1
|
Hrytsyna O, Sladek J, Sladek V, Deng Q, Hrytsyna M. Rayleigh wave propagation in centrosymmetric materials with micro-stiffness, flexoelectric and micro-inertia effects. Ultrasonics 2024; 141:107317. [PMID: 38657430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
A theoretical investigation of Rayleigh waves propagation in polarized media has been carried out using a reformulated flexoelectric theory for isotropic dielectrics with micro-inertia effect. Within this non-classical theory, the internal energy density is the functional of the strain tensor, dilatation gradient, deviatoric part of stretch gradient and rotation gradient tensors, polarization vector, and polarization gradient. The obtained system of governing equations additionally contains three material length-scale parameters to account the micro-stiffness effect, one material constant to capture the micro-inertia effect, two flexoelectric constants to describe the flexoelectric effect and three length scale parameters related to the polarization gradient. To solve the coupled governing equations, the method of Lamé-type potentials for mechanical displacement and electric polarization vectors is used. The influences of various factors such as micro-stiffness, flexoelectricity, electric quadrupoles and micro-inertia effects on the phase velocity of the Rayleigh waves in a homogeneous isotropic half-space are studied. It is found that above effects become significant with the increase of the wavenumber. This study can be important for the investigation of high frequency surface acoustic waves in dielectric materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Hrytsyna
- Department of Mechanics, Institute of Construction and Architecture Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 84503, Slovakia.
| | - J Sladek
- Department of Mechanics, Institute of Construction and Architecture Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 84503, Slovakia.
| | - V Sladek
- Department of Mechanics, Institute of Construction and Architecture Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 84503, Slovakia.
| | - Q Deng
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road, 1037 Wuhan, China.
| | - M Hrytsyna
- Department of Mechanics, Institute of Construction and Architecture Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 84503, Slovakia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Masud AA, Liu J. Ultrasonic surface acoustic wave elastography: A review of basic theories, technical developments, and medical applications. Med Phys 2024. [PMID: 38597908 DOI: 10.1002/mp.17063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Physiological and pathological changes in tissues often cause changes in tissue mechanical properties, making tissue elastography an effective modality in medical imaging. Among the existing elastography methods, ultrasound elastography is of great interest due to the inherent advantages of ultrasound imaging technology, such as low cost, portability, safety, and wide availability. However, most current ultrasound elastography methods are based on the bulk shear wave; they can image deep tissues but cannot image superficial tissues. To address this challenge, ultrasonic elastography methods based on surface acoustic waves have been proposed. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of ultrasound-based surface acoustic wave elastography techniques, including their theoretical foundations, technical implementations, and existing medical applications. The goal is to provide a concise summary of the state-of-the-art of this field, hoping to offer a reliable reference for the further development of these techniques and foster the expansion of their medical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Masud
- Biomedical Acoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Jingfei Liu
- Biomedical Acoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schulmeyer P, Weihnacht M, Schmidt H. A Dual-Mode Surface Acoustic Wave Delay Line for the Detection of Ice on 64°-Rotated Y-Cut Lithium Niobate. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:2292. [PMID: 38610503 PMCID: PMC11014197 DOI: 10.3390/s24072292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Ice accumulation on infrastructure poses severe safety risks and economic losses, necessitating effective detection and monitoring solutions. This study introduces a novel approach employing surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors, known for their small size, wireless operation, energy self-sufficiency, and retrofit capability. Utilizing a SAW dual-mode delay line device on a 64°-rotated Y-cut lithium niobate substrate, we demonstrate a solution for combined ice detection and temperature measurement. In addition to the shear-horizontal polarized leaky SAW, our findings reveal an electrically excitable Rayleigh-type wave in the X+90° direction on the same cut. Experimental results in a temperature chamber confirm capability for reliable differentiation between liquid water and ice loading and simultaneous temperature measurements. This research presents a promising advancement in addressing safety concerns and economic losses associated with ice accretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schulmeyer
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | | | - Hagen Schmidt
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang W, Yang Q, Liao J, Ramadan S, Fan X, Hu S, Liu X, Luo J, Tao R, Fu C. Integrated Rayleigh wave streaming-enhanced sensitivity of shear horizontal surface acoustic wave biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 247:115944. [PMID: 38141441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Shear horizontal surface acoustic wave (SH-SAW) sensors are regarded as a promising alternative for label-free, sensitive, real time and low-cost detection. Nevertheless, achieving high sensitivity with SH-SAW has approached its limit imposed by the mass transport and probe-target affinity. We present here an SH-SAW biosensor accompanied by a unique Rayleigh wave-based actuator. The platform assembled on an ST-quartz substrate consists of dual-channel SH-SAW delay lines fabricated along a 90°-rotated direction, whilst another interdigital electrode (IDT) is orthogonally placed to generate Rayleigh waves so as to induce favourable streaming in the bio-chamber, enhancing the binding efficiency of the bio-target. Theoretical foundation and simulation have shown that Rayleigh acoustic streaming generates a level of agitation that accelerates the mass transport of the biomolecules to the surface. A fourfold improvement in sensitivity is achieved compared with conventional SH-SAW biosensors by means of complementary DNA hybridization with the aid of the Rayleigh wave device, giving a sensitivity level up to 6.15 Hz/(ng/mL) and a limit of detection of 0.617 ng/mL. This suggests that the proposed scheme could improve the sensitivity of SAW biosensors in real-time detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Huang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China; School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Qutong Yang
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jiahui Liao
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Sami Ramadan
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoming Fan
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Shenghe Hu
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jingting Luo
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Ran Tao
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Chen Fu
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu H, Zou M, Sun J, Wang Y, Wang M. A Numerical Study of the Dynamic Crack Behavior of Brittle Material Induced by Blast Waves. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:7142. [PMID: 38005072 PMCID: PMC10672698 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Blast stress waves profoundly impact engineering structures, exciting and affecting the rupture process in brittle construction materials. A novel numerical model was introduced to investigate the initiation and propagation of cracks subjected to blast stress waves within the borehole-crack configuration. Twelve models were established with different crack lengths to simulate sandstone samples. The influence of crack length on crack initiation and propagation was investigated using those models. The linear equation of state was used to express the relationship between the pressure and density of the material. The major principal stress failure criterion was used to evaluate the failure of elements. A triangular pressure curve was adopted to produce the blast stress wave. The results indicated that the pre-crack length critically influenced the crack initiation and propagation mechanism by analyzing the stress history at the crack tip, crack propagation velocity, and distance. The inducement of a P-wave and S-wave is paramount in models with a short pre-crack. For long pre-crack models, Rayleigh waves significantly contribute to crack propagation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China;
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;
- Sichuan Shu-Neng Mineral Co., Ltd., Leshan 614600, China
| | - Ming Zou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;
| | - Jinshan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China;
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yuntao Wang
- Tianfu Engineering-Oriented Numerical Simulation & Software Innovation Center, Chengdu 610207, China;
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China;
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;
