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Violini F, Elford JH, Cardy TJA, Oxley B, Craig A, Behr S. Clinical outcomes of 20 brachycephalic dogs with thoracolumbar spinal deformities causing neurological signs treated with spinal stabilization using 3D-printed patient-specific drill guides. Vet Surg 2024; 53:648-658. [PMID: 38532254 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.14078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical outcomes for pugs and French bulldogs with congenital vertebral malformations, undergoing thoracolumbar spinal stabilization surgery using 3D-printed patient-specific drill guides. To evaluate the accuracy of pedicle screw placement in this group of dogs. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective descriptive study. ANIMALS Twenty dogs (12 pugs and eight French bulldogs). METHODS Medical records searched between August 2018 and March 2021 for pugs and French bulldogs diagnosed with congenital vertebral abnormalities via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan and computed tomography (CT) scan causing T3-L3 myelopathy signs that underwent spinal stabilization surgery using 3D-printed patient-specific drill guides followed by a postoperative CT scan. The short-term outcome was based on the neurological grade (modified Frankel score-MFS) on the day after surgery, day of discharge, and at the follow-up examination at 4 to 6 weeks after surgery. The mid-term outcome was obtained via an online questionnaire (or direct examination in one case). RESULTS Twenty dogs met the inclusion criteria (19/20 grade 2 MFS, 1/20 grade 4 MFS). No complications were reported in the immediate postoperative period and optimal pedicle screw placement was obtained in 169/201 of screws. Twenty-four hours after surgery 16/20 dogs displayed an unchanged neurological grade. Short-term outcomes revealed a static (17/20) or improved (2/20) neurological grade. Ten owners participated in the online questionnaire. All patients were reported to be ambulatory; however, 7/10 dogs displayed abnormal gait. Neurological signs had remained static (6/10) or improved (3/10) in comparison with the dogs' preoperative status at a median of 883.5 days from the surgery. CONCLUSION Dogs in this study had a favorable short-term outcome and mid-term outcome evaluation revealed a static/improved neurological status. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Thoracolumbar spinal stabilization surgery using 3D-printed patient-specific drill guides showed a favorable outcome in brachycephalic breeds affected by vertebral deformities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Violini
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service (part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited), Solihull, UK
| | - James H Elford
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service (part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited), Solihull, UK
| | - Thomas J A Cardy
- Cave Veterinary Specialists (part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited), Somerset, UK
| | | | - Andrew Craig
- North Downs Specialist Referrals, Bletchingley, UK
| | - Sebastien Behr
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service (part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited), Solihull, UK
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2
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De Decker S, Rohdin C, Gutierrez-Quintana R. Vertebral and spinal malformations in small brachycephalic dog breeds: Current knowledge and remaining questions. Vet J 2024; 304:106095. [PMID: 38458418 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Small brachycephalic dog breeds, such as the French bulldog, English bulldog and pug have become increasingly popular. These breeds are predisposed to a variety of vertebral and spinal malformations, including hemivertebra, caudal articular process dysplasia, transitional vertebra, cranial thoracic vertebral canal stenosis, spinal arachnoid diverticulum and meningeal fibrosis. Recent studies have provided new insights into the prevalence, anatomical characteristics, pathophysiology and treatment of these conditions. Thoracic hemivertebra, caudal articular process dysplasia, transitional vertebra, and cranial thoracic vertebral canal stenosis occur commonly in neurologically normal dogs. Although the clinical relevance of these vertebral anomalies has therefore been questioned, severe kyphosis and hemivertebra in pugs have been associated with an increased likelihood of neurological signs. Meningeal fibrosis is characterised by the formation of dense intradural fibrotic adhesions, constricting the spinal cord. This condition has been heavily associated with the pug breed. It is in pugs further common to observe multiple concurrent spinal disorder in association with chronic progressive pelvic limb gait abnormalities. This clinical presentation has been referred to as 'pug dog thoracolumbar myelopathy' and potential genetic risk factors have recently been identified. Despite our increased knowledge, many questions remain currently unanswered. This review discusses our current understanding and controversies surrounding vertebral and spinal malformations in small brachycephalic dog breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven De Decker
