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Winokur OC, Main BJ, Nicholson J, Barker CM. Impact of temperature on the extrinsic incubation period of Zika virus in Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008047. [PMID: 32187187 PMCID: PMC7105136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged as a global human health threat, numerous studies have pointed to Aedes aegypti as the primary vector due to its high competence and propensity to feed on humans. The majority of vector competence studies have been conducted between 26-28°C, but arboviral extrinsic incubation periods (EIPs), and therefore transmission efficiency, are known to be affected strongly by temperature. To better understand the relationship between ZIKV EIPs and temperature, we evaluated the effect of adult mosquito exposure temperature on ZIKV infection, dissemination, and transmission in Ae. aegypti at four temperatures: 18°C, 21°C, 26°C, and 30°C. Mosquitoes were exposed to viremic mice infected with a 2015 Puerto Rican ZIKV strain, and engorged mosquitoes were sorted into the four temperatures with 80% RH and constant access to 10% sucrose. ZIKV infection, dissemination, and transmission rates were assessed via RT-qPCR from individual mosquito bodies, legs and wings, and saliva, respectively, at three to five time points per temperature from three to 31 days, based on expectations from other flavivirus EIPs. The median time from ZIKV ingestion to transmission (median EIP, EIP50) at each temperature was estimated by fitting a generalized linear mixed model for each temperature. EIP50 ranged from 5.1 days at 30°C to 24.2 days at 21°C. At 26°C, EIP50 was 9.6 days. At 18°C, only 15% transmitted by day 31 so EIP50 could not be estimated. This is among the first studies to characterize the effects of temperature on ZIKV EIP in Ae. aegypti, and the first to do so based on feeding of mosquitoes on a live, viremic host. This information is critical for modeling ZIKV transmission dynamics to understand geographic and seasonal limits of ZIKV risk; it is especially relevant for determining risk in subtropical regions with established Ae. aegypti populations and relatively high rates of return travel from the tropics (e.g. California or Florida), as these regions typically experience cooler temperature ranges than tropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia C. Winokur
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Graduate Group of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Bradley J. Main
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jay Nicholson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Barker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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Bonica MB, Goenaga S, Martin ML, Feroci M, Luppo V, Muttis E, Fabbri C, Morales MA, Enria D, Micieli MV, Levis S. Vector competence of Aedes aegypti for different strains of Zika virus in Argentina. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007433. [PMID: 31188869 PMCID: PMC6561534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of Zika virus (ZIKV) has increased noticeably since the outbreak in the Americas in 2015, when the illness was associated with congenital disorders. Although there is evidence of sexual transmission of the virus, the mosquito Aedes aegypti is believed to be the main vector for transmission to humans. This species of mosquito has not only been found naturally infected with ZIKV, but also has been the subject of study in many vector competence assays that employ different strains of ZIKV around the world. In Argentina, the first case was reported in February 2016 and a total of 278 autochthonous cases have since been confirmed, however, ZIKV virus has not been isolated from any mosquito species yet in Argentina. In order to elucidate if Argentinian Ae. aegypti populations could be a possible vector of ZIKV, we conducted vector competence studies that involved a local strain of ZIKV from Chaco province, and a Venezuelan strain obtained from an imported case. For this purpose, Ae. aegypti adults from the temperate area of Argentina (Buenos Aires province) were fed with infected blood. Body, legs and saliva were harvested and tested by plaque titration on plates of Vero cells for ZIKV at 7, 11 and 14 days post infection (DPI) in order to calculate infection, transmission, and dissemination rates, respectively. Both strains were able to infect mosquitoes at all DPIs, whereas dissemination and transmission were observed at all DPIs for the Argentinian strain but only at 14 DPI for the Venezuelan strain. This study proves the ability of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes from Argentina to become infected with two different strains of ZIKV, both belonging to the Asian lineage, and that the virus can disseminate to the legs and salivary glands. Zika virus is a flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes, isolated for the first time in the Ziika Forest in Uganda in 1947 from a rhesus macaque monkey. The disease is usually asymptomatic, but sometimes it causes a mild illness that comes with fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis. The World Health Organization focused the attention on this virus after the outbreak in the Americas, when the virus was linked to microcephaly and serious neurological diseases, including Guillain-Barré syndrome. Aedes aegypti was incriminated as the main vector of the virus as it was found both naturally and experimentally infected. This mosquito species was declared eradicated in Argentina by 1970 but re-emerged in 1989. Recent studies found a peculiarity in the genetics of Argentinian Ae. aegypti populations that consists in a combination between both subspecies: Ae. aegypti formosus and Ae. aegypti aegypti. Our study tries to elucidate if Ae. aegypti from Argentina are able to transmit the virus in order to add these mosquitoes to the list of possible vectors of ZIKV and, in future prospect, orient to fight the virus by controlling the vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Berenice Bonica
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail: (MBB); (SG)
| | - Silvina Goenaga
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas “Dr. Julio Maiztegui” (INEVH-ANLIS), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail: (MBB); (SG)
| | - María Laura Martin
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas “Dr. Julio Maiztegui” (INEVH-ANLIS), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariel Feroci
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas “Dr. Julio Maiztegui” (INEVH-ANLIS), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria Luppo
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas “Dr. Julio Maiztegui” (INEVH-ANLIS), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Evangelina Muttis
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cintia Fabbri
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas “Dr. Julio Maiztegui” (INEVH-ANLIS), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Alejandra Morales
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas “Dr. Julio Maiztegui” (INEVH-ANLIS), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Delia Enria
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas “Dr. Julio Maiztegui” (INEVH-ANLIS), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Micieli
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvana Levis
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas “Dr. Julio Maiztegui” (INEVH-ANLIS), Pergamino, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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van Doremalen N, Lambe T, Sebastian S, Bushmaker T, Fischer R, Feldmann F, Haddock E, Letko M, Avanzato VA, Rissanen I, LaCasse R, Scott D, Bowden TA, Gilbert S, Munster V. A single-dose ChAdOx1-vectored vaccine provides complete protection against Nipah Bangladesh and Malaysia in Syrian golden hamsters. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007462. [PMID: 31170144 PMCID: PMC6581282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic re-emerging virus that causes outbreaks in South East Asia. Currently, no approved and licensed vaccine or antivirals exist. Here, we investigated the efficacy of ChAdOx1 NiVB, a simian adenovirus-based vaccine encoding NiV glycoprotein (G) Bangladesh, in Syrian hamsters. Prime-only as well as prime-boost vaccination resulted in uniform protection against a lethal challenge with NiV Bangladesh: all animals survived challenge and we were unable to find infectious virus either in oral swabs, lung or brain tissue. Furthermore, no pathological lung damage was observed. A single-dose of ChAdOx1 NiVB also prevented disease and lethality from heterologous challenge with NiV Malaysia. While we were unable to detect infectious virus in swabs or tissue of animals challenged with the heterologous strain, a very limited amount of viral RNA could be found in lung tissue by in situ hybridization. A single dose of ChAdOx1 NiVB also provided partial protection against Hendra virus and passive transfer of antibodies elicited by ChAdOx1 NiVB vaccination partially protected Syrian hamsters against NiV Bangladesh. From these data, we conclude that ChAdOx1 NiVB is a suitable candidate for further NiV vaccine pre-clinical development. Nipah virus was discovered in 1998 after an outbreak in Malaysia. Since then, several outbreaks have been reported in Bangladesh and India. Although most outbreaks are relatively small, a very high case-fatality rate is reported (75%). Furthermore, human-to-human transmission has been reported. Currently, no approved vaccine or countermeasure exist. In this manuscript, we discuss a vaccine based on a chimpanzee adenovirus. Importantly, the vaccine vector (ChAdOx1) is in clinical trials. In the work presented here, we show that this vaccine is fully protective against both genotypes of Nipah virus. Furthermore, we observe partial protection against Hendra virus, a related virus. Antibodies produced upon vaccination with our vaccine alone are partially protective against Nipah virus. This is an important step forwards towards the development of an approved vaccine for Nipah virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeltje van Doremalen
