1
|
Tang R, Wang H, Liu J, Song L, Hou H, Liu M, Wang J, Wang J. TFRC, associated with hypoxia and immune, is a prognostic factor and potential therapeutic target for bladder cancer. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:112. [PMID: 38336764 PMCID: PMC10854140 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer is a common malignancy of the urinary system, and the survival rate and recurrence rate of patients with muscular aggressive (MIBC) bladder cancer are not ideal. Hypoxia is a pathological process in which cells acquire special characteristics to adapt to anoxic environment, which can directly affect the proliferation, invasion and immune response of bladder cancer cells. Understanding the exact effects of hypoxia and immune-related genes in BLCA is helpful for early assessment of the prognosis of BLCA. However, the prognostic model of BLCA based on hypoxia and immune-related genes has not been reported. PURPOSE Hypoxia and immune cell have important role in the prognosis of bladder cancer (BLCA). The aim of this study was to investigate whether hypoxia and immune related genes could be a novel tools to predict the overall survival and immunotherapy of BLCA patients. METHODS First, we downloaded transcriptomic data and clinical information of BLCA patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. A combined hypoxia and immune signature was then constructed on the basis of the training cohort via least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analysis and validated in test cohort. Afterwards, Kaplan-Meier curves, univariate and multivariate Cox and subgroup analysis were employed to assess the accuracy of our signature. Immune cell infiltration, checkpoint and the Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) algorithm were used to investigate the immune environment and immunotherapy of BLCA patients. Furthermore, we confirmed the role of TFRC in bladder cancer cell lines T24 and UMUC-3 through cell experiments. RESULTS A combined hypoxia and immune signature containing 8 genes were successfully established. High-risk group in both training and test cohorts had significantly poorer OS than low-risk group. Univariate and multivariate Cox analysis indicated our signature could be regarded as an independent prognostic factor. Different checkpoint was differently expressed between two groups, including CTLA4, HAVCR2, LAG3, PD-L1 and PDCD1. TIDE analysis indicated high-risk patients had poor response to immunotherapy and easier to have immune escape. The drug sensitivity analysis showed that high-risk group patients were more potentially sensitive to many drugs. Meanwhile, TFRC could inhibit the proliferation and invasion ability of T24 and UMUC-3 cells. CONCLUSION A combined hypoxia and immune-related gene could be a novel predictive model for OS and immunotherapy estimation of BLCA patients and TFRC could be used as a potential therapeutic target in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runhua Tang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 9 DongDan Santiao, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 9 DongDan Santiao, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jianyong Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 9 DongDan Santiao, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Liuqi Song
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 9 DongDan Santiao, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Huimin Hou
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 9 DongDan Santiao, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 9 DongDan Santiao, Beijing, 100730, China
- Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianye Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 9 DongDan Santiao, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 9 DongDan Santiao, Beijing, 100730, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Y, Chen Y, Cai M, Hong Y, Wu X, Li S. m5C methylation modification guides the prognostic value and immune landscapes in acute myeloid leukemia. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:9858-9876. [PMID: 37751592 PMCID: PMC10564437 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The development, incidence, and metastasis of tumors are all intimately correlated with 5-methylcytosine (m5C). However, uncertainty surrounds the function of m5C in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this study, multicenter AML data were collected and analyzed comprehensively to grasp the gene expression level, clinicopathological characteristics, prognostic significance of m5C in AML and its relationship with the tumor microenvironment (TME). The m5C gene-mediated scoring system (m5CSS) was created using principal component analysis, and multiple cox regression analyses were utilized to determine the prognostic relevance of the m5C score. The investigation of the correlation among m5C, immune characteristics, clinical characteristics, immune infiltration level, as well as drug reaction at immune checkpoints, and immunotherapy efficacy confirmed that the change of the characteristics of immune cell infiltration and patient prognosis are linked with the m5C gene. Moreover, the m5CSS was employed to assess the pattern of m5C modification. Further analyses showed that the m5C score can served as a reliable indicator of AML prognosis. Crucially, the prognostic value of the m5C score was validated in terms of drug resistance and immunotherapy. This work reveals that AML diversity and the generation of complex TMEs are both impacted by m5C modifications. Therefore, understanding the m5C modification pattern will improve grasp of TME infiltration characteristics and assist exploring more efficient immunotherapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Liu
- Zhanjiang Institute of Clinical Medicine, Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524045, China
| | - Yiying Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Maoping Cai
- Zhanjiang Institute of Clinical Medicine, Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524045, China
| | - Yunguang Hong
- Zhanjiang Institute of Clinical Medicine, Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524045, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Zhanjiang Institute of Clinical Medicine, Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524045, China
| | - Songyu Li
