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Horgan M, Martinez ME, Archer LL, Duignan PJ, Wellehan JFX. DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A NOVEL DUPLEX PROBE-HYBRIDIZATION QUANTITATIVE PCR FOR LYMPHOMA-ASSOCIATED MIROUNGINE GAMMAHERPESVIRUS 3 IN NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEALS (MIROUNGA ANGUSTIROSTRIS). J Wildl Dis 2023; 59:121-127. [PMID: 36584338 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-22-00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a novel gammaherpesvirus, miroungine gammaherpesvirus 3 (MirGHV3), was described in two juvenile elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. We developed and validated a quantitative (q)PCR for rapid detection of MirGHV3 and investigated its potential association with lymphoma. We developed a duplex probe-hybridization qPCR with MirGHV3 DNA polymerase (pol) as the target gene. Each primer-probe combination was cross-validated against the others. Interference was not seen when they were run in the same well as a duplex assay. Twenty-three samples from seven northern elephant seals were tested using the duplex assay. Viral DNA was detected by the assay in 9 of 9 (100%) tissues affected by lymphoma and in 6 of 14 (43%) samples from tissues unaffected by lymphoma. There was a strong correlation between viral copies detected with each of the assays (P=0.0002). Viral load was significantly higher in tissues affected by lymphoma than in those unaffected (P<0.0001). Excluding the virus-negative samples, viral load was still significantly higher in tissues affected by lymphoma than in those unaffected (P=0.0004). This is consistent with a potential role of MirGHV3 in oncogenesis in northern elephant seals, although more studies are needed to determine this definitively. The qPCR developed has utility for further investigations of MirGHV3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Horgan
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Margaret E Martinez
- The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Road, Sausalito, California 94965, USA
| | - Linda L Archer
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
| | - Pádraig J Duignan
- The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Road, Sausalito, California 94965, USA
| | - James F X Wellehan
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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2
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Hassan STS. Tumor Viruses and Their Associated Cancers: Remain on the Track with the Latest Advances. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020262. [PMID: 35215856 PMCID: PMC8874563 DOI: 10.3390/v14020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sherif T S Hassan
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
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Aljahdali MO, Molla MHR, Ahammad F. Compounds Identified from Marine Mangrove Plant (Avicennia alba) as Potential Antiviral Drug Candidates Against WDSV, an In-Silico Approach. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19050253. [PMID: 33925208 PMCID: PMC8145693 DOI: 10.3390/md19050253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Walleye dermal sarcoma virus (WDSV) is a type of retrovirus, which affects most of the adult walleye fishes during the spawning time. The virus causes multiple epithelial tumors on the fish’s skin and fins that are liable for more than 50% of the mortality rate of fish around the world. Till now, no effective antiviral drug or vaccine candidates have been developed that can block the progression of the disease caused by the pathogen. It was found that the 582-amino-acid (aa) residues long internal structural gag polyprotein of the virus plays an important role in virus budding and virion maturation outside of the cell. Inhibition of the protein can block the budding and virion maturation process and can be developed as an antiviral drug candidate against the virus. Therefore, the study aimed to identify potential natural antiviral drug candidates from the tropical mangrove marine plant Avicennia alba, which will be able to block the budding and virion maturation process by inhibiting the activity of the gag protein of the virus. Initially, a homology modeling approach was applied to identify the 3D structure, followed by refinement and validation of the protein. The refined protein structures were then utilized for molecular docking simulation. Eleven phytochemical compounds have been isolated from the marine plant and docked against the virus gag polyprotein. Three compounds, namely Friedlein (CID244297), Phytosterols (CID12303662), and 1-Triacontanol (CID68972) have been selected based on their docking score −8.5 kcal/mol, −8.0 kcal/mol and −7.9 kcal/mol, respectively, and were evaluated through ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion), and toxicity properties. Finally, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was applied to confirm the binding stability of the protein-ligands complex structure. The ADME and toxicity analysis reveal the efficacy and non-toxic properties of the compounds, where MD simulation confirmed the binding stability of the selected three compounds with the targeted protein. This computational study revealed the virtuous value of the selected three compounds against the targeted gag polyprotein and will be effective and promising antiviral candidates against the pathogen in a significant and worthwhile manner. Although in vitro and in vivo study is required for further evaluation of the compounds against the targeted protein.
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He R, Du Y, Gan L, Mohsin MA, He BX. Development of a SYBR Green-based real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay to detect enzootic nasal tumor virus in goats. Can J Vet Res 2021; 85:145-150. [PMID: 33883823 PMCID: PMC7995532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma is a contagious respiratory disease in goats that is caused by the enzootic nasal tumor virus 2 (ENTV-2). In order to increase the number of available detection methods for ENTV-2, we developed a SYBR Green real-time polymerase chain reaction (SGrPCR) assay that targets the gag gene of ENTV-2. The low limit of detection of the assay was 3.68 × 101 copies/μL, a hundredfold more sensitive than conventional PCR. The melt curve showed a single sharp melt peak at 83°C, which indicated that there was no non-specific amplification or primer dimer formation. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 1.58% and 1.82%, respectively. There was no cross-reactivity with closely related goat viruses (i.e., orf virus, peste des petits ruminants virus, goatpox virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus) and endogenous retroviruses. In conclusion, the SGrPCR assay is specific for the gag gene of ENTV-2 and provides a rapid and sensitive approach for detecting ENTV-2 in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongze He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yulan Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Linli Gan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Muhammad Ali Mohsin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Bao-Xiang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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5
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Parr YA, Beall MJ, Levy JK, McDonald M, Hamman NT, Willett BJ, Hosie MJ. Measuring the Humoral Immune Response in Cats Exposed to Feline Leukaemia Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030428. [PMID: 33800090 PMCID: PMC7998633 DOI: 10.3390/v13030428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses belong to an important and diverse family of RNA viruses capable of causing neoplastic disease in their hosts. Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) is a gammaretrovirus that infects domestic and wild cats, causing immunodeficiency, cytopenia and neoplasia in progressively infected cats. The outcome of FeLV infection is influenced by the host immune response; progressively infected cats demonstrate weaker immune responses compared to regressively infected cats. In this study, humoral immune responses were examined in 180 samples collected from 123 domestic cats that had been naturally exposed to FeLV, using a novel ELISA to measure antibodies recognizing the FeLV surface unit (SU) glycoprotein in plasma samples. A correlation was demonstrated between the strength of the humoral immune response to the SU protein and the outcome of exposure. Cats with regressive infection demonstrated higher antibody responses to the SU protein compared to cats belonging to other outcome groups, and samples from cats with regressive infection contained virus neutralising antibodies. These results demonstrate that an ELISA that assesses the humoral response to FeLV SU complements the use of viral diagnostic tests to define the outcome of exposure to FeLV. Together these tests could allow the rapid identification of regressively infected cats that are unlikely to develop FeLV-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin A. Parr
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK; (B.J.W.); (M.J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-0-141-330-3444
| | | | - Julie K. Levy
- Maddie’s Shelter Medicine Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA;
| | - Michael McDonald
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK;
| | | | - Brian J. Willett
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK; (B.J.W.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK; (B.J.W.); (M.J.H.)
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Blackburn NB, Leandro AC, Nahvi N, Devlin MA, Leandro M, Martinez Escobedo I, Peralta JM, George J, Stacy BA, deMaar TW, Blangero J, Keniry M, Curran JE. Transcriptomic Profiling of Fibropapillomatosis in Green Sea Turtles ( Chelonia mydas) From South Texas. Front Immunol 2021; 12:630988. [PMID: 33717164 PMCID: PMC7943941 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.630988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea turtle fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a tumor promoting disease that is one of several threats globally to endangered sea turtle populations. The prevalence of FP is highest in green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) populations, and historically has shown considerable temporal growth. FP tumors can significantly affect the ability of turtles to forage for food and avoid predation and can grow to debilitating sizes. In the current study, based in South Texas, we have applied transcriptome sequencing to FP tumors and healthy control tissue to study the gene expression profiles of FP. By identifying differentially expressed turtle genes in FP, and matching these genes to their closest human ortholog we draw on the wealth of human based knowledge, specifically human cancer, to identify new insights into the biology of sea turtle FP. We show that several genes aberrantly expressed in FP tumors have known tumor promoting biology in humans, including CTHRC1 and NLRC5, and provide support that disruption of the Wnt signaling pathway is a feature of FP. Further, we profiled the expression of current targets of immune checkpoint inhibitors from human oncology in FP tumors and identified potential candidates for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B. Blackburn
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Ana Cristina Leandro
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | - Nina Nahvi
- Sea Turtle Inc., South Padre Island, TX, United States
| | | | - Marcelo Leandro
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | | | - Juan M. Peralta
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Jeff George
- Sea Turtle Inc., South Padre Island, TX, United States
| | - Brian A. Stacy
- National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Protected Resources, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | | | - John Blangero
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
| | - Megan Keniry
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
| | - Joanne E. Curran
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, United States
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7
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Kaszab E, Marton S, Erdélyi K, Bányai K, Fehér E. Genomic evolution of avian polyomaviruses with a focus on budgerigar fledgling disease virus. Infect Genet Evol 2021; 90:104762. [PMID: 33571686 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gammapolyomaviruses may cause serious inflammatory diseases in a broad range of avian hosts. In this study we investigated genomic evolution of and selection constraint acting on avian polyomaviruses (APyVs). Our analyses suggested that goose haemorrhagic polyomavirus (GHPV) evolves more slowly (3.03 × 10-5 s/s/y mean evolutionary rate) than budgerigar fledgling disease virus (BFDV), finch polyomavirus (FPyV) and canary polyomavirus (CaPyV) (1.39 × 10-4 s/s/y, 2.63 × 10-4 s/s/y and 1.41 × 10-4 s/s/y mean evolutionary rate, respectively). In general, purifying selection seems to act on the protein coding regions of APyV genomes, although positive Darwinian selection was also predicted in a few positions (e.g., in the large tumor antigen coding region of BFDV and GHPV and in the capsid protein sequences of BFDV). The importance of these aa changes remains elusive. Overall, a better understanding of adaptive changes in the genome of APyVs requires additional data from various incidental hosts and reservoir species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Kaszab
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest H-1143, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Marton
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest H-1143, Hungary
| | - Károly Erdélyi
- National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok utca 2, Budapest H-1143, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest H-1143, Hungary
| | - Enikő Fehér
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest H-1143, Hungary.
