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Vij P, Donahue DA, Burke KP, Hayashi SM, Maronpot RR. Lack of Skin Sensitization Hazard Potential for alpha-Glycosyl Isoquercitrin (AGIQ) Utilizing the Local Lymph Node Assay. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1291-1296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Oh JJ, Park ES, Kim SS, Lee MS, Lee WJ, Pak BS, Kim MS, Lee HK, Song SW, Kim SD. Local lymph node assay: 5-bromo-d-deoxyuridine-ELISA method for comparative study in assessing chemical potencies and skin sensitization in BALB/c and CBA/J strains. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:499-504. [PMID: 35345861 PMCID: PMC8956910 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Local lymph node assay (LLNA) is a predictive in vivo method to provide estimates of relative potency and to contribute to risk assessment/risk management regarding skin sensitizing potency of chemicals and formulations as a stand-alone alternative test. In addition, LLNA is relatively rapid and cost-effective compared to the Buehler method (Guinea pig test), and confers important animal welfare benefits. CBA/J and BALB/c strains are widely commercially available and have been evaluated by formal LLNA validation studies. However, the LLNA method using BrdU with ELISA, unlike other LLNA methods (OECD TG 429, 442 A, 442B), has not been previously validated. Therefore, in this study a validation method was performed to evaluate if the LLNA:BrdU-ELISA method could also be used to identify sensitizers among chemicals listed in OECD TG 429 using CBA/J and BALB/c strains. Here, we newly found that the LLNA:BrdU-ELISA validation method correctly identified 12 of 13 sensitizers in the BALB/c, 11 of 13 sensitizers in the CBA/J, and 3 of 5 non-sensitizers were identified in the two strains. Collectively, we found that the results of LLNA:BrdU-ELISA method provide a similar level of performance for accuracy and sensitivity in two mouse strains BALB/c and CBA/J. LLNA:BrdU-ELISA validation method correctly identified sensitizers and non-sensitizers in OECD TG 429 in both strains. We newly found that the LLNA:BrdU-ELISA validation method correctly identified sensitizers and non-sensitizers in both BALB/c and CBA/J strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ja Oh
- Nonclinical Research Institute, Chemon Inc., 240, Nampyeongro, Yangi-Myeon, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17162, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sung Park
- Nonclinical Research Institute, Chemon Inc., 240, Nampyeongro, Yangi-Myeon, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17162, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Sook Kim
- Nonclinical Research Institute, Chemon Inc., 240, Nampyeongro, Yangi-Myeon, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17162, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Seung Lee
- Nonclinical Research Institute, Chemon Inc., 240, Nampyeongro, Yangi-Myeon, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17162, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Joo Lee
- Nonclinical Research Institute, Chemon Inc., 240, Nampyeongro, Yangi-Myeon, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17162, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Su Pak
- Nonclinical Research Institute, Chemon Inc., 240, Nampyeongro, Yangi-Myeon, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17162, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sub Kim
- Nonclinical Research Institute, Chemon Inc., 240, Nampyeongro, Yangi-Myeon, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17162, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kul Lee
- Nonclinical Research Institute, Chemon Inc., 240, Nampyeongro, Yangi-Myeon, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17162, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Whan Song
- Nonclinical Research Institute, Chemon Inc., 240, Nampyeongro, Yangi-Myeon, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17162, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Don Kim
- Nonclinical Research Institute, Chemon Inc., 240, Nampyeongro, Yangi-Myeon, Cheoin-Gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 17162, Republic of Korea
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Toxicological evaluation of exosomes derived from human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 115:104686. [PMID: 32450131 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several studies report that the therapeutic mechanism of action of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) is mainly mediated by paracrine factors that are released from MSCs such as exosomes. Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles that are transferred to target cells for cell-to-cell communication. Although MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-exosomes) are suggested as novel cell-free therapeutics for various human diseases, evaluation studies for the safety and toxicity of MSC-exosomes are limited. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the toxicological profile, including skin sensitization, photosensitization, eye and skin irritation, and acute oral toxicity using exosomes derived from human adipose tissue-derived MSCs (ASC-exosomes) in accordance with the OECD guidelines and the principles of Good Laboratory Practice. The ASC-exosomes were classified as a potential non-sensitizer in the skin sensitization test, UN GHS no category in the eye irritation test, and as a skin non-irritant in the skin irritation test, and did not induce any toxicity in the phototoxicity test or in acute oral toxicity testing. Our findings are the first to suggest that ASC-exosomes are safe for use as a topical treatment, with no adverse effects in toxicological testing, and have potential application as a therapeutic agent, cosmetic ingredient, or for other biological uses.