- Zhanjiang Institute of Clinical Medicine, Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524045, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen R, Jiang M, Hu B, Fu B, Sun T. Comprehensive Analysis of the Expression, Prognosis, and Biological Significance of PLOD Family in Bladder Cancer. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:707-722. [PMID: 36872941 PMCID: PMC9975538 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s399875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Large numbers of studies have identified that procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase (PLOD) family members play important roles in tumorigenesis and tumor progression in various cancers. However, the expression pattern, clinical value and function of PLOD family have yet to be analyzed systematically and comprehensively in bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA). Methods We investigated the transcriptional levels, genetic alteration, biological function, immune cell infiltration, data on survival of PLODs in patients with BLCA based on UALCAN, the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), TIMER, STRING, cBioPortal and GSCALite databases. Gene ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were performed in R software using the Cluster Profiler Bioconductor package. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was established by STRING and visualized by using R version (3.6.3) software. Survival analysis was performed using the packages "survminer". Results The mRNA and protein expression patterns of PLOD family members were noticeably increased in BLC compared with normal tissue. The mRNA expression levels of PLOD1-2 genes were significantly correlated with histological subtypes and PLOD1 was significantly correlated with pathological stage. Furthermore, the high expression levels of PLOD1-2 were remarkably associated with poor overall survival (OS) in BLCA patients, meanwhile high expression levels of PLOD1 and PLOD3 were markedly associated with poor progression-free interval (PFI). In co-expression gene analysis, 50 genes were primarily associated with the differentially expressed PLODs in BLCA. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that protein hydroxylation, collagen fibril organization, and lysine degradation were key biological functions of PLODs in BLCA. Moreover, PLOD family genes were identified as being associated with the activities of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and closely associated with immune responses in BLCA. Conclusion PLOD family members might serve as potential therapeutic targets and prognostic markers for BLCA patients' survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ru Chen
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City, People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Putian City, Putian City, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Hu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Fu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang City, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Immunohistochemical Algorithm for the Classification of Muscle-Invasive Urinary Bladder Carcinoma with Lymph Node Metastasis: An Institutional Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247430. [PMID: 36556046 PMCID: PMC9788404 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma represents 20% of newly diagnosed cases of bladder cancer, and most cases show aggressive biological behavior with a poor prognosis. It is necessary to identify biomarkers that can be used as prognostic and predictive factors in daily clinical practice. In our study, we analyzed different antibodies in selected cases of muscle-invasive urinary bladder carcinoma and lymph node metastasis to identify immunohistochemical types and their value as possible prognostic factors. A total of 38 patients were included, 87% men and 13% women, with a mean age of 67.8 years. The most frequent histopathological type was urothelial carcinoma. In the primary lesion, the mixed type was the most common. In unilateral metastasis, the mixed type was the most frequently found. In cases of primary lesions and bilateral metastasis, the luminal and mixed types were observed. The luminal subtype was the most stable in immunohistochemical expression across primary tumors and metastases. The basal type showed a better prognosis in terms of disease-free survival. In conclusion, immunohistochemical studies are useful in assessing primary and metastatic lesions in patients with urothelial carcinoma. Immunohistochemical classification can typify muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma, and the immunophenotype seems to have prognostic implications.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang J, Huang C, Yang R, Wang X, Fang B, Mi J, Yuan H, Mo Z, Sun Y. Identification of Immune-Related Subtypes and Construction of a Novel Prognostic Model for Bladder Urothelial Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1670. [PMID: 36421685 PMCID: PMC9687876 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between bladder urothelial cancer (BLCA) and immunity, to screen prognosis-related immune genes (PIGs), and to construct an immune-related prognosis model (IRPM). We processed the relevant data of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA-BLCA) and GSE13507 using R software and Perl. We divided BLCA into high-immunity and low-immunity subtypes. There were significant differences in the two subtypes. In addition, we identified 13 PIGs of BLCA by jointly analyzing the gene expression data and survival information of GSE13507 and TCGA-BLCA, and constructed IRPM through nine of them. The low-risk group had better survival outcome than the high-risk group. We also constructed a nomogram based on clinicopathological information and risk scores of the patients. Moreover, the prognosis of BLCA patients was significantly impacted by the expression of almost every gene used to calculate the risk score. The result of real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that all the genes used to calculate the risk score were differentially expressed between BLCA and adjacent normal tissues, except PDGFRA. Our research provided potential targets for the treatment of BLCA and a reference for judging the prognosis of BLCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiange Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities, Nanning 530021, China