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Cecilia Rohdin
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, University Animal Hospital, Uppsala 75007, Sweden; Anicura Albano Small Animal Hospital, Danderyd 18236, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Gutierrez-Quintana
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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Gilman O, Escauriaza L, Ogden D, Vandenberghe H, Roper D, Oxley B, Granger N. Thoracolumbar Spinal Stabilization with Three Dimensional-Printed Drill Guides and Pre-Contoured Polyaxial Bone Plates. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2023; 36:46-52. [PMID: 36414002 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1756514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to report new preoperative and intraoperative techniques performed for canine thoracic or lumbar spine kyphosis stabilization using three-dimensional-printed patient-specific drill guides, polyaxial titanium bone plates and drill stops, and to determine the accuracy of screw placement using these techniques. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study, five client-owned dogs. RESULTS Three-dimensional-printed patient-specific drill guides and drill stops allowed safe drilling and screw placement in all of the cases, with (i) 84% of the screws graded as I (ideal placement) and 16% as IIa, IIIa or IIIb according to the modified Zdichavsky classification (partial penetration of medial pedicle wall, partial penetration of lateral pedicle wall and full penetration of lateral pedicle wall respectively), (ii) mean mediolateral deviation of ± 4.06 degrees (standard deviation: 8.21 degrees) compared to planned trajectories and (iii) variation in screw depth of ± 2.29mm (standard deviation: 3.07mm) compared to planned depth. CONCLUSION We believe that the techniques presented here for thoracic spinal stabilization in dogs show promise; they allowed safe placement of screws along planned trajectories and depth; they also removed the need to use polymethylmethacrylate, while the use of titanium offers the possibility to repeat magnetic resonance imaging in these cases with chronic spinal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Gilman
- Bristol Veterinary Specialists at Highcroft, CVS Referrals, United Kingdom
| | - Leticia Escauriaza
- Bristol Veterinary Specialists at Highcroft, CVS Referrals, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Ogden
- Bristol Veterinary Specialists at Highcroft, CVS Referrals, United Kingdom
| | | | - Darren Roper
- Bristol Veterinary Specialists at Highcroft, CVS Referrals, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicolas Granger
- Bristol Veterinary Specialists at Highcroft, CVS Referrals, United Kingdom
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Musser CG, Windsor RC, Wininger F. Corpectomy and spinal stabilization using a 3D-printed spine model and custom jigs to address severe spinal deformities from T9-11 and L2-4 in a 6-month-old German shepherd puppy. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:e05229. [PMID: 34963810 PMCID: PMC8710705 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.5229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes surgical decompression and stabilization of 2 hemivertebrae in a German shepherd dog. Long-term clinical and imaging outcomes are documented. Spinal cord decompression via corpectomy improved neurological function and intrinsic spinal cord changes on MRI. The dog improved to have minimal paraparesis and an active lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fred Wininger
- Charlotte Animal Referral and EmergencyCharlotteNorth CarolinaUSA
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Farré Mariné A, De Risio L, Mascort J, Jiménez Peláez M, López M, Stabile F, Luján Feliu-Pascual A. Transthoracic Vertebral Distraction and Stabilization in 10 Dogs with Congenital Thoracic Vertebral Malformations. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2021; 34:367-374. [PMID: 34293809 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1731807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to describe the surgical technique and outcomes of dogs with congenital thoracic vertebral body malformations (CTVBM) treated with unilateral vertebral distraction and stabilization with monocortical screws and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). STUDY DESIGN Medical records of 10 client-owned dogs with CTVBM were retrospectively searched for signalment, history, neurological examination, neurological grade based on the modified Frankel scale (MFS), diagnostic method, CTVBM location, Cobb's angle, and vertebral canal angle (VCA), surgical procedure, complications and long-term follow-up. RESULTS One dog suffered cardiac arrest 24 hours post-surgery and died. Median follow-up in nine dogs was 26.5 months (12-50 months). Cobb's angle improved from 33-83 to 10-46 degrees and the VCA ratio from 97-138 to 122-164 degrees. The MFS improved from 3 (n = 3)-4 (n = 7) to 4 (n = 2)-6 (n = 7). Seven dogs recovered full function. Nine dogs improved after surgery compared with preoperative status, recovering ambulation when lost or achieving normal neurological examination in seven cases. No complications were reported during the follow-up period (12-50 months). CONCLUSION Unilateral transthoracic vertebral distraction and stabilization with monocortical screws and PMMA for treatment of compressive myelopathy due to CTVBM achieved long-term neurological improvement in 9 of 10 dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marta López