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8
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Pearson VR, Bosse JB, Koyuncu OO, Scherer J, Toruno C, Robinson R, Abegglen LM, Schiffman JD, Enquist LW, Rall GF. Identification of African Elephant Polyomavirus in wild elephants and the creation of a vector expressing its viral tumor antigens to transform elephant primary cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244334. [PMID: 33544724 PMCID: PMC7864673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild elephant populations are declining rapidly due to rampant killing for ivory and body parts, range fragmentation, and human-elephant conflict. Wild and captive elephants are further impacted by viruses, including highly pathogenic elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses. Moreover, while the rich genetic diversity of the ancient elephant lineage is disappearing, elephants, with their low incidence of cancer, have emerged as a surprising resource in human cancer research for understanding the intrinsic cellular response to DNA damage. However, studies on cellular resistance to transformation and herpesvirus reproduction have been severely limited, in part due to the lack of established elephant cell lines to enable in vitro experiments. This report describes creation of a recombinant plasmid, pAelPyV-1-Tag, derived from a wild isolate of African Elephant Polyomavirus (AelPyV-1), that can be used to create immortalized lines of elephant cells. This isolate was extracted from a trunk nodule biopsy isolated from a wild African elephant, Loxodonta africana, in Botswana. The AelPyV-1 genome contains open-reading frames encoding the canonical large (LTag) and small (STag) tumor antigens. We cloned the entire early region spanning the LTag and overlapping STag genes from this isolate into a high-copy vector to construct a recombinant plasmid, pAelPyV-1-Tag, which effectively transformed primary elephant endothelial cells. We expect that the potential of this reagent to transform elephant primary cells will, at a minimum, facilitate study of elephant-specific herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia R. Pearson
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jens B. Bosse
- RESIST Cluster of Excellence, Institute of Virology at Hannover Medical School, Center for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Orkide O. Koyuncu
- Princeton University, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Julian Scherer
- Princeton University, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Cristhian Toruno
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Rosann Robinson
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Abegglen
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Joshua D. Schiffman
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Lynn W. Enquist
- Princeton University, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Glenn F. Rall
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Yetsko K, Farrell JA, Blackburn NB, Whitmore L, Stammnitz MR, Whilde J, Eastman CB, Ramia DR, Thomas R, Krstic A, Linser P, Creer S, Carvalho G, Devlin MA, Nahvi N, Leandro AC, deMaar TW, Burkhalter B, Murchison EP, Schnitzler C, Duffy DJ. Molecular characterization of a marine turtle tumor epizootic, profiling external, internal and postsurgical regrowth tumors. Commun Biol 2021; 4:152. [PMID: 33526843 PMCID: PMC7851172 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01656-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea turtle populations are under threat from an epizootic tumor disease (animal epidemic) known as fibropapillomatosis. Fibropapillomatosis continues to spread geographically, with prevalence of the disease also growing at many longer-affected sites globally. However, we do not yet understand the precise environmental, mutational and viral events driving fibropapillomatosis tumor formation and progression.Here we perform transcriptomic and immunohistochemical profiling of five fibropapillomatosis tumor types: external new, established and postsurgical regrowth tumors, and internal lung and kidney tumors. We reveal that internal tumors are molecularly distinct from the more common external tumors. However, they have a small number of conserved potentially therapeutically targetable molecular vulnerabilities in common, such as the MAPK, Wnt, TGFβ and TNF oncogenic signaling pathways. These conserved oncogenic drivers recapitulate remarkably well the core pan-cancer drivers responsible for human cancers. Fibropapillomatosis has been considered benign, but metastatic-related transcriptional signatures are strongly activated in kidney and established external tumors. Tumors in turtles with poor outcomes (died/euthanized) have genes associated with apoptosis and immune function suppressed, with these genes providing putative predictive biomarkers.Together, these results offer an improved understanding of fibropapillomatosis tumorigenesis and provide insights into the origins, inter-tumor relationships, and therapeutic treatment for this wildlife epizootic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Yetsko
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Jessica A Farrell
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Nicholas B Blackburn
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Liam Whitmore
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Maximilian R Stammnitz
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Jenny Whilde
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Catherine B Eastman
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Devon Rollinson Ramia
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Rachel Thomas
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Aleksandar Krstic
- Systems Biology Ireland & Precision Oncology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Paul Linser
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Simon Creer
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Gary Carvalho
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | | | - Nina Nahvi
- Sea Turtle Inc., South Padre Island, TX, USA
| | - Ana Cristina Leandro
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | | | - Brooke Burkhalter
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Murchison
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Christine Schnitzler
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - David J Duffy
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
- Systems Biology Ireland & Precision Oncology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland.
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK.
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Díaz-Cao JM, Prieto A, López-Lorenzo G, López-Novo C, Iglesias A, Díaz P, Panadero R, López CM, Morrondo P, Díez-Baños P, Fernández G. Epidemiological study of the association between bovine gammaherpesvirus type 4 and reproductive disease in dairy cattle from northwestern Spain. Vet Microbiol 2020; 251:108888. [PMID: 33120087 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bovine gammaherpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) has controversially been related with cattle reproductive disease. In the present study we analyze the relationship between exposure to BoHV-4 and reproductive performance in dairy cattle from northwestern Spain. A total of 2022 sera from 50 farms were examined to detect anti-BoHV-4 antibodies. Herd and individual reproductive records were collected to analyze association with exposure to BoHV-4. In addition, 52 abortion cases were examined to detect BoHV-4 DNA. An individual seroprevalence of 66.6 % and a herd prevalence of 98 % were found. Exposure to BoHV-4 increased with age, particularly in individuals between 26-36 months old (OR = 2.7; CI 95 %: 1.2-5.0, compared to animals < 26 months). Seroprevalence was not associated with herd fertility and herd abortion rate, but seropositive animals between 26-36 months presented prolonged calving to fertilizing insemination intervals (HR: 1.4; CI 95 %: 1.2-2.0) as well as higher odds of an unsuccessful 1st insemination (OR: 2.5; CI 95 %: 1.2-5.0). In abortion cases, BoHV-4 DNA was found in 12 vaginal swabs from 5 farms but not in any fetal tissue. Our results reveal an endemic, high and widespread exposure to BoHV-4 among dairy cattle from NW Spain with a limited impact in the reproductive performance of herds. The significantly worse reproductive performance of seropositive animals of 26-36 months of age may be the consequence of the establishment of primo-infections when moving heifers to lactation lots. Our findings may be useful to understand the potential population impact of BoHV-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Díaz-Cao
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Pathology, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Alberto Prieto
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Pathology, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Gonzalo López-Lorenzo
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Pathology, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Cynthia López-Novo
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Pathology, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Antonio Iglesias
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Díaz
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Pathology, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Rosario Panadero
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Pathology, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ceferino M López
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Pathology, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Patrocinio Morrondo
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Pathology, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Díez-Baños
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Pathology, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Fernández
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Department of Animal Pathology, 27002, Lugo, Spain
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11
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Wan X, Xu L, Sun X, Li H, Yan F, Han R, Li H, Li Z, Tian Y, Liu X, Kang X, Wang Z, Wang Y. Gut microbiota profiles of commercial laying hens infected with tumorigenic viruses. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:218. [PMID: 32600312 PMCID: PMC7324990 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that some viral infections cause structural changes in the intestinal microflora, but little is known about the effects of tumorigenic viral infection on the intestinal microflora of chickens. RESULTS A 29-week commercial layer flock positive for avian leukosis virus-J (ALV-J), Marek's disease virus (MDV) and avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) was selected, and fresh fecal samples were collected and examined for the composition of the gut microflora by Illumina sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. The operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of the fecal microbiota differentiated the chickens infected with only ALV-J and those coinfected with ALV-J and MDV or REV from infection-negative chickens. The enrichment and diversity of cloacal microflora in chickens infected with ALV-J alone were slightly different from those in the infection-negative chickens. However, the diversity of cloacal microflora was significantly increased in chickens coinfected with both ALV-J and MDV or REV. CONCLUSIONS The intestinal microbiota was more strongly disturbed in chickens after coinfection with ALV-J and MDV or REV than after infection with ALV-J alone, and there may be underlying mechanisms by which the capacity for the stabilization of the intestinal flora was impaired due to viral infection and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhua Wan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000 China
| | - Laipeng Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000 China
| | - Xiangli Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000 China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000 China
| | - Fengbin Yan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000 China
- Henan Research Center of Germplasm Resources for Poultry, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
| | - Ruili Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000 China
- Henan Research Center of Germplasm Resources for Poultry, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
| | - Hong Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000 China
