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Wang Z, Shao J. Fungal vaccines and adjuvants: a tool to reveal the interaction between host and fungi. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:293. [PMID: 38850421 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Fungal infections are incurring high risks in a range from superficial mucosal discomforts (such as oropharyngeal candidiasis and vulvovaginal candidiasis) to disseminated life-threatening diseases (such as invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and cryptococcal meningitis) and becoming a global health problem in especially immunodeficient population. The major obstacle to conquer fungal harassment lies in the presence of increasing resistance to conventional antifungal agents used in newly clinically isolated strains. Although recombinant cytokines and mono-/poly-clonal antibodies are added into antifungal armamentarium, more effective antimycotic drugs are exceedingly demanded. It is comforting that the development of fungal vaccines and adjuvants opens up a window to brighten the prospective way in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of fungal assaults. In this review, we focus on the progression of several major fungal vaccines devised for the control of Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., Cryptococcus spp., Coccidioides spp., Paracoccidioides spp., Blastomyces spp., Histoplasma spp., Pneumocystis spp. as well as the adjuvants adopted. We then expound the interaction between fungal vaccines/adjuvants and host innate (macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils), humoral (IgG, IgM and IgA) and cellular (Th1, Th2, Th17 and Tc17) immune responses which generally experience immune recognition of pattern recognition receptors, activation of immune cells, and clearance of invaded fungi. Furthermore, we anticipate an in-depth understanding of immunomodulatory properties of univalent and multivalent vaccines against diverse opportunistic fungi, providing helpful information in the design of novel fungal vaccines and adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixu Wang
- Laboratory of Anti-Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Anti-Infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei, 230012, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Ehrman RN, Brohlin OR, Wijesundara YH, Kumari S, Trashi O, Howlett TS, Trashi I, Herbert FC, Raja A, Koirala S, Tran N, Al-Kharji NM, Tang W, Senarathna MC, Hagge LM, Smaldone RA, Gassensmith JJ. A scalable synthesis of adjuvanting antigen depots based on metal-organic frameworks. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2731-2744. [PMID: 38404371 PMCID: PMC10882496 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06734c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccines have saved countless lives by preventing and even irradicating infectious diseases. Commonly used subunit vaccines comprising one or multiple recombinant proteins isolated from a pathogen demonstrate a better safety profile than live or attenuated vaccines. However, the immunogenicity of these vaccines is weak, and therefore, subunit vaccines require a series of doses to achieve sufficient immunity against the pathogen. Here, we show that the biomimetic mineralization of the inert model antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), in zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) significantly improves the humoral immune response over three bolus doses of OVA (OVA 3×). Encapsulation of OVA in ZIF-8 (OVA@ZIF) demonstrated higher serum antibody titers against OVA than OVA 3×. OVA@ZIF vaccinated mice displayed higher populations of germinal center (GC) B cells and IgG1+ GC B cells as opposed to OVA 3×, indicative of class-switching recombination. We show that the mechanism of this phenomenon is at least partly owed to the metalloimmunological effects of the zinc metal as well as the sustained release of OVA from the ZIF-8 composite. The system acts as an antigen reservoir for antigen-presenting cells to traffic into the draining lymph node, enhancing the humoral response. Lastly, our model system OVA@ZIF is produced quickly at the gram scale in a laboratory setting, sufficient for up to 20 000 vaccine doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryanne N Ehrman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Olivia R Brohlin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Yalini H Wijesundara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Sneha Kumari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Orikeda Trashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Thomas S Howlett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Ikeda Trashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Fabian C Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Arun Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Shailendra Koirala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Nancy Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Noora M Al-Kharji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Wendy Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Milinda C Senarathna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Laurel M Hagge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Ronald A Smaldone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Jeremiah J Gassensmith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd. Richardson TX 75080 USA
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3
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Kim JC, Choi JA, Park H, Yang E, Noh S, Kim JS, Kim MJ, Song M, Park JH. Pharmaceutical and Immunological Evaluation of Cholera Toxin A1 Subunit as an Adjuvant of Hepatitis B Vaccine Microneedles. Pharm Res 2023; 40:3059-3071. [PMID: 37914841 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03623-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE For successful delivery of a solid vaccine formulation into the skin using microneedles, the solubility of an adjuvant should be considered because the decrease in the dissolution rate by the addition of adjuvant decreases the delivery efficiency of the vaccine. METHODS In this study, cholera toxin A subunit 1 (CTA1) was examined as an adjuvant to Hepatitis B vaccine (HBV) microneedles because of its good water solubility, improved safety, and positive effect as shown in intramuscular administration of a liquid vaccine. RESULTS All solid formulations with CTA 1 dissolved in in vivo mouse skin within 30 min, and they were successfully delivered into the skin. In experiments with mice, the addition of CTA1 led to improved IgG immune response compared to the use of an aluminum hydroxide-based formulation and intramuscular administration of HBV. In addition, CTA1 induced CD8 + T cell response as much as in which the aluminum hydroxide-based formulation induced. CONCLUSIONS CTA1 is an adjuvant that satisfies both the delivery efficiency and the immunological characteristics required for vaccine microneedles. CTA1 will be used as a potential adjuvant through vaccine microneedles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Chan Kim
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon BioNano Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jung-Ah Choi
- Science Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hayan Park
- Science Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunji Yang
- Science Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shinyoung Noh
- Science Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Seok Kim
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon BioNano Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Moon-Jin Kim
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon BioNano Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Manki Song
- Science Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Jung-Hwan Park
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon BioNano Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea.