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Caisheng Huang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities, Nanning 530021, China
- Department of Urology, The Nanning Second People’s Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530031, China
| | - Rirong Yang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities, Nanning 530021, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities, Nanning 530021, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Bo Fang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities, Nanning 530021, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Junhao Mi
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities, Nanning 530021, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Hao Yuan
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities, Nanning 530021, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Zengnan Mo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yihai Sun
- Department of Urology, The Nanning Second People’s Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530031, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lokeshwar SD, Lopez M, Sarcan S, Aguilar K, Morera DS, Shaheen DM, Lokeshwar BL, Lokeshwar VB. Molecular Oncology of Bladder Cancer from Inception to Modern Perspective. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112578. [PMID: 35681556 PMCID: PMC9179261 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the last forty years, seminal contributions have been made in the areas of bladder cancer (BC) biology, driver genes, molecular profiling, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets for improving personalized patient care. This overview includes seminal discoveries and advances in the molecular oncology of BC. Starting with the concept of divergent molecular pathways for the development of low- and high-grade bladder tumors, field cancerization versus clonality of bladder tumors, cancer driver genes/mutations, genetic polymorphisms, and bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as an early form of immunotherapy are some of the conceptual contributions towards improving patient care. Although beginning with a promise of predicting prognosis and individualizing treatments, "-omic" approaches and molecular subtypes have revealed the importance of BC stem cells, lineage plasticity, and intra-tumor heterogeneity as the next frontiers for realizing individualized patient care. Along with urine as the optimal non-invasive liquid biopsy, BC is at the forefront of the biomarker field. If the goal is to reduce the number of cystoscopies but not to replace them for monitoring recurrence and asymptomatic microscopic hematuria, a BC marker may reach clinical acceptance. As advances in the molecular oncology of BC continue, the next twenty-five years should significantly advance personalized care for BC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soum D. Lokeshwar
- Department of Urology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
| | - Maite Lopez
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
| | - Semih Sarcan
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Karina Aguilar
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
| | - Daley S. Morera
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
| | - Devin M. Shaheen
- Yale School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
| | - Bal L. Lokeshwar
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Research Service, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Correspondence: (B.L.L.); (V.B.L.)
| | - Vinata B. Lokeshwar
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (M.L.); (S.S.); (K.A.); (D.S.M.)
- Correspondence: (B.L.L.); (V.B.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yu Z, Zhu J, Wang H, Li H, Jin X. Function of BCLAF1 in human disease. Oncol Lett 2022; 23:58. [PMID: 34992690 PMCID: PMC8721854 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Originally identified as a regulator of apoptosis and transcription, B-cell lymphoma-2-associated transcription factor 1 (BCLAF1) has since been shown to be associated with a multitude of biological processes, such as DNA damage response, splicing and processing of pre-mRNA, T-cell activation, lung development, muscle cell proliferation and differentiation, autophagy, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and viral infection. In recent years, an increasing amount of evidence has shown that BCLAF1 acts as either a tumor promoter or tumor suppressor in tumorigenesis depending on the cellular context and the type of cancer. Even in the same tumor type, BCLAF1 may have opposite effects. In the present review, the subcellular localization, structural features, mutations within BCLAF1 will be described, then the regulation of BCLAF1 and its downstream targets will be analyzed. Furthermore, the different roles and possible mechanisms of BCLAF1 in tumorigenesis will also be highlighted and discussed. Finally, BCLAF1 may be considered as a potential target for cancer therapy in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongdong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Haibiao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lin J, Xu X, Li T, Yao J, Yu M, Zhu Y, Sun D. OLFML2B Is a Robust Prognostic Biomarker in Bladder Cancer Through Genome-Wide Screening: A Study Based on Seven Cohorts. Front Oncol 2021; 11:650678. [PMID: 34868901 PMCID: PMC8634430 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.650678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer lacks useful and robust prognostic markers to stratify patients at risk. Our study is to identify a robust prognostic marker for bladder cancer. Methods The transcriptome and clinical data of bladder cancer were downloaded from multiple databases. We searched for genes with robust prognosis by Kaplan-Meier analysis of the whole genome. CIBERSORT and TIMER algorithm was used to calculate the degree of immune cell infiltration. Results We identified OLFML2B as a robust prognostic marker for bladder cancer in five cohorts. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with a high level of OLFML2B expression had a poor prognosis. The expression of OLFML2B increased with the increase of stage and grade. We found that patients with high expression of OLFML2B still had a poor prognosis in two small bladder cancer cohorts. OLFML2B also has the prognostic ability in ten other tumors, and the prognosis is poor in high expression. The correlation analysis between OLFML2B and immune cells showed that it was positively correlated with the degree of macrophage infiltration and highly co-expressed with tumor-associated macrophage markers. Finally, the Wound-healing assay and Colony formation assay results showed that the migration and proliferation ability of bladder cancer cell lines decreased after the knockdown of OLFML2B. Conclusions In summary, OLFML2B is a robust risk prognostic marker, and it can help patients with bladder cancer improve individualized treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Lin