- Hospital Veterinari Glòries, Barcelona, Spain
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Elford JH, Oxley B, Behr S. Accuracy of placement of pedicle screws in the thoracolumbar spine of dogs with spinal deformities with three-dimensionally printed patient-specific drill guides. Vet Surg 2019; 49:347-353. [PMID: 31617955 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the accuracy of pedicle screw placement in the thoracic spine of dogs with spinal deformities with three-dimensionally (3D) printed patient-specific drill guides. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION Six dogs in which sixty pedicle screws were placed in the thoracolumbar spine. METHODS Medical records were searched between June 2017 and June 2018 for dogs with clinical signs associated with a thoracolumbar vertebral malformation. Inclusion criteria included MRI and computed tomography (CT) data that were used to create 3D printed patient-specific drill guides. All dogs were stabilized dorsally with guided bicortical pedicle screws and polymethylmethacrylate. Accuracy of screw placement was assessed by immediately postoperative CT according to a modified Zdichavsky classification. RESULTS Five pugs and one French bulldog met the inclusion criteria. Sixty bicortical pedicle screws were placed; 96.7% were graded as I (optimal placement), and 3.3% were classified as IIa (partial penetration of the medial pedicle wall) according to a modified Zdichavsky classification. CONCLUSION Three-dimensionally printed patient-specific drill guides allowed safe and accurate placement of pedicle screws in the thoracolumbar spine in dogs with vertebral malformation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Three-dimensionally printed patient-specific drill guides are a safe and effective method of placing pedicle screws in dogs with thoracolumbar vertebral malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Elford
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Solihull, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Bill Oxley
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Solihull, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastien Behr
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Solihull, West Midlands, United Kingdom
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Komsta R, Osiński Z, Dębiak P, Twardowski P, Lisiak B. Prevalence of pectus excavatum (PE), pectus carinatum (PC), tracheal hypoplasia, thoracic spine deformities and lateral heart displacement in thoracic radiographs of screw-tailed brachycephalic dogs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223642. [PMID: 31600285 PMCID: PMC6786652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectus excavatum, thoracic spine deformities, tracheal hypoplasia and lateral heart displacement are frequently described in brachycephalic dog breeds. Pectus carinatum is described sporadically, although the authors' observations demonstrate that it may occur in certain brachycephalic dog breeds. It was hypothesised that dogs of screw-tailed brachycephalic breeds carry a greater risk of these anomalies than normal-tailed brachycephalic breeds, and that there could a relation between the presence of pectus excavatum or pectus carinatum and thoracic spine deformities, tracheal hypoplasia and lateral heart displacement. During retrospective studies, these anomalies were identified in lateral and dorso-ventral radiographs of the thorax in brachycephalic dog breeds. A statistical analysis revealed that the frequency of pectus excavatum occurrence in screw-tailed and normal-tailed brachycephalic dog breeds is similar. The greatest risk of pectus excavatum occurrence is carried by two breeds: Maltese (60%) and English Bulldog (58%), while for pectus carinatum: Pug (41%) and French Bulldog (18%). Dogs of screw-tailed brachycephalic breeds carry a greater risk of kyphosis (p < 0.0001), tracheal hypoplasia occurrence (p < 0.0001), compared to "normal-tailed" breeds. The hypothesis concerning a relation between the presence of pectus excavatum or pectus carinatum and the other anomalies studied was not confirmed (p > 0.05). It was demonstrated that in dogs of brachycephalic breeds there was a greater risk of co-incidence between kyphosis of the thoracic spine and lateral heart displacement (p = 0.038), as well as kyphosis of the thoracic spine and tracheal hypoplasia (p = 0.003).