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NvD); (SG)
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Sebastian
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Trenton Bushmaker
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Robert Fischer
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Elaine Haddock
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Michael Letko
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Victoria A. Avanzato
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ilona Rissanen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel LaCasse
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Dana Scott
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (NvD); (SG)
| | - Vincent Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
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Becker JA, Gilligan D, Asmus M, Tweedie A, Whittington RJ. Geographic Distribution of Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) in Freshwater Fish in South Eastern Australia: Lost Opportunity for a Notifiable Pathogen to Expand Its Geographic Range. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040315. [PMID: 30939801 PMCID: PMC6520861 DOI: 10.3390/v11040315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) was originally detected in Victoria, Australia in 1984. It spread rapidly over two decades with epidemic mortality events in wild redfin perch (Perca fluviatilis) and mild disease in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) being documented across southeastern Australia in New South Wales (NSW), the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Victoria, and South Australia. We conducted a survey for EHNV between July 2007 and June 2011. The disease occurred in juvenile redfin perch in ACT in December 2008, and in NSW in December 2009 and December 2010. Based on testing 3622 tissue and 492 blood samples collected from fish across southeastern Australia, it was concluded that EHNV was most likely absent from redfin perch outside the endemic area in the upper Murrumbidgee River catchment in the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB), and it was not detected in other fish species. The frequency of outbreaks in redfin perch has diminished over time, and there have been no reports since 2012. As the disease is notifiable and a range of fish species are known to be susceptible to EHNV, existing policies to reduce the likelihood of spreading out of the endemic area are justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy A Becker
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden 2570, Australia.
| | - Dean Gilligan
- NSW Industry and Investment, Batemans Bay Fisheries Office, Batemans Bay 2536, Australia.
| | - Martin Asmus
- NSW Industry and Investment, Narrandera Fisheries Centre, Narrandera 2700, Australia.
| | - Alison Tweedie
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden 2570, Australia.
| | - Richard J Whittington
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden 2570, Australia.
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Epizootic Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus and Ranavirus Infection of Amphibians, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University Sydney, Camden 2570, Australia.
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Giles J, Perrott M, Roe W, Shrestha K, Aberdein D, Morel P, Dunowska M. Viral RNA load and histological changes in tissues following experimental infection with an arterivirus of possums (wobbly possum disease virus). Virology 2018; 522:73-80. [PMID: 30014860 PMCID: PMC7126967 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tissues from Australian brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) that had been experimentally infected with wobbly possum disease (WPD) virus (WPDV) were examined to elucidate pathogenesis of WPDV infection. Mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrates were present in livers, kidneys, salivary glands and brains of WPD-affected possums. Specific staining was detected by immunohistochemistry within macrophages in the livers and kidneys, and undefined cell types in the brains. The highest viral RNA load was found in macrophage-rich tissues. The detection of viral RNA in the salivary gland, serum, kidney, bladder and urine is compatible with transmission via close physical contact during encounters such as fighting or grooming, or by contact with an environment that has been contaminated with saliva or urine. Levels of viral RNA remained high in all tissues tested throughout the study, suggesting that on-going virus replication and evasion of the immune responses may be important in the pathogenesis of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Giles
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Perrott
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wendi Roe
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kshitiz Shrestha
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Danielle Aberdein
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Morel
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Magdalena Dunowska
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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6
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Luo Y, Li B, Jiang RD, Hu BJ, Luo DS, Zhu GJ, Hu B, Liu HZ, Zhang YZ, Yang XL, Shi ZL. Longitudinal Surveillance of Betacoronaviruses in Fruit Bats in Yunnan Province, China During 2009-2016. Virol Sin 2018; 33:87-95. [PMID: 29500692 PMCID: PMC6178081 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that fruit bats carry two betacoronaviruses, BatCoV HKU9 and BatCoV GCCDC1. To investigate the epidemiology and genetic diversity of these coronaviruses, we conducted a longitudinal surveillance in fruit bats in Yunnan province, China during 2009–2016. A total of 59 (10.63%) bat samples were positive for the two betacorona-viruses, 46 (8.29%) for HKU9 and 13 (2.34%) for GCCDC1, or closely related viruses. We identified a novel HKU9 strain, tentatively designated as BatCoV HKU9-2202, by sequencing the full-length genome. The BatCoV HKU9-2202 shared 83% nucleotide identity with other BatCoV HKU9 stains based on whole genome sequences. The most divergent region is in the spike protein, which only shares 68% amino acid identity with BatCoV HKU9. Quantitative PCR revealed that the intestine was the primary infection organ of BatCoV HKU9 and GCCDC1, but some HKU9 was also detected in the heart, kidney, and lung tissues of bats. This study highlights the importance of virus surveillance in natural reservoirs and emphasizes the need for preparedness against the potential spill-over of these viruses to local residents living near bat caves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ren-Di Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bing-Jie Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | | | - Ben Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hai-Zhou Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yun-Zhi Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, 671000, China
- School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China
| | - Xing-Lou Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Mor SK, Phelps NBD, Ng TFF, Subramaniam K, Primus A, Armien AG, McCann R, Puzach C, Waltzek TB, Goyal SM. Genomic characterization of a novel calicivirus, FHMCV-2012, from baitfish in the USA. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3619-3627. [PMID: 28815386 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3519-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During regulatory sampling of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), a novel calicivirus was isolated from homogenates of kidney and spleen inoculated into bluegill fry (BF-2) cells. Infected cell cultures exhibiting cytopathic effects were screened by PCR-based methods for selected fish viral pathogens. Illumina HiSeq next generation sequencing of the total RNA revealed a novel calicivirus genome that showed limited protein sequence similarity to known homologs in a BLASTp search. The complete genome of this fathead minnow calicivirus (FHMCV) is 6564 nt long, encoding a polyprotein of 2114 aa in length. The complete polyprotein shared only 21% identity with Atlantic salmon calicivirus,followed by 11% to 14% identity with mammalian caliciviruses. A molecular detection assay (RT-PCR) was designed from this sequence for screening of field samples for FHMCV in the future. This virus likely represents a prototype species of a novel genus in the family Caliciviridae, tentatively named "Minovirus".