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Chechi JL, da Costa FAC, Figueiredo JM, de Souza CM, Valdez AF, Zamith-Miranda D, Camara AC, Taborda CP, Nosanchuk JD. Vaccine development for pathogenic fungi: current status and future directions. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:1136-1153. [PMID: 37936254 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2279570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fungal infections are caused by a broad range of pathogenic fungi that are found worldwide with different geographic distributions, incidences, and mortality rates. Considering that there are relatively few approved medications available for combating fungal diseases and no vaccine formulation commercially available, multiple groups are searching for new antifungal drugs, examining drugs for repurposing and developing antifungal vaccines, in order to control deaths, sequels, and the spread of these complex infections. AREAS COVERED This review provides a summary of advances in fungal vaccine studies and the different approaches under development, such as subunit vaccines, whole organism vaccines, and DNA vaccines, as well as studies that optimize the use of adjuvants. We conducted a literature search of the PubMed with terms: fungal vaccines and genus of fungal pathogens (Cryptococcus spp. Candida spp. Coccidioides spp. Aspergillus spp. Sporothrix spp. Histoplasma spp. Paracoccidioides spp. Pneumocystis spp. and the Mucorales order), a total of 177 articles were collected from database. EXPERT OPINION Problems regarding the immune response development in an immunocompromised organism, the similarity between fungal and mammalian cells, and the lack of attention by health organizations to fungal infections are closely related to the fact that, at present, there are no fungal vaccines available for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica L Chechi
- Laboratório de Fungos Dimórficos Patogênicos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe A C da Costa
- Laboratório de Fungos Dimórficos Patogênicos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica (LIM-53), Departamento de Dermatologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, SP, Brazil
| | - Julia M Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Fungos Dimórficos Patogênicos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, SP, Brazil
| | - Cássia M de Souza
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Biologia Molecular de Fungos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo, Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alessandro F Valdez
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Zamith-Miranda
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Aline C Camara
- Laboratório de Fungos Dimórficos Patogênicos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica (LIM-53), Departamento de Dermatologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos P Taborda
- Laboratório de Fungos Dimórficos Patogênicos, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Micologia Médica (LIM-53), Departamento de Dermatologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, SP, Brazil
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Alp Onen E, Sonmez K, Yildirim F, Demirci EK, Gurel A. Development, analysis, and preclinical evaluation of inactivated vaccine candidate for prevention of Covid-19 disease. ALL LIFE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2022.2099468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Engin Alp Onen
- Kocak Pharmaceuticals, Vaccine and Biotechnology R&D, Organize Sanayi Bölgesi, Kapakli/Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Kivilcim Sonmez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pathology Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Funda Yildirim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pathology Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Aydin Gurel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pathology Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ronchi GF, Testa L, Iorio M, Pinoni C, Bortone G, Dondona AC, Rossi E, Capista S, Mercante MT, Morelli D, Di Ventura M, Monaco F. Immunogenicity and safety studies of an inactivated vaccine against Rift Valley fever. Acta Trop 2022; 232:106498. [PMID: 35513072 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging transboundary, mosquito-borne, zoonotic viral disease caused by a single serotype of a virus belonging to the Phenuiviridae family (genus Phlebovirus). It is considered an important threat to both agriculture and public health in endemic areas, because the virus, transmitted by different mosquito genera, leads to abortions in susceptible animal hosts especially sheep, goat, cattle, and buffaloes, resulting in severe economic losses. Humans can also acquire the infection, and the major sources are represented by the direct contact with infected animal blood, aerosol, consumption of unpasteurized contaminated milk and the bite of infected mosquitoes. Actually, the EU territory does not seem to be exposed to an imminent risk of RVFV introduction, however, the recent outbreaks in a French overseas department and some cases detected in Turkey, Tunisia and Libya, raised the attention of the EU for a possible risk of introduction of infected vectors. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic and/or preventive drugs, such as vaccines. In our work, we studied the immunogenicity of an inactivated and adjuvanted vaccine produced using a Namibian field strain of RVF virus (RVFV). The vaccine object of this study was formulated with Montanide Pet Gel A, a polymer-based adjuvant that has been previously reported for its promising safety profile and for the capacity to elicit a strong immune response. The produced inactivated vaccine was tested on six sheep and the level of IgM and IgG after the immunization of animals was evaluated by a commercial competitive ELISA, in order to assess the immunogenicity profile of our vaccine and to evaluate its potential use, as an alternative to the attenuated vaccines commercially available, in case of Rift Valley fever epidemic disease on EU territory. Following the administration of the second dose, 35 days after the first one, all animals seroconverted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilia Testa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, Teramo, Italy