- Henan Research Center of Germplasm Resources for Poultry, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
| | - Zhuanjian Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000 China
- Henan Research Center of Germplasm Resources for Poultry, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
| | - Yadong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000 China
- Henan Research Center of Germplasm Resources for Poultry, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000 China
- Henan Research Center of Germplasm Resources for Poultry, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
| | - Xiangtao Kang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000 China
- Henan Research Center of Germplasm Resources for Poultry, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
| | - Zhenya Wang
- Key Laboratory of “Runliang” Antiviral Medicines Research and Development, Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000 China
- Henan Research Center of Germplasm Resources for Poultry, Zhengzhou, 450002 China
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12
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Studer N, Lutz H, Saegerman C, Gönczi E, Meli ML, Boo G, Hartmann K, Hosie MJ, Moestl K, Tasker S, Belák S, Lloret A, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink HF, Pennisi MG, Truyen U, Frymus T, Thiry E, Marsilio F, Addie D, Hochleithner M, Tkalec F, Vizi Z, Brunetti A, Georgiev B, Ludwig-Begall LF, Tschuor F, Mooney CT, Eliasson C, Orro J, Johansen H, Juuti K, Krampl I, Kovalenko K, Šengaut J, Sobral C, Borska P, Kovaříková S, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Pan-European Study on the Prevalence of the Feline Leukaemia Virus Infection - Reported by the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD Europe). Viruses 2019; 11:v11110993. [PMID: 31671816 PMCID: PMC6893802 DOI: 10.3390/v11110993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus associated with fatal disease in progressively infected cats. While testing/removal and vaccination led to a decreased prevalence of FeLV, recently, this decrease has reportedly stagnated in some countries. This study aimed to prospectively determine the prevalence of FeLV viraemia in cats taken to veterinary facilities in 32 European countries. FeLV viral RNA was semiquantitatively detected in saliva, using RT-qPCR as a measure of viraemia. Risk and protective factors were assessed using an online questionnaire to report geographic, demographic, husbandry, FeLV vaccination, and clinical data. The overall prevalence of FeLV viraemia in cats visiting a veterinary facility, of which 10.4% were shelter and rescue cats, was 2.3% (141/6005; 95% CI: 2.0%–2.8%) with the highest prevalences in Portugal, Hungary, and Italy/Malta (5.7%–8.8%). Using multivariate analysis, seven risk factors (Southern Europe, male intact, 1–6 years of age, indoor and outdoor or outdoor-only living, living in a group of ≥5 cats, illness), and three protective factors (Northern Europe, Western Europe, pedigree cats) were identified. Using classification and regression tree (CART) analysis, the origin of cats in Europe, pedigree, and access to outdoors were important predictors of FeLV status. FeLV-infected sick cats shed more viral RNA than FeLV-infected healthy cats, and they suffered more frequently from anaemia, anorexia, and gingivitis/stomatitis than uninfected sick cats. Most cats had never been FeLV-vaccinated; vaccination rates were indirectly associated with the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. In conclusion, we identified countries where FeLV was undetectable, demonstrating that the infection can be eradicated and highlighting those regions where awareness and prevention should be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Studer
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Hans Lutz
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Enikö Gönczi
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Marina L Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Gianluca Boo
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Margaret J Hosie
- MRC- University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Karin Moestl
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK & Chief Medical Officer, Linnaeus Group, Shirley, Solihull B90 4BN, UK.
| | - Sándor Belák
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Albert Lloret
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Herman F Egberink
- University of Utrecht, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, 3584 CL Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Maria-Grazia Pennisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Tadeusz Frymus
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
| | - Diane Addie
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | | | - Filip Tkalec
- Veterinarska klinika Kreszinger, 10360 Sesvete, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Zsuzsanna Vizi
- University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Anna Brunetti
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Boyko Georgiev
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Louisa F Ludwig-Begall
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Flurin Tschuor
- Kleintierklinik BolligerTschuor AG, Fachtierärzte für Kleintiere, 4665 Oftringen - Zofingen, Switzerland.
| | - Carmel T Mooney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Catarina Eliasson
- Jamaren - Swedish Veterinary Feline Study Group, 275 71 Lövestad, Sweden.
| | | | | | - Kirsi Juuti
- CatVet Kissaklinikka, 00400 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Igor Krampl
- Slovak Small Animal Veterinary Association, 821 02 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Kaspars Kovalenko
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Lifesciences and Technologies, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia.
| | - Jakov Šengaut
- Jakov Veterinary Centre, Gerosios Vilties g. 1, LT-03147 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | | | - Petra Borska
- Small Animal Emergency Clinic, 637 00 Brno-Jundrov, Czech Republic.
| | - Simona Kovaříková
- Department of Animal Protection, Welfare and Behavior, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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13
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Águeda-Pinto A, Lemos de Matos A, Abrantes M, Kraberger S, Risalde MA, Gortázar C, McFadden G, Varsani A, Esteves PJ. Genetic Characterization of a Recombinant Myxoma Virus in the Iberian Hare ( Lepus granatensis). Viruses 2019; 11:v11060530. [PMID: 31181645 PMCID: PMC6631704 DOI: 10.3390/v11060530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Myxomatosis is a lethal disease in wild European and domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), which is caused by a Myxoma virus (MYXV) infection-a leporipoxvirus that is found naturally in some Sylvilagus rabbit species in South America and California. The introduction of MYXV into feral European rabbit populations of Australia and Europe, in the early 1950s, demonstrated the best-documented field example of host-virus coevolution, following a cross-species transmission. Recently, a new cross-species jump of MYXV has been suggested in both Great Britain and Spain, where European brown hares (Lepus europaeus) and Iberian hares (Lepus granatensis) were found dead with lesions consistent with those observed in myxomatosis. To investigate the possibility of a new cross-species transmission event by MYXV, tissue samples collected from a wild Iberian hare found dead in Spain (Toledo region) were analyzed and deep sequenced. Our results reported a new MYXV isolate (MYXV Toledo) in the tissues of this species. The genome of this new virus was found to encode three disruptive genes (M009L, M036L, and M152R) and a novel ~2.8 kb recombinant region, which resulted from an insertion of four novel poxviral genes towards the 3' end of the negative strand of its genome. From the open reading frames inserted into the MYXV Toledo virus, a new orthologue of a poxvirus host range gene family member was identified, which was related to the MYXV gene M064R. Overall, we confirmed the identity of a new MYXV isolate in Iberian hares, which, we hypothesized, was able to more effectively counteract the host defenses in hares and start an infectious process in this new host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Águeda-Pinto
- CIBIO/InBio-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy (CIVV), The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Ana Lemos de Matos
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy (CIVV), The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Mário Abrantes
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy (CIVV), The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine and School of Life sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Maria A Risalde
- Dpto. de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Universidad de Córdoba, Agrifood Excellence International Campus (ceiA3), 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Christian Gortázar
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo, 28005 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Grant McFadden
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy (CIVV), The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine and School of Life sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.
| | - Pedro J Esteves
- CIBIO/InBio-Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
- CITS-Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias da Saúde, IPSN, CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
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14
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Duffy DJ, Martindale MQ. Perspectives on the expansion of human precision oncology and genomic approaches to sea turtle fibropapillomatosis. Commun Biol 2019; 2:54. [PMID: 30775456 PMCID: PMC6367449 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our recent Communications Biology research article revealed the genomic drivers and therapeutic vulnerabilities of sea turtle fibropapillomatosis tumors. Fibropapillomatosis is a debilitating tumorous disease afflicting populations of green sea turtles globally. While a virus is involved in the development of this disease, it is increasingly understood that the key trigger is linked to anthropogenic disturbances of the environment. The specific environmental co-trigger(s) has yet to be functionally confirmed. Here we outline the next steps required to advance our understanding of this enigmatic disease, to enable us to more effectively clinically combat it and to ultimately tackle its environmental co-trigger to halt and hopefully reverse the spread of fibropapillomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Duffy
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX Ireland
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080 USA
| | - Mark Q. Martindale
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience and Sea Turtle Hospital, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080 USA
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15
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Chiu ES, Kraberger S, Cunningham M, Cusack L, Roelke M, VandeWoude S. Multiple Introductions of Domestic Cat Feline Leukemia Virus in Endangered Florida Panthers. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:92-101. [PMID: 30561312 PMCID: PMC6302599 DOI: 10.3201/eid2501.181347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The endangered Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi) had an outbreak of infection with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) in the early 2000s that resulted in the deaths of 3 animals. A vaccination campaign was instituted during 2003-2007 and no additional cases were recorded until 2010. During 2010-2016, six additional FeLV cases were documented. We characterized FeLV genomes isolated from Florida panthers from both outbreaks and compared them with full-length genomes of FeLVs isolated from contemporary Florida domestic cats. Phylogenetic analyses identified at least 2 circulating FeLV strains in panthers, which represent separate introductions from domestic cats. The original FeLV virus outbreak strain is either still circulating or another domestic cat transmission event has occurred with a closely related variant. We also report a case of a cross-species transmission event of an oncogenic FeLV recombinant (FeLV-B). Evidence of multiple FeLV strains and detection of FeLV-B indicate Florida panthers are at high risk for FeLV infection.
