1
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Stadlbauer D, Waal LD, Beaulieu E, Strohmeier S, Kroeze EJBV, Boutet P, Osterhaus ADME, Krammer F, Innis BL, Nachbagauer R, Stittelaar KJ, Mallett CP. AS03-adjuvanted H7N9 inactivated split virion vaccines induce cross-reactive and protective responses in ferrets. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:40. [PMID: 33742000 PMCID: PMC7979725 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human infections with avian H7N9 subtype influenza viruses are a major public health concern and vaccines against H7N9 are urgently needed for pandemic preparedness. In early 2013, novel H7N9 influenza viruses emerged in China that caused about 1600 human cases of infection with a high associated case fatality rate. In this study, two H7N9 split virion vaccines with or without AS03 adjuvant were tested in the naive ferret model. Serological analyses demonstrated that homologous hemagglutination inhibition and microneutralization antibody titers were detectable in the ferrets after the first immunization with the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines that were further boosted by the second immunization. In addition, heterologous antibody titers against older H7 subtype viruses of the North American lineage (H7N7, H7N3) and newer H7 subtype viruses of the Eurasian lineage (H7N9) were detected in the animals receiving the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines. Animals receiving two immunizations of the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines were protected from weight loss and fever in the homologous challenge study and had no detectable virus in throat or lung samples. In addition, microscopic examination post-challenge showed animals immunized with the AS03-adjuvanted vaccines had the least signs of lung injury and inflammation, consistent with the greater relative efficacy of the adjuvanted vaccines. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the AS03-adjuvanted H7N9 vaccines elicited high levels of homologous and heterologous antibodies and protected against H7N9 virus damage post-challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Stadlbauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leon de Waal
- Viroclinics Biosciences B.V., Viroclinics Xplore, Schaijk, The Netherlands
| | | | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Viroclinics Biosciences B.V., Viroclinics Xplore, Schaijk, The Netherlands.,The Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bruce L Innis
- GSK, King of Prussia, PA, USA.,PATH, Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Raffael Nachbagauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Moderna Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Koert J Stittelaar
- Viroclinics Biosciences B.V., Viroclinics Xplore, Schaijk, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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2
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The impact of immuno-aging on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development. GeroScience 2021; 43:31-51. [PMID: 33569701 PMCID: PMC7875765 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00323-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has almost 56 million confirmed cases resulting in over 1.3 million deaths as of November 2020. This infection has proved more deadly to older adults (those >65 years of age) and those with immunocompromising conditions. The worldwide population aged 65 years and older is increasing, and the total number of aged individuals will outnumber those younger than 65 years by the year 2050. Aging is associated with a decline in immune function and chronic activation of inflammation that contributes to enhanced viral susceptibility and reduced responses to vaccination. Here we briefly review the pathogenicity of the virus, epidemiology and clinical response, and the underlying mechanisms of human aging in improving vaccination. We review current methods to improve vaccination in the older adults using novel vaccine platforms and adjuvant systems. We conclude by summarizing the existing clinical trials for a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and discussing how to address the unique challenges for vaccine development presented with an aging immune system.
