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Hartshorne M, Leff A, Vetterick G, Hopkins EM, Taheri ML. Grain Boundary Plane Measurement Using Transmission Electron Microscopy Automated Crystallographic Orientation Mapping for Atom Probe Tomography Specimens. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1018-1025. [PMID: 37749674 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Grain boundaries are critical in determining the properties of materials, including mechanical stability, conductivity, and corrosion resistance. The specific properties of materials depend not only on the misorientation of the crystals, the three most commonly characterized parameters, but also on the angle of the grain boundary plane between the two crystals, the final two parameters in the five-parameter macroscopic description of the grain boundary. The method presented here allows for the direct measurement of all five parameters of the grain boundary in a transmission electron microscopy specimen of various morphologies. This is especially applicable to atom probe specimens, where only a single-tilt axis is generally available, allowing the crystallographic description to be matched to the detailed chemical data available in the atom probe tomography. This method provides a platform for efficient grain boundary analysis in unique samples, saving operator time and allowing for ease of acquisition and interpretation in comparison with traditional electron diffraction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hartshorne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, 1864 4th St., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA
| | - Asher Leff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- United States Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Rd, Adelphi, MD 20783, USA
| | - Gregory Vetterick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- TerraPower, LLC, 15800 Northup Way, Bellevue, WA 98008, USA
| | - Emily M Hopkins
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland Hall 207, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Mitra L Taheri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland Hall 207, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Breen A, Day A, Lim B, Davids W, Ringer S. Revealing latent pole and zone line information in atom probe detector maps using crystallographically correlated metrics. Ultramicroscopy 2023; 243:113640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gault B, Klaes B, Morgado FF, Freysoldt C, Li Y, De Geuser F, Stephenson LT, Vurpillot F. Reflections on the Spatial Performance of Atom Probe Tomography in the Analysis of Atomic Neighborhoods. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 28:1-11. [PMID: 34666868 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621012952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atom probe tomography (APT) is often introduced as providing “atomic-scale” mapping of the composition of materials and as such is often exploited to analyze atomic neighborhoods within a material. Yet quantifying the actual spatial performance of the technique in a general case remains challenging, as it depends on the material system being investigated as well as on the specimen's geometry. Here, by using comparisons with field-ion microscopy experiments, field-ion imaging and field evaporation simulations, we provide the basis for a critical reflection on the spatial performance of APT in the analysis of pure metals, low alloyed systems and concentrated solid solutions (i.e., akin to high-entropy alloys). The spatial resolution imposes strong limitations on the possible interpretation of measured atomic neighborhoods, and directional neighborhood analyses restricted to the depth are expected to be more robust. We hope this work gets the community to reflect on its practices, in the same way, it got us to reflect on our work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf40237, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, Prince Consort Road, LondonSW7 2BP, UK
| | - Benjamin Klaes
- Groupe Physique des Matériaux, Université de Rouen, Saint Etienne du Rouvray, Normandie76800, France
| | - Felipe F Morgado
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf40237, Germany
| | - Christoph Freysoldt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf40237, Germany
| | - Yue Li
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf40237, Germany
| | - Frederic De Geuser
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SIMAP, Grenoble38000, France
| | - Leigh T Stephenson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf40237, Germany
| | - François Vurpillot
- Groupe Physique des Matériaux, Université de Rouen, Saint Etienne du Rouvray, Normandie76800, France
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Im HJ, Makineni SK, Oh CS, Gault B, Choi PP. Elemental Sub-Lattice Occupation and Microstructural Evolution in γ/ γ' Co-12Ti-4Mo-Cr Alloys. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 28:1-5. [PMID: 33888180 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621000362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on comparative atom probe tomography investigations of γ/γ′-forming Co–12Ti–4Mo–Cr alloys. Moderate additions of Cr (2 and 4 at%) reduced the γ/γ′ lattice misfit and increased the γ′ volume fraction of a Co–12Ti–4Mo alloy significantly. These microstructural changes were accompanied by changes in the elemental partitioning between γ and γ′ and site-occupancy in γ′. Spatial distribution maps revealed that Mo occupied both Co and Ti sub-lattice sites in γ′. In agreement with the experimental data, thermodynamic calculations predicted a stronger tendency for Mo to occupy the Co-sites than for Cr and an increase in Cr fraction on the Ti-sites with increasing Cr content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ji Im