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Mor
- Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Nicholas B D Phelps
- Minnesota Aquatic Invasive Species Research Center, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, College of Food, Agriculture, and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Terry Fei Fan Ng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D. W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Alexander Primus
- Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Anibal G Armien
- Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Rebekah McCann
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, La Crosse Fish Health Center, 555 Lester Avenue, Onalaska, WI, 54650, USA
| | - Corey Puzach
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, La Crosse Fish Health Center, 555 Lester Avenue, Onalaska, WI, 54650, USA
| | - Thomas B Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sagar M Goyal
- Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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8
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Dowall SD, Graham VA, Rayner E, Hunter L, Atkinson B, Pearson G, Dennis M, Hewson R. Lineage-dependent differences in the disease progression of Zika virus infection in type-I interferon receptor knockout (A129) mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005704. [PMID: 28672028 PMCID: PMC5510909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) falls into two lineages: African (ZIKVAF) and Asian (ZIKVAS). These lineages have not been tested comprehensively in parallel for disease progression using an animal model system. Here, using the established type-I interferon receptor knockout (A129) mouse model, it is first demonstrated that ZIKVAF causes lethal infection, with different kinetics of disease manifestations according to the challenge dose. Animals challenged with a low dose of 10 plaque-forming units (pfu) developed more neurological symptoms than those challenged with 5-log higher doses. By contrast, animals challenged with ZIKVAS displayed no clinical signs or mortality, even at doses of 106 pfu. However, viral RNA was detected in the tissues of animals infected with ZIKV strains from both lineages and similar histological changes were observed. The present study highlights strain specific virulence differences between the African and Asian lineages in a ZIKV mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D. Dowall
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Victoria A. Graham
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Rayner
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Hunter
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Atkinson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff Pearson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Dennis
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Hewson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
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Yu J, Liu X, Ke C, Wu Q, Lu W, Qin Z, He X, Liu Y, Deng J, Xu S, Li Y, Zhu L, Wan C, Zhang Q, Xiao W, Xie Q, Zhang B, Zhao W. Effective Suckling C57BL/6, Kunming, and BALB/c Mouse Models with Remarkable Neurological Manifestation for Zika Virus Infection. Viruses 2017; 9:v9070165. [PMID: 28661429 PMCID: PMC5537657 DOI: 10.3390/v9070165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2015, 84 countries and territories reported evidence of vector-borne Zika Virus (ZIKV) transmission. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared that ZIKV and associated consequences especially the neurological autoimmune disorder Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) and microcephaly will remain a significant enduring public health challenge requiring intense action. We apply a standardization of the multi-subcutaneous dorsal inoculation method to systematically summarize clinical neurological manifestation, viral distribution, and tissue damage during the progress of viremia and systemic spread in suckling mouse models. We found that C57BL/6 and Kunming mice (KM) both showed remarkable and uniform neurologic manifestations. C57BL/6 owned the highest susceptibility and pathogenicity to the nervous system, referred to as movement disorders, with 100% incidence, while KM was an economic model for a Chinese study characterized by lower limb weakness with 62% morbidity. Slight yellow extraocular exudates were observed in BALB/c, suggesting the association with similar ocular findings to those of clinical cases. The virus distribution and pathological changes in the sera, brains, livers, kidneys, spleens, and testes during disease progression had strong regularity and uniformity, demonstrating the effectiveness and plasticity of the animal models. The successful establishment of these animal models will be conducive to expound the pathogenic mechanism of GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhai Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Xuling Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Changwen Ke
- Institute of Microbiology, Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Guangdong Province, 176 Xin Gang West Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510300, China.