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3
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Lodaya RN, Kanitkar AP, Friedrich K, Henson D, Yamagata R, Nuti S, Mallett CP, Bertholet S, Amiji MM, O'Hagan DT. Formulation Design, Optimization and In Vivo Evaluations of an α-Tocopherol-Containing Self-Emulsified Adjuvant System using Inactivated Influenza Vaccine. J Control Release 2019; 316:12-21. [PMID: 31678654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
α-Tocopherol has been used as an immune supplement in humans, as an emulsion adjuvant component in several veterinary vaccines as well as an immunomodulatory component of AS03, an emulsion adjuvant that was used in an H1N1 pandemic vaccine (Pandemrix). AS03 is manufactured using microfluidization and high-pressure homogenization. Such high energy and complex manufacturing processes make it difficult and expensive to produce emulsion adjuvants on a large scale, especially in developing countries. In this study we have explored simpler, comparatively inexpensive methods, to formulate emulsion adjuvants containing α-tocopherol, that have the potential to be made in any well-established scale-up facility. This might facilitate producing and stock-piling adjuvant doses and therefore aide in pandemic preparedness. We used design of experiment as a tool to explore incorporating α-tocopherol into self-emulsified systems containing squalene oil and polysorbate 80. We created novel self-emulsified adjuvant systems (SE-AS) and evaluated their potency in vivo in BALB/c mice with inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) and tested the cellular and humoral immune responses against the four vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushit N Lodaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Amey P Kanitkar
- GSK, Slaoui Centre for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | | | - Dawn Henson
- GSK, Slaoui Centre for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Ryan Yamagata
- GSK, Slaoui Centre for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Sandra Nuti
- GSK, Slaoui Centre for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Corey P Mallett
- GSK, Slaoui Centre for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Sylvie Bertholet
- GSK, Slaoui Centre for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Derek T O'Hagan
- GSK, Slaoui Centre for Vaccines Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
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4
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Chen PL, Hu AYC, Lin CY, Weng TC, Lai CC, Tseng YF, Cheng MC, Chia MY, Lin WC, Yeh CT, Su IJ, Lee MS. Development of American-Lineage Influenza H5N2 Reassortant Vaccine Viruses for Pandemic Preparedness. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060543. [PMID: 31212631 PMCID: PMC6631248 DOI: 10.3390/v11060543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5N2 viruses hit poultry farms in Taiwan in 2003, and evolved into highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses in 2010. These viruses are reassortant viruses containing HA and NA genes from American-lineage H5N2 and six internal genes from local H6N1 viruses. According to a serological survey, the Taiwan H5N2 viruses can cause asymptomatic infections in poultry workers. Therefore, a development of influenza H5N2 vaccines is desirable for pandemic preparation. In this study, we employed reverse genetics to generate a vaccine virus having HA and NA genes from A/Chicken/CY/A2628/2012 (E7, LPAI) and six internal genes from a Vero cell-adapted high-growth H5N1 vaccine virus (Vero-15). The reassortant H5N2 vaccine virus, E7-V15, presented high-growth efficiency in Vero cells (512 HAU, 107.6 TCID50/mL), and passed all tests for qualification of candidate vaccine viruses. In ferret immunization, two doses of inactivated whole virus antigens (3 μg of HA protein) adjuvanted with alum could induce robust antibody response (HI titre 113.14). In conclusion, we have established reverse genetics to generate a qualified reassortant H5N2 vaccine virus for further development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Ferrets
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/growth & development
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Neuraminidase/immunology
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/growth & development
- Reassortant Viruses/immunology
- Reassortant Viruses/isolation & purification
- Reverse Genetics
- Taiwan
- Treatment Outcome
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Vero Cells
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ling Chen
- National Institution of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Alan Yung-Chih Hu
- National Institution of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Yang Lin
- National Institution of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Tsai-Chuan Weng
- National Institution of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Chun Lai
- National Institution of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
- College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Fen Tseng
- National Institution of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Chu Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
- Animal Health Research Institutes, Danshui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan.
| | - Min-Yuan Chia
- National Institution of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Chin Lin
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defence Medical Centre, Taipei 23742, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Tsui Yeh
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defence Medical Centre, Taipei 23742, Taiwan.
| | - Ih-Jen Su
- National Institution of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Min-Shi Lee
- National Institution of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
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5
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Abstract
Adjuvanted influenza vaccines constitute a key element towards inducing neutralizing antibody responses in populations with reduced responsiveness, such as infants and elderly subjects, as well as in devising antigen-sparing strategies. In particular, squalene-containing adjuvants have been observed to induce enhanced antibody responses, as well as having an influence on cross-reactive immunity. To explore the effects of adjuvanted vaccine formulations on antibody response and their relation to protein-specific immunity, we propose different mathematical models of antibody production dynamics in response to influenza vaccination. Data from ferrets immunized with commercial H1N1pdm09 vaccine antigen alone or formulated with different adjuvants was instrumental to adjust model parameters. While the affinity maturation process complexity is abridged, the proposed model is able to recapitulate the essential features of the observed dynamics. Our numerical results suggest that there exists a qualitative shift in protein-specific antibody response, with enhanced production of antibodies targeting the NA protein in adjuvanted versus non-adjuvanted formulations, in conjunction with a protein-independent boost that is over one order of magnitude larger for squalene-containing adjuvants. Furthermore, simulations predict that vaccines formulated with squalene-containing adjuvants are able to induce sustained antibody titers in a robust way, with little impact of the time interval between immunizations.