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Surendra K Makineni
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf40237, Germany
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore560012, India
| | - Chang-Seok Oh
- Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf40237, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, Prince Consort Road, LondonSW7 2BP, UK
| | - Pyuck-Pa Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon34141, Republic of Korea
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Day AC, Breen AJ, Ringer SP. A Crystallography-Mediated Reconstruction (CMR) Approach for Atom Probe Tomography: Solution for a Singleton Pole. Ultramicroscopy 2021; 224:113262. [PMID: 33798817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spatially accurate atom probe tomography reconstructions are vitally important when quantitative spatial measurements such as distances, volumes and morphologies etc. of nanostructural features are required information for the researcher. It is well known that the crystallographic information contained within the atom probe data of crystalline materials can be used to calibrate the tomographic reconstruction. Specifically, the crystallographic information projected into the field evaporation images is used. This offers a powerful and accurate enhancement of the atom probe technique. However, this is often difficult to do in practice. In previously reported approaches, it was necessary to index at least two poles to compute the image compression factor 'ξ' and observe crystallographic planes in at least one of the pole regions to obtain a measure of the field factor 'kf' while also manually accounting for a change in reconstruction parameters throughout the dataset. Not only is this error-prone and time consuming, it does not work for materials that exhibit limited crystallographic information in their field evaporation image. Here, we extend the applicability of the crystallographic calibration of atom probe data by proposing a reconstruction methodology where only one pole with observable lattice planes is required in the projected detector image. Our proposal also accounts for dynamic variations in the reconstruction parameters throughout the 3D dataset. The method is simpler and significantly faster to implement and is applicable to more atom probe situations than previously approaches. Our single-pole crystallography mediated reconstruction (SP-CMR) utilizes the Hawkes-Kasper projection model (equivalent to the equidistant-azimuthal projection model) and the direct fourier (DF) fit algorithm to determine the precise reconstruction parameters required to produce flat atomic planes. It is applied to experimental Al and highly Sb-doped Si data. The discrepancies between the spatial dimensions of the SP-CMR reconstructions compared to uncalibrated reconstructions are visually apparent. Consistent plane spacings and angles between crystallographic directions matching the theoretically known values for each crystal structure are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec C Day
- The University of Sydney; Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis, and School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering. Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Andrew J Breen
- The University of Sydney; Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis, and School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering. Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Simon P Ringer
- The University of Sydney; Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis, and School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering. Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Gault B, Chiaramonti A, Cojocaru-Mirédin O, Stender P, Dubosq R, Freysoldt C, Makineni SK, Li T, Moody M, Cairney JM. Atom probe tomography. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2021; 1:10.1038/s43586-021-00047-w. [PMID: 37719173 PMCID: PMC10502706 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00047-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Atom probe tomography (APT) provides three-dimensional compositional mapping with sub-nanometre resolution. The sensitivity of APT is in the range of parts per million for all elements, including light elements such as hydrogen, carbon or lithium, enabling unique insights into the composition of performance-enhancing or lifetime-limiting microstructural features and making APT ideally suited to complement electron-based or X-ray-based microscopies and spectroscopies. Here, we provide an introductory overview of APT ranging from its inception as an evolution of field ion microscopy to the most recent developments in specimen preparation, including for nanomaterials. We touch on data reconstruction, analysis and various applications, including in the geosciences and the burgeoning biological sciences. We review the underpinnings of APT performance and discuss both strengths and limitations of APT, including how the community can improve on current shortcomings. Finally, we look forwards to true atomic-scale tomography with the ability to measure the isotopic identity and spatial coordinates of every atom in an ever wider range of materials through new specimen preparation routes, novel laser pulsing and detector technologies, and full interoperability with complementary microscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Ann Chiaramonti
