Straße 108, Giessen, 35392, Germany.
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Schmidt MJ, Laubner S, Kolecka M, Failing K, Moritz A, Kramer M, Ondreka N. Comparison of the Relationship between Cerebral White Matter and Grey Matter in Normal Dogs and Dogs with Lateral Ventricular Enlargement. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124174. [PMID: 25938575 PMCID: PMC4418575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Large cerebral ventricles are a frequent finding in brains of dogs with brachycephalic skull conformation, in comparison with mesaticephalic dogs. It remains unclear whether oversized ventricles represent a normal variant or a pathological condition in brachycephalic dogs. There is a distinct relationship between white matter and grey matter in the cerebrum of all eutherian mammals. The aim of this study was to determine if this physiological proportion between white matter and grey matter of the forebrain still exists in brachycephalic dogs with oversized ventricles. The relative cerebral grey matter, white matter and cerebrospinal fluid volume in dogs were determined based on magnetic-resonance-imaging datasets using graphical software. In an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using body mass as the covariate, the adjusted means of the brain tissue volumes of two groups of dogs were compared. Group 1 included 37 mesaticephalic dogs of different sizes with no apparent changes in brain morphology, and subjectively normal ventricle size. Group 2 included 35 brachycephalic dogs in which subjectively enlarged cerebral ventricles were noted as an incidental finding in their magnetic-resonance-imaging examination. Whereas no significant different adjusted means of the grey matter could be determined, the group of brachycephalic dogs had significantly larger adjusted means of lateral cerebral ventricles and significantly less adjusted means of relative white matter volume. This indicates that brachycephalic dogs with subjective ventriculomegaly have less white matter, as expected based on their body weight and cerebral volume. Our study suggests that ventriculomegaly in brachycephalic dogs is not a normal variant of ventricular volume. Based on the changes in the relative proportion of WM and CSF volume, and the unchanged GM proportions in dogs with ventriculomegaly, we rather suggest that distension of the lateral ventricles might be the underlying cause of pressure related periventricular loss of white matter tissue, as occurs in internal hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Steffi Laubner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Kolecka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Kramer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nele Ondreka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals, Justus-Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Harcourt-Brown TR, Campbell J, Warren-Smith C, Jeffery ND, Granger NP. Prevalence of Chiari-like malformations in clinically unaffected dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 29:231-7. [PMID: 25319206 PMCID: PMC4858087 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The importance of Chiari‐like malformation (CM) in the generation of clinical signs or the formation of syringomyelia in dogs is incompletely understood, partly because the prevalence of various CM definitions in unaffected dogs is unknown. Hypothesis/Objectives The aims were: to estimate the prevalence of CM in dogs asymptomatic for CM or syringomyelia, according to 3 currently used definitions; and, to investigate the effect of brachycephaly and head position during magnetic resonance (MR) imaging on estimates of the prevalence of CM. Animals One ninety‐nine client‐owned dogs without apparent signs of CM or syringomyelia. Methods Blinded, retrospective analysis. Archived MR images were analyzed for evidence of cerebellar indentation and impaction into or herniation through the foramen magnum. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship of CM diagnosis with head position and the cranial index (a measure of brachycephaly). Results In 185 non‐Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (CKCS) dogs, indentation was identified in 44% (95% CI, 47–51%) and impaction in 22% (95% CI, 16–28%). No asymptomatic, non‐CKCS dogs showed herniation. Regression analysis showed a significant increase in the odds of indentation and impaction in an extended head position and as the cranial index increased (became more brachycephalic). Conclusions and Clinical Importance The high prevalence of cerebellar indentation and impaction suggests that they may be normal anatomical variations and therefore unsuitable as definitions of CM. We suggest that future research into CM in dogs should define cases and controls more strictly so that overlap between normal and abnormal animals is minimized.
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Driver CJ, Volk HA, Rusbridge C, Van Ham LM. An update on the pathogenesis of syringomyelia secondary to Chiari-like malformations in dogs. Vet J 2013; 198:551-9. [PMID: 23938004 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Syringomyelia (SM) is a spinal cord disease that can cause neuropathic pain in dogs. The pathogenesis of SM secondary to Chiari-like malformation (CM) has been the focus of intense research in recent years. The gulf in our understanding of CM/SM in dogs relative to the analogous human condition has progressively narrowed. CM is primarily a disease of abnormal geometric morphometry affecting the caudal cranial fossa and the brain parenchyma contained within it. This review describes how advanced imaging techniques have revealed a series of morphometric abnormalities associated with CM/SM. The series is presented in a logical order to help describe the pathogenesis of CM and the subsequent formation of syringes, with particular reference to the concepts of craniospinal compliance and cerebrospinal fluid pulse pressure timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Driver
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
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Penderis J. Chiari-like malformation: A substantive health and welfare problem in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. Vet J 2013; 195:133-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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