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Cebrián R, Rodríguez-Cabezas ME, Martín-Escolano R, Rubiño S, Garrido-Barros M, Montalbán-López M, Rosales MJ, Sánchez-Moreno M, Valdivia E, Martínez-Bueno M, Marín C, Gálvez J, Maqueda M. Preclinical studies of toxicity and safety of the AS-48 bacteriocin. J Adv Res 2019; 20:129-139. [PMID: 31360546 PMCID: PMC6637140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro antimicrobial potency of the bacteriocin AS-48 is well documented, but its clinical application requires investigation, as its toxicity could be different in in vitro (haemolytic and antibacterial activity in blood and cytotoxicity towards normal human cell lines) and in vivo (e.g. mice and zebrafish embryos) models. Overall, the results obtained are promising. They reveal the negligible propensity of AS-48 to cause cell death or impede cell growth at therapeutic concentrations (up to 27 μM) and support the suitability of this peptide as a potential therapeutic agent against several microbial infections, due to its selectivity and potency at low concentrations (in the range of 0.3-8.9 μM). In addition, AS-48 exhibits low haemolytic activity in whole blood and does not induce nitrite accumulation in non-stimulated RAW macrophages, indicating a lack of pro-inflammatory effects. The unexpected heightened sensitivity of zebrafish embryos to AS-48 could be due to the low differentiation state of these cells. The low cytotoxicity of AS-48, the absence of lymphocyte proliferation in vivo after skin sensitization in mice, and the lack of toxicity in a murine model support the consideration of the broad spectrum antimicrobial peptide AS-48 as a promising therapeutic agent for the control of a vast array of microbial infections, in particular, those involved in skin and soft tissue diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Cebrián
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - M Elena Rodríguez-Cabezas
- CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology. Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Rubén Martín-Escolano
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Susana Rubiño
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Avda Fuentenueva s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - María Garrido-Barros
- CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology. Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Montalbán-López
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Avda Fuentenueva s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - María José Rosales
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez-Moreno
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Eva Valdivia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Avda Fuentenueva s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Martínez-Bueno
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Avda Fuentenueva s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Clotilde Marín
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.Granada), Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/University of Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Julio Gálvez
- CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology. Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (Ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Mercedes Maqueda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Avda Fuentenueva s/n, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Evaluation of skin sensitization potential of chemicals by local lymph node assay using 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine with flow cytometry. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 107:104401. [PMID: 31158384 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The local lymph node assay using 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine with flow cytometry (LLNA: BrdU-FCM) is a modified LLNA used to identify skin sensitizers. This assay measures the proliferation of auricular lymph node cells (LNCs) during the induction phase of skin sensitization and the number of BrdU-positive LNCs using flow cytometry. We determined if LLNA: BrdU-FCM can evaluate the skin sensitization potential of 20 substances, including 16 sensitizers and 4 non-sensitizers, that were tested using LLNA: DA and LLNA: BrdU-ELISA but not listed in OECD TG 429. After selecting appropriate vehicles and conducting pre-screen tests in 2 phases, solvents and test concentrations for the main test were determined. In the main study, we measured changes in LN weight, the number of LNCs, and the proportion of BrdU incorporated into LNCs to calculate stimulation indexes (SI). SI was calculated based on the total number of LNCs and BrdU incorporation in LNCs. We found that all substances were correctly classified as sensitizers or non-sensitizers. Overall, we confirmed that the LLNA: BrdU-FCM can evaluate skin sensitization potential of the 20 substances. Additionally, our results of combining 22 reference substances listed in OECD TG 429 and 20 additional substances showed that concordance of LLNA: BrdU-FCM with the LLNA was higher than before.