| | - Mariangela Iorio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Chiara Pinoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, Teramo, Italy
| | - Grazia Bortone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Rossi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, Teramo, Italy
| | - Sara Capista
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, Teramo, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Mercante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, Teramo, Italy
| | - Daniela Morelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, Teramo, Italy
| | - Mauro Di Ventura
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, Teramo, Italy
| | - Federica Monaco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise G. Caporale, Teramo, Italy
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Safety and Efficacy of the Bordetella bronchiseptica Vaccine Combined with a Vegetable Oil Adjuvant and Multi-Omics Analysis of Its Potential Role in the Protective Response of Rabbits. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071434. [PMID: 35890330 PMCID: PMC9317422 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious respiratory diseases caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) are seriously endangering the development of the rabbit industry in China. Unfortunately, no licensed vaccines are available for this pathogen. The present study was designed to determine whether the inactivated Bb antigen formulated with vegetable oil adjuvant (named E515) which contains soybean oil, vitamin E, and ginseng saponins, functions as a safe and effective vaccine (E515-Bb) against Bb infection in rabbits. Based on local and systemic reactions, both the E515 adjuvant alone and the E515-Bb vaccine exhibited good safety in rabbits. Immune response analysis implies that rabbits immunized with the E515-Bb vaccine produced significantly higher, earlier, and longer-lasting specific antibody responses and activated Th1/Th2/Th17 cell responses than those immunized with the aluminum hydroxide (Alum)-adjuvanted Bb vaccine (Alum-Bb) or Bb antigen alone. Moreover, the E515-Bb vaccine effectively protected rabbits from Bb infection. Additionally, integrated multi-omics analysis revealed that the immunoprotective effect of the E515-Bb vaccine was achieved through upregulation of the complement and coagulation cascades and cell adhesion molecule (CAM) pathways, and the downregulation of the P53 pathway. Overall, these results indicate that the E515-Bb vaccine is safe, elicits an efficient immune response and provides good protection against Bb infection in rabbits. Thus, the E515-adjuvanted Bb vaccine can be considered a promising candidate vaccine for preventing Bb infection.
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Portuondo Fuentes DL, Batista-Duharte A, Carvajal CC, de Oliveira CS, Borges JC, Téllez-Martínez D, Santana PA, Gauna A, Mercado L, Soleder BC, Inácio da Costa P, Quimbayo FG, Carlos IZ. A Sporothrix spp enolase derived multi-epitope vaccine confers protective response in BALB/c mice challenged with Sporothrix brasiliensis. Microb Pathog 2022; 166:105539. [PMID: 35447314 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a cosmopolitan mycosis caused by pathogenic species of Sporothrix genus, that in Brazil is often acquired by zoonotic transmission involved infected cats with S. brasiliensis. Previous studies showed that the Sporothrix spp. recombinant enolase (rSsEno), a multifunctional protein with immunogenic properties, could be a promising target for vaccination against sporotrichosis in cats. Nevertheless, the considerable sequence identity (62%) of SsEno with its feline counterpart is a great concern. Here, we report the identification in silico, chemical synthesis and biological validation of six peptides of SsEno with low sequence identity to its cat orthologue. All synthesized peptides exhibit B-cell epitopes on the molecular surface of SsEno and proved to be highly reactive with the serum of infected mice with S. brasiliensis and sera of cats with sporotrichosis. Interestingly, our study revealed that anti-peptide sera did not react with the recombinant enolase from Felis catus (cats, rFcEno), thus, may not trigger autoimmune response in these felines if used as a vaccine antigen. The immunization with peptide mixture (PeptMix) formulated with Freund adjuvant (FA), induced high levels of antigen-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2b antibodies that conferred protection upon passive transference in infected BALB/c mice with S. brasiliensis. We also observed, that the FA + PeptMix formulation induced a Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine profile ex vivo, associated with protecting effect against the experimental sporotrichosis. Our results suggest that the six SsEno-derived peptides here evaluated, could be used as safe antigens for the development of vaccine strategies against feline sporotrichosis, whether prophylactic or therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; GC01 Immunology and Allergy Group. Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC). Reina Sofía University Hospital, IMIBIC Building, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Constanza Cardenas Carvajal
- Nucleo Biotecnologıa Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Carlos S de Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, P.O. Box 780, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Júlio César Borges