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Patrick Stender
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Renelle Dubosq
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Tong Li
- Institute for Materials, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Moody
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julie M. Cairney
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Theska F, Ceguerra AV, Turk C, Breen AJ, Ringer SP, Primig S. Correlative study of lattice imperfections in long-range ordered, nano-scale domains in a Fe-Co-Mo alloy. Ultramicroscopy 2019; 204:91-100. [PMID: 31132736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in data mining methods in atom probe microscopy have enabled new quantitative chemical and microstructural characterization beyond the standard three-dimensional reconstruction. For example, spatial distribution maps have been developed to enable visualisation of the local lattice occupation of a selected region of interest. However, the precision of such studies yet remains unknown as correlation with complementary methods would be required. Therefore, a correlative study of atom probe microscopy, neutron diffraction and microstructural modelling of long-range ordered, nano-scale domains in a well-researched Fe-Co-Mo Maraging-type steel is presented here. Its microstructure consists of Mo-enriched µ-phase (Fe,Co)7Mo6 particles embedded into a body-centred cubic FeCo matrix. Previous research has shown that under slow cooling conditions, this matrix partially decomposes into nano-scale B2 long-range ordered domains surrounded by disordered regions, resulting in reduced toughness in potential cutting applications. Usually, a long-range order parameter S referring to ideal B2 long-range order is assumed within such domains according to neutron diffraction. However, atom probe microscopy and modelling results presented in the current study indicate lattice imperfections with a partial substitution of atoms on the Fe- and Co-sublattices. After considering preferential retention effects during the atom probe experiment, a model unit cell is presented to define the observed imperfect B2 long-range order as pseudo-D03 long-range order, and the potential impact on the materials properties is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Theska
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - A V Ceguerra
- Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis and School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - C Turk
- Voestalpine Böhler Edelstahl GmbH & Co KG, Mariazellerstraße 25, 8605 Kapfenberg, Austria
| | - A J Breen
- Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis and School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Microstructure Physics and Alloy Design, Max-Planck-Institute for Iron Research, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S P Ringer
- Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis and School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - S Primig
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Day AC, Ceguerra AV, Ringer SP. Introducing a Crystallography-Mediated Reconstruction (CMR) Approach to Atom Probe Tomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2019; 25:288-300. [PMID: 30712521 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618015593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Current approaches to reconstruction in atom probe tomography produce results that exhibit substantial distortions throughout the analysis depth. This is largely because of the need to apply a multitude of assumptions when estimating the evolution of the tip shape, and other pseudo-empirical reconstruction factors, which vary both across the face of the tip and throughout the analysis depth. We introduce a new crystallography-mediated reconstruction to improve the spatial accuracy and dramatically reduce these in-depth variations. To achieve this, we developed a barycentric transform to directly relate atomic positions in detector space to real space. This is mediated by novel crystallographic analysis techniques, including: (1) calculating the orientation of a crystal directly from the field evaporation map, (2) tracking pole locations throughout the evaporation sequence, and (3) accounting for the evolving tip radius in a manner that removes the dependence on the geometric field factor. By improving the in-depth spatial accuracy of the atom probe reconstruction, a greater accuracy of the atomic neighborhood relationships is available. This is critical in modern materials science and engineering, where an understanding of the solid solution architecture, precipitate dispersions, and descriptions of the interfaces between phases or grains are key inputs to microstructure-property relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec C Day
- Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis, and School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering,The University of Sydney,Sydney,NSW 2006,Australia
| | - Anna V Ceguerra
- Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis, and School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering,The University of Sydney,Sydney,NSW 2006,Australia
| | - Simon P Ringer
- Australian Centre for Microscopy & Microanalysis, and School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering,The University of Sydney,Sydney,NSW 2006,Australia
