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Rousseau MC, Parent ME, Corsenac P, Salmon C, Mésidor M, Fantodji C, Conus F, Richard H, Jantchou P, Benedetti A. Cohort Profile Update: The Québec Birth Cohort on Immunity and Health (CO·MMUNITY). Int J Epidemiol 2024; 53:dyae014. [PMID: 38365966 PMCID: PMC10873493 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Rousseau
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval, QC, Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Carrefour de l’innovation, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Elise Parent
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval, QC, Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Carrefour de l’innovation, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Corsenac
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Population Health, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Saint-Jérôme, QC, Canada
| | - Charlotte Salmon
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Miceline Mésidor
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval, QC, Canada
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Carrefour de l’innovation, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Canisius Fantodji
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval, QC, Canada
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Florence Conus
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Hugues Richard
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Prévost Jantchou
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrea Benedetti
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Cha E, Vyas V, King KD, Reifferscheid L, MacDonald SE. Inclusion of intersectionality in studies of immunization uptake in Canada: A scoping review. Vaccine 2023:S0264-410X(23)00510-8. [PMID: 37202274 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intersectionality refers to the interconnectedness of various social locations creating unique experiences for individuals and groups, in the context of systems of privilege and oppression. As part of immunization coverage research, intersectionality allows healthcare professionals and policymakers to become aware of the constellation of characteristics contributing to low vaccine uptake. The objective of this study was to examine the application of intersectionality theory or concepts, and the appropriate use of sex and gender terminology, in Canadian immunization coverage research. MATERIALS AND METHODS The eligibility criteria for this scoping review included English or French language studies on immunization coverage among Canadians of all ages. Six research databases were searched without date restrictions. We searched provincial and federal websites, as well as the Proquest Dissertations and Theses Global database for grey literature. RESULTS Of 4725 studies identified in the search, 78 were included in the review. Of these, 20 studies included intersectionality concepts, specifically intersections of individual-level characteristics influencing vaccine uptake. However, no studies explicitly used an intersectionality framework to guide their research. Of the 19 studies that mentioned "gender", 18 had misused this term, conflating it with "sex". CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, there is an evident lack of intersectionality framework utilization in immunization coverage research in Canada, as well as misuse of the terms "gender" and "sex". Rather than only focusing on discrete characteristics, research should explore the interaction between numerous characteristics to better understand the barriers to immunization uptake in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunah Cha
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Nursing, Level 3, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Ave NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Vidhi Vyas
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Nursing, Level 3, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Ave NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Keith D King
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Nursing, Level 3, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Ave NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Laura Reifferscheid
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Nursing, Level 3, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Ave NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Shannon E MacDonald
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Nursing, Level 3, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 87 Ave NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada.
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Corsenac P, Parent MÉ, Wolfson C, Arbour N, Duquette P, Benedetti A, Richard H, Stäger S, Rousseau MC. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination and multiple sclerosis: a population-based birth cohort study in Quebec, Canada. Eur J Neurol 2022; 29:1791-1804. [PMID: 35165983 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine could reduce the incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) through immunomodulation. Previous studies, presenting some limitations, reported no association. We re-examined this association in a large cohort focusing on relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). METHODS The cohort included 400,563 individuals, and was linked with the Quebec provincial BCG vaccination registry and administrative health data. Individuals were followed-up from 1983 to 2014 and then within period 1 (1983-1996) and period 2 (1997-2014), for the occurrence of MS. Incident MS cases were defined as those with ≥3 hospital or physician claims for MS. Subjects with ≥1 drug reimbursement for MS disease-modifying therapies were classified as RRMS. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) over the follow-ups, adjusting for potential confounders. Possible effect modification due to sex was assessed. RESULTS A total of 178,335 (46%) individuals were BCG vaccinated. There were 274 (0.06%) incident MS cases identified in 1983-1996, and 1,433 (0.4%) in 1997-2014. No association was found with RRMS, either in period 1 (adjusted HRs= 0.96, 95% confidence interval: 0.63-1.45; 96 cases) or in period 2 (HRadj= 1.02, 0.85-1.23; 480 cases). The remaining MS cases, for whom the phenotype was unknown, were positively associated with BCG over the entire follow-up (HRadj= 1.25, 1.10-1.41; 1,131 cases) and in period 2 (HRadj=1.33, 1.17-1.52; 953 cases). No interaction with sex was found. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that BCG vaccination does not decrease the risk of RRMS, and that future studies should consider phenotypes of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Corsenac
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval, Canada
| | - M É Parent
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval, Canada
| | - Christina Wolfson