- Tianfu Engineering-Oriented Numerical Simulation & Software Innovation Center, Chengdu 610207, China;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Prikazchikov D, Sabirova R, Wootton PT. Seismic metasurface on an orthorhombic elastic half-space. Sci Prog 2023; 106:368504231206320. [PMID: 38116779 PMCID: PMC10664455 DOI: 10.1177/00368504231206320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The article is studying a seismic meta-surface in the case of an oscillatory system arranged on the surface of an orthorhombic elastic half-space. The approach is based on the asymptotic hyperbolic-elliptic formulation for the Rayleigh wave excited by prescribed surface loading. The latter results in hyperbolic equations for surface displacements, with the right-hand sides involving the loading components. The derived model allows a formulation for the meta-surface in the form of a periodic spring-mass system attached to the surface as a hyperbolic equation for the horizontal displacement, with smooth contact stresses emerging from averaging the effect of a regular array of oscillators. The associated dispersion relation is constructed and illustrated numerically for both cases of exponential and oscillatory decay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roza Sabirova
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Modeling, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Peter T Wootton
- School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Keele University, Keele, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zeng S, Zhu J, Zhong B, Li X. Thermo-acoustoelastic effect of Rayleigh wave: Theory and experimental verification. Ultrasonics 2023; 131:106948. [PMID: 36780767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2023.106948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that the thermally-induced ultrasonic bulk wave velocity change could be used to measure acoustoelastic coefficients and third-order elastic constants of elastic materials. This method is naturally immune from the ambient temperature effect and has improved sensitivity and a simpler test setup than the conventional acoustoelastic test. However, Rayleigh wave is preferred for thick components or structures with only one accessible surface. In this work, the thermo-hyperelastic constitutive equation, along with acoustoelastic theory, is used to derive the expression of the thermo-acoustoelastic coefficient (TAEC) of Rayleigh wave. The numerical relationship between the TAEC of Rayleigh wave and Murnaghan constants (l, m and n) are given for common metals. The TAEC expressions for Rayleigh wave and shear wave are similar, and both are dominated by the constant m. The TAEC of Rayleigh wave was measured on an aluminum 6061 specimen using the thermal modulation experiment in a temperature range of 22 ∼35 °C. The measured TAEC shows good agreement with the theoretical calculation. Then the third-order elastic constants were calculated based on TAECs of bulk waves and Rayleigh wave.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengyang Zeng
- School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, No. 22, Shaoshan South Road, Changsha, 410075, Hunan, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1110 S 67th St., Omaha, 68182, NE, USA.
| | - Jinying Zhu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1110 S 67th St., Omaha, 68182, NE, USA.
| | - Bibo Zhong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1110 S 67th St., Omaha, 68182, NE, USA.
| | - Xiongbing Li
- School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, No. 22, Shaoshan South Road, Changsha, 410075, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim C, Matlack KH. In situ nonlinear Rayleigh wave technique to characterize the tensile plastic deformation of stainless steel 316L. Ultrasonics 2023; 131:106945. [PMID: 36805097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2023.106945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The acoustic nonlinearity parameter β is sensitive to dislocation parameters, which continuously change during plastic deformation. Dislocation-based damage in structures/components is the source of the failure; thus, β has been studied as a metric for non-destructive evaluation. This work consists of two parts: the development of an in situ experimental setup for nonlinear Rayleigh wave measurements, and characterization of the dependence of β on applied stress at different levels of initial plastic strain. First, we introduce an experimental setup and methods for repeatable in situ nonlinear ultrasonic measurements. Details on design considerations and measurement schemes are provided. In the second part, β was measured in situ during an incremental monotonic tensile test. The measured β monotonically decreases with plastic strain, but it is relatively insensitive to the applied stress during elastic deformation. This result highlights three aspects of the evolution of β, which have not been sufficiently emphasized in prior work: the apparent insensitivity of β to the applied stress during elastic deformation, decreasing β with plastic deformation, and the saturation of β. We attribute the trend of decreasing β to a scaling of β with monopole loop length during plastic deformation, which depends on initial microstructure. The saturation of β at 1.8% coincides with a planar-to-wavy transition of dislocation structures. The in situ nonlinear ultrasonic experimental method presented in this work is significant as the in situ results can provide broader insights on β and dislocation-based damage evolution than ex situ measurements alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changgong Kim
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Kathryn H Matlack
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Caliendo C. Acoustoelectric Effect of Rayleigh and Sezawa Waves in ZnO/Fused Silica Produced by an Inhomogeneous In-Depth Electrical Conductivity Profile. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:s23062988. [PMID: 36991698 PMCID: PMC10055095 DOI: 10.3390/s23062988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The acousto-electric (AE) effect associated with the propagation of Rayleigh and Sezawa surface acoustic waves (SAWs) in ZnO/fused silica was theoretically investigated under the hypothesis that the electrical conductivity of the piezoelectric layer has an exponentially decaying profile akin to the photoconductivity effect induced by ultra-violet illumination in wide-band-gap photoconducting ZnO. The calculated waves' velocity and attenuation shift vs. ZnO conductivity curves have the form of a double-relaxation response, as opposed to a single-relaxation response which characterizes the AE effect due to surface conductivity changes. Two configurations were studied which reproduced the effect of UV light illumination from the top or from the bottom side of the ZnO/fused silica substrate: 1. the ZnO conductivity inhomogeneity starts from the free surface of the layer and decreases exponentially in depth; 2. the conductivity inhomogeneity starts from the lower surface of the ZnO layer contacting the fused silica substrate. To the author's knowledge, this is the first time the double-relaxation AE effect has been theoretically studied in bi-layered structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Caliendo
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnology, IFN-CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Caliendo C. Acoustoelectric Effect for Rayleigh Wave in ZnO Produced by an Inhomogeneous In-Depth Electrical Conductivity Profile. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:s23031422. [PMID: 36772461 PMCID: PMC9919299 DOI: 10.3390/s23031422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The acousto-electric (AE) effect associated with the propagation of the Rayleigh wave in ZnO half-space was theoretically investigated by studying the changes in wave velocity and propagation loss induced by in-depth inhomogeneous changes in the ZnO electrical conductivity. An exponentially decaying profile for the electrical conductivity was attributed to the ZnO half-space, for some values of the exponential decay constant (from 100 to 500 nm), in order to simulate the photoconductivity effect induced by ultra-violet illumination. The calculated Rayleigh wave velocity and attenuation vs. ZnO conductivity curves have the form of a double-relaxation response as opposed to the single-relaxation response which characterizes the well-known AE effect due to surface conductivity changes onto piezoelectric media. As to the author's knowledge, this is the first time the double-relaxation AE effect has been theoretically predicted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Caliendo
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnology, IFN-CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Woo DK, Do W, Hong J, Choi H. A Novel and Non-Invasive Approach to Evaluating Soil Moisture without Soil Disturbances: Contactless Ultrasonic System. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:7450. [PMID: 36236548 PMCID: PMC9571307 DOI: 10.3390/s22197450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soil moisture has been considered a key variable in governing the terrestrial ecosystem. However, it is challenging to preserve indigenous soil characteristics using conventional soil moisture monitoring methods that require maximum soil contacts. To overcome this issue, we developed a non-destructive method of evaluating soil moisture using a contactless ultrasonic system. This system was designed to measure leaky Rayleigh waves at the air-soil joint-half space. The influences of soil moisture on leaky Rayleigh waves were explored under sand, silt, and clay in a controlled experimental design. Our results showed that there were strong relationships between the energy and amplitude of leaky Rayleigh waves and soil moisture for all three soil cases. These results can be explained by reduced soil strengths during evaporation processes for coarse soil particles as opposed to fine soil particles. To evaluate soil moisture based on the dynamic parameters and wave properties obtained from the observed leaky Rayleigh waves, we used the random forest model. The accuracy of predicted soil moisture was exceptional for test data sets under all soil types (R2 ≥ 0.98, RMSE ≤ 0.0089 m3 m-3). That is, our study demonstrated that the leaky Rayleigh waves had great potential to continuously assess soil moisture variations without soil disturbances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kook Woo