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6
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Abstract
Adjuvants are substances added to vaccines to improve their immunogenicity. Used for more than 80 years, aluminum, the first adjuvant in human vaccines, proved insufficient to develop vaccines that could protect against new challenging pathogens such as HIV and malaria. New adjuvants and new combinations of adjuvants (Adjuvant Systems) have opened the door to the delivery of improved and new vaccines against re-emerging and difficult pathogens. Adjuvant Systems concept started through serendipity. The access to new developments in technology, microbiology and immunology have been instrumental for the dicephering of what they do and how they do it. This knowledge opens the door to more rational vaccine design with implications for developing new and better vaccines.
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7
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Siegers JY, van den Brand JM, Leijten LM, van de Bildt MMW, van Run PR, van Amerongen G, Stittelaar KJ, Koopmans MP, Osterhaus ADME, Kuiken T, van Riel D. Vaccination Is More Effective Than Prophylactic Oseltamivir in Preventing CNS Invasion by H5N1 Virus via the Olfactory Nerve. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:516-24. [PMID: 27448390 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A viruses can replicate in the olfactory mucosa and subsequently use the olfactory nerve to enter the central nervous system (CNS). It is currently unknown whether intervention strategies are able to reduce or prevent influenza virus replication within the olfactory mucosa and subsequent spread to the CNS. Therefore, we tested the efficacy of homologous vaccination and prophylactic oseltamivir to prevent H5N1 virus CNS invasion via the olfactory nerve in our ferret model. METHODS Ferrets were vaccinated intramuscularly or received oseltamivir (5 mg/kg twice daily) prophylactically before intranasal inoculation of highly pathogenic H5N1 virus (A/Indonesia/05/2005) and were examined using virology and pathology. RESULTS Homologous vaccination reduced H5N1 virus replication in the olfactory mucosa and prevented subsequent virus spread to the CNS. However, prophylactic oseltamivir did not prevent H5N1 virus replication in the olfactory mucosa sufficiently, resulting in CNS invasion via the olfactory nerve causing a severe meningoencephalitis. CONCLUSIONS Within our ferret model, vaccination is more effective than prophylactic oseltamivir in preventing CNS invasion by H5N1 virus via the olfactory nerve. This study highlights the importance of including the olfactory mucosa, olfactory nerve, and CNS tissues in future vaccine and antiviral studies, especially for viruses with a known neurotropic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Viroclinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam Artemis One Health, Utrecht, The Netherlands Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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8
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Intranasally administered Endocine™ formulated 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 vaccine induces broad specific antibody responses and confers protection in ferrets. Vaccine 2014; 32:3307-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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9
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Consecutive CT in vivo lung imaging as quantitative parameter of influenza vaccine efficacy in the ferret model. Vaccine 2012; 30:7391-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Extensive preparation is underway to mitigate the next pandemic influenza outbreak. New vaccine technologies intended to supplant egg-based production methods are being developed, with recombinant hemagglutinin (rHA) as the most advanced program for preventing seasonal and avian H5N1 Influenza. Increased efforts are being focused on adjuvants that can broaden vaccine immunogenicity against emerging viruses and maximize vaccine supply on a worldwide scale. Here, we test protection against avian flu by using H5N1-derived rHA and GLA-SE, a two-part adjuvant system containing glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA), a formulated synthetic Toll-like receptor 4 agonist, and a stable emulsion (SE) of oil in water, which is similar to the best-in-class adjuvants being developed for pandemic flu. Notably, a single submicrogram dose of rH5 adjuvanted with GLA-SE protects mice and ferrets against a high titer challenge with H5N1 virus. GLA-SE, relative to emulsion alone, accelerated induction of the primary immune response and broadened its durability against heterosubtypic H5N1 virus challenge. Mechanistically, GLA-SE augments protection via induction of a Th1-mediated antibody response. Innate signaling pathways that amplify priming of Th1 CD4 T cells will likely improve vaccine performance against future outbreaks of lethal pandemic flu.
