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Xia Y, Liu J, Zhang X, Zhou R. Theoretical Insights into Energy Absorption and Charge Draining during Field Evaporation Assisted by Femtosecond Laser Pulses. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:9338-9345. [PMID: 34652158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c06523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Manipulation of laser-assisted field evaporation taking place at a sub-picosecond time scale relies on a full understanding of the dynamics at a microscopic level. We use first-principles methods to investigate the mechanism of energy absorption and charge draining during fast evaporation of silicon in a high electrostatic field with ultrafast-laser illumination. The results show that laser energy absorption to trigger field evaporation can be described by an effective cross section, which depends on the photon frequency and the static field strength. The cross section is not affected by pulse duration or laser intensity, indicating that the absorption is first-order. It is found that the charge state of the evaporating ion fluctuates due to the collective excitation of electrons. The average charge state does not depend on laser parameters but only on the static field strength, in agreement with experimental observations. Our work provides theoretical insights into the manipulation of modern atom probe tomography and other ultrafast-laser-induced phenomena in high electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- School of Physics and Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Education, No. 351 Xingang Zhong Road, Guangzhou 510303, China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- School of Physics and Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Education, No. 351 Xingang Zhong Road, Guangzhou 510303, China
| | - Xingchu Zhang
- School of Physics and Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Education, No. 351 Xingang Zhong Road, Guangzhou 510303, China
| | - Renlong Zhou
- School of Physics and Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Education, No. 351 Xingang Zhong Road, Guangzhou 510303, China
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2
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Ohnuma T. First-Principles Calculation of the Evaporation Field and Roll-up Effect of M (M = Fe, Cu, Si, and Mn) on the Fe (001) and Fe Step Structure. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 28:1-7. [PMID: 33691820 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
First-principles calculations were performed on the evaporation field of Fe, Cu, Mn, and Si in Fe (001) and on the evaporation field and roll-up effect of Fe, Cu, and Mn in the Fe (001) step structure. The larger the evaporation barrier energy tendency, at an electric field of 0 V/nm (absorption energy), the larger was the evaporation field. Electric field evaporation calculation results indicate that the order in which the electric field is easily evaporated is Mn > Cu > Fe > Si. The tendency that Mn and Cu evaporate more easily than does Fe and that the evaporation of Si is less probable is consistent with the experiment of a dilute element in steel. In the Fe (001) step structure, when the electric field is low, the roll-up effect where the evaporated atoms move on the step is large, and when the electric field is large, the roll-up effect is small. The roll-up effect of Cu was almost the same as that of Fe, and the roll-up effect of Mn was small because the chemical bond between Mn and Fe was weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Ohnuma
- Materials Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-6-1 Nagasaka, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa-ken240-0196, Japan
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Ohnuma T. Surface Diffusion of Fe and Cu on Fe (001) Under Electric Field Using First-Principles Calculations. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2019; 25:547-553. [PMID: 30712529 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618015738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
First-principles calculations were performed to determine the Fe on Fe (001) evaporation field and to characterize the surface diffusion of Fe and Cu on Fe (001) and on a step structure under an applied electric field. The evaporation field of Fe on Fe (001) was calculated by the nudged elastic band (NEB) method, using the combination of the effective screening medium and constant electrode potential methods to obtain a condition of constant electric field. The calculated evaporation field of Fe on Fe (001) was 32.4 V/nm, which agrees well with the experimental value. In the surface diffusion of Fe and Cu on Fe (001) and on a step structure, the activation barrier energies were determined by the NEB method with constant applied electric field. It was found that Cu diffuse more easily on the Fe (001) and step structure than Fe under an applied electric field. The activation barrier energy of surface diffusion in the saddle point configuration is small when the distance between Cu and Fe on the surface is larger, and the activation barrier energy becomes smaller when passing through a path far away from the surface due to the effect of the electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Ohnuma
- Materials Science Research Laboratory,Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI),2-6-1 Nagasaka,Yokosuka-shi,Kanagawa-ken 240-0196,Japan
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4
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Xia Y. Hole accumulation effect on Laser-assisted field evaporation of insulators. Ultramicroscopy 2018; 196:121-128. [PMID: 30359791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Current issues associated with laser-assisted atom probe tomography of insulators are addressed by investigating laser-induced carrier dynamics and field evaporation kinetics. It is shown that for typical insulators with slow carrier recombination compared to the sub-picosecond laser pulse, hole accumulation at the surface plays a key role. By carrying out density functional theory calculations on a MgO cluster, it is found that the critical evaporation field strength decreases linearly as the surface hole density increases. This phenomenon can be explained by the hole-induced electric field. The evaporation of neutral oxygen is enhanced at low electrostatic field strength and high laser intensity. Theoretical insight is also provided for the non-stoichiometry problem in the mass spectra measured in atom probe tomography of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- The State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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La Fontaine A, Piazolo S, Trimby P, Yang L, Cairney JM. Laser-Assisted Atom Probe Tomography of Deformed Minerals: A Zircon Case Study. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2017; 23:404-413. [PMID: 28134066 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616012745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The application of atom probe tomography to the study of minerals is a rapidly growing area. Picosecond-pulsed, ultraviolet laser (UV-355 nm) assisted atom probe tomography has been used to analyze trace element mobility within dislocations and low-angle boundaries in plastically deformed specimens of the nonconductive mineral zircon (ZrSiO4), a key material to date the earth's geological events. Here we discuss important experimental aspects inherent in the atom probe tomography investigation of this important mineral, providing insights into the challenges in atom probe tomography characterization of minerals as a whole. We studied the influence of atom probe tomography analysis parameters on features of the mass spectra, such as the thermal tail, as well as the overall data quality. Three zircon samples with different uranium and lead content were analyzed, and particular attention was paid to ion identification in the mass spectra and detection limits of the key trace elements, lead and uranium. We also discuss the correlative use of electron backscattered diffraction in a scanning electron microscope to map the deformation in the zircon grains, and the combined use of transmission Kikuchi diffraction and focused ion beam sample preparation to assist preparation of the final atom probe tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre La Fontaine
- 1School of Aerospace, Mechanical, Mechatronic Engineering,The University of Sydney,NSW 2006,Australia
| | - Sandra Piazolo
- 3Department of Earth and Planetary Science,Macquarie University,NSW 2109,Australia
| | - Patrick Trimby
- 2Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis,The University of Sydney,NSW 2006,Australia
| | - Limei Yang
- 2Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis,The University of Sydney,NSW 2006,Australia
| | - Julie M Cairney
- 1School of Aerospace, Mechanical, Mechatronic Engineering,The University of Sydney,NSW 2006,Australia
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6
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Xia Y, Li Z. Laser-assisted field evaporation of metal oxides: A time-dependent density functional theory study. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:204704. [PMID: 27908142 DOI: 10.1063/1.4968213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand laser-assisted field evaporation of semiconductors and insulators at the microscopic level, we study the time evolution of the electronic and atomic structure of a MgO cluster in high electrostatic fields subjected to strong laser pulses. We find that the critical laser intensity for evaporation decreases linearly as the electrostatic field strength increases. The optical absorption enhancement in high electrostatic field is confirmed by the redshift of the optical absorption spectra, the reduction of the energy gap, and the increase of the absorption cross section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135 Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibing Li
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135 Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
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Reconstruction Method for Atom Probe Tomography by Using Field Emission Microscopy. E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2016.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Karahka M, Kreuzer H. Field evaporation of insulators and semiconductors: Theoretical insights for ZnO. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 159 Pt 2:156-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Vurpillot F, Oberdorfer C. Modeling Atom Probe Tomography: A review. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 159 Pt 2:202-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Baik SI, Ma L, Kim YJ, Li B, Liu M, Isheim D, Yakobson BI, Ajayan PM, Seidman DN. An Atomistic Tomographic Study of Oxygen and Hydrogen Atoms and their Molecules in CVD Grown Graphene. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:5968-5974. [PMID: 26450564 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201501679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The properties and growth processes of graphene are greatly influenced by the elemental distributions of impurity atoms and their functional groups within or on the hexagonal carbon lattice. Oxygen and hydrogen atoms and their functional molecules (OH, CO, and CO2 ) positions' and chemical identities are tomographically mapped in three dimensions in a graphene monolayer film grown on a copper substrate, at the atomic part-per-million (atomic ppm) detection level, employing laser assisted atom-probe tomography. The atomistic plan and cross-sectional views of graphene indicate that oxygen, hydrogen, and their co-functionalities, OH, CO, and CO2 , which are locally clustered under or within the graphene lattice. The experimental 3D atomistic portrait of the chemistry is combined with computational density-functional theory (DFT) calculations to enhance the understanding of the surface state of graphene, the positions of the chemical functional groups, their interactions with the underlying Cu substrate, and their influences on the growth of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Il Baik
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Northwestern University Center for Atom-Probe Tomography (NUCAPT), Evanston, 60208, IL, USA
| | - Lulu Ma
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Yoon-Jun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, KOREA
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Mingjie Liu
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Dieter Isheim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Northwestern University Center for Atom-Probe Tomography (NUCAPT), Evanston, 60208, IL, USA
| | - Boris I Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Pulickel M Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - David N Seidman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Northwestern University Center for Atom-Probe Tomography (NUCAPT), Evanston, 60208, IL, USA