| | - Qinghua Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Weizhi Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Zhiran Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Xiaoen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Yujing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Jieli Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Suiqi Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Ying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Li Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Chengsong Wan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Weiwei Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Qian Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Bao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Wei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmacy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Failloux AB. High risk for chikungunya virus to initiate an enzootic sylvatic cycle in the tropical Americas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005698. [PMID: 28662031 PMCID: PMC5507584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has dispersed in the Americas since 2013, and its range of distribution has overlapped large forested areas. Herein, we assess vector competence of two sylvatic Neotropical mosquito species, Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Aedes terrens, to evaluate the risk of CHIKV to initiate a sylvatic cycle in the continent. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Ae. terrens from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil were orally challenged with the two CHIKV lineages circulating in the Americas. Fully engorged females were kept in incubators at 28±1°C and 70±10% humidity and examined at 3 and 7 days after virus exposure. Body (thorax plus abdomen), head and saliva samples were analyzed for respectively determining infection, dissemination and transmission. Both Hg. leucocelaenus and Ae. terrens exhibited high infection and dissemination rates with both CHIKV isolates at 7 dpi, demonstrating that they are susceptible to CHIKV, regardless of the lineage. Remarkably, Hg. leucocelaenus expectorated infectious viral particles as rapidly as 3 days after the infectious blood meal, displaying higher values of transmission rate and efficiency than Ae. terrens. Nevertheless, both species were competent to experimentally transmit both CHIKV genotypes, exhibiting vector competence similar to several American Aedes aegypti. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results point out the high risk for CHIKV to establish a sylvatic transmission cycle in the Americas, which could be a serious health issue as CHIKV would become another zoonotic infection difficult to control in the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institut Pasteur, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
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11
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Vicente-Santos A, Moreira-Soto A, Soto-Garita C, Chaverri LG, Chaves A, Drexler JF, Morales JA, Alfaro-Alarcón A, Rodríguez-Herrera B, Corrales-Aguilar E. Neotropical bats that co-habit with humans function as dead-end hosts for dengue virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005537. [PMID: 28545090 PMCID: PMC5451070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown Dengue Virus (DENV) nucleic acids and/or antibodies present in Neotropical wildlife including bats, suggesting that some bat species may be susceptible to DENV infection. Here we aim to elucidate the role of house-roosting bats in the DENV transmission cycle. Bats were sampled in households located in high and low dengue incidence regions during rainy and dry seasons in Costa Rica. We captured 318 bats from 12 different species in 29 households. Necropsies were performed in 205 bats to analyze virus presence in heart, lung, spleen, liver, intestine, kidney, and brain tissue. Histopathology studies from all organs showed no significant findings of disease or infection. Sera were analyzed by PRNT90 for a seroprevalence of 21.2% (51/241), and by PCR for 8.8% (28/318) positive bats for DENV RNA. From these 28 bats, 11 intestine samples were analyzed by RT-PCR. Two intestines were DENV RNA positive for the same dengue serotype detected in blood. Viral isolation from all positive organs or blood was unsuccessful. Additionally, viral load analyses in positive blood samples by qRT-PCR showed virus concentrations under the minimal dose required for mosquito infection. Simultaneously, 651 mosquitoes were collected using EVS-CO2 traps and analyzed for DENV and feeding preferences (bat cytochrome b). Only three mosquitoes were found DENV positive and none was positive for bat cytochrome b. Our results suggest an accidental presence of DENV in bats probably caused from oral ingestion of infected mosquitoes. Phylogenetic analyses suggest also a spillover event from humans to bats. Therefore, we conclude that bats in these urban environments do not sustain DENV amplification, they do not have a role as reservoirs, but function as epidemiological dead end hosts for this virus. Dengue is the most important human vector-borne disease. Several studies have shown DENV presence in mammalian wildlife such as bats, thus considering them putative reservoirs or hosts. We aimed to elucidate if bats that cohabit in houses in close proximity with humans may be involved in a dengue transmission cycle. We sampled bats in low and high dengue incidence areas during the dry (low mosquito abundance) and wet (high mosquito abundance) seasons. We analyzed blood and several organs. As previously reported, we found DENV nucleic acid and neutralizing antibodies in a small percentage of blood samples, but virus detection in all organs was negative. We were able to show that dengue found in all positive samples was in low concentration and thus virus isolation was unsuccessful. We found positive intestine samples which may suggest infection through DENV-positive mosquito ingestion. Furthermore, mosquitoes sampled in close vicinity of bats’ roosting place were not feeding on these mammals. Virus sequence analysis from bats and humans show a spillover effect from humans to bats. Taken together, our results indicate that bats do not sustain sufficient virus amplification in order to function as reservoirs and exclude them as players in the dengue virus transmission cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Vicente-Santos
- Virology-CIET (Research Center for Tropical Diseases), Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Biology, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Andres Moreira-Soto
- Virology-CIET (Research Center for Tropical Diseases), Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Claudio Soto-Garita
- Virology-CIET (Research Center for Tropical Diseases), Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Luis Guillermo Chaverri
- Exact and Natural Sciences School, National Distance Education University, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Andrea Chaves
- Biology, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Bonn-Cologne, Germany
| | - Juan Alberto Morales
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National University, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Alejandro Alfaro-Alarcón
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National University, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | | | - Eugenia Corrales-Aguilar
- Virology-CIET (Research Center for Tropical Diseases), Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- * E-mail:
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12
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Kawiecki AB, Mayton EH, Dutuze MF, Goupil BA, Langohr IM, Del Piero F, Christofferson RC. Tissue tropisms, infection kinetics, histologic lesions, and antibody response of the MR766 strain of Zika virus in a murine model. Virol J 2017; 14:82. [PMID: 28420392 PMCID: PMC5395720 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0749-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The appearance of severe Zika virus (ZIKV) disease in the most recent outbreak has prompted researchers to respond through the development of tools to quickly characterize transmission and pathology. We describe here another such tool, a mouse model of ZIKV infection and pathogenesis using the MR766 strain of virus that adds to the growing body of knowledge regarding ZIKV kinetics in small animal models. METHODS We infected mice with the MR766 strain of ZIKV to determine infection kinetics via serum viremia. We further evaluated infection-induced lesions via histopathology and visualized viral antigen via immunohistochemical labeling. We also investigated the antibody response of recovered animals to both the MR766 and a strain from the current outbreak (PRVABC59). RESULTS We demonstrate that the IRF3/7 DKO mouse is a susceptible, mostly non-lethal model well suited for the study of infection kinetics, pathological progression, and antibody response. Infected mice presented lesions in tissues that have been associated with ZIKV infection in the human population, such as the eyes, male gonads, and central nervous system. In addition, we demonstrate that infection with the MR766 strain produces cross-neutralizing antibodies to the PRVABC59 strain of the Asian lineage. CONCLUSIONS This model provides an additional tool for future studies into the transmission routes of ZIKV, as well as for the development of antivirals and other therapeutics, and should be included in the growing list of available tools for investigations of ZIKV infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Kawiecki