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Komsta
- Laboratory for Radiology and Ultrasonography Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Science, Lublin, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Piotr Dębiak
- Laboratory for Radiology and Ultrasonography Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Science, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Twardowski
- Laboratory for Radiology and Ultrasonography Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Science, Lublin, Poland
| | - Barbara Lisiak
- Laboratory for Radiology and Ultrasonography Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Science, Lublin, Poland
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De Decker S, Packer RMA, Cappello R, Harcourt-Brown TR, Rohdin C, Gomes SA, Bergknut N, Shaw TA, Lowrie M, Gutierrez-Quintana R. Comparison of signalment and computed tomography findings in French Bulldogs, Pugs, and English Bulldogs with and without clinical signs associated with thoracic hemivertebra. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2151-2159. [PMID: 31407402 PMCID: PMC6766535 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although thoracic hemivertebra can cause neurological signs, they occur commonly in neurologically normal dogs. OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether computed tomography (CT) findings and factors associated with signalment can be used to differentiate between dogs with and without neurological signs associated with hemivertebra. ANIMALS One hundred sixty dogs with ≥1 hemivertebrae were retrospectively studied. This group consisted of 40 dogs with clinical signs caused by hemivertebra and 40 French Bulldogs, 40 Pugs, and 40 English Bulldogs that underwent CT for reasons unrelated to neurological disease. METHODS All dogs underwent CT and affected dogs also underwent magnetic resonance imaging. All CT studies were randomly evaluated by an observer blinded to signalment and clinical status. The following variables were evaluated: presence, number, location, and subtype of hemivertebra; presence of vertebral subluxation; severity of vertebral canal stenosis; presence, location, and severity of kyphosis, and number of vertebrae involved in the kyphotic segment. Statistical modeling was performed to identify factors associated with clinical status. RESULTS Pug breed (odds ration [OR], 10.8; P = .01), more severe kyphosis (OR, 1.1 per grade increase; P < .001), fewer instead of more observed hemivertebrae (OR, 0.8; P = 0.03), and ventrolateral hypoplasia hemivertebra subtype (OR, 4.0; P = .011) were associated with higher likelihood of neurological disease. A Cobb angle of 34.5 degrees corresponded with the highest combined sensitivity and specificity to differentiate between clinically affected and unaffected dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The variables identified could aid in differentiating between clinically relevant and irrelevant hemivertebra in small breed brachycephalic dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven De Decker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Rowena M A Packer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tom R Harcourt-Brown
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, North Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia Rohdin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.,Anicura, Albano Small Animal Hospital, Danderyd, Sweden
| | | | - Niklas Bergknut
- North Downs Specialist Referrals, Bletchingley, United Kingdom
| | - Tom A Shaw
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, North Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Lowrie
- Dovecote Veterinary Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo Gutierrez-Quintana
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Driver CJ, Rose J, Tauro A, Fernandes R, Rusbridge C. Magnetic resonance image findings in pug dogs with thoracolumbar myelopathy and concurrent caudal articular process dysplasia. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:182. [PMID: 31151444 PMCID: PMC6544997 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1866-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A retrospective case series study was undertaken to describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in Pug dogs with thoracolumbar myelopathy and concurrent caudal articular process (CAP) dysplasia. Electronic clinical records were searched for Pug dogs who underwent MRI for the investigation of a T3-L3 spinal cord segment disease with subsequent confirmation of CAP dysplasia with computed tomography between January 2013 and June 2017. Clinical parameters age, gender, neuter status, body weight, urinary or faecal