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, P.O. Box 780, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Damiana Téllez-Martínez
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paula Andrea Santana
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, el Llano Subercaseaux 2801, San Miguel, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Adriana Gauna
- Nucleo Biotecnologıa Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad #330, 2373223, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Bruna Castilho Soleder
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Inácio da Costa
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fanny Guzmán Quimbayo
- Nucleo Biotecnologıa Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Etchecopaz A, Toscanini MA, Gisbert A, Mas J, Scarpa M, Iovannitti CA, Bendezú K, Nusblat AD, Iachini R, Cuestas ML. Sporothrix Brasiliensis: A Review of an Emerging South American Fungal Pathogen, Its Related Disease, Presentation and Spread in Argentina. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7030170. [PMID: 33652625 PMCID: PMC7996880 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis, caused by Sporothrix schenckii and related species, is the most frequent implantation mycosis in Latin America. In Argentina, over the last 8 years, there have been 0.16 new cases per month of feline sporotrichosis in 2011, increasing to 0.75 cases per month in 2019 and involving zoonotic transmission to humans. Molecular identification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected Sporothrix brasiliensis in these feline and zoonotic outbreaks. This study will focus on different feline and human sporotrichosis outbreaks caused by S. brasiliensis in Argentina during 2011–2019. We will address the sources of infection and environmental hotspots, as well as the application of several treatment strategies for improving the pharmacotherapy of the different clinical forms of the disease. Finally, we will provide a detailed summary of the clinical aspects and new advances in host–pathogen interactions, virulence factors and immune response, focusing on state-of-the-art diagnostic tools and potential vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Etchecopaz
- Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1427 CWN, Argentina; (A.E.); (M.S.)
| | - María A. Toscanini
- Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (Nanobiotec), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113 AAD, Argentina; (M.A.T.); (A.D.N.)
| | - Amelia Gisbert
- Cátedra de Clínica Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1427 CWN, Argentina; (A.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Javier Mas
- Cátedra de Clínica Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1427 CWN, Argentina; (A.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Miguel Scarpa
- Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1427 CWN, Argentina; (A.E.); (M.S.)
| | - Cristina A. Iovannitti
- Centro de Micología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina; (C.A.I.); (K.B.)
| | - Karla Bendezú
- Centro de Micología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina; (C.A.I.); (K.B.)
| | - Alejandro D. Nusblat
- Instituto de Nanobiotecnología (Nanobiotec), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113 AAD, Argentina; (M.A.T.); (A.D.N.)
| | - Ricardo Iachini
- Instituto de Zoonosis «Luis Pasteur», Buenos Aires C1405 DCD, Argentina;
| | - María L. Cuestas
- Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1427 CWN, Argentina; (A.E.); (M.S.)
- Centro de Micología, Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina; (C.A.I.); (K.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +54-11-59509500 (ext. 2176/77)
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10
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Counoupas C, Ferrell KC, Ashhurst A, Bhattacharyya ND, Nagalingam G, Stewart EL, Feng CG, Petrovsky N, Britton WJ, Triccas JA. Mucosal delivery of a multistage subunit vaccine promotes development of lung-resident memory T cells and affords interleukin-17-dependent protection against pulmonary tuberculosis. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:105. [PMID: 33298977 PMCID: PMC7665186 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective vaccines against bacterial lung infections requires the induction of protective, pathogen-specific immune responses without deleterious inflammation within the pulmonary environment. Here, we made use of a polysaccharide-adjuvanted vaccine approach to elicit resident pulmonary T cells to protect against aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Intratracheal administration of the multistage fusion protein CysVac2 and the delta-inulin adjuvant Advax™ (formulated with a TLR9 agonist) provided superior protection against aerosol M. tuberculosis infection in mice, compared to parenteral delivery. Surprisingly, removal of the TLR9 agonist did not impact vaccine protection despite a reduction in cytokine-secreting T cell subsets, particularly CD4+IFN-γ+IL-2+TNF+ multifunctional T cells. CysVac2/Advax-mediated protection was associated with the induction of lung-resident, antigen-specific memory CD4+ T cells that expressed IL-17 and RORγT, the master transcriptional regulator of Th17 differentiation. IL-17 was identified as a key mediator of vaccine efficacy, with blocking of IL-17 during M. tuberculosis challenge reducing phagocyte influx, suppressing priming of pathogen-specific CD4+ T cells in local lymph nodes and ablating vaccine-induced protection. These findings suggest that tuberculosis vaccines such as CysVac2/Advax that are capable of eliciting Th17 lung-resident memory T cells are promising candidates for progression to human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Counoupas
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Kia C Ferrell