- Department of Civil Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Wonseok Do
- Department of Civil Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Hong
- School of Architecture, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
| | - Hajin Choi
- School of Architecture, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li H, Jiang W, Deng J, Yu R, Pan Q. A Sensitive Frequency Range Method Based on Laser Ultrasounds for Micro-Crack Depth Determination. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:7221. [PMID: 36236319 PMCID: PMC9570705 DOI: 10.3390/s22197221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The laser ultrasonic method using the characteristics of transmitted Rayleigh waves in the frequency domain to determine micro-crack depth is proposed. A low-pass filter model based on the interaction between Rayleigh waves and surface cracks is built and shows that the stop band, called the sensitive frequency range, is sensitive to the depth of surface cracks. The sum of transmission coefficients in the sensitive frequency range is defined as an evaluated parameter to determine crack depth. Moreover, the effects of the sensitive frequency range and measured distance on the evaluated results are analyzed by the finite-element method to validate the robustness of this depth-evaluating method. The estimated results of surface cracks with depths ranging from 0.08 mm to ~0.5 mm on the FEM models and aluminum-alloy samples demonstrate that the laser ultrasounds using the characteristics of Rayleigh waves in the frequency domain do work for quantitative crack depth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Wenxin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Jin Deng
- China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ruien Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Qianghua Pan
- China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gartsev S, Zuo P, Rjelka M, Mayer A, Köhler B. Nonlinear interaction of Rayleigh waves in isotropic materials: Numerical and experimental investigation. Ultrasonics 2022; 122:106664. [PMID: 35144078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2021.106664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface treatment intensity monitoring is still an open and challenging nondestructive testing problem. For the estimation of residual stress with ultrasonic measurements, local linear and nonlinear elastic constants are needed as input. In this paper, nonlinear elastic-wave interactions (also called wave mixing or scattering) - namely, the generation of secondary ultrasonic waves in a nonlinear medium - are considered as a prospective means for near-surface nonlinear elastic parameter evaluation. The allowed interactions between bulk and surface waves, as well as the dependence of the scattering efficiency on the frequency and angle between source waves, were investigated through an analytical model, then compared with FEM simulations and experimental results. Finally, possible future steps for the development of the applied methods for the determination of near-surface higher-order elastic constants are discussed. In addition, several problem-relevant data processing procedures are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Gartsev
- Fraunhofer IKTS, Maria Reiche Str. 2, 01109 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Peng Zuo
- Imperial College London, City and Guilds Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Marek Rjelka
- Fraunhofer IKTS, Maria Reiche Str. 2, 01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Mayer
- Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Klosterstr. 14, 77723 Gengenbach, Germany
| | - Bernd Köhler
- Fraunhofer IKTS, Maria Reiche Str. 2, 01109 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu H, Liu T, Yang P, Liu Y, Gao S, Li Y, Li T, Wang Y. Design and experiment of array Rayleigh wave-EMAT for plane stress measurement. Ultrasonics 2022; 120:106639. [PMID: 34953343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2021.106639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Rayleigh wave excited by the electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) is an effective selection for surface plane stress measurement. However, the propagation velocity of Rayleigh wave on the metal surface is easily affected by the original rolling process. Besides, the direction of the plane stress state is usually unknown, which means that the propagation velocity cannot be expressed linearly by the stress. As a result, the traditional measurement model of one transmitter and one receiver can only realize the decouple of plane stress components by rotating method, which not only brings position error but also low measurement efficiency. Therefore, this paper focuses on a novel Rayleigh wave-EMAT for plane stress ultrasonic measurement. Firstly, the Rayleigh wave measurement model is established based on the acoustoelastic equation and displacement expression. Furthermore, an array Rayleigh wave-EMATintegrating three transmitters and three receivers is designed. Finally, the typical plane stress state of 5052 aluminum alloy plate after friction stir welding (FSW) is measured. The experimental results show good agreement compared with the hole-drilling method, which verifies the effectiveness of proposed method and designed EMAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Liu
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Tianran Liu
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Peixun Yang
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yankun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Sijia Gao
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yapeng Li
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Te Li
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yongqing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xiao J, Chen J, Yu X, Lisevych D, Fan Z. Remote characterization of surface slots by enhanced laser-generated ultrasonic Rayleigh waves. Ultrasonics 2022; 119:106595. [PMID: 34638003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2021.106595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of surface features is essential in many industrial applications, especially for features with large depths, high aspect ratios or under extreme conditions. This work presents a non-contact method to characterize surface slots with large lengths using ultrasonic Rayleigh waves generated by a pulsed laser. A delay-and-sum superposition technique is applied to enhance the signal to noise ratio of transmitted Rayleigh waves. The length of the slot can be calculated from the time-of-flight information of Rayleigh waves without any prior knowledge of its orientation, width or aspect ratio. Both numerical simulations and experiments are conducted to demonstrate the proposed method, showing excellent performance. Furthermore, mode conversion has been studied to understand its impact on the reconstruction accuracy. Given the non-contact feature of the laser ultrasonic technique, the proposed method provides a simple and feasible avenue for the rapid characterisation of normal and angled surface features with high aspect ratio in extreme environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; Institute of High Performance Computing, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xudong Yu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; School of Astronautics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Danylo Lisevych
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Zheng Fan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sun L, Wang Y, Qiu X. Rayleigh-Wave Dispersion Analysis and Inversion Based on the Rotation. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:983. [PMID: 35161729 DOI: 10.3390/s22030983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Rotational observation is essential for a comprehensive description of the ground motion, and can provide additional wave-field information. With respect to the three typical layered models in shallow engineering geology, under the assumption of linear small deformation, we simulate the 2-dimensional radial, vertical, and rotational components of the wave fields and analyze the different characteristics of Rayleigh wave dispersion recorded for the rotational and translational components. Then, we compare the results of single-component inversion with the results of multi-component joint inversion. It is found that the rotational component has wider spectral bands and more higher modes than the translational components, especially at high frequencies; the rotational component has better anti-interference performance in the noisy data test, and it can improve the inversion accuracy of the shallow shear-wave velocity. The field examples also show the significant advantages of the joint utility of the translational and rotational components, especially when a low-velocity layer exists. Rotational observation shall be beneficial for shallow surface-wave exploration.