incontinence, severity and duration of clinical signs were recorded. MRI abnormalities were described. Univariable non-parametric tests investigated the association between the clinical parameters and evidence of extra- or intra-dural spinal cord compression on MRI. RESULTS 18 Pug dogs were included. The median age was 106 months with median duration of clinical signs 5 months. All presented with variable severity of spastic paraparesis and ataxia; 50% suffered urinary/faecal incontinence. In all cases, MRI revealed a focal increase in T2-weighted signal intensity within the spinal cord at an intervertebral level where bilateral CAP dysplasia was present; this was bilateral aplasia in all but one case, which had one aplastic and one severely hypoplastic CAP. MRI lesions were associated with spinal cord compression in all but one case; intervertebral disc protrusion resulted in extra-dural compression in 10 (56%) cases; intra-dural compression was associated with a suspected arachnoid diverticulum in 4 (22%) cases and suspected pia-arachnoid fibrosis in 3 cases (17%). There was no association between clinical parameters and a diagnosis of intra-dural vs extra-dural compression. CAP dysplasia occurred at multiple levels in the T10-13 region with bilateral aplasia at T11-12 most often associated with corresponding spinal cord lesions on MRI. CONCLUSIONS All Pugs dogs in this study were presented for chronic progressive ambulatory paraparesis; incontinence was commonly reported. Although intervertebral disc disease was the most common radiologic diagnosis, intra-dural compression associated with arachnoid diverticulae/fibrosis was also common. Bilateral CAP aplasia was present in all but one Pug dog at the level of MRI detectable spinal cord lesions. A causal relationship between CAP dysplasia and causes of thoracolumbar myelopathy is speculated but is not confirmed by this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Driver
- Fitzpatrick Referrals Ltd, Eashing, Godalming, Surrey, GU7 2QQ, UK. .,Lumbry Park Veterinary Specialists, Selborne Road, Alton, Hampshire, GU34 3HL, UK.
| | - Jeremy Rose
- Fitzpatrick Referrals Ltd, Eashing, Godalming, Surrey, GU7 2QQ, UK.,Lumbry Park Veterinary Specialists, Selborne Road, Alton, Hampshire, GU34 3HL, UK
| | - Anna Tauro
- Fitzpatrick Referrals Ltd, Eashing, Godalming, Surrey, GU7 2QQ, UK
| | | | - Clare Rusbridge
- Fitzpatrick Referrals Ltd, Eashing, Godalming, Surrey, GU7 2QQ, UK.,Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey School of Veterinary Medicine, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AL, UK
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Ryan R, Gutierrez-Quintana R, Haar GT, De Decker S. Relationship between breed, hemivertebra subtype, and kyphosis in apparently neurologically normal French Bulldogs, English Bulldogs, and Pugs. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:189-194. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.2.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Gait analysis in French bulldogs with and without vertebral kyphosis. Vet J 2018; 244:45-50. [PMID: 30825894 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The study objective was to compare temporal-spatial and kinetic gait variables in neurologically normal French bulldogs with and without vertebral kyphosis. French bulldogs presented to a dedicated brachycephalic clinic were prospectively enrolled. All dogs underwent general physical, orthopaedic, and neurological examination prior to study inclusion. The presence of vertebral kyphosis was evaluated by computed tomography and kyphosis was defined as a Cobb angle exceeding 10°. Gait variables were collected using a pressure-sensitive GAITRite walkway with GAITFour software and included measurement of total pressure index (TPI) defined as the sum of peak pressure values recorded from each activated sensor by a paw during mat contact. Fifteen French bulldogs with (n=8) and without kyphosis (n=7) were included. Cobb angle in kyphotic dogs ranged from 14.9° to 39.5°. Univariate analyses were initially performed to examine the association between kyphosis and 16 gait variables. When those variables found to be associated (P<0.2) were taken forward into multivariate generalised linear mixed models (accounting for dog, velocity and side), kyphosis had a significant effect upon TPI of the forelimbs and TPI symmetry ratio (P<0.05); however, the size of these effects was small. Although vertebral kyphosis is rarely associated with neurological deficits, it was associated with subtle alterations in kinetic gait variables (TPI forelimbs and TPI symmetry ratio). Further studies are needed to evaluate the clinical importance of altered gait variables in French bulldogs with kyphosis.