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Anneliese Ashhurst
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Nayan D Bhattacharyya
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Gayathri Nagalingam
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Erica L Stewart
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale and Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Carl G Feng
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale and Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - James A Triccas
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
- Tuberculosis Research Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
- Charles Perkins Centre and Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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11
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Téllez-Martínez D, Batista-Duharte A, Portuondo DL, Carlos IZ. Prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against sporotrichosis. Feasibility and prospects. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:432-440. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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12
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Immunization with recombinant enolase of Sporothrix spp. (rSsEno) confers effective protection against sporotrichosis in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17179. [PMID: 31748544 PMCID: PMC6868355 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research has focused on the immunoreactive components of the Sporothrix schenckii cell wall that can be relevant targets for preventive and therapeutic vaccines against sporotrichosis, an emergent worldwide mycosis. In a previous study, we identified a 47-kDa enolase as an immunodominant antigen in mice vaccinated with an adjuvanted mixture of S. schenckii cell wall proteins. Here, we sought to assess the protective potential of a Sporothrix spp. recombinant enolase (rSsEno) formulated with or without the adjuvant Montanide Pet-GelA (PGA) against the S. brasiliensis infection in mice. Mice that were immunized with rSsEno plus PGA showed increased antibody titters against rSsEno and increased median survival time when challenged with S. brasiliensis as compared with mice that had not been immunized or that were immunized with rSsEno alone. Immunization with rSsEno plus PGA induced a predominantly T-helper 1 cytokine pattern after in vitro stimulation of splenic cells with rSsEno: elevated levels of IFN-γ and IL-2, as well as of other cytokines involved in host defense against sporotrichosis, such as TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-4. Furthermore, we show for the first time the presence of enolase in the cell wall of both S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis. As a whole, our results suggest that enolase could be used as a potential antigenic target for vaccinal purposes against sporotrichosis.
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Mathew MK, Virmani N, Bera BC, Anand T, Kumar R, Balena V, Sansanwal R, Pavulraj S, Sundaram K, Virmani M, Tripathi BN. Protective efficacy of inactivated reverse genetics based equine influenza vaccine candidate adjuvanted with Montanide TM Pet Gel in murine model. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1753-1762. [PMID: 31656240 PMCID: PMC6943333 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine influenza is a leading cause for respiratory illness in equines. Major control
measures involve vaccination which requires continuous harmonization owing to antigenic
drift. The present study focused on assessing the protective efficacy of an inactivated
recombinant equine influenza virus (rgEIV) vaccine candidate adjuvanted with
MontanideTM Pet Gel in murine model. The rgEIV was generated using reverse
genetics by incorporating HA and NA segments from EIV/H3N8, clade 2-Florida sublineage in
an A/WSN/33 /H1N1 backbone and inactivated by formalin. The vaccine was
prepared by mixing inactivated rgEIV with MontanideTM Pet Gel adjuvant followed
by intranasal inoculation into BALB/c mice intranasally. The immune responses and
protective efficacy of the vaccine was evaluated by measurement of antibody titer,
immunoglobulin subtyping, cytokines, clinical signs and pathological lesions after
immunization and challenge with wild EIV. Serology and cytokine expression pattern
indicated that the vaccine activated mixed Th1- and Th2-like responses of vaccine. Booster
immunization stimulated strong antibody responses (HAI titre: 192 ± 28.6) at 42 days post
immunization and the predominant antibody subtype was IgG1. Upregulation of interferon
(IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-12 and
IL-2 levels indicates effective induction of Th1 type response. We
found that vaccination has protected mice against equine influenza virus challenge as
adjudged through a lack of nonappearance of visible clinical signs of disease, no loss of
body weight loss, reduced pathology in the lungs and markedly reduced virus shedding from
the respiratory tract. Therefore, we conclude that recombinant EIV vaccine candidate
adjuvanted with MontanideTM Pet Gel could aid in quick harmonization of the
vaccines through replacement of HA and NA genes for control of EIV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Kurian Mathew
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar-125 001, Haryana, India
| | - Nitin Virmani
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar-125 001, Haryana, India
| | - Bidhan Chandra Bera
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar-125 001, Haryana, India
| | - Taruna Anand
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar-125 001, Haryana, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar-125004 Haryana, India
| | | | - Rekha Sansanwal
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar-125 001, Haryana, India