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16
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Cristo TG, Biezus G, Noronha LF, Pereira LHHS, Withoeft JA, Furlan LV, Costa LS, Traverso SD, Casagrande RA. Feline Lymphoma and a High Correlation with Feline Leukaemia Virus Infection in Brazil. J Comp Pathol 2018; 166:20-28. [PMID: 30691602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.10.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoma is the most important haemopoietic tumour in cats and has been associated with feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infection. In Brazil, no studies have established a correlation between FeLV infection and lymphoma. The aim of this study was to characterize lymphomas arising in cats in Brazil anatomically and microscopically, and to correlate these data with FeLV infection as determined by immunohistochemistry for the FeLV gp70 antigen. Fifty-three cats with lymphoma were evaluated. The mean age of junior, prime, mature, senior and geriatric cats was 1.65 years, 4.34 years, 8 years, 12.14 years and 15.5 years, respectively. The anatomical types of lymphoma were multicentric (43.4%, 23/53), mediastinal (33.96%, 18/53), renal (11.32%, 6/53), hepatic (5.66%, 3/53), nodal (3.77%, 2/53) and alimentary (1.89 %, 1/53). The histological types were small noncleaved-cell (33.96%, 18/53), mixed diffuse (22.64%, 12/53), immunoblastic (15.11%, 8/53), lymphoblastic (11, 32%, 6/53), small lymphocytic (9.43%, 5/53), small cleaved-cell (3.77%, 2/53) and large cell lymphomas (3.77%, 2/3). Immunopositivity for FeLV was observed in 56.6% (30/53) of the samples. FeLV positivity was equally distributed between the genders, but predominated in junior and prime cats. The degree of association between lymphoma and FeLV infection in Brazil was higher than that found in other countries, demonstrating the need to prevent and control the factors associated with infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Cristo
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Brazil
| | - G Biezus
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Brazil
| | - L F Noronha
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Brazil; Student of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - L H H S Pereira
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Brazil; Student of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - J A Withoeft
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Brazil; Student of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - L V Furlan
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Brazil; Student of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina State, Av. Luís de Camões 2090, Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - L S Costa
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Brazil
| | - S D Traverso
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Brazil
| | - R A Casagrande
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Agroveterinary Sciences Center, Brazil.
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17
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18
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Song M, Mulvihill MS, Williams KD, Collins BH, Kirk AD. Fatal SV40-associated pneumonia and nephropathy following renal allotransplantation in rhesus macaque. J Med Primatol 2018; 47:81-84. [PMID: 28671309 PMCID: PMC5752629 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recrudescence of latent and dormant viruses may lead to overwhelming viremia in immunosuppressed hosts. In immunocompromised hosts, Simian virus 40 (SV40) reactivation is known to cause nephritis and demyelinating central nervous system disease. Here, we report SV40 viremia leading to fatal interstitial pneumonia in an immunosuppressed host following renal allotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Song
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M S Mulvihill
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - K D Williams
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - B H Collins
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - A D Kirk
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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19
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Smiley Evans T, Lowenstine LJ, Gilardi KV, Barry PA, Ssebide BJ, Kinani JF, Nizeyimana F, Noheri JB, Cranfield MR, Mudakikwa A, Goldstein T, Mazet JAK, Johnson CK. Mountain gorilla lymphocryptovirus has Epstein-Barr virus-like epidemiology and pathology in infants. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5352. [PMID: 28706209 PMCID: PMC5509654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects greater than 90% of humans, is recognized as a significant comorbidity with HIV/AIDS, and is an etiologic agent for some human cancers. The critically endangered mountain gorilla population was suspected of infection with an EBV-like virus based on serology and infant histopathology similar to pulmonary reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (PRLH), a condition associated with EBV in HIV-infected children. To further examine the presence of EBV or an EBV-like virus in mountain gorillas, we conducted the first population-wide survey of oral samples for an EBV-like virus in a nonhuman great ape. We discovered that mountain gorillas are widely infected (n = 143/332) with a specific strain of lymphocryptovirus 1 (GbbLCV-1). Fifty-two percent of infant mountain gorillas were orally shedding GbbLCV-1, suggesting primary infection during this stage of life, similar to what is seen in humans in less developed countries. We then identified GbbLCV-1 in post-mortem infant lung tissues demonstrating histopathological lesions consistent with PRLH, suggesting primary infection with GbbLCV-1 is associated with PRLH in infants. Together, our findings demonstrate that mountain gorilla's infection with GbbLCV-1 could provide valuable information for human disease in a natural great ape setting and have potential conservation implications in this critically endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tierra Smiley Evans
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Linda J Lowenstine
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kirsten V Gilardi
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Peter A Barry
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Benard J Ssebide
- Gorilla Doctors, Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, Inc., Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jean Felix Kinani
- One Health Approach for Conservation, Gorilla Health, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Fred Nizeyimana
- Gorilla Doctors, Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, Inc., Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jean Bosco Noheri
- Gorilla Doctors, Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, Inc., Musanze, Rwanda
| | - Michael R Cranfield
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Tracey Goldstein
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jonna A K Mazet
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Christine Kreuder Johnson
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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20
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Sun GR, Zhang YP, Zhou LY, Lv HC, Zhang F, Li K, Gao YL, Qi XL, Cui HY, Wang YQ, Gao L, Pan Q, Wang XM, Liu CJ. Co-Infection with Marek's Disease Virus and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Increases Illness Severity and Reduces Marek's Disease Vaccine Efficacy. Viruses 2017; 9:E158. [PMID: 28635675 PMCID: PMC5490833 DOI: 10.3390/v9060158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) cause Marek's disease (MD) and reticuloendotheliosis (RE), respectively. Co-infection with MDV and REV is common in chickens, causing serious losses to the poultry industry. However, experimental studies of such co-infection are lacking. In this study, Chinese field strains of MDV (ZW/15) and REV (JLR1501) were used as challenge viruses to evaluate the pathogenicity of co-infection and the influence of MD vaccination in chickens. Compared to the MDV-challenged group, the mortality and tumor rates increased significantly by 20.0% (76.7 to 96.7%) and 26.7% (53.3 to 80.0%), in the co-challenged group, respectively. The protective index of the MD vaccines CVI988 and 814 decreased by 33.3 (80.0 to 47.7) and 13.3 (90.0 to 76.7), respectively. These results indicated that MDV and REV co-infection significantly increased disease severity and reduced the vaccine efficacy. The MDV genome load showed no difference in the feather pulps and spleen, and pathogenicity-related MDV gene expression (meq, pp38, vIL-8, and ICP4) in the spleen significantly increased at some time points in the co-challenged group. Clearly, synergistic pathogenicity occurred between MDV and REV, and the protective efficacy of existing MD vaccines was attenuated by co-infection with Chinese field MDV and REV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Rong Sun
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Yan-Ping Zhang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Lin-Yi Zhou
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Hong-Chao Lv
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Kai Li
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Yu-Long Gao
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Xiao-Le Qi
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Hong-Yu Cui
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Yong-Qiang Wang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Li Gao
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Qing Pan
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Xiao-Mei Wang
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Chang-Jun Liu
- Division of Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
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21
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Cikanek SJ, Carpenter JW, Lindemann DM, Hallman RM, Eshar D, Kim IJ, Almes KM. Shope Fibroma in the External Ear Canal of a Domestic Rabbit. Comp Med 2017; 67:51-55. [PMID: 28222839 PMCID: PMC5310625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A 5-y-old, intact, 2.5-kg female domestic rabbit was presented because of blood spatter on the wall of its cage and the toenails of its right hind limb. Physical examination revealed a red, gelatinous mass that spanned the width of the right vertical ear canal. Radiographic images revealed a soft-tissue opacity at the base of the right ear, which was superimposed over the tympanic bulla and extended to the pinna. A CT scan revealed that the soft-tissue mass was within the vertical and horizontal portions of the right external ear canal and extended to the level of the tympanic membrane, with no bony involvement. An incisional biopsy of the mass and subsequent histopathology revealed heterophilic inflammation with bacteria, necrosis, and no evidence of neoplasia. The patient died during anesthesia for removal of the mass at 1 mo after the initial presentation. Necropsy with histopathology of the mass was consistent with Shope fibroma virus in light of the presence of typical intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions. Electron microscopy of paraffin-embedded tissue revealed electron-dense intracytoplasmic structures within neoplastic cells consistent with the diagnosis of Leporipoxvirus. To our knowledge, this report is the first description of Shope fibroma virus invading the external ear canal of a domestic rabbit. Given the results of this case, Shope fibroma should be considered in rabbits presenting with abnormal tissue in the ear canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna J Cikanek
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas;,
| | - James W Carpenter
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Dana M Lindemann
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - R M Hallman