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11
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Ducatez MF, Webb A, Crumpton JC, Webby RJ. Long-term vaccine-induced heterologous protection against H5N1 influenza viruses in the ferret model. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 7:506-12. [PMID: 22897930 PMCID: PMC3505228 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Please cite this paper as: Ducatez et al. (2012) Long‐term vaccine‐induced heterologous protection against H5N1 influenza viruses in the ferret model. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 7(4), 506–512. Background Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses reemerged in humans in 2003 and have caused fatal human infections in Asia and Africa as well as ongoing outbreaks in poultry. These viruses have evolved substantially and are now so antigenically varied that a single vaccine antigen may not protect against all circulating strains. Nevertheless, studies have shown that substantial cross‐reactivity can be achieved with H5N1 vaccines. These studies have not, however, addressed the issue of duration of such cross‐reactive protection. Objectives To directly address this using the ferret model, we used two recommended World Health Organization H5N1 vaccine seed strains – A/Vietnam/1203/04 (clade 1) and A/duck/Hunan/795/02 (clade 2.1) – seven single, double, or triple mutant viruses based on A/Vietnam/1203/04, and the ancestral viruses A and D, selected from sequences at nodes of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase gene phylogenies to represent antigenically diverse progeny H5N1 subclades as vaccine antigens. Results All inactivated whole‐virus vaccines provided full protection against morbidity and mortality in ferrets challenged with the highly pathogenic H5N1 strain A/Vietnam/1203/04 5 months and 1 year after immunization. Conclusion If an H5N1 pandemic was to arise, and with the hypothesis that one can extrapolate the results from three doses of a whole‐virion vaccine in ferrets to the available split vaccines for use in humans, the population could be efficiently immunized with currently available H5N1 vaccines, while the homologous vaccine is under production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariette F Ducatez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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12
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Sabarth N, Savidis-Dacho H, Schwendinger MG, Brühl P, Portsmouth D, Crowe BA, Kistner O, Barrett PN, Kreil TR, Howard MK. A cell culture-derived whole-virus H5N1 vaccine induces long-lasting cross-clade protective immunity in mice which is augmented by a homologous or heterologous booster vaccination. Vaccine 2012; 30:5533-40. [PMID: 22749797 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preparation for an H5N1 influenza pandemic in humans could include priming the population in the pre-pandemic period with a vaccine produced from an existing H5N1 vaccine strain, with the possibility of boosting with a pandemic virus vaccine when it becomes available. We investigated the longevity of the immune response after one or two priming immunizations with a whole-virus H5N1 vaccine and the extent to which this can be boosted by later immunization with either a homologous or heterologous vaccine. METHODS Mice received one or two priming immunizations with a Vero cell culture-derived, whole-virus clade 1 H5N1 vaccine formulated to contain either 750 ng or 30 ng hemagglutinin. Six months after the first priming immunization, mice received either a booster immunization with the same clade 1 vaccine or a heterologous clade 2.1 vaccine, or buffer. Humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated before and at regular intervals after immunizations. Three weeks after booster immunization, mice were challenged with a lethal dose of wild-type H5N1 virus from clades 1, 2.1 or 2.2 and survival was monitored for 14 days. RESULTS One or two priming immunizations with the 750 ng or 30 ng HA formulations, respectively, induced H5N1-neutralizing antibody titers which were maintained for ≥ 6 months and provided long-term cross-clade protection against wild-type virus challenge. Both humoral and cellular immune responses were substantially increased by a booster immunization after 6 months. The broadest protective immunity was provided by an immunization regimen consisting of one or two priming immunizations with a clade 1 vaccine and a boosting immunization with a clade 2.1 vaccine. CONCLUSIONS These data support the concept that pre-pandemic vaccination can provide robust and long-lasting H5N1 immunity which could be effectively boosted by immunization either with another pre-pandemic vaccine or with the pandemic strain vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Sabarth
- Vaccine R&D, Baxter BioScience, Biomedical Research Centre, Uferstraße 15, A-2304 Orth/Donau, Austria