| | - Selvaraj Pavulraj
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar-125 001, Haryana, India
| | - Karthik Sundaram
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar-125 001, Haryana, India
| | - Meenakshi Virmani
- Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar-125004 Haryana, India
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15
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Téllez-Martínez D, Leandro Portuondo D, Loesch ML, Batista-Duharte A, Zeppone Carlos I. A Recombinant Enolase-Montanide™ PetGel A Vaccine Promotes a Protective Th1 Immune Response against a Highly Virulent Sporothrix schenckii by Toluene Exposure. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E144. [PMID: 30934594 PMCID: PMC6471120 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of vaccination in fungal strains that suffered changes in their virulence by exposure to environmental contaminants is largely known. Growing reports of resistance to antifungal drugs and the emergence of new highly virulent strains, possibly acquired in the environment, prompt the design of new vaccines able to prevent and combat emerging mycotic diseases. In this study, we evaluated the protective capacity of an enolase-based vaccine and Montanide PetGel A (PGA) as an adjuvant against S. schenckii with increased virulence by exposure to toluene. The adjuvanted vaccine induced a strong specific Th1 response and protective immunity against a challenge with either wildtype or toluene-adapted S. schenckii in Balb/c mice. This study highlights the role of the adjuvant PGA driving the quality of the anti-sporothrix immunity and the key component in the vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiana Téllez-Martínez
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Luiza Loesch
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
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16
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Quinello C, Souza Ferreira L, Picolli I, Loesch ML, Portuondo DL, Batista-Duharte A, Zeppone Carlos I. Sporothrix schenckii Cell Wall Proteins-Stimulated BMDCs Are Able to Induce a Th1-Prone Cytokine Profile In Vitro. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:E106. [PMID: 30200530 PMCID: PMC6162427 DOI: 10.3390/jof4030106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis affecting humans and other animals. The disease can be acquired by accidental inoculation of the fungus through the skin or through the respiratory system. Sporotrichosis can also be transmitted through bites or scratches by infected cats and more rarely by other animals (zoonotic transmission). Conventional antifungal therapy is especially inefficient in immunocompromised patients, who tend to develop the most severe forms of the disease, thus prompting the search for alternative therapies. Given their antigen-presenting properties, dendritic cells (DCs) have been used in both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination strategies. Hence, this study aims to assess the use of DCs as a prophylactic tool in sporotrichosis by evaluating the immune profile induced by Sporothrix schenckii cell wall proteins (SsCWP)-stimulated, bone-marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs). Mouse BMDCs were stimulated with SsCWP for 24 h and analyzed for the surface expression of costimulatory molecules and TLR-4, as well as for the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and IL-10. Following that, activated BMDCs were cocultured with splenocytes for 72 h and had the same cytokines measured in the supernatant. SsCWP-stimulated BMDCs showed higher expression of CD80, CD86, and CD40, but not TLR-4, and higher secretion of IL-6, IL-17A, and TNF. On the other hand, higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-2 were found in the supernatants of the coculture as compared with the BMDCs alone; TNF secretion was almost completely abrogated, whereas IL-6 was only partially inhibited and IL-17A was unaffected. Our results thus suggest that SsCWP-stimulated BMDCs are able to induce a Th1-prone cytokine profile which is known to be protective against other fungal diseases. This result could lead to studies which evaluate the development of prophylactic and/or therapeutic DC-based tools against sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Quinello
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú-Km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Souza Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú-Km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Isabella Picolli
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú-Km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Luiza Loesch
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú-Km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú-Km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú-Km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú-Km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
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Batista-Duharte A, Téllez-Martínez D, Roberto de Andrade C, Portuondo DL, Jellmayer JA, Polesi MC, Carlos IZ. Sporothrix brasiliensis induces a more severe disease associated with sustained Th17 and regulatory T cells responses than Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto in mice. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:1163-1170. [PMID: 30449354 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the differences in the CD4+ T-cell response induced by Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix brasiliensis, the most virulent species that cause sporotrichosis. Here, the helper (Th) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) responses were evaluated comparatively in a murine model of sporotrichosis on days 7, 21 and 35 after subcutaneous infection with either S. schenckii or S. brasiliensis conidia. The fungal load was measured at the site of infection, as well as in the liver and spleen. The Th1/Th17/Tregs responses were analyzed in the spleen, while the level of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IFN-ɣ, IL-17A and IL-10 cytokines were measured at the local site of infection on 24 h postinfections and in sera on the indicated days. S. brasiliensis caused a longer-lasting infection in the skin and chronic systemic dissemination associated to more severe granulomatous lesions. Similar Th1/Th1-Th17/Tregs responses were induced by both S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii on 7th and 21st d.p.i but on 35 d.p.i a reduction of Th1 and Th1-Th17 cells, associated to higher values of Th17/Tregs cells was observed only in S. brasiliensis-infected mice. In summary, S. brasiliensis caused a more severe disease associated with sustained Th17/Tregs responses than S. schenckii in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Batista-Duharte
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Damiana Téllez-Martínez
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Cleverton Roberto de Andrade
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Department of Physiology & Pathology, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Aparecida Jellmayer
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Marisa Campos Polesi
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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18
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Ferreira LS, Portuondo DL, Polesi MC, Carlos IZ. Natural killer cells are pivotal for in vivo protection following systemic infection by Sporothrix schenckii. Immunology 2018; 155:467-476. [PMID: 30030839 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are one of the first cell types to enter inflammation sites and have been historically known as key effector cells against tumours and viruses; now, accumulating evidence shows that NK cells are also capable of direct in vitro activity and play a protective role against clinically important fungi in vivo. However, our understanding of NK cell development, maturation and activation in the setting of fungal infections is preliminary at best. Sporotrichosis is an emerging worldwide-distributed subcutaneous mycosis endemic in many countries, affecting humans and other animals and caused by various related thermodimorphic Sporothrix species, whose prototypical member is Sporothrix schenckii. We show that following systemic infection of BALB/c mice with S. schenckii sensu stricto, NK cells displayed a more mature phenotype as early as 5 days post-infection as judged by CD11b/CD27 expression. At 10 days post-infection, NK cells had increased expression of CD62 ligand (CD62L) and killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G member 1 (KLRG1), but not of CD25 or CD69. Depletion of NK cells with anti-asialo GM1 drastically impaired fungal clearance, leading to a more than eightfold increase in splenic fungal load accompanied by heightened systemic inflammation, as shown by augmented production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ and interleukin-6, but not interleukin-17A, in the spleen and serum. Our study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to demonstrate that a fungal infection can drive NK cell maturation in vivo and that such cells are pivotal for in vivo protection against S. schenckii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Souza Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (FCF/UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (FCF/UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Marisa Campos Polesi
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (FCF/UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara, São Paulo State University (FCF/UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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19
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Conceição-Silva F, Morgado FN. Immunopathogenesis of Human Sporotrichosis: What We Already Know. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4030089. [PMID: 30065160 PMCID: PMC6162489 DOI: 10.3390/jof4030089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subacute/chronic mycosis caused by dimorphic fungus of the genus Sporothrix. This mycosis may affect both human and domestic animals and in the last few years, the geographic dispersion and increase of sporotrichosis worldwide has been observed. The occurrence of cases related to scratching/bites of domestic felines have increased, characterizing the disease as predominantly a zoonosis. In humans, sporotrichosis mainly involves the cutaneous tegument of infected patients, but other tissues may also present the infection. The main forms of clinical presentation are lymphocutanous sporotrichosis (LC) and fixed sporotrichosis (F). Although less common, mucosal, cutaneous disseminated, and extracutaneous forms have also been described. Multiple factors from the fungus and host can play a role in driving the clinical evolution of sporotrichosis to benign or severe disease. In this review, we discuss the immunopathological aspects involved in human sporotrichosis. Putting together the two branches of knowledge—host immune response and fungal evading mechanisms—we may perceive new possibilities in understanding the fungus–host interaction in order to be in a position to go further in the control of sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Conceição-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, IOC/Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365 Pavilhão 26 sala 408-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Nazaré Morgado
- Laboratory of Leishmaniasis Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, IOC/Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil 4365 Pavilhão 26 sala 509-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil.