Collapse
|
17
|
Mandal D, Banerjee S. Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Sensors: Physics, Materials, and Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:820. [PMID: 35161565 DOI: 10.3390/s22030820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) are the guided waves that propagate along the top surface of a material with wave vectors orthogonal to the normal direction to the surface. Based on these waves, SAW sensors are conceptualized by employing piezoelectric crystals where the guided elastodynamic waves are generated through an electromechanical coupling. Electromechanical coupling in both active and passive modes is achieved by integrating interdigitated electrode transducers (IDT) with the piezoelectric crystals. Innovative meta-designs of the periodic IDTs define the functionality and application of SAW sensors. This review article presents the physics of guided surface acoustic waves and the piezoelectric materials used for designing SAW sensors. Then, how the piezoelectric materials and cuts could alter the functionality of the sensors is explained. The article summarizes a few key configurations of the electrodes and respective guidelines for generating different guided wave patterns such that new applications can be foreseen. Finally, the article explores the applications of SAW sensors and their progress in the fields of biomedical, microfluidics, chemical, and mechano-biological applications along with their crucial roles and potential plans for improvements in the long-term future in the field of science and technology.
Collapse
|
18
|
Neukirch M, García-Jerez A, Villaseñor A, Luzón F, Brives J, Stehly L. On the Utility of Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratios of Ambient Noise in Joint Inversion with Rayleigh Wave Dispersion Curves for the Large-N Maupasacq Experiment. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21175946. [PMID: 34502837 PMCID: PMC8434629 DOI: 10.3390/s21175946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratios (HVSR) and Rayleigh group velocity dispersion curves (DC) can be used to estimate the shallow S-wave velocity (VS) structure. Knowing the VS structure is important for geophysical data interpretation either in order to better constrain data inversions for P-wave velocity (VP) structures such as travel time tomography or full waveform inversions or to directly study the VS structure for geo-engineering purposes (e.g., ground motion prediction). The joint inversion of HVSR and dispersion data for 1D VS structure allows characterising the uppermost crust and near surface, where the HVSR data (0.03 to 10s) are most sensitive while the dispersion data (1 to 30s) constrain the deeper model which would, otherwise, add complexity to the HVSR data inversion and adversely affect its convergence. During a large-scale experiment, 197 three-component short-period stations, 41 broad band instruments and 190 geophones were continuously operated for 6 months (April to October 2017) covering an area of approximately 1500km2 with a site spacing of approximately 1 to 3km. Joint inversion of HVSR and DC allowed estimating VS and, to some extent density, down to depths of around 1000m. Broadband and short period instruments performed statistically better than geophone nodes due to the latter’s gap in sensitivity between HVSR and DC. It may be possible to use HVSR data in a joint inversion with DC, increasing resolution for the shallower layers and/or alleviating the absence of short period DC data, which may be harder to obtain. By including HVSR to DC inversions, confidence improvements of two to three times for layers above 300m were achieved. Furthermore, HVSR/DC joint inversion may be useful to generate initial models for 3D tomographic inversions in large scale deployments. Lastly, the joint inversion of HVSR and DC data can be sensitive to density but this sensitivity is situational and depends strongly on the other inversion parameters, namely VS and VP. Density estimates from a HVSR/DC joint inversion should be treated with care, while some subsurface structures may be sensitive, others are clearly not. Inclusion of gravity inversion to HVSR/DC joint inversion may be possible and prove useful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maik Neukirch
- Geosciences Barcelona, GEO3BCN-CSIC, C/Lluis Solé i Sabarís s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonio García-Jerez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain; (A.G.-J.); (F.L.)
| | - Antonio Villaseñor
- Institute of Marine Sciences, ICM-CSIC, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Francisco Luzón
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120 Almería, Spain; (A.G.-J.); (F.L.)
| | - Jacques Brives
- Institute of Earth Sciences (ISTerre), CNRS, University Grenoble Alps, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, and Gustave Eiffel University, 1381 Rue de la Piscine, 38610 Gieres, France; (J.B.); (L.S.)
| | - Laurent Stehly
- Institute of Earth Sciences (ISTerre), CNRS, University Grenoble Alps, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, and Gustave Eiffel University, 1381 Rue de la Piscine, 38610 Gieres, France; (J.B.); (L.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pytel W, Fuławka K, Mertuszka P, Pałac-Walko B. Validation of Rayleigh Wave Theoretical Formulation with Single-Station Rotational Records of Mine Tremors in Lower Silesian Copper Basin. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21103566. [PMID: 34065469 PMCID: PMC8160675 DOI: 10.3390/s21103566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The classical Rayleigh surface rotational wave in terms of its theoretical notation and, resulting from this, properties associated with the induced seismic phenomena in mines are presented. This kind of seismic wave was analysed in-depth from the point of view of the parameters governing the form of its mathematical notation based on the similarity to the records obtained during the induced seismicity in near-field 6-DoF monitoring. Furthermore, conducted field measurements made it possible to relate the amount of the emitted seismic energy to the expected highest amplitude of rotational vibrations in the entire field of their impact on the rock mass. As a result, this made it possible to impose the completely defined R wave to the numerical models of given objects; the safety level, when subjected to the dynamic load induced by the rotational wave, would be an objective of the performed analyses. The conducted preliminary analyses were prepared for a plane strain state, for which the values of seismic rotations were evaluated concerning the energy and the distance of the seismic event’s source. As a result of the performed simulations, it was found that the results of the calculations matched with a satisfying degree with the field seismic measurements of the rotational ground motion induced by propagating the seismic wave. Such a verified analytical description of the theoretical formulas can be the basis for the implementation of R-wave characteristics into seismic codes and numerical analyses of object stability in the Lower Silesian Copper Basin region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Witold Pytel
- Research & Development Centre, KGHM Cuprum Ltd., 2-8 Sikorskiego Street, 53-659 Wrocław, Poland; (W.P.); (K.F.); (P.M.)