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - E Handly Mayton
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - M Fausta Dutuze
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Brad A Goupil
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Ingeborg M Langohr
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Fabio Del Piero
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Rebecca C Christofferson
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Cornman
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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14
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McGuire A, Miedema K, Fauver JR, Rico A, Aboellail T, Quackenbush SL, Hawkinson A, Schountz T. Maporal Hantavirus Causes Mild Pathology in Deer Mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). Viruses 2016; 8:E286. [PMID: 27763552 PMCID: PMC5086618 DOI: 10.3390/v8100286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodent-borne hantaviruses can cause two human diseases with many pathological similarities: hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) in the western hemisphere and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in the eastern hemisphere. Each virus is hosted by specific reservoir species without conspicuous disease. HCPS-causing hantaviruses require animal biosafety level-4 (ABSL-4) containment, which substantially limits experimental research of interactions between the viruses and their reservoir hosts. Maporal virus (MAPV) is a South American hantavirus not known to cause disease in humans, thus it can be manipulated under ABSL-3 conditions. The aim of this study was to develop an ABSL-3 hantavirus infection model using the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), the natural reservoir host of Sin Nombre virus (SNV), and a virus that is pathogenic in another animal model to examine immune response of a reservoir host species. Deer mice were inoculated with MAPV, and viral RNA was detected in several organs of all deer mice during the 56 day experiment. Infected animals generated both nucleocapsid-specific and neutralizing antibodies. Histopathological lesions were minimal to mild with the peak of the lesions detected at 7-14 days postinfection, mainly in the lungs, heart, and liver. Low to modest levels of cytokine gene expression were detected in spleens and lungs of infected deer mice, and deer mouse primary pulmonary cells generated with endothelial cell growth factors were susceptible to MAPV with viral RNA accumulating in the cellular fraction compared to infected Vero cells. Most features resembled that of SNV infection of deer mice, suggesting this model may be an ABSL-3 surrogate for studying the host response of a New World hantavirus reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda McGuire
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Kaitlyn Miedema
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Joseph R Fauver
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Amber Rico
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Tawfik Aboellail
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Sandra L Quackenbush
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Ann Hawkinson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA.
| | - Tony Schountz
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
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Wang H, Meeus I, Smagghe G. Israeli acute paralysis virus associated paralysis symptoms, viral tissue distribution and Dicer-2 induction in bumblebee workers (Bombus terrestris). J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1981-1989. [PMID: 27230225 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is known that Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV) can cause bee mortality, the symptoms of paralysis and the distribution of the virus in different body tissues and their potential to respond with an increase of the siRNA antiviral immune system have not been studied. In this project we worked with Bombus terrestris, which is one of the most numerous bumblebee species in Europe and an important pollinator for wild flowers and many crops in agriculture. Besides the classic symptoms of paralysis and trembling prior to death, we report a new IAPV-related symptom, crippled/immobilized forelegs. Reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR showed that IAPV accumulates in different body tissues (midgut, fat body, brain and ovary). The highest levels of IAPV were observed in the fat body. With fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) we detected IAPV in the Kenyon cells of mushroom bodies and neuropils from both antennal and optic lobes of the brain in IAPV-infected workers. Finally, we observed an induction of Dicer-2, a core gene of the RNAi antiviral immune response, in the IAPV-infected tissues of B. terrestris workers. According to our results, tissue tropism and the induction strength of Dicer-2 could not be correlated with virus-related paralysis symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Wang
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ivan Meeus
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Chouin-Carneiro T, Vega-Rua A, Vazeille M, Yebakima A, Girod R, Goindin D, Dupont-Rouzeyrol M, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Failloux AB. Differential Susceptibilities of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from the Americas to Zika Virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004543. [PMID: 26938868 PMCID: PMC4777396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since the major outbreak in 2007 in the Yap Island, Zika virus (ZIKV) causing dengue-like syndromes has affected multiple islands of the South Pacific region. In May 2015, the virus was detected in Brazil and then spread through South and Central America. In December 2015, ZIKV was detected in French Guiana and Martinique. The aim of the study was to evaluate the vector competence of the mosquito spp. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from the Caribbean (Martinique, Guadeloupe), North America (southern United States), South America (Brazil, French Guiana) for the currently circulating Asian genotype of ZIKV isolated from a patient in April 2014 in New Caledonia. Methodology/Principal Findings Mosquitoes were orally exposed to an Asian genotype of ZIKV (NC-2014-5132). Upon exposure, engorged mosquitoes were maintained at 28°±1°C, a 16h:8h light:dark cycle and 80% humidity. 25–30 mosquitoes were processed at 4, 7 and 14 days post-infection (dpi). Mosquito bodies (thorax and abdomen), heads and saliva were analyzed to measure infection, dissemination and transmission, respectively. High infection but lower disseminated infection and transmission rates were observed for both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Ae. aegypti populations from Guadeloupe and French Guiana exhibited a higher dissemination of ZIKV than the other Ae. aegypti populations examined. Transmission of ZIKV was observed in both mosquito species at 14 dpi but at a low level. Conclusions/Significance This study suggests that although susceptible to infection, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were unexpectedly low competent vectors for ZIKV. This may suggest that other factors such as the large naïve population for ZIKV and the high densities of human-biting mosquitoes contribute to the rapid spread of ZIKV during the current outbreak. Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne arbovirus causing dengue-like symptoms. This virus was commonly detected in Africa and Asia. Since its emergence in Yap Island in Micronesia in 2007, ZIKV reemerged in the South Pacific region in 2013 and ultimately reached the American continent in 2015. The human biting mosquito Aedes aegypti and the less anthropophilic Aedes albopictus have been incriminated as vectors of ZIKV. Our study showed that American populations of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were able to become infected and disseminate ZIKV within the mosquito general cavity at early days (4, 7) post-infection (dpi). Nevertheless, transmission was unexpectedly low and only detected at 14 dpi. Our findings will help in designing more adapted vector control strategies and limiting the impact of a new emerging threat on human health in the Americas as did the chikungunya in 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anubis Vega-Rua