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13
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Garçon N, Vaughn DW, Didierlaurent AM. Development and evaluation of AS03, an Adjuvant System containing α-tocopherol and squalene in an oil-in-water emulsion. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:349-66. [PMID: 22380826 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AS03 is an Adjuvant System composed of α-tocopherol, squalene and polysorbate 80 in an oil-in-water emulsion. In various nonclinical and clinical studies, high levels of antigen-specific antibodies were obtained after administration of an AS03-adjuvanted vaccine, permitting antigen-sparing strategies. AS03 has been shown to enhance the vaccine antigen-specific adaptive response by activating the innate immune system locally and by increasing antigen uptake and presentation in draining lymph nodes, a process that is modulated by the presence of α-tocopherol in AS03. In nonclinical models of the AS03-adjuvanted prepandemic H5N1 influenza vaccine, increased levels of anti-influenza antibody afforded protection against disease and against virus replication of influenza strains homologous and heterologous to the vaccine strain. By incorporating AS03 in the pandemic H1N1/2009 vaccine, vaccine immunogenicity was increased compared with nonadjuvanted H1N1 vaccines. High H1N1/2009/AS03 vaccine effectiveness was demonstrated in several assessments in multiple populations. Altogether, the nonclinical and clinical data illustrate the ability of AS03 to induce superior adaptive responses against the vaccine antigen, principally in terms of antibody levels and immune memory. In general, these results support the concept of Adjuvant Systems as a plausible approach to develop new effective vaccines.
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14
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Seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine protects against 1918 Spanish influenza virus infection in ferrets. J Virol 2012; 86:7118-25. [PMID: 22553323 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00674-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus H1N1 pandemic of 1918 was one of the worst medical catastrophes in human history. Recent studies have demonstrated that the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the 1918 virus and 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus [A(H1N1)pdm09], the latter now a component of the seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV), share cross-reactive antigenic determinants. In this study, we demonstrate that immunization with the 2010-2011 seasonal TIV induces neutralizing antibodies that cross-react with the reconstructed 1918 pandemic virus in ferrets. TIV-immunized ferrets subsequently challenged with the 1918 virus displayed significant reductions in fever, weight loss, and virus shedding compared to these parameters in nonimmune control ferrets. Seasonal TIV was also effective in protecting against the lung infection and severe lung pathology associated with 1918 virus infection. Our data demonstrate that prior immunization with contemporary TIV provides cross-protection against the 1918 virus in ferrets. These findings suggest that exposure to A(H1N1)pdm09 through immunization may provide protection against the reconstructed 1918 virus which, as a select agent, is considered to pose both biosafety and biosecurity threats.
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15
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Baras B, de Waal L, Stittelaar KJ, Jacob V, Giannini S, Kroeze EJBV, van den Brand JMA, van Amerongen G, Simon JH, Hanon E, Mossman SP, Osterhaus ADME. Pandemic H1N1 vaccine requires the use of an adjuvant to protect against challenge in naïve ferrets. Vaccine 2011; 29:2120-6. [PMID: 21238573 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the context of an A/H1N1 influenza pandemic situation, this study demonstrates that heterologous vaccination with an AS03-adjuvanted 2008/2009 seasonal trivalent and pandemic H5N1 monovalent split vaccine conferred partial protection in influenza-naïve ferrets after challenge with the influenza pandemic H1N1 A/The Netherlands/602/09 virus. Further, unlike saline control and non-adjuvanted vaccine, it was shown that immunization of naïve ferrets with an AS03-adjuvanted pandemic H1N1 A/California/7/09 influenza split vaccine induced increased antibody response and enhanced protection against the challenge strain, including significant reduction in viral shedding in the upper respiratory tract and reduced lung pathology post-challenge. These results show the need for vaccination with the adjuvanted vaccine to fully protect against viral replication and influenza disease in unprimed ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Baras
- GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium.
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