| | - Krzysztof Fuławka
- Research & Development Centre, KGHM Cuprum Ltd., 2-8 Sikorskiego Street, 53-659 Wrocław, Poland; (W.P.); (K.F.); (P.M.)
| | - Piotr Mertuszka
- Research & Development Centre, KGHM Cuprum Ltd., 2-8 Sikorskiego Street, 53-659 Wrocław, Poland; (W.P.); (K.F.); (P.M.)
| | - Bogumiła Pałac-Walko
- Faculty of Geoengineering, Mining and Geology, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 15 Na Grobli St., 50-421 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-502-319-108
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu Z, Lin B, Liang X, Du A. Inversion of surface damage and residual stress in ground silicon wafers by laser surface acoustic wave technology. Ultrasonics 2021; 113:106367. [PMID: 33550086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2021.106367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents a study of surface acoustic waves propagation in a damage layer with finite thickness and residual stress on an orthotropic semi-infinite medium to reveal the application of laser ultrasound in the surface inspection of ground silicon wafers. Biot's theory of small deformations influenced by initial stress forms the basis for this study. Considering the case that the displacement and boundary forces are continuous at the interface and the forces vanish on the free surface, the required dispersion relation is obtained. We consider a sample of (100) silicon wafer by grinding with fine abrasive grains, which has a machined face with a micrometer-level thickness of surface damage and residual stress. In order to discuss the impact of propagation directions, degree of surface damage, residual compressive stress on the velocity characteristics of surface waves, the numerical computation of the dispersion equations is performed. It has been found that surface damage has a significant effect on the dispersion curve, while the residual compressive stress can only cause a small decrease Δc in the surface wave velocity. The velocity decrease Δc becomes obvious at high frequencies. For a fixed residual compressive stress and frequency, Δc hardly changes with the degree of surface damage and propagation directions. Based on the above characteristics, we study the inverse problem on detecting both surface damage and residual stress simultaneously by SAW velocities and give a corresponding iterative algorithm. This study may provide theoretical guidance for non-destructive testing of residual stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaiwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Bin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
| | - Xiaohu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Anyao Du
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
LI G, ZHANG Y, SCHINDEL GM, FIELD MS, GOLDSCHEIDER N. RAYLEIGH WAVE AND WELL HEAD RESPONSE TO CALCULATE POROSITY IN THE EDWARDS AQUIFER OF SOUTH-CENTRAL TEXAS, USA. Acta Carsologica 2020; 49:241-253. [PMID: 35548323 PMCID: PMC9088069 DOI: 10.3986/ac.v49i2-3.8849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We use the magnitude and centroid period of Rayleigh wave along with the amplitude of fluctuations of water level in a well to calculate effective porosity of a karst aquifer at the site scale. The radial and vertical displacements of Rayleigh wave are first related to the confining pressure of rock, which is then related to fluid pressure via the Gassmann equation. Three seismograms recorded at station 633A of the USARRAY and the induced responses of Well J-17 in the Edwards Aquifer (Texas) allow the calculation of an effective porosity between 17.0 and 24.4 percent, the average of which is close to the total porosity of core samples determined by geophysical well logs. This paper provides an innovative method to measure effective porosity in aquifers. Because of the long wavelengths of Rayleigh wave, the interdisciplinary approach is advantageous in that the resulting effective porosity is at the site scale which includes large conduits or voids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangquan LI
- Department of Geophysics, Chenggong Campus, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650504 P. R. China
| | - Yunpeng ZHANG
- Institute of Geophysics, Earthquake Administration of China, Beijing, China 100081
| | | | - Malcolm S. FIELD
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment (8623R), 1200 Pennsylvania, Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20460
| | - Nico GOLDSCHEIDER
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Applied Geosciences, Division of Hydrogeology, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Su R, Fu S, Shen J, Chen Z, Lu Z, Yang M, Wang R, Zeng F, Wang W, Song C, Pan F. Enhanced Performance of ZnO/SiO 2/Al 2O 3 Surface Acoustic Wave Devices with Embedded Electrodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:42378-42385. [PMID: 32830495 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of the 5G era, surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices with a larger bandwidth and better temperature stability are strongly required, meanwhile the dimensions of devices are continuously scaling down. In this work, a new layout of ZnO/SiO2/Al2O3 SAW devices with embedded electrodes was developed, and with the help of the finite element method (FEM), the propagation characteristics were simulated. Through adopting embedded electrodes, a large electromechanical coupling coefficient (K2) of 6.6% for the Rayleigh mode can be achieved (5 times larger than that of the conventional ZnO/Al2O3 structure), feasible for wideband SAW devices, and a low acoustic velocity (Vp) of 2960 m/s is exhibited simultaneously, which benefits the miniaturization of SAW devices. The dramatic enhancement of K2 is mainly attributed to the more efficient excitation of SAW in piezoelectric films. Furthermore, a SiO2 overlay is added on the top of the structure to gain an excellent zero temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF). Experimentally, we successfully fabricated SAW one-port resonators based on the proposed structure and good characteristics of high K2, low Vp, and small TCF as simulated were confirmed. Our results show that the proposed structure provides a viable route to design SAW devices with a large bandwidth, small size, and robust temperature compensation for practical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongxuan Su
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sulei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Junyao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhenglin Chen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zengtian Lu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Mingliang Yang
- SHOULDER Electronics Limited, Wuxi 214124, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weibiao Wang
- SHOULDER Electronics Limited, Wuxi 214124, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Feng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mackay TG, Lakhtakia A. Multiple Rayleigh waves guided by the planar surface of a continuously twisted structurally chiral material. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 476:20200314. [PMID: 32821243 PMCID: PMC7426052 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2020.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Stroh formalism was adapted for Rayleigh-wave propagation guided by the planar traction-free surface of a continuously twisted structurally chiral material (CTSCM), which is an anisotropic solid that is periodically non-homogeneous in the direction normal to the planar surface. Numerical studies reveal that this surface can support either one or two Rayleigh waves at a fixed frequency, depending on the structural period and orientation of the CTSCM. In the case of two Rayleigh waves, each wave possesses a different wavenumber. The Rayleigh wave with the larger wavenumber is more localized to the surface and has a phase speed that changes less as the angular frequency varies in comparison with the Rayleigh wave with the smaller wavenumber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom G Mackay
- School of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK.,NanoMM-Nanoengineered Metamaterials Group, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-6812, USA
| | - Akhlesh Lakhtakia