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- Centre de recherche du CHUM, Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Duquette
- Centre de recherche du CHUM, Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - A Benedetti
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - H Richard
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval, Canada
| | - S Stäger
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval, Canada
| | - M C Rousseau
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval, Canada
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Corsenac P, Parent MÉ, Benedetti A, Richard H, Stäger S, Rousseau MC. Association between Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination and type 1 diabetes in adolescence: A population-based birth cohort study in Quebec, Canada. Prev Med 2022; 154:106893. [PMID: 34798196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine could reduce the incidence of type 1 diabetes through non-specific immunomodulation. Previous epidemiological studies, presenting some limitations, report no association. We examined this association of early life BCG vaccination and age at vaccination with type 1 diabetes incidence in adolescence in a large representative cohort in Quebec. The cohort included 387,704 individuals born in Quebec between 1970 and 1974 whose BCG vaccination status was determined from a provincial registry. Individuals were followed up from 1985 to their 19th birthday (maximum to 1993) for their use of physician services. Individuals were defined as type 1 diabetes cases if they had ≥4 related physician claims over a 2-year period, with at least 30 days between two claims. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the association of BCG vaccination and age at vaccination with type 1 diabetes. Covariates were selected based on a directed acyclic graph. Interaction according to sex was evaluated. A total of 178,133 (45.9%) individuals were vaccinated and 442 (0.11%) incident cases of type 1 diabetes were identified. The risk of type 1 diabetes was similar in vaccinated compared with unvaccinated individuals (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.06 [95% CI: 0.88-1.29]). There was no association with age at vaccination, and results did not differ by sex (Interaction, p = 0.60). Our results suggest that BCG vaccination does not prevent type 1 diabetes in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Corsenac
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Laval, QC, Canada.
| | - Marie-Élise Parent
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Laval, QC, Canada.
| | - Andrea Benedetti
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Hugues Richard
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Laval, QC, Canada.
| | - Simona Stäger
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Laval, QC, Canada.
| | - Marie-Claude Rousseau
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), Laval, QC, Canada.
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Pépin J, Labbé AC, Carignan A, Parent ME, Yu J, Grenier C, Beauchemin S, De Wals P, Valiquette L, Rousseau MC. Does BCG provide long-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection? A case-control study in Quebec, Canada. Vaccine 2021; 39:7300-7307. [PMID: 34493410 PMCID: PMC8354805 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Early in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, before severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines became available, it was hypothesized that BCG (Bacillus Calmette–Guérin), which stimulates innate immunity, could provide protection against SARS-CoV-2. Numerous ecological studies, plagued by methodological deficiencies, revealed a country-level association between BCG use and lower COVID-19 incidence and mortality. We aimed to determine whether BCG administered in early life decreased the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in adulthood and the severity of COVID-19. Methods This case-control study was conducted in Quebec, Canada. Cases were patients with a positive SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification test performed at two hospitals between March–October 2020. Controls were identified among patients with non-COVID-19 samples processed by the same microbiology laboratories during the same period. Enrolment was limited to individuals born in Quebec between 1956 and 1976, whose vaccine status was accessible in a computerized registry of 4.2 million BCG vaccinations. Results We recruited 920 cases and 2123 controls. Fifty-four percent of cases (n = 424) and 53% of controls (n = 1127) had received BCG during childhood (OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.89–1.21), while 12% of cases (n = 114) and 11% of controls (n = 235) had received two or more BCG doses (OR: 1.14; 95% CI: 0.88–1.46). After adjusting for age, sex, material deprivation, recruiting hospital and occupation there was no evidence of protection conferred by BCG against SARS-CoV-2 (AOR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.84–1.21). Among cases, 77 (8.4%) needed hospitalization and 18 (2.0%) died. The vaccinated were as likely as the unvaccinated to require hospitalization (AOR: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.62–1.67) or to die (AOR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.32–2.39). Conclusions BCG does not provide long-term protection against symptomatic COVID-19 or severe forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Pépin
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12ième Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Annie-Claude Labbé
- Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont - CIUSSS de l'Est-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal, 5415 Boulevard de l'Assomption, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry, 2900 Boulevard Edouard Montpetit, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Alex Carignan
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12ième Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Marie-Elise Parent
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 531, boul. des Prairies, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Jennifer Yu
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 531, boul. des Prairies, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Cynthia Grenier
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12ième Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Beauchemin
- Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont - CIUSSS de l'Est-de-l'Ile-de-Montréal, 5415 Boulevard de l'Assomption, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Philippe De Wals
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université Laval, 2725 Ch Ste-Foy, Quebec, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Louis Valiquette
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12ième Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Rousseau
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 531, boul. des Prairies, Laval, Quebec H7V 1B7, Canada.