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - David Eshar
- Departments of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - In Joong Kim
- Departments of Diagnostic Medicine-Pathobiology, Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Kelli M Almes
- Departments of Diagnostic Medicine-Pathobiology, Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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22
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Wen CM, Chen MM, Wang CS, Liu PC, Nan FH. Isolation of a novel polyomavirus, related to Japanese eel endothelial cell-infecting virus, from marbled eels, Anguilla marmorata (Quoy & Gaimard). J Fish Dis 2016; 39:889-897. [PMID: 26566584 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Marbled eels, Anguilla marmorata (Quoy & Gaimard), cultured in Taiwan exhibited haemorrhage and mortality in January 2012. The severely diseased eels bled from the gills and showed congestion of the central venous sinus of the gill filaments and haemorrhage throughout the body similar to viral endothelial cell necrosis of eel. In this study, a novel polyomavirus (AmPyV) was isolated from the diseased eels using the AMPF cell line established from the pectoral fin of healthy marbled eels. AmPyV was found to encode a long T-antigen orthologous gene. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AmPyV was closely related to Japanese eel endothelial cell-infecting virus. PCR assays revealed AmPyV infection throughout the systemic organs. AmPyV proliferated in the AMPF, EK-1 and EO-2 cells at temperatures 25-30 °C, and the progeny virus yields were 10(7.0) , 10(7.4) and 10(7.7) TCID50 mL(-1) , respectively. The purified virions were icosahedral particles, 70-80 nm in diameter. No clinical signs or mortality was observed among the eels injected with the virus; however, the virus was reisolated from the brain, eyes, kidneys, fins and gills of infected eels 2 month after injection. Our results suggest that AmPyV exhibits a latent infection. Pathogen of the disease needs to study further.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Wen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - M M Chen
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C S Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - P C Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - F H Nan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
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23
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Abstract
Granulomatous dermatitis in horses has been linked to many etiologies, including various parasites, fungi, and bacteria. Idiopathic forms of granulomatous inflammation-producing diseases, some of which are localized to the skin, also have been reported in horses. Herein we describe a case of recurrent equine granulomatous skin disease characterized by intranuclear viral inclusions within macrophages and giant cells. The histologic changes were primarily noted in the deep dermis and included multifocal to coalescing areas of necrosis marked by histiocytic cell infiltration and presence of giant cells. Electron microscopic examination revealed intranuclear and intracytoplasmic viral particles consistent with herpesvirus. Sequence results of the polymerase chain reaction product were consistent with equine herpesvirus 2, adding another possible etiology to the list of differentials in cases of equine granulomatous skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Sledge
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, The University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, 43 Brighton Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA
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24
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Galosi CM, de la Paz VC, Fernández LC, Martinez JP, Craig MI, Barrandeguy M, Etcheverrrigaray ME. Isolation of Equine Herpesvirus–2 from the Lung of an Aborted Fetus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 17:500-2. [PMID: 16312249 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the isolation of equine herpesvirus–2 (EHV-2) from the lung of an aborted equine fetus in Argentina. The isolated virus was confirmed as EHV-2 by indirect immunofluorescence using a rabbit anti–EHV-2 polyclonal antiserum and by virus-neutralization test using an equine polyclonal antibody against EHV-2. Restriction endonuclease DNA fingerprinting with BamHI also confirmed the identity of the virus as EHV-2. Furthermore, viral nucleic acid was detected by polymerase chain reaction from the original lung sample and from the DNA obtained from cells infected with the virus isolate. This work constitutes the first reported isolation of EHV-2 from an aborted equine fetus. The presence of EHV-2 in the lung of the aborted fetus would indicate that this virus is capable of crossing the placental barrier. However, no cause–effect relationship was established between the EHV-2 isolate and the abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Mónica Galosi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
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25
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Bertagnoli S, Marchandeau S. Myxomatosis. REV SCI TECH OIE 2015; 34:549-547. [PMID: 26601455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Myxomatosis, a major disease of European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), is enzootic on several continents. The disease is infectious, virulent and contagious. The pathogen is a virus of the family Poxviridae, genus Leporipoxvirus. In its classic form the disease is often fatal, characterised by severe immunosuppression and the appearance of skin pseudotumours (myxomas); it is conducive to effective mechanical transmission by many biting arthropods. Atypical clinical forms, referred to as amyxomatous, of variable severity and with an apparent preference for direct transmission, have recently emerged in Europe. Virus-host interactions have been particularly well studied since the voluntary introduction of the myxoma virus into Australia and Europe, revealing a remarkable process of co-evolution. Molecular analysis has recently demonstrated the extraordinary evolutionary capacity of the myxoma virus.
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26
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Escudero Duch C, Williams RAJ, Timm RM, Perez-Tris J, Benitez L. A Century of Shope Papillomavirus in Museum Rabbit Specimens. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132172. [PMID: 26147570 PMCID: PMC4493010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sylvilagus floridanus Papillomavirus (SfPV) causes growth of large horn-like tumors on rabbits. SfPV was described in cottontail rabbits (probably Sylvilagus floridanus) from Kansas and Iowa by Richard Shope in 1933, and detected in S. audubonii in 2011. It is known almost exclusively from the US Midwest. We explored the University of Kansas Natural History Museum for historical museum specimens infected with SfPV, using molecular techniques, to assess if additional wild species host SfPV, and whether SfPV occurs throughout the host range, or just in the Midwest. Secondary aims were to detect distinct strains, and evidence for strain spatio-temporal specificity. We found 20 of 1395 rabbits in the KU collection SfPV symptomatic. Three of 17 lagomorph species (S. nuttallii, and the two known hosts) were symptomatic, while Brachylagus, Lepus and eight additional Sylvilagus species were not. 13 symptomatic individuals were positive by molecular testing, including the first S. nuttallii detection. Prevalence of symptomatic individuals was significantly higher in Sylvilagus (1.8%) than Lepus. Half of these specimens came from Kansas, though new molecular detections were obtained from Jalisco—Mexico’s first—and Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, and Texas, USA. We document the oldest lab-confirmed case (Kansas, 1915), pre-dating Shope’s first case. SfPV amplification was possible from 63.2% of symptomatic museum specimens. Using multiple methodologies, rolling circle amplification and, multiple isothermal displacement amplification in addition to PCR, greatly improved detection rates. Short sequences were obtained from six individuals for two genes. L1 gene sequences were identical to all previously detected sequences; E7 gene sequences, were more variable, yielding five distinct SfPV1 strains that differing by less than 2% from strains circulating in the Midwest and Mexico, between 1915 and 2005. Our results do not clarify whether strains are host species specific, though they are consistent with SfPV specificity to genus Sylvilagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Escudero Duch
- Department of Microbiology III, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard A. J. Williams
- Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Natural Sciences, Saint Louis University, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Timm
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States of America
| | - Javier Perez-Tris
- Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Benitez
- Department of Microbiology III, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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27
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Krengel A, Cattori V, Meli ML, Wachter B, Böni J, Bisset LR, Thalwitzer S, Melzheimer J, Jago M, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hofer H, Lutz H. Gammaretrovirus-specific antibodies in free-ranging and captive Namibian cheetahs. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2015; 22:611-7. [PMID: 25809630 PMCID: PMC4446404 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00705-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cheetah population in Namibia is the largest free-ranging population in the world and a key population for research regarding the health status of this species. We used serological methods and quantitative real-time PCR to test free-ranging and captive Namibian cheetahs for the presence of feline leukemia virus (FeLV), a gammaretrovirus that can be highly aggressive in populations with low genetic diversity, such as cheetahs. We also assessed the presence of antibodies to other gammaretroviruses and the responses to a FeLV vaccine developed for domestic cats. Up to 19% of the free-ranging cheetahs, 27% of the captive nonvaccinated cheetahs, and 86% of the captive vaccinated cheetahs tested positive for FeLV antibodies. FeLV-antibody-positive free-ranging cheetahs also tested positive for Rauscher murine leukemia virus antibodies. Nevertheless, FeLV was not detectable by quantitative real-time PCR and no reverse transcriptase activity was detectable by product-enhanced reverse transcriptase assay in the plasma of cheetahs or the supernatants from cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The presence of antibodies to gammaretroviruses in clinically healthy specimens may be caused either by infection with a low-pathogenic retrovirus or by the expression of endogenous retroviral sequences. The strong humoral immune responses to FeLV vaccination demonstrate that cheetahs can respond to the vaccine and that vaccination against FeLV infection may be beneficial should FeLV infection ever become a threat, as was seen in Iberian lynx and Florida panthers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Krengel
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valentino Cattori
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marina L Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Wachter
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürg Böni
- Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leslie R Bisset
- Swiss National Center for Retroviruses, Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jörg Melzheimer
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark Jago
- The AfriCat Foundation, Otjiwarongo, Namibia
| | | | - Heribert Hofer
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Lutz