- NanoMM-Nanoengineered Metamaterials Group, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-6812, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang Z, Zhao J, Pan Y. Surface circular-arc defects interacted by laser-generated Rayleigh wave. Ultrasonics 2020; 103:106085. [PMID: 32062179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2020.106085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the finite element method (FEM) is used to investigate the propagation of laser-generated Rayleigh wave along the material surface at the quarter-arc transition surface under the thermoelastic regime, and to establish the relationship between the circular-arc radius and the time domain characteristics of reflected and transmitted Rayleigh waves. The simulation shows that the amplitude of the reflected Rayleigh wave decreases whereas the amplitude of the transmitted Rayleigh wave increases as the radius increases, which is significantly different from the well-studied interaction of Rayleigh waves with the perpendicular transition surface. By introducing the circular-arc defects which are easily formed in some engineering components during the material surface quenching, we find that the depth gauging of the surface circular-arc defects is more accurate in comparison to the surface rectangular defects based on the arrival time of the transmitted Rayleigh wave. This is further verified by the corresponding experimental results. These foundings are of practical values for detecting the depth of the arc defect quantitatively by the laser ultrasonic technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, 100 Zhangwu Road, 200092 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, 100 Zhangwu Road, 200092 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongdong Pan
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, 100 Zhangwu Road, 200092 Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Caliendo C, Laidoudi F. Experimental and Theoretical Study of Multifrequency Surface Acoustic Wave Devices in a Single Si/SiO 2/ZnO Piezoelectric Structure. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E1380. [PMID: 32138294 DOI: 10.3390/s20051380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The propagation of surface acoustic waves (SAWs) along a ZnO/SiO2/Si piezoelectric structure is experimentally and theoretically studied. Six surface acoustic modes were experimentally detected in the 134 to 570 MHz frequency range, for acoustic wavelength λ = 30 μm, and for SiO2 and ZnO layers with a thickness of 1 and 2.4 μm. The numerical and three-dimensional (3D) finite element method analysis revealed that the multilayered substrate supports the propagation of Rayleigh and Sezawa modes (Rm and Sm), their third and fifth harmonics at λ/3 and λ/5. The velocity of all the modes was found in good agreement with the theoretically predicted values. Eigenfrequency, frequency domain, and time domain studies were performed to calculate the velocity, the electroacoustic coupling coefficient, the shape of the modes, the propagation loss, and the scattering parameter S21 of the SAW delay lines based on the propagation of these modes. The sensitivity to five different gases (dichloromethane, trichloromethane, carbontetrachloride, tetrachloroethylene, and trichloroethylene) was calculated under the hypothesis that the ZnO surface is covered by a polyisobutylene (PIB) layer 0.8 µm thick. The results show that the modes resonating at different frequencies exhibit different sensitivities toward the same gas. The multi-frequency ZnO/SiO2/Si single device structure is a promising solution for the development of a multiparameters sensing platform; multiple excitation frequencies with different sensing properties can allow the parallel analysis of the same gas with improved accuracy.
Collapse
|
26
|
Thring CB, Hill SJ, Dixon S, Edwards RS. The effect of EMAT coil geometry on the Rayleigh wave frequency behaviour. Ultrasonics 2019; 99:105945. [PMID: 31279961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of optimal signal generation and frequency content for electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) is key to improving their design and signal to noise ratio. Linear and meander coil designs are fairly well understood, but other designs such as racetrack or focused coils have recently been proposed. Multiple transmission racetrack coil EMATs, with focused and unfocused designs, were constructed. The optimum driving frequency for maximum detected signal was found to range between 1.1 and 1.4 MHz on aluminium for a 1.5 mm width coil. A simple analytical model based on the instantaneous velocity of a wave predicts a maximum signal at 1.44 MHz. Modelling the detection coil as a spatial square wave agrees with this, and predicts a general relation of fP=0.761v/L between the optimum frequency fP, the wave velocity v, and the coil width L. A time domain model of the detection coil predicts a 1.4-1.5 MHz peak for continuous wave excitation, with a frequency that decreases as the length of the wavepacket is decreased, consistent with the experimental data. Linear coil modelling using the same technique is shown to be consistent with previous work, with improving detection at lower wave frequencies, and signal minima at every integer multiple of the wavelength. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used to model the effects of the spatial width of the racetrack generation coil and focused geometry, and no significant difference is found between the focused and the unfocused EMAT response. This highlights the importance of designing the EMAT coil for the correct lift-off and desired frequency of operation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C B Thring
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - S J Hill
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - S Dixon
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - R S Edwards
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kaplunov J, Prikazchikov D, Sultanova L. Rayleigh-type waves on a coated elastic half-space with a clamped surface. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2019; 377:20190111. [PMID: 31474203 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Elastodynamics of a half-space coated by a thin soft layer with a clamped upper face is considered. The focus is on the analysis of localized waves that do not exist on a clamped homogeneous half-space. Non-traditional effective boundary conditions along the substrate surface incorporating the effect of the coating are derived using a long-wave high-frequency procedure. The derived conditions are implemented within the framework of the earlier developed specialized formulation for surface waves, resulting in a perturbation of the shortened equation of surface motion in the form of an integral or pseudo-differential operator. Non-uniform asymptotic formula for the speeds of the sought for Rayleigh-type waves, failing near zero frequency and the thickness resonances of a layer with both clamped faces, follow from the aforementioned perturbed equation. Asymptotic results are compared with the numerical solutions of the full dispersion relation for a clamped coated half-space. A similarity with Love-type waves proves to be useful for interpreting numerical data. This article is part of the theme issue 'Modelling of dynamic phenomena and localization in structured media (part 1)'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Kaplunov
- School of Computing and Mathematics, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - D Prikazchikov
- School of Computing and Mathematics, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - L Sultanova
- School of Computing and Mathematics, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing, WMG, University of Warwick, Warwick CV4 7AL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Xu P, Wang W. Satellite-Based Wireless Sensor Development and Deployment Studies for Surface Wave Testing. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:E4364. [PMID: 31600982 DOI: 10.3390/s19204364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although cable-based seismic sensing systems have provided reliable data in the past several decades, they become a bottleneck for large-area monitoring and critical environmental (volcanic eruptions) sensing because of their cost, difficulty in deploying and expanding, and lack of accurate three-dimensional geographic information. In this paper, a new wireless sensing system is designed consisting of a portable satellite device, a self-sustaining power source, a low-cost computational core, and a high-precision sensor. The emphasis of this paper is to implement in low-cost hardware without requirements of highly specialized and expensive data acquisition instruments. Meanwhile, a computational-core-embedded algorithm based on compressive sensing (CS) is also developed to compress data size for transmission and encrypt the measured data preventing information loss. Seismic data captured by the accelerometer sensor are coded into compressive data packages and then transferred via satellite communication to a cloud-based server for storage. Acceleration and GPS information is decrypted by the ℓ1-norm minimization optimization algorithm for further processing. In this research, the feasibility of the proposed sensing system for the acquisition of seismic testing is investigated in an outdoor field surface wave testing. Results indicate the proposed low-cost wireless sensing system has the capability of collecting ground motions, transferring data, and sharing GPS information via satellite communication for large area monitoring. In addition, it has a great potential of recovering measurements even with significant data package loss.