- Institut Pasteur, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vazeille
- Institut Pasteur, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - André Yebakima
- Centre de Démoustication/Collectivité Territoriale de La Martinique, Fort-de-France, Martinique
| | - Romain Girod
- Institut Pasteur of French Guiana, Unit of Medical Entomology, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Daniella Goindin
- Institut Pasteur of Guadeloupe, Laboratory of Medical Entomology, Environment and Health, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe
| | - Myrielle Dupont-Rouzeyrol
- Institut Pasteur of New Caledonia, Dengue and Arboviruses Research and Expertise Unit, Nouméa, New Caledonia
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17
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Tao X, Garron T, Agrawal AS, Algaissi A, Peng BH, Wakamiya M, Chan TS, Lu L, Du L, Jiang S, Couch RB, Tseng CTK. Characterization and Demonstration of the Value of a Lethal Mouse Model of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection and Disease. J Virol 2016; 90:57-67. [PMID: 26446606 PMCID: PMC4702581 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02009-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Characterized animal models are needed for studying the pathogenesis of and evaluating medical countermeasures for persisting Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections. Here, we further characterized a lethal transgenic mouse model of MERS-CoV infection and disease that globally expresses human CD26 (hCD26)/DPP4. The 50% infectious dose (ID50) and lethal dose (LD50) of virus were estimated to be <1 and 10 TCID50 of MERS-CoV, respectively. Neutralizing antibody developed in the surviving mice from the ID50/LD50 determinations, and all were fully immune to challenge with 100 LD50 of MERS-CoV. The tissue distribution and histopathology in mice challenged with a potential working dose of 10 LD50 of MERS-CoV were subsequently evaluated. In contrast to the overwhelming infection seen in the mice challenged with 10(5) LD50 of MERS-CoV, we were able to recover infectious virus from these mice only infrequently, although quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) tests indicated early and persistent lung infection and delayed occurrence of brain infection. Persistent inflammatory infiltrates were seen in the lungs and brain stems at day 2 and day 6 after infection, respectively. While focal infiltrates were also noted in the liver, definite pathology was not seen in other tissues. Finally, using a receptor binding domain protein vaccine and a MERS-CoV fusion inhibitor, we demonstrated the value of this model for evaluating vaccines and antivirals against MERS. As outcomes of MERS-CoV infection in patients differ greatly, ranging from asymptomatic to overwhelming disease and death, having available both an infection model and a lethal model makes this transgenic mouse model relevant for advancing MERS research. IMPORTANCE Fully characterized animal models are essential for studying pathogenesis and for preclinical screening of vaccines and drugs against MERS-CoV infection and disease. When given a high dose of MERS-CoV, our transgenic mice expressing hCD26/DPP4 viral receptor uniformly succumbed to death within 6 days, making it difficult to evaluate host responses to infection and disease. We further characterized this model by determining both the ID50 and the LD50 of MERS-CoV in order to establish both an infection model and a lethal model for MERS and followed this by investigating the antibody responses and immunity of the mice that survived MERS-CoV infection. Using the estimated LD50 and ID50 data, we dissected the kinetics of viral tissue distribution and pathology in mice challenged with 10 LD50 of virus and utilized the model for preclinical evaluation of a vaccine and drug for treatment of MERS-CoV infection. This further-characterized transgenic mouse model will be useful for advancing MERS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Tao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Tania Garron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Anurodh Shankar Agrawal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Abdullah Algaissi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bi-Hung Peng
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Maki Wakamiya
- Transgenic Mouse Core Facility, Institute for Translational Sciences and Animal Resource Center, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Teh-Sheng Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Lu Lu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert B Couch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Chien-Te K Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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18
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Choy MM, Sessions OM, Gubler DJ, Ooi EE. Production of Infectious Dengue Virus in Aedes aegypti Is Dependent on the Ubiquitin Proteasome Pathway. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004227. [PMID: 26566123 PMCID: PMC4643912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) relies on host factors to complete its life cycle in its mosquito host for subsequent transmission to humans. DENV first establishes infection in the midgut of Aedes aegypti and spreads to various mosquito organs for lifelong infection. Curiously, studies have shown that infectious DENV titers peak and decrease thereafter in the midgut despite relatively stable viral genome levels. However, the mechanisms that regulate this decoupling of infectious virion production from viral RNA replication have never been determined. We show here that the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP) plays an important role in regulating infectious DENV production. Using RNA interference studies, we show in vivo that knockdown of selected UPP components reduced infectious virus production without altering viral RNA replication in the midgut. Furthermore, this decoupling effect could also be observed after RNAi knockdown in the head/thorax of the mosquito, which otherwise showed direct correlation between infectious DENV titer and viral RNA levels. The dependence on the UPP for successful DENV production is further reinforced by the observed up-regulation of key UPP molecules upon DENV infection that overcome the relatively low expression of these genes after a blood meal. Collectively, our findings indicate an important role for the UPP in regulating DENV production in the mosquito vector. DENV is a re-emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus and the lack of sustainable preventative or therapeutic measures renders it a significant health burden globally. Although suppression of mosquito populations represents the most widely used dengue control strategy, there has been limited efficacy with this method. Blocking host factors required for DENV replication in mosquitoes may thus serve as an effective anti-transmission strategy. We have recently observed that the UPP plays a critical role in regulating DENV egress from infected cells, but how the UPP contributes to DENV life cycle in mosquitoes remain ill-defined. We show here that the Aedes aegypti midgut has evolved to control persistent DENV infection by differentially regulating key genes in the UPP, without harm to itself. Using RNAi, knockdown of proteasome subunits, β1, β2 and β5, as well as other UPP-specific genes in vivo reduced the production of infectious virus without altering viral RNA replication in the mosquito. Targeting these host factors via dsRNA-mediated or chemical inactivation in the mosquito salivary glands may serve as a viable anti-dengue transmission strategy from mosquitoes to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milly M. Choy
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - October M. Sessions
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Duane J. Gubler