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12
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Rohdin C, Häggström J, Ljungvall I, Nyman Lee H, De Decker S, Bertram S, Lindblad-Toh K, Hultin Jäderlund K. Presence of thoracic and lumbar vertebral malformations in pugs with and without chronic neurological deficits. Vet J 2018; 241:24-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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13
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Wyatt S, Gonçalves R, Gutierrez-Quintana R, De Decker S. Outcomes of nonsurgical treatment for congenital thoracic vertebral body malformations in dogs: 13 cases (2009–2016). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 253:768-773. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.253.6.768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Mathiesen CB, de la Puerta B, Groth AM, Rutherford S, Cappello R. Ventral stabilization of thoracic kyphosis through bilateral intercostal thoracotomies using SOP (String of Pearls) plates contoured after a 3-dimensional print of the spine. Vet Surg 2018; 47:843-851. [PMID: 30094860 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a novel vertebral body stabilization and report its outcome in dogs with thoracic kyphosis and secondary myelopathy. STUDY DESIGN Case series. ANIMALS Six pugs with thoracic kyphosis and secondary myelopathy. METHODS Medical records (2012-2017) of dogs with chronic progressive pelvic limb ataxia and ambulatory proprioceptive paraparesis due to thoracic kyphosis were reviewed. Dogs were evaluated via MRI and computed tomography. A 3-dimensional print of the kyphotic vertebral segment was used to precontour the SOP (String of Pearls) plates. Bilateral double, dorsal intercostal thoracotomies were performed to place precontoured SOP on the vertebral bodies. Long-term (6-16 months) clinical outcome was determined on the basis of neurological scoring (NS) and owner questionnaire. RESULTS The only intraoperative complication consisted of a lung laceration due to preexisting adhesions. Postoperative complications included seroma formation (n = 2) and incidental radiographic evidence of screw breakage (n = 2). NS at presentation ranged between 2 and 4 and improved to 1 at long-term follow-up in all dogs but 1 (NS = 2). All owners felt that their dog had excellent quality of life at follow-up. CONCLUSION In spite of the challenging local anatomy, all dogs undergoing vertebral stabilization with SOP placement experienced a good clinical outcome. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Stabilization of vertebral bodies with precontoured SOP placed through bilateral thoracotomies may be considered as a treatment option for dogs with thoracic kyphosis and secondary myelopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna M Groth
- North Downs Specialist Referrals, Bletchingley, United Kingdom
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Inglez de Souza MCCM, Ryan R, ter Haar G, Packer RMA, Volk HA, De Decker S. Evaluation of the influence of kyphosis and scoliosis on intervertebral disc extrusion in French bulldogs. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:5. [PMID: 29304802 PMCID: PMC5756331 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although thoracic vertebral malformations with kyphosis and scoliosis are often considered incidental findings on diagnostic imaging studies of screw-tailed brachycephalic breeds, they have been suggested to interfere with spinal biomechanics and intervertebral disc degeneration. It is however unknown if an abnormal spinal curvature also predisposes dogs to develop clinically relevant intervertebral disc herniations. The aim of this study was to evaluate if the occurrence of thoracic vertebral malformations, kyphosis or scoliosis would be associated with a higher prevalence of cervical or thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion in French bulldogs. RESULTS French bulldogs that underwent computed tomography for reasons unrelated to spinal disease (n = 101), and French bulldogs with thoracolumbar (n = 47) or cervical intervertebral disc extrusion (n = 30) that underwent magnetic resonance imaging were included. There was a significant association between the presence of kyphosis and the occurrence of intervertebral disc extrusion, particularly in the thoracolumbar region. Dogs with kyphosis were at nearly a two times increased odds of being affected by intervertebral disc extrusion than those without kyphosis [(OR = 1.98 (95% CI: 1.04-3.78)]. There was also an association between the presence of scoliosis and the anatomical distribution of intervertebral disc extrusions, with dogs with scoliosis more likely to have more caudal lumbar intervertebral disc extrusions. Presence of scoliosis was not associated with an increased odds of being affected by intervertebral disc extrusion. CONCLUSIONS Although thoracic vertebral malformations with kyphosis only rarely cause spinal cord dysfunction in itself, French bulldogs with kyphosis appear to be at higher risk to develop thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Claudia C. M. Inglez de Souza