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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28
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Rodenbusch CR, Baptistotte C, Werneck MR, Pires TT, Melo MTD, de Ataíde MW, Testa P, Alieve MM, Canal CW. Fibropapillomatosis in green turtles Chelonia mydas in Brazil: characteristics of tumors and virus. Dis Aquat Organ 2014; 111:207-217. [PMID: 25320033 DOI: 10.3354/dao02782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a benign neoplasia that affects physiological functions of sea turtles and may lead to death. High prevalence of FP in sea turtle populations has prompted several research groups to study the disease and the associated herpesvirus, chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5). The present study detected and quantified ChHV5 in 153 fibropapilloma samples collected from green turtles Chelonia mydas on the Brazilian coast between 2009 and 2010 to characterize the relationship between viral load and tumor characteristics. Of the tumor samples collected, 73 and 87% were positive for ChHV5 in conventional PCR and real-time PCR, respectively, and viral loads ranged between 1 and 118.62 copies cell⁻¹. Thirty-three percent of turtles were mildly, 28% were moderately and 39% were severely affected with FP. Skin samples were used as negative control. High viral loads correlated positively with increasing FP severity in turtles sampled on the Brazilian coast and with samples from turtles found dead in the states of São Paulo and Bahia. Six viral variants were detected in tumor samples, 4 of which were similar to the Atlantic phylogenetic group. Two variants were similar to the western Atlantic/eastern Caribbean phylogenetic group. Co-infection in turtles with more than one variant was observed in the states of São Paulo and Bahia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Rodenbusch
- Laboratory of Virology, Veterinary Medicine College, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, 915640-000 RS, Brazil
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29
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Trewby H, Ayele G, Borzacchiello G, Brandt S, Campo MS, Del Fava C, Marais J, Leonardi L, Vanselow B, Biek R, Nasir L. Analysis of the long control region of bovine papillomavirus type 1 associated with sarcoids in equine hosts indicates multiple cross-species transmission events and phylogeographical structure. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2748-2756. [PMID: 25185436 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.066589-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses are a family of slowly evolving DNA viruses and their evolution is commonly linked to that of their host species. However, whilst bovine papillomavirus-1 (BPV-1) primarily causes warts in its natural host, the cow, it can also cause locally aggressive and invasive skin tumours in equids, known as sarcoids, and thus provides a rare contemporary example of cross-species transmission of a papillomavirus. Here, we describe the first phylogenetic analysis of BPV-1 in equine sarcoids to our knowledge, allowing us to explore the evolutionary history of BPV-1 and investigate its cross-species association with equids. A phylogenetic analysis of the BPV-1 transcriptional promoter region (the long control region or LCR) was conducted on 15 bovine and 116 equine samples from four continents. Incorporating previous estimates for evolutionary rates in papillomavirus implied that the genetic diversity in the LCR variants was ancient and predated domestication of both equids and cattle. The phylogeny demonstrated geographical segregation into an ancestral group (African, South American and Australian samples), and a more recently derived, largely European clade. Whilst our data are consistent with BPV-1 originating in cattle, we found evidence of multiple, probably relatively recent, cross-species transmission events into horses. We also demonstrated the high prevalence of one particular sequence variant (variant 20), and suggest this may indicate that this variant shows a fitness advantage in equids. Although strong host specificity remains the norm in papillomaviruses, our results demonstrate that exceptions to this rule exist and can become epidemiologically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Trewby
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gizachew Ayele
- Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Ethiopia
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Oncology Group, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Saveria Campo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Leonardo Leonardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Barbara Vanselow
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, UNE, Armidale, NSW, Australia University of New England, Australia
| | - Roman Biek
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lubna Nasir
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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30
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Zhang YF, Liu Y, Wang ZJ, Sun XL, Liu SY. [Research on construction of sheep lung adenomas virus pEGFP-C1/exJSRV-env and induction of malignant transformation in NIH3T3]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2014; 30:268-277. [PMID: 25118382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to construct a eukaryotic expression system for envelope gene of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus, observes its localization in 293T cells, and investigates the potential in inducing malignant transformation of NIH3T3 cells. By RT-PCR, the full-length cDNA of envelope gene of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (exJSRV-env) was amplified from the extract of naturally infected sheep lung. The clone of target gene was sub-cloned into eukaryotic expression system pEGFP-C1, and validated by PCR, restriction endonuclease, and sequencing. Bioinformatic analysis concerning biological function and cellular localiza tion of exJSRV-env was also performed. The recombinant clone of exJSRV-env was transfected into 293T cells and NIH3T3 cells by Lipofectamine LTX. The expression and celluar localization in 293T cells were validated by confocal microscopy. Soft agar colony formation assay was employed to test the anchorage-independent growth of NIH3T3. DNA sequencing and restriction enzyme digestion with Kpn I and Hind III indicated the correct construction of the recombinant plasmid, which was named pEGFP-C1/exJSRV-env. Amino acid sequence alignment of exJSRV-env with reference sequences found 85%-100% homogeneity. A YRNM motif was discovered at the cytoplasmic tail of envelope gene, which is exclusively found in exogenous viruses. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that our clone of exJSRV-env clustered closely with pathogenic exogenous Jaagsiekte sheep retroviruses. Fluorescence microscopy indicated typical membrane localization of exJSRV-env protein. NIH3T3 cells transfected with exJSRV-env lost contact inhibition, and acquired colony forming ability in soft agar. This study indicated that envelope protein of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus can induce malignant transformation of mouse fibroblast cell NIH3T3. Discoveries of this study provide a basis for further structural and functional research on Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus envelope protein.
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Tanaka N, Izawa T, Kuwamura M, Higashiguchi N, Kezuka C, Kurata O, Wada S, Yamate J. The first case of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) infection in aquarium-maintained mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi (Basilewsky), in Japan. J Fish Dis 2014; 37:401-405. [PMID: 23763499 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
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Machado Guimarães S, Mas Gitirana H, Vidal Wanderley A, Monteiro-Neto C, Lobo-Hajdu G. Evidence of regression of fibropapillomas in juvenile green turtles Chelonia mydas caught in Niterói, southeast Brazil. Dis Aquat Organ 2013; 102:243-7. [PMID: 23446974 DOI: 10.3354/dao02542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Fibropapillomatosis is a disease characterized by cutaneous tumors affecting all marine turtle species, but mostly Chelonia mydas. The disease was first reported in 1938, and since then, the number of sightings has been increasing over the years. This disease can cause many complications in the affected animal and can lead to death, and is thus included in the many threats to marine turtle populations. It is still not known for certain what causes this disease, although many studies indicate a herpesvirus as the main etiologic agent. The incidence of fibropapillomatosis is rarely reported in adults, leading to speculations that there may be a cure for the disease or that the animals die before reaching adulthood. In this paper, 2 cases of fibropapillomatosis regression are reported from juvenile C. mydas caught between July 2008 and July 2010 in the coastal zone of Itaipu, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. These individuals were identified photographically upon recapture. One individual had a total regression (disappearance) of external papilloma within 164 d between first capture and recapture, and the other individual had a partial regression (decrease in size) observed within 13 to 188 d of recapture. The mechanism that triggers the regression is still unknown but is likely to be an immune system response or removal of the tumor promoter. There are few reported cases of regression in the world, and constant monitoring through mark-recapture is necessary to assess whether the marine turtles affected by this disease have real chances of survival.
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UC-Davis veterinarians identify new raccoon polyomavirus: discovery could help explain how viruses cause cancer in animals and humans. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:295-6. [PMID: 23447820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Cummings Macri S, Knight HL, Miller AD. Mesenchymoproliferative enteropathy associated with dual simian polyomavirus and rhesus cytomegalovirus infection in a simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). Vet Pathol 2012; 50:715-21. [PMID: 23051916 DOI: 10.1177/0300985812463405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Opportunistic viral infections are common in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques and include simian polyomavirus 40 (SV40), which causes interstitial nephritis, pneumonia, meningoencephalitis, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and rhesus cytomegalovirus (Macacine herpesvirus-3), which is associated with many pathologic manifestations, including the formation of neutrophil-rich gastrointestinal masses. Herein we report the findings of a simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaque that presented to necropsy with multiple nodular masses restricted to the proximal jejunum. Histologically, the masses within the lamina propria were composed of abundant, loosely organized, mesenchymal tissue forming broad interlacing whorls and sheets admixed with variable numbers of neutrophils. Cells within the mesenchymoproliferative nodules contained numerous basophilic, intranuclear inclusion bodies with only scattered cytomegalic cells. Immunohistochemistry for rhesus cytomegalovirus and SV40 demonstrated variable numbers of immunopositive cells within the affected nodules. This report is the first description of SV40-associated pathology in the small intestine of a rhesus macaque and highlights the role that opportunistic viral infections can have on gastrointestinal pathology in immunosuppressed rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cummings Macri
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, One Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA 01772, USA.
