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Parr YA, Beall MJ, Levy JK, McDonald M, Hamman NT, Willett BJ, Hosie MJ. Measuring the Humoral Immune Response in Cats Exposed to Feline Leukaemia Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030428. [PMID: 33800090 PMCID: PMC7998633 DOI: 10.3390/v13030428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses belong to an important and diverse family of RNA viruses capable of causing neoplastic disease in their hosts. Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) is a gammaretrovirus that infects domestic and wild cats, causing immunodeficiency, cytopenia and neoplasia in progressively infected cats. The outcome of FeLV infection is influenced by the host immune response; progressively infected cats demonstrate weaker immune responses compared to regressively infected cats. In this study, humoral immune responses were examined in 180 samples collected from 123 domestic cats that had been naturally exposed to FeLV, using a novel ELISA to measure antibodies recognizing the FeLV surface unit (SU) glycoprotein in plasma samples. A correlation was demonstrated between the strength of the humoral immune response to the SU protein and the outcome of exposure. Cats with regressive infection demonstrated higher antibody responses to the SU protein compared to cats belonging to other outcome groups, and samples from cats with regressive infection contained virus neutralising antibodies. These results demonstrate that an ELISA that assesses the humoral response to FeLV SU complements the use of viral diagnostic tests to define the outcome of exposure to FeLV. Together these tests could allow the rapid identification of regressively infected cats that are unlikely to develop FeLV-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin A. Parr
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK; (B.J.W.); (M.J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-0-141-330-3444
| | | | - Julie K. Levy
- Maddie’s Shelter Medicine Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA;
| | - Michael McDonald
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK;
| | | | - Brian J. Willett
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK; (B.J.W.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK; (B.J.W.); (M.J.H.)
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Ho CF, Chan KW, Yang WC, Chiang YC, Chung YT, Kuo J, Wang CY. Development of a multiplex amplification refractory mutation system reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for the differential diagnosis of Feline leukemia virus vaccine and wild strains. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:496-506. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638714534850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A multiplex amplification refractory mutation system reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (ARMS RT-PCR) was developed for the differential diagnosis of Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) vaccine and wild-type strains based on a point mutation between the vaccine strain (S) and the wild-type strain (T) located in the p27 gene. This system was further upgraded to obtain a real-time ARMS RT-PCR (ARMS qRT-PCR) with a high-resolution melt analysis (HRMA) platform. The genotyping of various strains of FeLV was determined by comparing the HRMA curves with the defined wild-type FeLV (strain TW1), and the results were expressed as a percentage confidence. The detection limits of ARMS RT-PCR and ARMS qRT-PCR combined with HRMA were 100 and 1 copies of transcribed FeLV RNA per 0.5 ml of sample, respectively. No false-positive results were obtained with 6 unrelated pathogens and 1 feline cell line. Twelve FeLV Taiwan strains were correctly identified using ARMS qRT-PCR combined with HRMA. The genotypes of the strains matched the defined FeLV wild-type strain genotype with at least 91.17% confidence. A higher degree of sequence polymorphism was found throughout the p27 gene compared with the long terminal repeat region. In conclusion, the current study describes the phylogenetic relationship of the FeLV Taiwan strains and demonstrates that the developed ARMS RT-PCR assay is able to be used to detect the replication of a vaccine strain that has not been properly inactivated, thus acting as a safety check for the quality of FeLV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Fang Ho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan (Ho, Chung, Kuo, Wang)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan (Chan, Yang)
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaoshiung, Taiwan (Chiang)
| | - Kun-Wei Chan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan (Ho, Chung, Kuo, Wang)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan (Chan, Yang)
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaoshiung, Taiwan (Chiang)
| | - Wei-Cheng Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan (Ho, Chung, Kuo, Wang)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan (Chan, Yang)
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaoshiung, Taiwan (Chiang)
| | - Yu-Chung Chiang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan (Ho, Chung, Kuo, Wang)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan (Chan, Yang)
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaoshiung, Taiwan (Chiang)
| | - Yang-Tsung Chung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan (Ho, Chung, Kuo, Wang)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan (Chan, Yang)
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaoshiung, Taiwan (Chiang)
| | - James Kuo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan (Ho, Chung, Kuo, Wang)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan (Chan, Yang)
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaoshiung, Taiwan (Chiang)
| | - Chi-Young Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan (Ho, Chung, Kuo, Wang)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan (Chan, Yang)
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaoshiung, Taiwan (Chiang)
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