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Park J, Lee H, Park K. Mixture Toxicity of Methylisothiazolinone and Propylene Glycol at a Maximum Concentration for Personal Care Products. Toxicol Res 2018; 34:355-361. [PMID: 30370010 PMCID: PMC6195885 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2018.34.4.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) has been used in combination with methylchloroisothiazolinone (CMIT) for cosmetic products such as shampoo, body lotion, and skin care products. The mixture of CMIT/MIT has been found to cause allergic contact dermatitis and is thus no longer permitted for use as a preservative in leave-on cosmetics. However, MIT itself was approved as a stand-alone preservative at a maximum concentration of 100 ppm as the toxicity was derived from CMIT rather than MIT. However, in many countries, allergic skin irritation caused by MIT remains a social concern. In this study, skin irritation was assessed for the presence of MIT, propylene glycol, and their mixture using a 3D human skin model EpiDerm™. Although non-diluted MIT causes serious skin toxicity, skin irritation was not observed at a concentration of 100 ppm, the maximum permissible level for cosmetics and personal care products according to European regulations. Propylene glycol, the most widely used vehicle for MIT, did not cause skin irritation in the 3D skin model. The results are expected to provide information for regulatory policies and guidelines on the use of biocides in consumer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyoung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Handule Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwangsik Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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Zhang H, Shi Y, Wang C, Zhao K, Zhang S, Wei L, Dong L, Gu W, Xu Y, Ruan H, Zhi H, Yang X. An improvement of LLNA:DA to assess the skin sensitization potential of chemicals. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 42:129-136. [PMID: 28321039 DOI: 10.2131/jts.42.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We developed a modified local lymph node assay based on ATP (LLNA:DA), termed the Two-Stage LLNA:DA, to further reduce the animal numbers in the identification of sensitizers. In the Two-Stage LLNA:DA procedure, 13 chemicals ranging from non-sensitizers to extreme sensitizers were selected. The first stage used reduced LLNA:DA (rLLNA:DA) to screen out sensitive chemicals. The second stage used LLNA:DA based on OECD 442 (A) to classify those potential sensitizers screened out in the first stage. In the first stage, the SIs of the methyl methacrylate, salicylic acid, methyl salicylate, ethyl salicylate, isopropanol and propanediol were below 1.8 and need not to be tested in the second step. Others continued to be tested by LLNA:DA. In the second stage, sodium lauryl sulphate and xylene were classified as weak sensitizers. a-hexyl cinnamic aldehyde and eugenol were moderate sensitizers. Benzalkonium chloride and glyoxal were strong sensitizers, and phthalic anhydride was an extreme sensitizer. The 9/9, 11/12, 10/11, and 8/13 (positive or negative only) categories of the Two-Stage LLNA:DA were consistent with those from the other methods (LLNA, LLNA:DA, GPMT/BT and HMT/HPTA), suggesting that Two-Stage LLNA:DA have a high coincidence rate with reported data. In conclusion, The Two-Stage LLNA:DA is in line with the "3R" rules, and can be a modification of LLNA:DA but needs more study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Desease Control and Prevention, China
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Lee YS, Yi JS, Seo SJ, Kim JH, Jung MS, Seo IK, Ahn I, Ko K, Kim TS, Lim KM, Sohn S. Comparison of BALB/c and CBA/J mice for the local lymph node assay using bromodeoxyuridine with flow cytometry (LLNA: BrdU-FCM). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 83:13-22. [PMID: 27816673 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The local lymph node assay using 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) with flow cytometry (LLNA: BrdU-FCM) is a modified LLNA that is used to identify skin sensitizers by counting BrdU-incorporated lymph node cells (LNCs) with flow cytometry. Unlike other LLNA methods (OECD TG 429, 442A and 442B) in which the CBA/J mouse strain is used, LLNA: BrdU-FCM was originally designed to be compatible with BALB/c, a mouse strain that is more widely used in many countries. To justify the substitution of CBA/J for BALB/c, the equivalence of the test results between two strains shall be established prior to the official implementation of LLNA: BrdU-FCM. This study aims to compare the test results of LLNA: BrdU-FCM produced in BALB/c mice with those in CBA/J mice for 18 reference substances, including 13 sensitizers and 5 non-sensitizers, listed in OECD Test Guideline 429. Based on the LLNA: BrdU-FCM test procedure, we selected an appropriate solvent and then performed preliminary tests to determine the non-irritating dose ranges for the main study, which revealed the difference in the irritation responses to 8 of the 18 chemicals between the two strains. In the main study, we measured the changes in the number of total LNCs, which indicated differences in the responses to test chemicals between the two strains. However, the stimulation index obtained with the counts of BrdU-incorporated LNCs with 7-AAD using flow cytometry yielded comparable results and 100% concordance between the BALB/c and CBA/J mouse strains was achieved, suggesting that the performance of LLNA: BrdU-FCM using BALB/c mice was equivalent to that with CBA/J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sun Lee
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Sun Yi
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Souk Jin Seo
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hwan Kim
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Jung
- Pharmacology Efficacy Team, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., Ochang-eup, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Im-Kwon Seo
- Pharmacology Efficacy Team, Biotoxtech Co., Ltd., Ochang-eup, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilyoung Ahn
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungyuk Ko
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Sung Kim
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojung Sohn
- Toxicological Screening & Testing Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea.
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Ahn I, Kim TS, Jung ES, Yi JS, Jang WH, Jung KM, Park M, Jung MS, Jeon EY, Yeo KU, Jo JH, Park JE, Kim CY, Park YC, Seong WK, Lee AY, Chun YJ, Jeong TC, Jeung EB, Lim KM, Bae S, Sohn S, Heo Y. Performance standard-based validation study for local lymph node assay: 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine-flow cytometry method. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 80:183-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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