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, The Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianren Li
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jihang Yao
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Department of Reproductive Biology and Transgenic Animal, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuyan Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu J, Othmane B, Yu A, Li H, Cai Z, Chen X, Ren W, Chen J, Zu X. 5mC regulator-mediated molecular subtypes depict the hallmarks of the tumor microenvironment and guide precision medicine in bladder cancer. BMC Med 2021; 19:289. [PMID: 34836536 PMCID: PMC8627095 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depicting the heterogeneity and functional characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is necessary to achieve precision medicine for bladder cancer (BLCA). Although classical molecular subtypes effectively reflect TME heterogeneity and characteristics, their clinical application is limited by several issues. METHODS In this study, we integrated the Xiangya cohort and multiple external BLCA cohorts to develop a novel 5-methylcytosine (5mC) regulator-mediated molecular subtype system and a corresponding quantitative indicator, the 5mC score. Unsupervised clustering was performed to identify novel 5mC regulator-mediated molecular subtypes. The principal component analysis was applied to calculate the 5mC score. Then, we correlated the 5mC clusters (5mC score) with classical molecular subtypes, immunophenotypes, clinical outcomes, and therapeutic opportunities in BLCA. Finally, we performed pancancer analyses on the 5mC score. RESULTS Two 5mC clusters, including 5mC cluster 1 and cluster 2, were identified. These novel 5mC clusters (5mC score) could accurately predict classical molecular subtypes, immunophenotypes, prognosis, and therapeutic opportunities of BLCA. 5mC cluster 1 (high 5mC score) indicated a luminal subtype and noninflamed phenotype, characterized by lower anticancer immunity but better prognosis. Moreover, 5mC cluster 1 (high 5mC score) predicted low sensitivity to cancer immunotherapy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, but high sensitivity to antiangiogenic therapy and targeted therapies, such as blocking the β-catenin, FGFR3, and PPAR-γ pathways. CONCLUSIONS The novel 5mC regulator-based subtype system reflects many aspects of BLCA biology and provides new insights into precision medicine in BLCA. Furthermore, the 5mC score may be a generalizable predictor of immunotherapy response and prognosis in pancancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Hu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Belaydi Othmane
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Anze Yu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,Immunobiology & Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Huihuang Li
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zhiyong Cai
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wenbiao Ren
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology and Urology, and The Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14646, USA
| | - Jinbo Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Xiongbing Zu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tumor Heterogeneity and Consequences for Bladder Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215297. [PMID: 34771460 PMCID: PMC8582570 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease that is composed of epithelia with varying transcriptional, mutational and lineage signatures. The epithelia of bladder tumors can also undergo pronounced changes in transcriptional and phenotypical qualities in response to progression, treatment related stresses and cues from the tumor microenvironment (TME). We hypothesize that changes in epithelial tumor heterogeneity (EpTH) occur due to the evolving content of epithelial subpopulations through both Darwinian and Lamarckian-like natural selection processes. We further conjecture that lineage-defined subpopulations can change through nongenomic and genomic cellular mechanisms that include cellular plasticity and acquired driver mutations, respectively. We propose that such processes are dynamic and contribute towards clinical treatment challenges including progression to drug resistance. In this article, we assess mechanisms that may support dynamic tumor heterogeneity with the overall goal of emphasizing the application of these concepts to the clinical setting. Abstract Acquired therapeutic resistance remains a major challenge in cancer management and associates with poor oncological outcomes in most solid tumor types. A major contributor is tumor heterogeneity (TH) which can be influenced by the stromal; immune and epithelial tumor compartments. We hypothesize that heterogeneity in tumor epithelial subpopulations—whether de novo or newly acquired—closely regulate the clinical course of bladder cancer. Changes in these subpopulations impact the tumor microenvironment including the extent of immune cell infiltration and response to immunotherapeutics. Mechanisms driving epithelial tumor heterogeneity (EpTH) can be broadly categorized as mutational and non-mutational. Mechanisms regulating lineage plasticity; acquired cellular mutations and changes in lineage-defined subpopulations regulate stress responses to clinical therapies. If tumor heterogeneity is a dynamic process; an increased understanding of how EpTH is regulated is critical in order for clinical therapies to be more sustained and durable. In this review and analysis, we assess the importance and regulatory mechanisms governing EpTH in bladder cancer and the impact on treatment response.