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García-Carnero LC, Pérez-García LA, Martínez-Álvarez JA, Reyes-Martínez JE, Mora-Montes HM. Current trends to control fungal pathogens: exploiting our knowledge in the host-pathogen interaction. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 11:903-913. [PMID: 30013373 PMCID: PMC6037146 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s170337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human fungal infections remain a major challenge in medicine. Only a limited number of antifungal drugs are available, which are often related to severe adverse effects. In addition, there is an increased emergence related to resistant strains, which makes imperative to understand the host-pathogen interactions as well as to develop alternative treatments. Host innate and adaptive immunity play a crucial role controlling fungal infections; therefore, vaccines are a viable tool to prevent and treat fungal pathogens. Innate immunity is triggered by the interaction between the cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Such an initial immunological response is yet little understood in fungal infections, in part due to the complexity and plasticity of the fungal cell walls. Described host cell-fungus interactions and antigenic molecules are addressed in this paper. Furthermore, antigens found in the cell wall and capsule, including peptides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, and glycans, have been used to trigger specific immune responses, and an increased production of antibodies has been observed when attached to immunogenic molecules. The recent biotechnological advances have allowed the development of vaccines against viral and bacterial pathogens with positive results; therefore, this technology has been applied to develop anti-fungal vaccines. Passive immunization has also emerged as an appealing alternative to treat disseminated mycosis, especially in immunocompromised patients. Those approaches have a long way to be seen in clinical cases. However, all studies discussed here open the possibility to have access to new therapies to be applied alone or in combination with current antifungal drugs. Herein, the state of the art of fungal vaccine developments is discussed in this review, highlighting new advances against Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and Sporothrix spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C García-Carnero
- Department of Biology, Division of Exact and Natural Sciences, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato,
| | - Luis A Pérez-García
- Multidisciplinay Academic Unit, Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Ciudad Valles, México
| | - José A Martínez-Álvarez
- Department of Biology, Division of Exact and Natural Sciences, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato,
| | - Juana E Reyes-Martínez
- Department of Biology, Division of Exact and Natural Sciences, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato,
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Department of Biology, Division of Exact and Natural Sciences, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato,
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Batista-Duharte A, Téllez-Martínez D, Aparecida Jellmayer J, Leandro Portuondo Fuentes D, Campos Polesi M, Martins Baviera A, Zeppone Carlos I. Repeated Exposition to Mercury (II) Chloride Enhances Susceptibility to S. schenckii sensu stricto Infection in Mice. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4020064. [PMID: 29799450 PMCID: PMC6023541 DOI: 10.3390/jof4020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis that has re-emerged in several tropical and subtropical regions over the last decades. Growing findings suggest that the interplay of host, pathogen, and environment has a determinant effect on the diversity, local distribution, and virulence of Sporothrix schenckii sensu lato, the etiologic agent. Among the environmental factors, we have studied the potential role of repeated exposures to mercury (Hg), a known immunotoxic xenobiotic that is widely used in gold mining regions where sporotrichosis outbreaks are frequently reported. In this study, male Swiss mice received subcutaneous injections of either 300 or 1200 µg/kg of mercury (II) chloride (HgCl2) for 14 days, three times a week. A control group was injected with the vehicle Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS). Treatment with HgCl2 impaired several immunologic parameters that are involved in host response to Sporothrix infection, such as the production of TNFα, IL-1, and nitric oxide by macrophages, and Th1/Th2/Th17 populations and their respective cytokines. The consequences of these effects on the host resistance to S. schenckii infection were subsequently evaluated. Hg-exposed mice exhibited a higher fungal load in the fungal inoculation site associated to systemic dissemination to spleen and liver on 14 days post-infection and a higher production of specific IgG1 and mild reduction of IgG2a. These findings suggest that repeated exposition to Hg enhances susceptibility to S. schenckii infection in mice and can be a factor associated to sporotrichosis outbreaks in endemic and highly Hg-polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Batista-Duharte
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Damiana Téllez-Martínez
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Aparecida Jellmayer
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Deivys Leandro Portuondo Fuentes
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Marisa Campos Polesi
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Martins Baviera
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara 14800-903, Brazil.
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Lopes-Bezerra LM, Mora-Montes HM, Zhang Y, Nino-Vega G, Rodrigues AM, de Camargo ZP, de Hoog S. Sporotrichosis between 1898 and 2017: The evolution of knowledge on a changeable disease and on emerging etiological agents. Med Mycol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myx103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leila M Lopes-Bezerra
- Laboratory of Cellular Mycology and Proteomics, Department of Cell Biology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hector M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Gustavo Nino-Vega
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, and Center of Expertise in Mycology of Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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An immunoproteomic approach revealing peptides from Sporothrix brasiliensis that induce a cellular immune response in subcutaneous sporotrichosis. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29520092 PMCID: PMC5843658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22709-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix brasiliensis is the most virulent fungus of the Sporothrix complex and is the main species recovered in the sporotrichosis zoonotic hyperendemic area in Rio de Janeiro. A vaccine against S. brasiliensis could improve the current sporotrichosis situation. Here, we show 3 peptides from S. brasiliensis immunogenic proteins that have a higher likelihood for engaging MHC-class II molecules. We investigated the efficiency of the peptides as vaccines for preventing subcutaneous sporotrichosis. In this study, we observed a decrease in lesion diameters in peptide-immunized mice, showing that the peptides could induce a protective immune response against subcutaneous sporotrichosis. ZR8 peptide is from the GP70 protein, the main antigen of the Sporothrix complex, and was the best potential vaccine candidate by increasing CD4+ T cells and higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-17A and IL-1β characterizing a strong cellular immune response. This immune environment induced a higher number of neutrophils in lesions that are associated with fungus clearance. These results indicated that the ZR8 peptide induces a protective immune response against subcutaneous sporotrichosis and is a vaccine candidate against S. brasiliensis infection.
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