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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19
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Falendysz EA, Lopera JG, Lorenzsonn F, Salzer JS, Hutson CL, Doty J, Gallardo-Romero N, Carroll DS, Osorio JE, Rocke TE. Further Assessment of Monkeypox Virus Infection in Gambian Pouched Rats (Cricetomys gambianus) Using In Vivo Bioluminescent Imaging. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004130. [PMID: 26517839 PMCID: PMC4627722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonosis clinically similar to smallpox in humans. Recent evidence has shown a potential risk of increased incidence in central Africa. Despite attempts to isolate the virus from wild rodents and other small mammals, no reservoir host has been identified. In 2003, Monkeypox virus (MPXV) was accidentally introduced into the U.S. via the pet trade and was associated with the Gambian pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus). Therefore, we investigated the potential reservoir competence of the Gambian pouched rat for MPXV by utilizing a combination of in vivo and in vitro methods. We inoculated three animals by the intradermal route and three animals by the intranasal route, with one mock-infected control for each route. Bioluminescent imaging (BLI) was used to track replicating virus in infected animals and virological assays (e.g. real time PCR, cell culture) were used to determine viral load in blood, urine, ocular, nasal, oral, and rectal swabs. Intradermal inoculation resulted in clinical signs of monkeypox infection in two of three animals. One severely ill animal was euthanized and the other affected animal recovered. In contrast, intranasal inoculation resulted in subclinical infection in all three animals. All animals, regardless of apparent or inapparent infection, shed virus in oral and nasal secretions. Additionally, BLI identified viral replication in the skin without grossly visible lesions. These results suggest that Gambian pouched rats may play an important role in transmission of the virus to humans, as they are hunted for consumption and it is possible for MPXV-infected pouched rats to shed infectious virus without displaying overt clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Falendysz
- U.S. Geological Survey-National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Juan G. Lopera
- Department of Pathobiological Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Faye Lorenzsonn
- Department of Pathobiological Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Johanna S. Salzer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Centers for Zoonotic and Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christina L. Hutson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Centers for Zoonotic and Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Doty
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Centers for Zoonotic and Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nadia Gallardo-Romero
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Centers for Zoonotic and Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Darin S. Carroll
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Centers for Zoonotic and Vector-Borne and Enteric Diseases, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jorge E. Osorio
- Department of Pathobiological Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tonie E. Rocke
- U.S. Geological Survey-National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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20
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Sarathy VV, Infante E, Li L, Campbell GA, Wang T, Paessler S, Robert Beatty P, Harris E, Milligan GN, Bourne N, Barrett ADT. Characterization of lethal dengue virus type 4 (DENV-4) TVP-376 infection in mice lacking both IFN-α/β and IFN-γ receptors (AG129) and comparison with the DENV-2 AG129 mouse model. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:3035-3048. [PMID: 26296350 PMCID: PMC4635480 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease caused by four related but distinct dengue viruses, DENV-1 to DENV-4. Dengue is endemic in most tropical countries, and over a third of the world's population is at risk of being infected. Although the global burden is high, no vaccine or antiviral is licensed to combat this disease. An obstacle complicating dengue research is the lack of animal challenge models that mimic human disease. Advances in immunocompromised murine infection models resulted in development of lethal DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 models in AG129 mice, which are deficient in both the IFN-α/β receptor (IFN-α/βR) and the IFN-γ receptor (IFN-γR). These models mimic features of dengue disease in humans. Here, we characterized lethal infection of AG129 mice by DENV-4 strain TVP-376 and found that AG129 mice developed clinical signs of illness and high viral loads in multiple tissues and succumbed 5 days after infection. Moreover, the splenic and hepatic histopathology of TVP-376-infected mice demonstrated the presence of cell activation and destruction of tissue architecture. Furthermore, infected mice had heightened levels of circulating cytokines. Comparison of the virulence phenotypes of DENV-4 strain TVP-376 and DENV-2 strain D2S10 revealed that TVP-376-induced mortality occurred in the absence of both IFN-α/βR and IFN-γR signalling, but not with intact signalling from the IFN-γR, whereas D2S10 required the absence of IFN-α/βR signalling only, indicating that it is more virulent than TVP-376. In conclusion, TVP-376 is lethal in AG129 mice, and this model provides a useful platform to investigate vaccine candidates and antivirals against DENV-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa V. Sarathy
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ernesto Infante
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Li Li
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Gerald A. Campbell
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - P. Robert Beatty
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Eva Harris
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Gregg N. Milligan
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Nigel Bourne
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Alan D. T. Barrett
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Manso PPDA, Dias de Oliveira BCEP, de Sequeira PC, Maia de Souza YR, Ferro JMDS, da Silva IJ, Caputo LFG, Guedes PT, dos Santos AAC, Freire MDS, Bonaldo MC, Pelajo-Machado M. Yellow Fever 17DD Vaccine Virus Infection Causes Detectable Changes in Chicken Embryos. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004064. [PMID: 26371874 PMCID: PMC4570825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The yellow fever (YF) 17D vaccine is one of the most effective human vaccines ever created. The YF vaccine has been produced since 1937 in embryonated chicken eggs inoculated with the YF 17D virus. Yet, little information is available about the infection mechanism of YF 17DD virus in this biological model. To better understand this mechanism, we infected embryos of Gallus gallus domesticus and analyzed their histopathology after 72 hours of YF infection. Some embryos showed few apoptotic bodies in infected tissues, suggesting mild focal infection processes. Confocal and super-resolution microscopic analysis allowed us to identify as targets of viral infection: skeletal muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, nervous system cells, renal tubular epithelium, lung parenchyma, and fibroblasts associated with connective tissue in the perichondrium and dermis. The virus replication was heaviest in muscle tissues. In all of these specimens, RT-PCR methods confirmed the presence of replicative intermediate and genomic YF RNA. This clearer characterization of cell targets in chicken embryos paves the way for future development of a new YF vaccine based on a new cell culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Igor José da Silva
- Laboratório de Patologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Priscila Tavares Guedes
- Laboratório de Patologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, UNIRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos da Silva Freire
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Myrna Cristina Bonaldo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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22