- Department of Surgery, University of São Paulo-School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, Cidade Universitária Brazil
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead lane, AL9 7TA North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - Richard Ryan
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead lane, AL9 7TA North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - Gert ter Haar
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead lane, AL9 7TA North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - Rowena M. A. Packer
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead lane, AL9 7TA North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - Holger A. Volk
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead lane, AL9 7TA North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - Steven De Decker
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead lane, AL9 7TA North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
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16
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De Rycke LM, Crijns C, Chiers K, Bree HJJ, Gielen I. Late‐onset wedge‐shaped thoracic vertebrae in a six‐month‐old pug. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2016-000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Casper Crijns
- Medical ImagingUniversiteit Gent Faculteit DiergeneeskundeMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Koen Chiers
- Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry DiseasesUGentMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Henri JJ Bree
- Medical Imaging and Small Animal OrthopaedicsGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Ingrid Gielen
- Faculteit DiergeneeskundeUniversiteit GentMerelbekeBelgium
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17
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Passantino A, Masucci M. Congenital and inherited neurologic diseases in dogs and cats: Legislation and its effect on purchase in Italy. Vet World 2016; 9:437-43. [PMID: 27284217 PMCID: PMC4893712 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.437-443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the congenital neurologic diseases can result in incapacity or death of the animal. Some of them, such as idiopathic epilepsy and hydrocephalus, exhibit breed or familial predisposition and a genetic basis was proved or suggested. Some diseases can be presumptively diagnosed after a detailed signalment (breed predisposition), history (e.g. family history because many of these defects have familial tendencies), and through physical exam; other diagnostic methods (radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance, electrophysiologic tests, etc.) can provide supportive evidence for the congenital defect and help to confirm the diagnosis. Some cases can lead to civil law-suits when the lesions are congenital, but not easily recognizable, or when the lesions are hereditary but tend to became manifest only after some time (more than 12 months after the date of purchase, e.g., after the vice-free guarantee period has expired). Moreover, quite frequently an early diagnosis is not made because there are delays in consulting the veterinarian or the general practitioner veterinarian does not perceive subtle signs. This study was designed to focus on the medico-legal aspects concerning the buying and selling in Italy of dogs and cats affected by congenital and hereditary neurologic diseases that could constitute vice in these animals. While adequate provisions to regulate in detail the various aspects of pet sale have still to be drawn up by legislators, it may be helpful to involve breeders, by obliging them by contract to extend guarantees in the case of hereditary lesions, including neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Passantino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Marisa Masucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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18
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Dewey CW, Davies E, Bouma JL. Kyphosis and Kyphoscoliosis Associated with Congenital Malformations of the Thoracic Vertebral Bodies in Dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2016; 46:295-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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