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Brettschneider J, Kraemer P. Analytical and experimental analysis of guided waves in an aluminum plate under bending load. ULTRASONICS 2024; 141:107324. [PMID: 38759253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Although guided waves offer great potential for monitoring various structures, interpreting signals from piezoelectric sensors remains a challenging task. One main reason is the significant influence of environmental conditions on the wave propagation. A lot of research has already been done on the influence of temperature effects and recently more attention has been shifted towards loads. While previous publications have mainly focused on uni- or bi-directional loads, this publication expands the developed models to include bending loads. After reviewing the analytical basis of acoustoelasticity, the derived equations are expanded to nonhomogeneous elastic bending loads using the partial wave method. The analysis is completed using recent results developed by C. Hakoda and C. J. Lissenden (2018) [1], that gave more physical insight in the propagation of guided waves in various frequency-bands. The focus of the experimental analysis is around the fundamental S0- and A0-Modes of Lamb waves. To validate the analytical results an aluminum plate is instrumented using piezoelectric transducers and loaded with varying bending loads. The experimental results are in good agreement with the analytical theory and demonstrate the influence of bending prestress on guided wave propagation. Based on these results an innovative measurement method for bending loads is developed, that is robust to small temperature changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Brettschneider
- Chair of Mechanics with focus on Structural Health Monitoring, University of Siegen, Paul-Bonatz-Straße 9-11, 57076 Siegen, Germany.
| | - Peter Kraemer
- Chair of Mechanics with focus on Structural Health Monitoring, University of Siegen, Paul-Bonatz-Straße 9-11, 57076 Siegen, Germany
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Zeng S, Zhu J, Zhong B, Li X. Thermo-acoustoelastic effect of Rayleigh wave: Theory and experimental verification. ULTRASONICS 2023; 131:106948. [PMID: 36780767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2023.106948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that the thermally-induced ultrasonic bulk wave velocity change could be used to measure acoustoelastic coefficients and third-order elastic constants of elastic materials. This method is naturally immune from the ambient temperature effect and has improved sensitivity and a simpler test setup than the conventional acoustoelastic test. However, Rayleigh wave is preferred for thick components or structures with only one accessible surface. In this work, the thermo-hyperelastic constitutive equation, along with acoustoelastic theory, is used to derive the expression of the thermo-acoustoelastic coefficient (TAEC) of Rayleigh wave. The numerical relationship between the TAEC of Rayleigh wave and Murnaghan constants (l, m and n) are given for common metals. The TAEC expressions for Rayleigh wave and shear wave are similar, and both are dominated by the constant m. The TAEC of Rayleigh wave was measured on an aluminum 6061 specimen using the thermal modulation experiment in a temperature range of 22 ∼35 °C. The measured TAEC shows good agreement with the theoretical calculation. Then the third-order elastic constants were calculated based on TAECs of bulk waves and Rayleigh wave.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyang Zeng
- School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, No. 22, Shaoshan South Road, Changsha, 410075, Hunan, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1110 S 67th St., Omaha, 68182, NE, USA.
| | - Jinying Zhu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1110 S 67th St., Omaha, 68182, NE, USA.
| | - Bibo Zhong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1110 S 67th St., Omaha, 68182, NE, USA.
| | - Xiongbing Li
- School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, No. 22, Shaoshan South Road, Changsha, 410075, Hunan, China.