Collapse
|
11
|
A 25-year perspective on evaluation and understanding of biomarkers in urologic cancers. Urol Oncol 2021; 39:602-617. [PMID: 34315659 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The past 25 years have witnessed an explosion of investigative attempts to identify clinically useful biomarkers which can have meaningful impacts for patients with urologic cancers. However, in spite of the enormous amount of research aiming to identify markers with the hope of impacting patient care, only a handful have proven to have true clinical utility. Improvements in targeted imaging, pan-omics evaluation, and genetic sequencing at the tissue and single-cell levels have yielded many potential targets for continued biomarker investigation. This article, as one in this series for the 25th Anniversary Issue of Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, serves to give a perspective on our progress and failures over the past quarter-century in our highest volume urologic cancers: prostate, bladder, and kidney cancers.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang S, Xie K, Liu T. Cancer Immunotherapies: From Efficacy to Resistance Mechanisms - Not Only Checkpoint Matters. Front Immunol 2021; 12:690112. [PMID: 34367148 PMCID: PMC8335396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunotherapeutic treatment of various cancers with an increasing number of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has profoundly improved the clinical management of advanced diseases. However, just a fraction of patients clinically responds to and benefits from the mentioned therapies; a large proportion of patients do not respond or quickly become resistant, and hyper- and pseudoprogression occur in certain patient populations. Furthermore, no effective predictive factors have been clearly screened or defined. In this review, we discuss factors underlying the elucidation of potential immunotherapeutic resistance mechanisms and the identification of predictive factors for immunotherapeutic responses. Considering the heterogeneity of tumours and the complex immune microenvironment (composition of various immune cell subtypes, disease processes, and lines of treatment), checkpoint expression levels may not be the only factors underlying immunotherapy difficulty and resistance. Researchers should consider the tumour microenvironment (TME) landscape in greater depth from the aspect of not only immune cells but also the tumour histology, molecular subtype, clonal heterogeneity and evolution as well as micro-changes in the fine structural features of the tumour area, such as myeloid cell polarization, fibroblast clusters and tertiary lymphoid structure formation. A comprehensive analysis of the immune and molecular profiles of tumour lesions is needed to determine the potential predictive value of the immune landscape on immunotherapeutic responses, and precision medicine has become more important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyue Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Kun Xie
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tengfei Liu
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The Role of Molecular Imaging in a Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Patient: A Narrative Review in the Era of Multimodality Treatment. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11050863. [PMID: 34064755 PMCID: PMC8151158 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic imaging in bladder cancer plays an important role since it is needed from pretreatment staging to follow-up, but a morphological evaluation performed with both CT and MRI showed low sensitivities and specificities in detecting pathologic lymph nodes, due to the occurrence of false positive results. Implementation of functional information provided by PET/CT could be a determinant in the management of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. A focus on the role of 18F-FDG PET/CT and alternative tracers in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer is provided in this analysis in order to outline its potential applications in staging settings and response evaluation after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang X, Pan L, Lu Q, Huang H, Feng C, Tao Y, Li Z, Hu J, Lai Z, Wang Q, Tang Z, Xie Y, Li T. A combination of ssGSEA and mass cytometry identifies immune microenvironment in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23754. [PMID: 33813769 PMCID: PMC8128294 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is a heterogeneous disease with varying clinical courses and responses to treatment. To improve the prognosis of patients, it is necessary to understand such heterogeneity. Methods We used single‐sample gene set enrichment analysis to classify 35 MIBC cases into immunity‐high and immunity‐low groups. Bioinformatics analyses were conducted to compare the differences between these groups. Eventually, single‐cell mass cytometry (CyTOF) was used to compare the characteristics of the immune microenvironment between the patients in the two groups. Results Compared with patients in the immunity‐low group, patients in the immunity‐high group had a higher number of tumor‐infiltrating immune cells and greater enrichment of gene sets associated with antitumor immune activity. Furthermore, positive immune response‐related pathways were more enriched in the immunity‐high group. We identified 26 immune cell subsets, including cytotoxic T cells (Tcs), helper T cells (Ths), regulatory T cells (Tregs), B cells, macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) using CyTOF. Furthermore, there was a higher proportion of CD45+ lymphocytes and enrichment of one Tc subset in the immunity‐high group. Additionally, M2 macrophages were highly enriched in the immunity‐low group. Finally, there was higher expression of PD‐1 and Tim‐3 on Tregs as well as a higher proportion of PD‐1+ Tregs in the immunity‐low group than in the immunity‐high group. Conclusion In summary, the immune microenvironments of the immunity‐high and immunity‐low groups of patients with MIBC are heterogeneous. Specifically, immune suppression was observed in the immune microenvironment of the patients in the immunity‐low group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China.,School of Information and Management, Guangxi MedicalUniversity, Nanning, China