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Haley D, Bagot PAJ, Moody MP. DF-Fit: A Robust Algorithm for Detection of Crystallographic Information in Atom Probe Tomography Data. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2019; 25:331-337. [PMID: 30702053 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618015507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report on a new algorithm for the detection of crystallographic information in three-dimensional, as retained in atom probe tomography (APT), with improved robustness and signal detection performance. The algorithm is underpinned by one-dimensional distribution functions (DFs), as per existing algorithms, but eliminates an unnecessary parameter as compared to current methods.By examining traditional DFs in an automated fashion in real space, rather than using Fourier transform approaches, we utilize an error metric based upon the expected value for a spatially random distribution for detecting crystallography. We show cases where the metric is able to successfully obtain orientation information, and show that it can function with high levels of additive and displacive background noise. We additionally compare this metric to Fourier transform methods, showing fewer artifacts when examining simulated datasets. An extension of the approach is used to aid the automatic detection of high-quality data regions within an entire dataset, albeit with a large increase in computational cost.This extension is demonstrated on acquired aluminum and tungsten APT datasets, and shown to be able to discern regions of the data which have relatively improved spatial data quality. Finally, this program has been made available for use in other laboratories undertaking their own analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Haley
- Department of Materials,Oxford University,16 Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH,UK
| | - Paul A J Bagot
- Department of Materials,Oxford University,16 Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH,UK
| | - Michael P Moody
- Department of Materials,Oxford University,16 Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH,UK
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Boll T, Unocic KA, Pint BA, Stiller K. Interfaces in Oxides Formed on NiAlCr Doped with Y, Hf, Ti, and B. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2017; 23:396-403. [PMID: 28318469 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927617000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study applies atom probe tomography (APT) to analyze the oxide scales formed on model NiAlCr alloys doped with Hf, Y, Ti, and B. Due to its ability to measure small amounts of alloying elements in the oxide matrix and its ability to quantify segregation, the technique offers a possibility for detailed studies of the dopant's fate during high-temperature oxidation. Three model NiAlCr alloys with different additions of Hf, Y, Ti, and B were prepared and oxidized in O2 at 1,100°C for 100 h. All specimens showed an outer region consisting of different spinel oxides with relatively small grains and the protective Al2O3-oxide layer below. APT analyses focused mainly on this protective oxide layer. In all the investigated samples segregation of both Hf and Y to the oxide grain boundaries was observed and quantified. Neither B nor Ti were observed in the alumina grains or at the analyzed interfaces. The processes of formation of oxide scales and segregation of the alloying elements are discussed. The experimental challenges of the oxide analyses by APT are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Boll
- 1Department of Physics,Chalmers University of Technology,SE-412 96 Göteborg,Sweden
| | - Kinga A Unocic
- 2Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Materials Science and Technology Division,Oak Ridge,TN 37831,USA
| | - Bruce A Pint
- 2Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Materials Science and Technology Division,Oak Ridge,TN 37831,USA
| | - Krystyna Stiller
- 1Department of Physics,Chalmers University of Technology,SE-412 96 Göteborg,Sweden
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Atom probe study of B2 order and A2 disorder of the FeCo matrix in an Fe-Co-Mo-alloy. Micron 2017; 98:24-33. [PMID: 28359958 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The physical and mechanical properties of intermetallic alloys can be tailored by controlling the degree of order of the solid solution by means of heat treatments. FeCo alloys with an appropriate composition exhibit an A2-disorder↔B2-order transition during continuous cooling from the disordered bcc region. The study of atomic order in intermetallic alloys by diffraction and its influence on the material properties is well established, however, investigating magnetic FeCo-based alloys by conventional methods such as X-ray diffraction is quite challenging. Thus, the imaging of ordered FeCo-nanostructures needs to be done with high resolution techniques. Transmission electron microscopy investigations of ordered FeCo domains are difficult, due to the chemical and physical similarity of Fe and Co atoms and the ferromagnetism of the samples. In this work it will be demonstrated, that the local atomic arrangement of ordered and disordered regions in an industrial Fe-Co-Mo alloy can be successfully imaged by atom probe measurements supported by field ion microscopy and transmission Kikuchi diffraction. Furthermore, a thorough atom probe parameter study will be presented and field evaporation artefacts as a function of crystallographic orientation in Fe-Co-samples will be discussed.