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35
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Hughes DJ, Kipar A, Leeming G, Sample JT, Stewart JP. Experimental infection of laboratory-bred bank voles (Myodes glareolus) with murid herpesvirus 4. Arch Virol 2012; 157:2207-12. [PMID: 22782137 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
MuHV-4 is a natural pathogen of rodents of the genus Apodemus (e.g., wood mice, yellow-necked mice) and Myodes glareolus (bank voles). We report experimental MuHV-4 infection of bank voles in comparison with infection of A. sylvaticus (wood mice) and BALB/c mice. Like in wood mice, the level of productive replication in the lungs of bank voles was significantly lower than in BALB/c mice. In contrast to other hosts, however, the level of latent infection in the lung and spleen of bank voles was extremely low. These findings, together with those of previous studies, suggest that bank voles are an occasional and inefficient host for MuHV-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hughes
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK
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Bande F, Arshad SS, Hassan L, Zakaria Z, Sapian NA, Rahman NA, Alazawy A. Prevalence and risk factors of feline leukaemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus in peninsular Malaysia. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:33. [PMID: 22439903 PMCID: PMC3349470 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are major causes of morbidity and mortality in domestic and wild felids. Despite the clinical importance of feline retroviruses and the growing interest in cats as pets, information about FeLV and FIV in Malaysia is presently insufficient to properly advise veterinarians and pet owners. A cross-sectional study was carried out from January 2010 to December 2010 to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with FeLV and FIV among domestic cats in peninsular Malaysia. Plasma samples were harvested from the blood of 368 domestic cats and screened for evidence of FeLV p27 antigen and FIV antibodies, using an immunochromatographic kit. Additionally, data on cat demographics and health were collected using a structured questionnaire, and were evaluated as potential risk factors for FeLV or FIV status. RESULTS Of the 368 cats that were evaluated in this study, 12.2% (45/368; 95% CI = 8.88 - 15.58) were positive for FeLV p27 antigen, 31.3%, (115/368; 95% CI = 26.51 - 35.99) were seropositive to FIV antibodies, and 4.3% (16/368; 95% CI = 2.27 - 6.43) had evidence of both viruses. Factors found to significantly increase the risk for FeLV seropositivity include sex, age, behaviour, sickness, and living in a multi-cat household. Seropositive response to FIV was significantly associated with sex, neuter status, age, behaviour, and health status. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates that FeLV and FIV are common among domestic cats in peninsular Malaysia, and that factors related to cat demographics and health such as age, sex, behaviour, health status and type of household are important predictors for seropositive status to FeLV or FIV in peninsular Malaysia. High prevalence of FeLV or FIV observed in our study is of concern, in view of the immunosuppressive potentials of the two pathogens. Specific measures for control and prevention such as screening and routine vaccination are needed to ensure that FeLV and FIV are controlled in the cat population of peninsular Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruku Bande
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Animal Health and Fisheries Development, PMB 2109 Usman Faruk Secretariat Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria
| | - Siti Suri Arshad
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Latiffah Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zunita Zakaria
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Asyikin Sapian
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Alimah Rahman
- University Veterinary Hospital, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amer Alazawy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
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Sukhumavasi W, Bellosa ML, Lucio-Forster A, Liotta JL, Lee ACY, Pornmingmas P, Chungpivat S, Mohammed HO, Lorentzen L, Dubey JP, Bowman DD. Serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii, Dirofilaria immitis, Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) and Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) infections in pet cats in Bangkok and vicinities, Thailand. Vet Parasitol 2012; 188:25-30. [PMID: 22497870 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infections was examined using serum or plasma samples from 746 pet cats collected between May and July 2009 from clinics and hospitals located in and around Bangkok, Thailand. The samples were tested for heartworm, FIV, and FeLV using a commercial ELISA. Of the 746 samples, 4.6% (34/746) were positive for heartworm antigen, 24.5% (183/746) had circulating FeLV antigen, and 20.1% (150/746) had antibodies against FIV. In addition, the first 348 submitted samples were tested for T. gondii antibodies using a modified agglutination test (MAT, cut off 1:25); 10.1% (35/348) were seropositive. Of the 348 cats sampled for all four pathogens, 11, 10, and 1 were positive for T. gondii antibodies and FIV antibodies, FeLV antigen, or D. immitis antigen, respectively. Of the 35 T. gondii-seropositive cats, 42.9% (15/35) were co-infected with at least one of the other three pathogens. The presence of antibodies to FIV was significantly associated with both age and gender, while FeLV antigen presence was only associated with age. In the case of FIV, males were twice as likely to be infected as females, and cats over 10 years of age were 13.5 times more likely to be infected than cats less than 1 year of age. FeLV antigen was more common in younger cats, with cats over 10 years of age being 10 times less likely to be FeLV positive than cats under 1 year of age. This is the first survey for these four pathogens affecting feline health in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woraporn Sukhumavasi
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Rd., Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Huang SH, Kozak PJ, Kim J, Habineza-Ndikuyeze G, Meade C, Gaurnier-Hausser A, Patel R, Robertson E, Mason NJ. Evidence of an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus in domestic dogs. Virology 2012; 427:107-17. [PMID: 22405628 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In humans, chronic infection with the gammaherpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus is usually asymptomatic; however some infected individuals develop hematological and epithelial malignancies. The exact role of EBV in lymphomagenesis is poorly understood partly because of the lack of clinically relevant animal models. Here we report the detection of serological responses against EBV capsid antigens in healthy dogs and dogs with spontaneous lymphoma and that dogs with the highest antibody titers have B cell lymphoma. Moreover, we demonstrate the presence of EBV-like viral DNA and RNA sequences and Latent Membrane Protein-1 in malignant lymph nodes of dogs with lymphoma. Finally, electron microscopy of canine malignant B cells revealed the presence of classic herpesvirus particles. These findings suggest that dogs can be naturally infected with an EBV-like gammaherpesvirus that may contribute to lymphomagenesis and that dogs might represent a spontaneous model to investigate environmental and genetic factors that influence gammaherpesvirus-associated lymphomagenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hung Huang
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010, USA.
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39
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Bolin LL, Levy LS. Viral determinants of FeLV infection and pathogenesis: lessons learned from analysis of a natural cohort. Viruses 2011; 3:1681-98. [PMID: 21994802 PMCID: PMC3187695 DOI: 10.3390/v3091681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed analysis has been performed over many years of a geographic and temporal cohort of cats naturally infected with feline leukemia virus (FeLV). Molecular analysis of FeLV present in the diseased tissues and application of those viruses to experimental systems has revealed unique isolates with distinctive disease potential, previously uncharacterized virus-receptor interactions, information about the role of recombinant viruses in disease induction, and novel viral and cellular oncogenes implicated in pathogenesis, among other findings. The studies have contributed to an understanding of the selective forces that lead to predominance of distinctive FeLV isolates and disease outcomes in a natural population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L. Bolin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue SL-38, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; E-Mail:
- Tulane Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue SL-38, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Laura S. Levy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue SL-38, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; E-Mail:
- Tulane Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, 1430 Tulane Avenue SL-38, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-504-988-3291; Fax: +1-504-988-2951
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40
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Mitchell JL, Murrell CK, Auda G, Almond N, Rose NJ. Early immunopathology events in simian retrovirus, type 2 infections prior to the onset of disease. Virology 2011; 413:161-8. [PMID: 21349567 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunopathology during early simian retrovirus type 2 (SRV-2) infection is poorly characterized. Here, viral dynamics, immune response and disease progression in transiently- or persistently-infected cynomolgus macaques are assessed. Viral nucleic acids were detected in selected lymphoid tissues of both persistently- and transiently-infected macaques, even after viral clearance from the periphery. Immunohistochemical staining of lymphoid tissues revealed alterations in a number of immune cell populations in both transiently- and persistently-infected macaques. The precise pattern depended upon the infection status of the macaque and the marker studied. Gross immunopathological changes in lymphoid tissues were similar between SRV infection and those observed for other simian retroviruses SIV and STLV, suggesting a common immunopathological response to infection with these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane L Mitchell
- Division of Retrovirology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
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41
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White JA, Yang X, Todd PA, Lerche NW. Longitudinal patterns of viremia and oral shedding of rhesus rhadinovirus and retroperitoneal fibromatosis herpesviruses in age-structured captive breeding populations of rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta). Comp Med 2011; 61:60-70. [PMID: 21819683 PMCID: PMC3060420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Rhesus rhadinovirus (RRV) and retroperitoneal fibromatosis herpesvirus (RFHV), 2 closely related γ2 herpesviruses, are endemic in breeding populations of rhesus macaques at our institution. We previously reported significantly different prevalence levels, suggesting the transmission dynamics of RRV and RFHV differ with regard to viral shedding and infectivity. We designed a longitudinal study to further examine the previously observed differences between RRV and RFHV prevalence and the potential influence of age, season, and housing location on the same 90 rhesus macaques previously studied. Virus- and host-genome-specific real-time PCR assays were used to determine viral loads for both RRV and RFHV in blood and saliva samples collected at 6 time points over an 18-mo period. Proportions of positive animals and viral load in blood and saliva were compared between and within viruses by age group, location, and season by using 2-part longitudinal modeling with Bayesian inferences. Our results demonstrate that age and season are significant determinants, with age as the most significant factor analyzed, of viremia and oral shedding for both RRV and RFHV, and these pathogens exhibit distinctly different patterns of viremia and oral shedding over time within a single population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A White
- California National Primate Research Center, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, Koelle Lab, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Abstract
Recent outbreaks of haemorrhagic nephritis enteritis in geese flocks of 3 to 10 weeks in age in Hungary were investigated. Mortality varied between 4% and 67%. Affected birds generally died suddenly. Occasional clinical signs included tremors of the head and neck, subcutaneous haemorrhages and excretion of faeces containing partly digested blood. At necropsy the most frequent findings were a turgid wall and reddish mucosa of the intestines and reddish discolouration of the swollen kidneys, but oedema and haemorrhages of the subcutaneous connective tissue, hydropericardium and ascites were also seen. In subacute cases, visceral gout was frequently observed. Histological examination revealed zonal necrosis of the tubular epithelial cells with haemorrhages in the kidney. Other histological findings were serous hepatitis with fatty infiltration, necrotizing haemorrhagic enteritis and haemorrhages in the different organs including the brain. Experimental geese infected parenterally with crude liver and spleen homogenates prepared from diseased birds died after 8 to 20 days without premonitory signs, and had typical gross and histological lesions. Attempts to isolate cytopathic virus on different tissue cultures failed. The presence of polyomavirus was proven by polymerase chain reaction. Five isolates were further investigated by analysing their complete VP1 gene sequence. All tested strains were very closely related to each other on the basis of the nucleotide sequence, and they were identical at the deduced amino acid level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilmos Palya
- CEVA-Phylaxia Biologicals Co. Ltd Szállás utca 5 H-1107 Budapest.