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De Wals P, Menzies D, Divangahi M. Can BCG be useful to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic? A Canadian perspective. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2020; 111:939-944. [PMID: 33211246 PMCID: PMC7676406 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-020-00439-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is ample evidence from in vitro, animal and human studies that the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine epigenetically reprograms innate immunity to provide “off target” protection against pathogens other than mycobacteria. This process has been termed “trained immunity”. Although recent ecological studies suggested an association between BCG policies and the frequency or severity of COVID-19 in different countries, the interpretation of these results is challenging. For this reason, a case-control study aiming to test this hypothesis has been initiated in Quebec. Several phase III clinical trials are underway, including one in Canada, to assess the efficacy of BCG against SARS-CoV-2 infection (results expected in 2021). In the past, BCG has been widely used in Canada but current indications are restricted to high-risk individuals and communities experiencing TB outbreaks as well as for the treatment of bladder cancer. The potential implication of BCG as an interim measure to mitigate COVID-19 is the subject of widespread discussion in the scientific community and can be considered for the vulnerable population in Canada. To conclude, BCG vaccination should be placed on the agenda of research funding agencies, scientific advisory committees on immunization and federal/provincial/territorial public health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe De Wals
- Département de Médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, CRIUCPQ, 2725, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1G 4G5, Canada. .,Direction des risques biologiques et de la santé au travail, Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Québec, Canada. .,Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada.
| | - Dick Menzies
- Montreal Chest Institute and Respiratory Epidemiology Unit, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Salmon C, Conus F, Parent MÉ, Benedetti A, Rousseau MC. Association between Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination and lymphoma: a population-based birth cohort study. J Intern Med 2019; 286:583-595. [PMID: 31361936 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most risk factors for lymphoma identified so far relate to immunosuppression, but its aetiology remains unclear. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination is associated with lymphoma, overall and separately for Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). METHODS A cohort of 400 611 subjects born in the province of Québec, Canada, between 1970 and 1974 was used. Information on BCG vaccination was extracted from the Quebec BCG Vaccination Registry. Lymphomas cases were individuals who had ≥2 health encounters, medical visits or hospitalizations, for lymphoma within 2 months or who were identified through the Quebec Tumor Registry. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI), adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS A total of 178 335 (46.0%) subjects were BCG-vaccinated, and 1478 (0.38%) cases of lymphomas were ascertained. Amongst them, 922 were identified as NHL and 421 as HL. After adjustment, no association was observed between BCG vaccination and either lymphoma (any type) (HR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.96-1.11) or NHL (HR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.86-1.13). For HL, nonproportional hazards were observed. Before the age of 18, the risk of HL was elevated amongst vaccinated individuals (HR = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.39-3.69). However after 18 years of age, no association was found (HR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.75-1.15). CONCLUSION Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination may increase the risk of HL before 18 years of age, but residual confounding cannot entirely be excluded. Given the benefits of BCG vaccination, these results need to be reproduced in other populations before firm conclusions can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Salmon
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - F Conus
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - M-É Parent
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - A Benedetti
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M-C Rousseau
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
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Rousseau MC, El-Zein M, Conus F, Parent ME, Benedetti A. Cohort Profile: The Québec Birth Cohort on Immunity and Health (QBCIH). Int J Epidemiol 2019; 47:1040-1041h. [PMID: 29447365 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyy011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Rousseau
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Mariam El-Zein
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Florence Conus
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Elise Parent
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Andrea Benedetti
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada and.,Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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