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Klein T, Clemens H, Mayer S. Advancement of Compositional and Microstructural Design of Intermetallic γ-TiAl Based Alloys Determined by Atom Probe Tomography. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 9:E755. [PMID: 28773880 PMCID: PMC5457103 DOI: 10.3390/ma9090755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Advanced intermetallic alloys based on the γ-TiAl phase have become widely regarded as most promising candidates to replace heavier Ni-base superalloys as materials for high-temperature structural components, due to their facilitating properties of high creep and oxidation resistance in combination with a low density. Particularly, recently developed alloying concepts based on a β-solidification pathway, such as the so-called TNM alloy, which are already incorporated in aircraft engines, have emerged offering the advantage of being processible using near-conventional methods and the option to attain balanced mechanical properties via subsequent heat-treatment. Development trends for the improvement of alloying concepts, especially dealing with issues regarding alloying element distribution, nano-scale phase characterization, phase stability, and phase formation mechanisms demand the utilization of high-resolution techniques, mainly due to the multi-phase nature of advanced TiAl alloys. Atom probe tomography (APT) offers unique possibilities of characterizing chemical compositions with a high spatial resolution and has, therefore, been widely used in recent years with the aim of understanding the materials constitution and appearing basic phenomena on the atomic scale and applying these findings to alloy development. This review, thus, aims at summarizing scientific works regarding the application of atom probe tomography towards the understanding and further development of intermetallic TiAl alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Klein
- Department of Physical Metallurgy and Materials Testing, Montanuniversität Leoben, Roseggerstr. 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Helmut Clemens
- Department of Physical Metallurgy and Materials Testing, Montanuniversität Leoben, Roseggerstr. 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria.
| | - Svea Mayer
- Department of Physical Metallurgy and Materials Testing, Montanuniversität Leoben, Roseggerstr. 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria.
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Vurpillot F, Oberdorfer C. Modeling Atom Probe Tomography: A review. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 159 Pt 2:202-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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London A, Lozano-Perez S, Moody M, Amirthapandian S, Panigrahi B, Sundar C, Grovenor C. Quantification of oxide particle composition in model oxide dispersion strengthened steel alloys. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 159 Pt 2:360-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Restoring the lattice of Si-based atom probe reconstructions for enhanced information on dopant positioning. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 159 Pt 2:314-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Meher S, Rojhirunsakool T, Nandwana P, Tiley J, Banerjee R. Determination of solute site occupancies within γ′ precipitates in nickel-base superalloys via orientation-specific atom probe tomography. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 159 Pt 2:272-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Marceau R, Ceguerra A, Breen A, Raabe D, Ringer S. Quantitative chemical-structure evaluation using atom probe tomography: Short-range order analysis of Fe–Al. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 157:12-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Araullo-Peters VJ, Breen A, Ceguerra AV, Gault B, Ringer SP, Cairney JM. A new systematic framework for crystallographic analysis of atom probe data. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 154:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Cairney JM, Rajan K, Haley D, Gault B, Bagot PAJ, Choi PP, Felfer PJ, Ringer SP, Marceau RKW, Moody MP. Mining information from atom probe data. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 159 Pt 2:324-37. [PMID: 26095825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Whilst atom probe tomography (APT) is a powerful technique with the capacity to gather information containing hundreds of millions of atoms from a single specimen, the ability to effectively use this information creates significant challenges. The main technological bottleneck lies in handling the extremely large amounts of data on spatial-chemical correlations, as well as developing new quantitative computational foundations for image reconstruction that target critical and transformative problems in materials science. The power to explore materials at the atomic scale with the extraordinary level of sensitivity of detection offered by atom probe tomography has not been not fully harnessed due to the challenges of dealing with missing, sparse and often noisy data. Hence there is a profound need to couple the analytical tools to deal with the data challenges with the experimental issues associated with this instrument. In this paper we provide a summary of some key issues associated with the challenges, and solutions to extract or "mine" fundamental materials science information from that data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Cairney
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical, Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Krishna Rajan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Daniel Haley
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK; Max Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Paul A J Bagot
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Pyuck-Pa Choi
- Max Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter J Felfer
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical, Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Simon P Ringer
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical, Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ross K W Marceau
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Technology Precinct, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Michael P Moody
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
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Takahashi J, Haga J, Kawakami K, Ushioda K. Observation of co-segregation of titanium and boron at the interface between recrystallized and unrecrystallized grains in cold-rolled interstitial-free steel sheets. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 159 Pt 2:299-307. [PMID: 25896291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that the addition of ppm levels of B strongly retarded the growth of recrystallized grain into unrecrystallized grains in the process of cold-rolling and annealing of Ti-added interstitial-free (IF) ferritic steels. This phenomenon was explained by solute drag effect based on the assumption that, during annealing, B atoms segregate at the interface between recrystallized and unrecrystallized grains where they interact with Ti atoms. To verify this, atom probe tomography analysis of the interface was performed in Ti-added IF steels with and without B addition. Needle tips containing the interface identified from electron backscattering diffraction analysis, were produced by focused ion beam milling with the lift-out method. To increase the experiment reliability, the misorientation angle of the aimed interface was compared with that estimated by field ion microscopy analysis. Considerable amount of Ti segregation was observed at the interface in the steel without B addition, which increased with increasing amount of B segregation in the steel with B addition. The results suggest that the retardation of the interface migration was caused by solute drag effect based on the simultaneous co-segregation of Ti and B due to their attractive interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Takahashi
- Advanced Technology Research Laboratories, Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation, 20-1 Shintomi, Futtsu-city, Chiba 293-8511, Japan.