Collapse
|
29
|
Mora P, Spies M. On the validity of several previously published perturbation formulas for the acoustoelastic effect on Rayleigh waves. Ultrasonics 2019; 91:114-120. [PMID: 30092397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This article revisits the evaluation by a perturbation theory of the modification of the Rayleigh wave velocity under a static loading varying with depth. Two derivations, that have been exposed in the past and presented as comparable, are questioned. A new derivation of the perturbation formula is given by adapting Auld's approach. Validation with exact calculations is provided. The examples cover depth-varying static stress as well as depth-varying third order elastic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Mora
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Nondestructive Testing IZFP, Campus E3 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - M Spies
- Fraunhofer-Institute for Nondestructive Testing IZFP, Campus E3 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang S, Li X, Jeong H. Measurement of Rayleigh Wave Beams Using Angle Beam Wedge Transducers as the Transmitter and Receiver with Consideration of Beam Spreading. Sensors (Basel) 2017. [PMID: 28632183 PMCID: PMC5492238 DOI: 10.3390/s17061449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A theoretical model, along with experimental verification, is developed to describe the generation, propagation and reception of a Rayleigh wave using angle beam wedge transducers. The Rayleigh wave generation process using an angle beam wedge transducer is analyzed, and the actual Rayleigh wave sound source distributions are evaluated numerically. Based on the reciprocity theorem and considering the actual sound source, the Rayleigh wave beams are modeled using an area integral method. The leaky Rayleigh wave theory is introduced to investigate the reception of the Rayleigh wave using the angle beam wedge transducers, and the effects of the wave spreading in the wedge and transducer size are considered in the reception process. The effects of attenuations of the Rayleigh wave and leaky Rayleigh wave are discussed, and the received wave results with different sizes of receivers are compared. The experiments are conducted using two angle beam wedge transducers to measure the Rayleigh wave, and the measurement results are compared with the predictions using different theoretical models. It is shown that the proposed model which considers the wave spreading in both the sample and wedges can be used to interpret the measurements reasonably.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuzeng Zhang
- School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China.
| | - Xiongbing Li
- School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China.
| | - Hyunjo Jeong
- Division of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Darinskii AN, Weihnacht M, Schmidt H. Finite element analysis of the Rayleigh wave scattering in isotropic bi-material wedge structures. Ultrasonics 2017; 73:67-76. [PMID: 27611493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The numerical study is performed of the harmonic Rayleigh wave scattering in a composite structure constructed from two elastically isotropic 90°-wedges. These wedges are in contact along one pair of their faces. It is assumed that either the perfectly sliding contact or the perfectly rigid one is realized. The other pair of faces forms a plane border between the resulting bi-material wedge and the exterior half-infinite space occupied by vacuum. The finite element method is used. The perfectly matched layer spatially confines the computational domain. The dependences of the reflection and transmission coefficients of the Rayleigh wave on the angle of incidence, the Poisson ratio and the type of contact are obtained and analyzed for different combinations of materials. The behavior of the coefficient of the Rayleigh wave conversion into the interfacial wave which may exist on the internal boundary of the structure is also investigated. A number of relations between the coefficients of conversion are derived from symmetry considerations for structures with sliding contact and composed of identical isotropic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A N Darinskii
- Institute of Crystallography FSRC "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 59, Moscow 119333, Russia; National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Leninsky pr. 4, Moscow 119049, Russia.
| | - M Weihnacht
- IFW Dresden, SAWLab Saxony, P.O. 27 00 16, D-01171 Dresden, Germany; InnoXacs, Am Muehlfeld 34, D-01744 Dippoldiswalde, Germany
| | - H Schmidt
- IFW Dresden, SAWLab Saxony, P.O. 27 00 16, D-01171 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Caliendo C, Hamidullah M. A Theoretical Study of Love Wave Sensors Based on ZnO-Glass Layered Structures for Application to Liquid Environments. Biosensors (Basel) 2016; 6:E59. [PMID: 27918419 DOI: 10.3390/bios6040059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The propagation of surface acoustic Love modes along ZnO/glass-based structures was modeled and analysed with the goal of designing a sensor able to detect changes in the environmental parameters, such as liquid viscosity changes and minute amounts of mass supported in the viscous liquid medium. Love mode propagation was modeled by numerically solving the system of coupled electro-mechanical field equations and Navier–Stokes equations. The phase and group velocities and the attenuation of the acoustic wave propagating along the 30° tilted c-axis ZnO/glass structure contacting a viscous non-conductive liquid were calculated for different ZnO guiding layer thicknesses, added mass thicknesses, and liquid viscosity and density. The three sensor responses, i.e., the wave phase and group velocity, and attenuation changes are calculated for different environmental parameters and related to the sensor velocity and attenuation sensitivities. The resulted sensitivities to liquid viscosity and added mass were optimized by adjusting the ZnO guiding layer thickness corresponding to a sensitivity peak. The present analysis is valuable for the manufacture and application of the ZnO-glass structure Love wave sensors for the detection of liquid properties, such as viscosity, density and mass anchored to the sensor surface.