| | - Lixin Pan
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Qinchen Lu
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Haoxuan Huang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yuting Tao
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Zhijian Li
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Jiaxin Hu
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiyong Lai
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Qiuyan Wang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Zhong Tang
- School of Information and Management, Guangxi MedicalUniversity, Nanning, China
| | - Yuanliang Xie
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China.,Department of Urology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China.,Department of Urology and Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Labban M, Najdi J, Mukherji D, Abou-Kheir W, Tabbarah A, El-Hajj A. Triple-marker immunohistochemical assessment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer: Is there prognostic significance? Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2021; 4:e1313. [PMID: 33538412 PMCID: PMC8451379 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer is the ninth most common cancer worldwide, and the third most common cancer in Lebanon. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been used to stratify muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) into different subtypes. However, to our knowledge, there exists no study that investigates the use of this low‐cost technique to predict prognosis in bladder cancer patients in our region. Aim To examine the feasibility of low‐cost triple‐marker IHC assessment for MIBC subtyping in order to predict patients' survival and cisplatin sensitivity. Methods and results We collected the specimens of deceased patients diagnosed with MIBC on pathology at our institution. For each case, tumor tissue blocks were retrieved and stained for hematoxylin and eosin in addition to three molecular markers by IHC: cytokeratin 5/6, cytokeratin 14 staining basal BC, and GATA3 staining luminal BC. A cut‐off of ≥20% was set as positive. Kaplan‐Meier curves were built, factored by BC subtype, to predict overall survival (OS), disease‐specific survival (DSS), and progression‐free survival (PFS). Hazard ratios in Cox regression were also created accounting for oncological factors and BC subtype. We categorized specimens as either luminal (GATA3 positive only) (n = 21; 56.7%) or as double‐positive (GATA3 and basal cytokeratin 5/6 or cytokeratin 14 positive) (n = 16; 43.3%). The overall median survival was similar between the two categories (27.0 ± 4.82 months). Numbers favored luminal disease for PFS (Breslow P = .032). After adjusting for covariates, luminal molecular expression predicted PFS (0.28; [0.09‐0.94]). Yet, the Cox model was not able to identify any predictors of OS or DSS. Conclusion Specimens enriched with only a luminal molecular profile were more likely to exhibit cisplatin sensitivity. Despite the absence of guidelines recommending the utilization of molecular profiling in clinic practice, triple‐marker IHC could serve as a potential low‐cost prognostic indicator to identify patients at high risk of progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhieddine Labban
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jad Najdi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Deborah Mukherji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wassim Abou-Kheir
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abeer Tabbarah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Albert El-Hajj
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hentschel AE, van der Toom EE, Vis AN, Ket JC, Bosschieter J, Heymans MW, van Moorselaar RJA, Steenbergen RD, Nieuwenhuijzen JA. A systematic review on mutation markers for bladder cancer diagnosis in urine. BJU Int 2021; 127:12-27. [PMID: 32539176 PMCID: PMC7818192 DOI: 10.1111/bju.15137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically summarise the available evidence on urinary bladder cancer (BC) mutation markers. Gene mutations are expected to provide novel biomarkers for urinary BC diagnosis. To date, evidence on urinary BC mutation markers has not proven sufficient to be adopted by clinical guidelines. In the present systematic review, diagnostic accuracy of urinary mutation analysis is separately assessed for primary BC diagnosis (BC detection) and for follow-up of BC patients (BC surveillance). METHODS A literature search (PubMed, Embase.com and Wiley/Cochrane Library) and systematic review was performed up to 31 October 2019. As studies were too heterogeneous, no quantitative analysis could be performed. RESULTS In total, 25 studies were summarised by qualitative analysis. For BC detection, diagnostic accuracy differed considerably for single mutation markers (sensitivity 1-85%, specificity 84-100%), and for marker panels (sensitivity 50-94%, specificity 43-97%). Similarly, for BC surveillance, diagnostic accuracy was highly variable for single mutation markers (sensitivity 0-85%, specificity 66-100%), and for marker panels (sensitivity 51-84%, specificity 66-96%). CONCLUSION Urinary mutation analysis showed to be a promising diagnostic tool for non-invasive BC diagnosis. Nonetheless, we observed substantial differences in diagnostic accuracy of urinary BC mutation markers among publications. To translate the data summarised in the present review to future clinical practice, heterogeneity in research design, BC population, mutation analysis technique and urinary DNA should be considered. Eventual clinical implementation of urinary BC mutation markers can only be achieved by collecting more and stronger evidence. Combining different molecular assays might overcome current shortcomings of urinary mutation analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anouk E. Hentschel
- Department ofUrologyAmsterdam University Medical CentersCancer Center AmsterdamVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Emma E. van der Toom