| | - J Haga
- Advanced Technology Research Laboratories, Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation, 20-1 Shintomi, Futtsu-city, Chiba 293-8511, Japan
| | - K Kawakami
- Advanced Technology Research Laboratories, Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation, 20-1 Shintomi, Futtsu-city, Chiba 293-8511, Japan
| | - K Ushioda
- Advanced Technology Research Laboratories, Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation, 20-1 Shintomi, Futtsu-city, Chiba 293-8511, Japan
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22
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Probing the crystallography of ordered Phases by coupling of orientation microscopy with atom probe tomography. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 148:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Kelly TF, Miller MK, Rajan K, Ringer SP. Atomic-scale tomography: a 2020 vision. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2013; 19:652-664. [PMID: 23668837 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927613000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Atomic-scale tomography (AST) is defined and its place in microscopy is considered. Arguments are made that AST, as defined, would be the ultimate microscopy. The available pathways for achieving AST are examined and we conclude that atom probe tomography (APT) may be a viable basis for AST on its own and that APT in conjunction with transmission electron microscopy is a likely path as well. Some possible configurations of instrumentation for achieving AST are described. The concept of metaimages is introduced where data from multiple techniques are melded to create synergies in a multidimensional data structure. When coupled with integrated computational materials engineering, structure-properties microscopy is envisioned. The implications of AST for science and technology are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Kelly
- Cameca Instruments Inc., 5500 Nobel Drive, Suite 100, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
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24
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Interpretation of atom probe tomography data for the intermetallic TiAl+Nb by means of field evaporation simulation. Ultramicroscopy 2013; 124:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Suram SK, Rajan K. Refining spatial distribution maps for atom probe tomography via data dimensionality reduction methods. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2012; 18:941-952. [PMID: 23046678 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927612001171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A mathematical framework based on singular value decomposition is used to analyze the covariance among interatomic frequency distributions in spatial distribution maps (SDMs). Using this approach, singular vectors that capture the covariance within the SDM data are obtained. The structurally relevant singular vectors (SRSVs) are identified. Using the SRSVs, we extract information from z-SDMs that not only captures the offset between the atomic planes but also captures the covariance in the atomic structure among the neighborhood atomic planes. These refined z-SDMs classify the Δ(Δz) slices in the SDMs into structurally relevant information, noise, and aberrations. The SRSVs are used to construct refined xy-SDMs that provide enhanced structural information for three-dimensional atom probe tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh K Suram
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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26
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Boll T, Zhu ZY, Al-Kassab T, Schwingenschlögl U. Atom probe tomography simulations and density functional theory calculations of bonding energies in Cu3Au. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2012; 18:964-970. [PMID: 23095446 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927612001365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this article the Cu-Au binding energy in Cu3Au is determined by comparing experimental atom probe tomography (APT) results to simulations. The resulting bonding energy is supported by density functional theory calculations. The APT simulations are based on the Müller-Schottky equation, which is modified to include different atomic neighborhoods and their characteristic bonds. The local environment is considered up to the fifth next nearest neighbors. To compare the experimental with simulated APT data, the AtomVicinity algorithm, which provides statistical information about the positions of the neighboring atoms, is applied. The quality of this information is influenced by the field evaporation behavior of the different species, which is connected to the bonding energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Boll
- Institut für Materialphysik, Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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27