Collapse
|
33
|
Lan XD, Zhang SY, Fan L, Wang Y. Simulation of SAW Humidity Sensors Based on ( 11 2 ¯ 0 ) ZnO/R-Sapphire Structures. Sensors (Basel) 2016; 16:E1112. [PMID: 27827856 DOI: 10.3390/s16111112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of two types of surface acoustic waves SAWs (Rayleigh waves and Love waves) propagating in bilayered structures of (112¯0)ZnO/R-sapphire are simulated by a finite element method (FEM) model, in which both SAWs have crossed propagation directions. Furthermore, based on the bilayered structures, the frequency responses of Rayleigh wave and Love wave humidity sensors are also simulated. Meanwhile, the frequency shifts, insertion loss changes and then the sensitivities of both humidity sensors induced by the adsorbed water layer perturbations, including the mechanical and electrical factors, are calculated numerically. Generally, the characteristics and performances of both sensors are strongly dependent on the thickness of the ZnO films. By appropriate selecting the ratio of the film thickness to SAW wavelength for each kind of the sensors, the performances of both sensors can be optimized.
Collapse
|
34
|
Lee YH, Oh T. The Simple Lamb Wave Analysis to Characterize Concrete Wide Beams by the Practical MASW Test. Materials (Basel) 2016; 9:E437. [PMID: 28773562 DOI: 10.3390/ma9060437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the Lamb wave analysis by the multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) for concrete structures has been an effective nondestructive evaluation, such as the condition assessment and dimension identification by the elastic wave velocities and their reflections from boundaries. This study proposes an effective Lamb wave analysis by the practical application of MASW to concrete wide beams in an easy and simple manner in order to identify the dimension and elastic wave velocity (R-wave) for the condition assessment (e.g., the estimation of elastic properties). This is done by identifying the zero-order antisymmetric (A0) and first-order symmetric (S1) modes among multimodal Lamb waves. The MASW data were collected on eight concrete wide beams and compared to the actual depth and to the pressure (P-) wave velocities collected for the same specimen. Information is extracted from multimodal Lamb wave dispersion curves to obtain the elastic stiffness parameters and the thickness of the concrete structures. Due to the simple and cost-effective procedure associated with the MASW processing technique, the characteristics of several fundamental modes in the experimental Lamb wave dispersion curves could be measured. Available reference data are in good agreement with the parameters that were determined by our analysis scheme.
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
This paper presents a class of approximations to a type of wave field for which the dispersion relation is transcendental. The approximations have two defining characteristics: (i) they give the field shape exactly when the frequency and wavenumber lie on a grid of points in the (frequency, wavenumber) plane and (ii) the approximate dispersion relations are polynomials that pass exactly through points on this grid. Thus, the method is interpolatory in nature, but the interpolation takes place in (frequency, wavenumber) space, rather than in physical space. Full details are presented for a non-trivial example, that of antisymmetric elastic waves in a layer. The method is related to partial fraction expansions and barycentric representations of functions. An asymptotic analysis is presented, involving Stirling's approximation to the psi function, and a logarithmic correction to the polynomial dispersion relation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Chapman
- Department of Mathematics , University of Keele , Staffordshire ST5 BG, UK
| | - S V Sorokin
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering , Aalborg University , Fibigerstraede 16, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chebakov R, Kaplunov J, Rogerson GA. Refined boundary conditions on the free surface of an elastic half-space taking into account non-local effects. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2016; 472:20150800. [PMID: 27118902 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2015.0800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic response of a homogeneous half-space, with a traction-free surface, is considered within the framework of non-local elasticity. The focus is on the dominant effect of the boundary layer on overall behaviour. A typical wavelength is assumed to considerably exceed the associated internal lengthscale. The leading-order long-wave approximation is shown to coincide formally with the 'local' problem for a half-space with a vertical inhomogeneity localized near the surface. Subsequent asymptotic analysis of the inhomogeneity results in an explicit correction to the classical boundary conditions on the surface. The order of the correction is greater than the order of the better-known correction to the governing differential equations. The refined boundary conditions enable us to evaluate the interior solution outside a narrow boundary layer localized near the surface. As an illustration, the effect of non-local elastic phenomena on the Rayleigh wave speed is investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Chebakov
- School of Computing and Mathematics , Keele University , Keele ST5 5BG, UK
| | - J Kaplunov
- School of Computing and Mathematics , Keele University , Keele ST5 5BG, UK
| | - G A Rogerson
- School of Computing and Mathematics , Keele University , Keele ST5 5BG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chakrapani SK, Barnard D, Dayal V. Finite element simulation of core inspection in helicopter rotor blades using guided waves. Ultrasonics 2015; 62:126-135. [PMID: 26048172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper extends the work presented earlier on inspection of helicopter rotor blades using guided Lamb modes by focusing on inspecting the spar-core bond. In particular, this research focuses on structures which employ high stiffness, high density core materials. Wave propagation in such structures deviate from the generic Lamb wave propagation in sandwich panels. To understand the various mode conversions, finite element models of a generalized helicopter rotor blade were created and subjected to transient analysis using a commercial finite element code; ANSYS. Numerical simulations showed that a Lamb wave excited in the spar section of the blade gets converted into Rayleigh wave which travels across the spar-core section and mode converts back into Lamb wave. Dispersion of Rayleigh waves in multi-layered half-space was also explored. Damage was modeled in the form of a notch in the core section to simulate a cracked core, and delamination was modeled between the spar and core material to simulate spar-core disbond. Mode conversions under these damaged conditions were examined numerically. The numerical models help in assessing the difficulty of using nondestructive evaluation for complex structures and also highlight the physics behind the mode conversions which occur at various discontinuities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kishore Chakrapani
- Center for Nondestructive Evaluation, Iowa State University, 1915 Scholl Road, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Daniel Barnard
- Center for Nondestructive Evaluation, Iowa State University, 1915 Scholl Road, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Vinay Dayal
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Iowa State University, 1200 Howe Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Burkov SI, Zolotova OP, Sorokin BP, Turchin PP. The analysis of the effect of homogeneous mechanical stress on the acoustic wave propagation in the "La3Ga5SiO14/fused silica" piezoelectric layered structure. Ultrasonics 2015; 55:104-112. [PMID: 25106110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The results of computer simulation taking into account the linear and nonlinear material constants have been presented. Study of the influence of external uniaxial mechanical stress on the dispersive characteristics of elastic waves in piezoelectric structures as "La3Ga5SiO14/fused silica" has been executed. The comparison of elastic wave velocity changes under the influence of an uniaxial stress while a full set of nonlinear material constants of crystalline layer+geometric nonlinearity, or only geometric nonlinearity of the layer induced by the static deformation of a substrate, has been fulfilled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S I Burkov
- Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny ave., 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation.
| | - O P Zolotova
- Siberian State Aerospace University, 31 Krasnoyarsky Rabochy ave., 660014 Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - B P Sorokin
- Technological Institute for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials, 7a Central'naya str., 142190 Moscow, Troitsk, Russian Federation; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy lane, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russian Federation.
| | - P P Turchin
- Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny ave., 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|