- Department ofUrologyAmsterdam University Medical CentersCancer Center AmsterdamVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - André N. Vis
- Department ofUrologyAmsterdam University Medical CentersCancer Center AmsterdamVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Judith Bosschieter
- Department ofUrologyAmsterdam University Medical CentersCancer Center AmsterdamVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Martijn W. Heymans
- Amsterdam, Epidemiology & BiostatisticsAmsterdam Public HealthAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - R. Jeroen A. van Moorselaar
- Department ofUrologyAmsterdam University Medical CentersCancer Center AmsterdamVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Renske D.M. Steenbergen
- Department ofPathologyAmsterdam University Medical CentersCancer Center AmsterdamVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jakko A. Nieuwenhuijzen
- Department ofUrologyAmsterdam University Medical CentersCancer Center AmsterdamVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), a highly heterogeneous disease, shows genomic instability and a high mutation rate. Clinical outcomes are variable and responses to conventional chemotherapy differ among patients (due to inter-patient tumor heterogeneity and inter-tumor heterogeneity) and even within each individual tumor (intra-tumor heterogeneity). Emerging evidence indicates that tumor heterogeneity may play an important role in cancer progression, resistance to therapy, and metastasis. Comprehensive molecular subtyping classifies MIBC into distinct categories that have potential to guide prognosis, patient stratification, and treatment. Genomic characterization of time-series analyses at the single cell level, and of cell-free circulating tumor DNA or circulating tumor cells, are emerging technologies that enable dissection of the complex clonal architecture of MIBC. This review provides insight into the clinical significance of the molecular mechanisms underlying heterogeneity, focusing on inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity, with special emphasis on molecular classification and methods used to analyze the complex patterns involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Won Kang
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Woonyoung Choi
- Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute and Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seok Joong Yun
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Beaumont KG, Beaumont MA, Sebra R. Application of Single-Cell Sequencing to Immunotherapy. Urol Clin North Am 2020; 47:475-485. [PMID: 33008498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a highly complex and heterogeneous disease and immunotherapy has shown promise as a therapeutic approach. The increased resolution afforded by single-cell analysis offers the hope of finding and characterizing previously underappreciated populations of cells that could prove useful in understanding cancer progression and treatment. Urologic and prostate cancers are inherently heterogeneous diseases, and the potential for single-cell analysis to help understand and develop immunotherapeutic approaches to treat these diseases is very exciting. In this review, we view cancer immunotherapy through a single-cell lens and discuss the state-of-the-art technologies that enable advances in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin G Beaumont
- Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1498, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Michael A Beaumont
- Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1498, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Robert Sebra
- Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1498, New York, NY 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lee HW, Chung W, Lee HO, Jeong DE, Jo A, Lim JE, Hong JH, Nam DH, Jeong BC, Park SH, Joo KM, Park WY. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the tumor microenvironment and facilitates strategic choices to circumvent treatment failure in a chemorefractory bladder cancer patient. Genome Med 2020; 12:47. [PMID: 32460812 PMCID: PMC7251908 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-020-00741-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor cell-intrinsic mechanisms and complex interactions with the tumor microenvironment contribute to therapeutic failure via tumor evolution. It may be possible to overcome treatment resistance by developing a personalized approach against relapsing cancers based on a comprehensive analysis of cell type-specific transcriptomic changes over the clinical course of the disease using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). METHODS Here, we used scRNA-seq to depict the tumor landscape of a single case of chemo-resistant metastatic, muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer (MIUBC) addicted to an activating Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (HRAS) mutation. In order to analyze tumor evolution and microenvironmental changes upon treatment, we also applied scRNA-seq to the corresponding patient-derived xenograft (PDX) before and after treatment with tipifarnib, a HRAS-targeting agent under clinical evaluation. RESULTS In the parallel analysis of the human MIUBC and the PDX, diverse stromal and immune cell populations recapitulated the cellular composition in the human and mouse tumor microenvironment. Treatment with tipifarnib showed dramatic anticancer effects but was unable to achieve a complete response. Importantly, the comparative scRNA-seq analysis between pre- and post-tipifarnib-treated PDX revealed the nature of tipifarnib-refractory tumor cells and the tumor-supporting microenvironment. Based on the upregulation of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in surviving tumor cells, and the accumulation of multiple immune-suppressive subsets from post-tipifarnib-treated PDX, a PD-L1 inhibitor, atezolizumab, was clinically applied; this resulted in a favorable response from the patient with acquired resistance to tipifarnib. CONCLUSION We presented a single case report demonstrating the power of scRNA-seq for visualizing the tumor microenvironment and identifying molecular and cellular therapeutic targets in a treatment-refractory cancer patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Woosung Chung