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La Fontaine A, Gault B, Breen A, Stephenson L, Ceguerra AV, Yang L, Nguyen TD, Zhang J, Young DJ, Cairney JM. Interpreting atom probe data from chromium oxide scales. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 159 Pt 2:354-9. [PMID: 25796357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Picosecond-pulsed ultraviolet-laser (UV-355 nm) assisted atom probe tomography (APT) was used to analyze protective, thermally grown chromium oxides formed on stainless steel. The influence of analysis parameters on the thermal tail observed in the mass spectra and the chemical composition is investigated. A new parameter termed "laser sensitivity factor" is introduced in order to quantify the effect of laser energy on the extent of the thermal tail. This parameter is used to compare the effect of increasing laser energy on thermal tails in chromia and chromite samples. Also explored is the effect of increasing laser energy on the measured oxygen content and the effect of specimen base temperature and laser pulse frequency on the mass spectrum. Finally, we report a preliminary analysis of molecular ion dissociations in chromia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre La Fontaine
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical, Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Andrew Breen
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical, Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Leigh Stephenson
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical, Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Anna V Ceguerra
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical, Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Limei Yang
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical, Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Thuan Dinh Nguyen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - David J Young
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Julie M Cairney
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical, Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Vella A. On the interaction of an ultra-fast laser with a nanometric tip by laser assisted atom probe tomography: A review. Ultramicroscopy 2013; 132:5-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Atom probe tomography of thermally grown oxide scale on FeCrAl. Ultramicroscopy 2013; 132:279-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Field evaporation of oxides: A theoretical study. Ultramicroscopy 2013; 132:54-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Devaraj A, Colby R, Hess WP, Perea DE, Thevuthasan S. Role of Photoexcitation and Field Ionization in the Measurement of Accurate Oxide Stoichiometry by Laser-Assisted Atom Probe Tomography. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:993-8. [PMID: 26291366 DOI: 10.1021/jz400015h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The addition of pulsed lasers to atom probe tomography (APT) extends its high spatial and mass resolution capability to nonconducting materials, such as oxides. For a prototypical metal oxide, MgO, the measured stoichiometry depends strongly on the laser pulse energy and applied voltage. Very low laser energies (0.02 pJ) and high electric fields yield optimal stoichiometric accuracy. Correlated APT and aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used to establish the high density of corner and terrace sites on MgO sample surfaces before and after APT. For MgO, long-lifetime photoexcited holes localized at oxygen corner sites can assist in the creation of oxygen neutrals that may spontaneously desorb either as atomic O or as molecular O2. The observed trends are best explained by the relative field-dependent ionization of photodesorbed O or O2 neutrals. These results emphasize the importance of considering electronic excitations in APT analysis of oxide materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Devaraj
- †Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and ‡Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - R Colby
- †Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and ‡Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - W P Hess
- †Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and ‡Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - D E Perea
- †Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and ‡Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - S Thevuthasan
- †Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory and ‡Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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Williams C, Smith G, Marquis E. Quantifying the composition of yttrium and oxygen rich nanoparticles in oxide dispersion strengthened steels. Ultramicroscopy 2013; 125:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Kuchibhatla SVNT, Shutthanandan V, Prosa TJ, Adusumilli P, Arey B, Buxbaum A, Wang YC, Tessner T, Ulfig R, Wang CM, Thevuthasan S. Three-dimensional chemical imaging of embedded nanoparticles using atom probe tomography. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:215704. [PMID: 22551877 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/21/215704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of nanoparticles is often challenging especially when they are embedded in a matrix. Hence, we have used laser-assisted atom probe tomography (APT) to analyze the Au nanoclusters synthesized in situ using ion-beam implantation in a single crystal MgO matrix. APT analysis along with scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (STEM-EDX) indicated that the nanoparticles have an average size ~8-12 nm. While it is difficult to analyze the composition of individual nanoparticles using STEM, APT analysis can give three-dimensional compositions of the same. It was shown that the maximum Au concentration in the nanoparticles increases with increasing particle size, with a maximum Au concentration of up to 50%.
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Chen Y, Ohkubo T, Hono K. Laser assisted field evaporation of oxides in atom probe analysis. Ultramicroscopy 2011; 111:562-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hono K, Ohkubo T, Chen Y, Kodzuka M, Oh-ishi K, Sepehri-Amin H, Li F, Kinno T, Tomiya S, Kanitani Y. Broadening the applications of the atom probe technique by ultraviolet femtosecond laser. Ultramicroscopy 2011; 111:576-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2010] [Revised: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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