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43
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Colegrove KM, Wellehan JFX, Rivera R, Moore PF, Gulland FMD, Lowenstine LJ, Nordhausen RW, Nollens HH. Polyomavirus infection in a free-ranging California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) with intestinal T-cell lymphoma. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:628-32. [PMID: 20622238 DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An adult female California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) that stranded in central California was found to have a small glossal polypoid mass on gross necropsy. Histologically, the mass was consistent with a fibropapilloma, and intranuclear inclusions were found within endothelial cells lining small arterioles within the mass. Electron microscopy revealed 40-nm virions within endothelial intranuclear inclusions. Rolling circle amplification was used to obtain a partial viral genomic sequence. Sequence analysis identified the virus as a novel polyomavirus, tentatively named California sea lion polyomavirus 1. In addition, the sea lion had a severely thickened small intestine and swollen pale kidneys on gross examination. Severe renal amyloidosis with chronic interstitial nephritis was diagnosed histologically as well as T-cell intestinal lymphoma, which was confirmed via immunophenotyping and molecular clonality. The relationship, if any, between polyomavirus infection and the other disease processes in this sea lion is not known, but it is considered unlikely that the polyomavirus induced the lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Colegrove
- Zoological Pathology Program, University of Illinois, Loyola University Medical Center, Building 101, Room 0745, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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44
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Manarolla G, Liandris E, Pisoni G, Moroni P, Piccinini R, Rampin T. Mycobacterium genavenseand avian polyomavirus co-infection in a European Goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis). Avian Pathol 2010; 36:423-6. [PMID: 17899468 DOI: 10.1080/03079450701598390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic mycobacteriosis associated with avian polyomavirus infection was diagnosed histologically in an 8-year-old, captive European goldfinch with a history of nervous signs. Severe mycobacterial lesions were observed in the central nervous system, lungs, cervical air sacs and adrenal glands, without involvement of the gastrointestinal tract. In addition to mycobacteriosis, intranuclear inclusions, typical of polyomavirus, were identified in the adrenal glands. Polymerase chain reaction assays were used to identify Mycobacterium genavense and finch polyomavirus as the causative agents. The absence of involvement of the gastrointestinal tract and the severity of the lesions in the respiratory tract suggested that inhalation may have been the primary route of infection with M. genavense.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Manarolla
- Sezione di Anatomia Patologica Veterinaria e Patologia Aviare, Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanitá Publica Veterninaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
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45
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Baumgartener LE, Crowley J, Entine S, Olson C, Hugoson G, Hansen HJ, Dreher WH. Influence of sire on BVL infection in progeny. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 2010; 25:202-10. [PMID: 580670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1978.tb01177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
A fraction of cats exposed to feline leukemia virus (FeLV) effectively contain virus and resist persistent antigenemia/viremia. Using real-time PCR (qPCR) to quantitate circulating viral DNA levels, previously we detected persistent FeLV DNA in blood cells of non-antigenemic cats considered to have resisted FeLV challenge. In addition, previously we used RNA qPCR to quantitate circulating viral RNA levels and determined that the vast majority of viral DNA is transcriptionally active, even in the absence of antigenemia. A single comparison of all USDA-licensed commercially available FeLV vaccines using these modern sensitive methods has not been reported. To determine whether FeLV vaccination would prevent nucleic acid persistence, we assayed circulating viral DNA, RNA, antigen, infectious virus, and virus neutralizing (VN) antibody in vaccinated and unvaccinated cats challenged with infectious FeLV. We identified challenged vaccinates with undetectable antigenemia and viremia concomitant with persistent FeLV DNA and/or RNA. Moreover, these studies demonstrated that two whole inactivated virus (WIV) adjuvanted FeLV vaccines (Fort Dodge Animal Health's Fel-O-Vax Lv-K) and Schering-Plough Animal Health's FEVAXYN FeLV) provided effective protection against FeLV challenge. In nearly every recipient of these vaccines, neither viral DNA, RNA, antigen, nor infectious virus could be detected in blood after FeLV challenge. Interestingly, this effective viral containment occurred despite a weak to undetectable VN antibody response. The above findings reinforce the precept of FeLV infection as a unique model of effective retroviral immunity elicited by WIV vaccination, and as such holds valuable insights into retroviral immunoprevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Torres
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, 1619 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523-1619, USA
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47
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Abstract
Until recently, cancer in wildlife was not considered to be a conservation concern. However, with the identification of Tasmanian devil facial tumour disease, sea turtle fibropapillomatosis and sea lion genital carcinoma, it has become apparent that neoplasia can be highly prevalent and have considerable effects on some species. It is also clear that anthropogenic activities contribute to the development of neoplasia in wildlife species, such as beluga whales and bottom-dwelling fish, making them sensitive sentinels of disturbed environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise McAloose
- Pathology and Disease Investigation, Global Health Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, New York 10460, USA.
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48
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Meli ML, Cattori V, Martínez F, López G, Vargas A, Simón MA, Zorrilla I, Muñoz A, Palomares F, López-Bao JV, Pastor J, Tandon R, Willi B, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Lutz H. Feline leukemia virus and other pathogens as important threats to the survival of the critically endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). PLoS One 2009; 4:e4744. [PMID: 19270739 PMCID: PMC2649436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) is considered the most endangered felid species in the world. In order to save this species, the Spanish authorities implemented a captive breeding program recruiting lynxes from the wild. In this context, a retrospective survey on prevalence of selected feline pathogens in free-ranging lynxes was initiated. METHODOLOGY/ PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We systematically analyzed the prevalence and importance of seven viral, one protozoan (Cytauxzoon felis), and several bacterial (e.g., hemotropic mycoplasma) infections in 77 of approximately 200 remaining free-ranging Iberian lynxes of the Doñana and Sierra Morena areas, in Southern Spain, between 2003 and 2007. With the exception of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), evidence of infection by all tested feline pathogens was found in Iberian lynxes. Fourteen lynxes were feline leukemia virus (FeLV) provirus-positive; eleven of these were antigenemic (FeLV p27 positive). All 14 animals tested negative for other viral infections. During a six-month period in 2007, six of the provirus-positive antigenemic lynxes died. Infection with FeLV but not with other infectious agents was associated with mortality (p<0.001). Sequencing of the FeLV surface glycoprotein gene revealed a common origin for ten of the eleven samples. The ten sequences were closely related to FeLV-A/61E, originally isolated from cats in the USA. Endogenous FeLV sequences were not detected. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE It was concluded that the FeLV infection most likely originated from domestic cats invading the lynx's habitats. Data available regarding the time frame, co-infections, and outcome of FeLV-infections suggest that, in contrast to the domestic cat, the FeLV strain affecting the lynxes in 2007 is highly virulent to this species. Our data argue strongly for vaccination of lynxes and domestic cats in and around lynx's habitats in order to prevent further spread of the virus as well as reduction the domestic cat population if the lynx population is to be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina L Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Up to 10% of the mouse genome is comprised of endogenous retrovirus (ERV) sequences, and most represent the remains of ancient germ line infections. Our knowledge of the three distinct classes of ERVs is inversely correlated with their copy number, and their characterization has benefited from the availability of divergent wild mouse species and subspecies, and from ongoing analysis of the Mus genome sequence. In contrast to human ERVs, which are nearly all extinct, active mouse ERVs can still be found in all three ERV classes. The distribution and diversity of ERVs has been shaped by host-virus interactions over the course of evolution, but ERVs have also been pivotal in shaping the mouse genome by altering host genes through insertional mutagenesis, by adding novel regulatory and coding sequences, and by their co-option by host cells as retroviral resistance genes. We review mechanisms by which an adaptive coexistence has evolved. (Part of a multi-author review).
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Stocking
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg (Germany)
| | - C. A. Kozak
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4 Center Drive MSC 0460 Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0460 (USA)
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Westfall LW, Shearer MH, Jumper CA, White GL, Papin JF, Eberle R, Butel JS, Bright RK, Kennedy RC. Evidence of simian virus 40 exposure in a colony of captive baboons. Virology 2008; 377:54-62. [PMID: 18485439 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a polyomavirus for which non-human primates are the permissive host. The baboon (Papio spp.) is an old world monkey that is used in a variety of research investigations; however, natural infection of SV40 among baboons has not been thoroughly examined or reported. Initially, we were interested in determining the prevalence of SV40 infection among a captive colony of baboons based on the presence of antibodies to SV40 large T-antigen (Tag). An overall seroprevalence rate of >50% was found after screening sera from 142 baboons in the colony based on ELISA. Endpoint titer values for serum antibody binding to SV40 Tag reached as high as 1280 for 5 out of 142 baboons. Peptide binding assays revealed that a range of SV40 Tag epitopes are immunogenic in the baboon, and that individual animals differ in their humoral immune responses to SV40 Tag based on epitope recognition. Specificity to SV40 Tag and not some other primate polyomavirus encoded large Tag was further examined by serologic reactivity to peptide epitopes unique to SV40 Tag. Additional serology was performed to assess SV40 Tag reactivity by Western blot and whether antibodies were capable of neutralizing SV40 infectivity in vitro. Although antibodies with high levels of SV40 neutralization were observed in a number of the baboons, there was a lack of correlation between viral neutralization and antibodies to SV40 Tag. Further examination using molecular-based diagnosis and SV40 Tag specific real-time quantitative PCR determined that some of the baboons appeared to be exposed to SV40. DNA sequence analysis of the PCR products confirmed that SV40 Tag specific sequences were detected in baboons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon W Westfall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street STOP 6591, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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