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Li Y, Chen S, Zhou Y, Hong C, Zeng H, Dai P, Yang Y, Deng C, Yang D. First-principles calculations to investigate Third-order Elastic Constant, Anharmonicity and Temperature Dependent Second Elastic Constant of Thermoelectric Materials Cu3MSe4(M = V and Nb). Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.140254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Zhu H, Ng CT, Kotousov A. Low-frequency Lamb wave mixing for fatigue damage evaluation using phase-reversal approach. ULTRASONICS 2022; 124:106768. [PMID: 35609440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2022.106768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fatigue damage is difficult to detect and evaluate non-destructively, specifically at its early stages (before the macro-crack formation). In this study, fatigue damage is evaluated based on the growth rate of the combinational harmonics generated by mixing of two fundamental symmetric mode (S0) of Lamb waves in the low frequency range. The incorporation of the phase reversal approach to the wave mixing method could potentially improve the evaluation of the combinational and second harmonics and avoid the influence of other undesirable harmonics. A series of parametric case studies are carried out using the three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) method to investigate the effects of the excitation frequencies and time delay of the incident waves in wave mixing on the transient response of a weakly-nonlinear material. The numerical results and experimental results show that the sum combinational harmonic and second harmonics are sensitive to weak material nonlinearities. Further experiments on damaged samples by cyclic loading demonstrate that the sum combinational harmonic has much better sensitivity to the progressive fatigue damage than the the second harmonics. In general, the outcomes of this study indicate that the damage evaluation of early stage fatigue damage is feasible and effective with the wave mixing method using the S0 waves generated at low frequency, and the phase-reversal approach improves considerably the quality of experimental results in the fatigue damage evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hankai Zhu
- School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Ching Tai Ng
- School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Andrei Kotousov
- School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Gartsev S, Zuo P, Rjelka M, Mayer A, Köhler B. Nonlinear interaction of Rayleigh waves in isotropic materials: Numerical and experimental investigation. ULTRASONICS 2022; 122:106664. [PMID: 35144078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2021.106664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface treatment intensity monitoring is still an open and challenging nondestructive testing problem. For the estimation of residual stress with ultrasonic measurements, local linear and nonlinear elastic constants are needed as input. In this paper, nonlinear elastic-wave interactions (also called wave mixing or scattering) - namely, the generation of secondary ultrasonic waves in a nonlinear medium - are considered as a prospective means for near-surface nonlinear elastic parameter evaluation. The allowed interactions between bulk and surface waves, as well as the dependence of the scattering efficiency on the frequency and angle between source waves, were investigated through an analytical model, then compared with FEM simulations and experimental results. Finally, possible future steps for the development of the applied methods for the determination of near-surface higher-order elastic constants are discussed. In addition, several problem-relevant data processing procedures are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Gartsev
- Fraunhofer IKTS, Maria Reiche Str. 2, 01109 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Peng Zuo
- Imperial College London, City and Guilds Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Marek Rjelka
- Fraunhofer IKTS, Maria Reiche Str. 2, 01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Mayer
- Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Klosterstr. 14, 77723 Gengenbach, Germany
| | - Bernd Köhler
- Fraunhofer IKTS, Maria Reiche Str. 2, 01109 Dresden, Germany
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Liu H, Liu T, Yang P, Liu Y, Gao S, Li Y, Li T, Wang Y. Design and experiment of array Rayleigh wave-EMAT for plane stress measurement. ULTRASONICS 2022; 120:106639. [PMID: 34953343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2021.106639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Rayleigh wave excited by the electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) is an effective selection for surface plane stress measurement. However, the propagation velocity of Rayleigh wave on the metal surface is easily affected by the original rolling process. Besides, the direction of the plane stress state is usually unknown, which means that the propagation velocity cannot be expressed linearly by the stress. As a result, the traditional measurement model of one transmitter and one receiver can only realize the decouple of plane stress components by rotating method, which not only brings position error but also low measurement efficiency. Therefore, this paper focuses on a novel Rayleigh wave-EMAT for plane stress ultrasonic measurement. Firstly, the Rayleigh wave measurement model is established based on the acoustoelastic equation and displacement expression. Furthermore, an array Rayleigh wave-EMATintegrating three transmitters and three receivers is designed. Finally, the typical plane stress state of 5052 aluminum alloy plate after friction stir welding (FSW) is measured. The experimental results show good agreement compared with the hole-drilling method, which verifies the effectiveness of proposed method and designed EMAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Liu
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Tianran Liu
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Peixun Yang
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yankun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Sijia Gao
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yapeng Li
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Te Li
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yongqing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
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