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
- DCGen Co., Ltd, Seoul, 03170, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Ock Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Eun Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Areum Jo
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung Eun Lim
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Urology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong Chang Jeong
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
| | - Se Hoon Park
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyeung-Min Joo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Meeks JJ, Al-Ahmadie H, Faltas BM, Taylor JA, Flaig TW, DeGraff DJ, Christensen E, Woolbright BL, McConkey DJ, Dyrskjøt L. Genomic heterogeneity in bladder cancer: challenges and possible solutions to improve outcomes. Nat Rev Urol 2020; 17:259-270. [PMID: 32235944 PMCID: PMC7968350 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-020-0304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Histological and molecular analyses of urothelial carcinoma often reveal intratumoural and intertumoural heterogeneity at the genomic, transcriptional and cellular levels. Despite the clonal initiation of the tumour, progression and metastasis often arise from subclones that can develop naturally or during therapy, resulting in molecular alterations with a heterogeneous distribution. Variant histologies in tumour tissues that have developed distinct morphological characteristics divergent from urothelial carcinoma are extreme examples of tumour heterogeneity. Ultimately, heterogeneity contributes to drug resistance and relapse after therapy, resulting in poor survival outcomes. Mutation profile differences between patients with muscle-invasive and metastatic urothelial cancer (interpatient heterogeneity) probably contribute to variability in response to chemotherapy and immunotherapy as first-line treatments. Heterogeneity can occur on multiple levels and averaging or normalizing these alterations is crucial for clinical trial and drug design to enable appropriate therapeutic targeting. Identification of the extent of heterogeneity might shape the choice of monotherapy or additional combination treatments to target different drivers and genetic events. Identification of the lethal tumour cell clones is required to improve survival of patients with urothelial carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Meeks
- Departments of Urology and Biochemistry, Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Hikmat Al-Ahmadie
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bishoy M Faltas
- Department of Medicine and Department of Cell and Developmental biology, Weill-Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John A Taylor
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | | | - David J DeGraff
- Departments of Pathology, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Surgery, Division of Urology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Emil Christensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | | | - David J McConkey
- Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lars Dyrskjøt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
STAT3/5 Inhibitors Suppress Proliferation in Bladder Cancer and Enhance Oncolytic Adenovirus Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031106. [PMID: 32046095 PMCID: PMC7043223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The JAK-STAT signalling pathway regulates cellular processes like cell division, cell death and immune regulation. Dysregulation has been identified in solid tumours and STAT3 activation is a marker for poor outcome. The aim of this study was to explore potential therapeutic strategies by targeting this pathway in bladder cancer (BC). High STAT3 expression was detected in 51.3% from 149 patient specimens with invasive bladder cancer by immunohistochemistry. Protein expression of JAK, STAT and downstream targets were confirmed in 10 cell lines. Effects of the JAK inhibitors Ruxolitinib and BSK-805, and STAT3/5 inhibitors Stattic, Nifuroxazide and SH-4-54 were analysed by cell viability assays, immunoblotting, apoptosis and cell cycle progression. Treatment with STAT3/5 but not JAK1/2 inhibitors reduced survival, levels of phosphorylated STAT3 and Cyclin-D1 and increased apoptosis. Tumour xenografts, using the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model responded to Stattic monotherapy. Combination of Stattic with Cisplatin, Docetaxel, Gemcitabine, Paclitaxel and CDK4/6 inhibitors showed additive effects. The combination of Stattic with the oncolytic adenovirus XVir-N-31 increased viral replication and cell lysis. Our results provide evidence that inhibitors against STAT3/5 are promising as novel mono- and combination therapy in bladder cancer.
Collapse
|
22
|
Kettunen K, Boström PJ, Taimen P. Reply to Mengxin Lu, Yi Zhang, Yu Xiao's Letter to the Editor, re: Kimmo Kettunen, Peter J. Boström, Tarja Lamminen, et al. Personalized Drug Sensitivity Screening for Bladder Cancer Using Conditionally Reprogrammed Patient-derived Cells. Eur Urol 2019;76:430-4. Eur Urol 2019; 76:e137-e138. [PMID: 31420250 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2019.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Kettunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, and Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Peter J Boström
- Department of Urology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Taimen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, and Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Duplisea JJ, Dinney CPN. Should chemotherapy still be used to treat all muscle invasive bladder cancer in the "era of immunotherapy"? Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2019; 19:543-545. [PMID: 31164019 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2019.1625773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Duplisea
- a Department of Urology , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Colin P N Dinney
- a Department of Urology , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| |
Collapse
|