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Gault B, Moody MP, Cairney JM, Ringer SP. Analysis Techniques for Atom Probe Tomography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3436-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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28
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Gault B, Loi ST, Araullo-Peters VJ, Stephenson LT, Moody MP, Shrestha SL, Marceau RK, Yao L, Cairney JM, Ringer SP. Dynamic reconstruction for atom probe tomography. Ultramicroscopy 2011; 111:1619-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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29
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Rademacher T, Al-Kassab T, Deges J, Kirchheim R. Ordering and site occupancy of D03 ordered Fe3Al–5at%Cr evaluated by means of atom probe tomography. Ultramicroscopy 2011; 111:719-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Atom probe crystallography: Characterization of grain boundary orientation relationships in nanocrystalline aluminium. Ultramicroscopy 2011; 111:493-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Torres K, Geiser B, Moody M, Ringer S, Thompson G. Field evaporation behavior in [001] FePt thin films. Ultramicroscopy 2011; 111:512-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Yao L, Moody M, Cairney J, Haley D, Ceguerra A, Zhu C, Ringer S. Crystallographic structural analysis in atom probe microscopy via 3D Hough transformation. Ultramicroscopy 2011; 111:458-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Moody MP, Gault B, Stephenson LT, Marceau RKW, Powles RC, Ceguerra AV, Breen AJ, Ringer SP. Lattice rectification in atom probe tomography: toward true three-dimensional atomic microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2011; 17:226-239. [PMID: 21382222 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927610094535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Atom probe tomography (APT) represents a significant step toward atomic resolution microscopy, analytically imaging individual atoms with highly accurate, though imperfect, chemical identity and three-dimensional (3D) positional information. Here, a technique to retrieve crystallographic information from raw APT data and restore the lattice-specific atomic configuration of the original specimen is presented. This lattice rectification technique has been applied to a pure metal, W, and then to the analysis of a multicomponent Al alloy. Significantly, the atoms are located to their true lattice sites not by an averaging, but by triangulation of each particular atom detected in the 3D atom-by-atom reconstruction. Lattice rectification of raw APT reconstruction provides unprecedented detail as to the fundamental solute hierarchy of the solid solution. Atomic clustering has been recognized as important in affecting alloy behavior, such as for the Al-1.1 Cu-1.7 Mg (at. %) investigated here, which exhibits a remarkable rapid hardening reaction during the early stages of aging, linked to clustering of solutes. The technique has enabled lattice-site and species-specific radial distribution functions, nearest-neighbor analyses, and short-range order parameters, and we demonstrate a characterization of solute-clustering with unmatched sensitivity and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Moody
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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34
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Oberdorfer C, Schmitz G. On the field evaporation behavior of dielectric materials in three-dimensional atom probe: a numeric simulation. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2011; 17:15-25. [PMID: 20883599 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927610093888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
As a major improvement in three-dimensional (3D) atom probe, the range of applicable material classes has recently been broadened by the establishment of laser-assisted atom probes (LA-3DAP). Meanwhile, measurements of materials of low conductivity, such as dielectrics, ceramics, and semiconductors, have widely been demonstrated. However, besides different evaporation probabilities, heterogeneous dielectric properties are expected to give rise to additional artifacts in the 3D volume reconstruction on which the method is based. In this article, these conceivable artifacts are discussed based on a numeric simulation of the field evaporation. Sample tips of layer- or precipitate-type geometry are considered. It is demonstrated that dielectric materials tend to behave similarly to metals of reduced critical evaporation field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Oberdorfer
- Institute of Materials Physics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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35
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Moody MP, Gault B, Stephenson LT, Haley D, Ringer SP. Qualification of the tomographic reconstruction in atom probe by advanced spatial distribution map techniques. Ultramicroscopy 2009; 109:815-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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