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Plante KS, Rossi SL, Bergren NA, Seymour RL, Weaver SC. Extended Preclinical Safety, Efficacy and Stability Testing of a Live-attenuated Chikungunya Vaccine Candidate. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004007. [PMID: 26340754 PMCID: PMC4560411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently described a new, live-attenuated vaccine candidate for chikungunya (CHIK) fever, CHIKV/IRES. This vaccine was shown to be well attenuated, immunogenic and efficacious in protecting against CHIK virus (CHIKV) challenge of mice and nonhuman primates. To further evaluate its preclinical safety, we compared CHIKV/IRES distribution and viral loads in interferon-α/β receptor-incompetent A129 mice to another CHIK vaccine candidate, 181/clone25, which proved highly immunogenic but mildly reactive in human Phase I/II clinical trials. Compared to wild-type CHIK virus, (wt-CHIKV), both vaccines generated lower viral loads in a wide variety of tissues and organs, including the brain and leg muscle, but CHIKV/IRES exhibited marked restrictions in dissemination and viral loads compared to 181/clone25, and was never found outside the blood, spleen and muscle. Unlike wt-CHIKV, which caused disrupted splenic architecture and hepatic lesions, histopathological lesions were not observed in animals infected with either vaccine strain. To examine the stability of attenuation, both vaccines were passaged 5 times intracranially in infant A129 mice, then assessed for changes in virulence by comparing parental and passaged viruses for footpad swelling, weight stability and survival after subcutaneous infection. Whereas strain 181/clone25 p5 underwent a significant increase in virulence as measured by weight loss (from <10% to >30%) and mortality (from 0 to 100%), CHIKV/IRES underwent no detectible change in any measure of virulence (no significant weight loss and no mortality). These data indicate greater nonclinical safety of the CHIKV/IRES vaccine candidate compared to 181/clone25, further supporting its eligibility for human testing. Chikungunya fever is a reemerging, mosquito-borne viral disease that causes severe, debilitating, and often chronic arthralgia. The virus reemerged from Africa in 2004 and has since caused disease in millions of persons, including in over one million in the Americas since it arrived for the first time in modern scientific history in late 2013. An effective vaccine is critically needed to protect against this medically and economically devastating disease as well as to interrupt the human-mosquito transmission cycle. To further test a new, live-attenuated vaccine candidate for chikungunya fever, we conducted extensive preclinical safety evaluations using another vaccine candidate tested in humans, 181/clone 25, as a benchmark. The new vaccine candidate, CHIKV/IRES, replicated to lower levels in a mouse model and generated lesser signs of disease. Furthermore, it was more stably attenuated following mouse passages. These results support the further development of the new CHIKV/IRES vaccine candidate toward clinical testing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Plante
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shannan L. Rossi
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicholas A. Bergren
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Seymour
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Wilson-Rothering A, Marcquenski S, Koenigs R, Bruch R, Kamke K, Isermann D, Thurman A, Toohey-Kurth K, Goldberg T. Temporal Variation in Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Antibodies in Freshwater Drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) Indicates Cyclic Transmission in Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:2889-94. [PMID: 26135873 PMCID: PMC4540894 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00010-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is an emerging pathogen that causes mass mortality in multiple fish species. In 2007, the Great Lakes freshwater strain, type IVb, caused a large die-off of freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) in Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin, USA. To evaluate the persistence and transmission of VHSV, freshwater drum from Lake Winnebago were tested for antibodies to the virus using recently developed virus neutralization (VN) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assays. Samples were also tested by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) to detect viral RNA. Of 548 serum samples tested, 44 (8.03%) were positive by VN (titers ranging from 1:16 to 1:1,024) and 45 (8.21%) were positive by ELISA, including 7 fish positive by both assays. Antibody prevalence increased with age and was higher in one northwestern area of Lake Winnebago than in other areas. Of 3,864 tissues sampled from 551 fish, 1 spleen and 1 kidney sample from a single adult female fish collected in the spring of 2012 tested positive for VHSV by rRT-PCR, and serum from the same fish tested positive by VN and ELISA. These results suggest that VHSV persists and viral transmission may be active in Lake Winnebago even in years following outbreaks and that wild fish may survive VHSV infection and maintain detectable antibody titers while harboring viral RNA. Influxes of immunologically naive juvenile fish through recruitment may reduce herd immunity, allow VHSV to persist, and drive superannual cycles of transmission that may sporadically manifest as fish kills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wilson-Rothering
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Susan Marcquenski
- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Bureau of Fisheries Management, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ryan Koenigs
- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Bureau of Fisheries Management, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ronald Bruch
- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Bureau of Fisheries Management, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kendall Kamke
- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Bureau of Fisheries Management, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Daniel Isermann
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrew Thurman
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Kathy Toohey-Kurth
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tony Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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24
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Drouaz N, Schaeffer J, Farkas T, Le Pendu J, Le Guyader FS. Tulane Virus as a Potential Surrogate To Mimic Norovirus Behavior in Oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:5249-56. [PMID: 26025893 PMCID: PMC4495214 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01067-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oyster contamination by noroviruses is an important health and economic problem. The present study aimed to compare the behaviors of Norwalk virus (the prototype genogroup I norovirus) and two culturable viruses: Tulane virus and mengovirus. After bioaccumulation, tissue distributions were quite similar for Norwalk virus and Tulane virus, with the majority of viral particles detected in digestive tissues, while mengovirus was detected in large amounts in the gills and mantle as well as in digestive tissues. The levels of persistence of all three viruses over 8 days were comparable, but clear differences were observed over longer periods, with Norwalk and Tulane viruses displaying rather similar half-lives, unlike mengovirus, which was cleared more rapidly. These results indicate that Tulane virus may be a good surrogate for studying norovirus behavior in oysters, and they confirm the prolonged persistence of Norwalk virus in oyster tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najoua Drouaz
- IFREMER, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M, Nantes, France
| | - Julien Schaeffer
- IFREMER, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, LSEM-SG2M, Nantes, France
| | - Tibor Farkas
- Laboratory of Specialized Clinical Studies, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jacques Le Pendu
- INSERM, U892, CNRS, UMR6299, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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25
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Ellison JA, Gilbert AT, Recuenco S, Moran D, Alvarez DA, Kuzmina N, Garcia DL, Peruski LF, Mendonça MT, Lindblade KA, Rupprecht CE. Bat rabies in Guatemala. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3070. [PMID: 25080103 PMCID: PMC4117473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies in bats is considered enzootic throughout the New World, but few comparative data are available for most countries in the region. As part of a larger pathogen detection program, enhanced bat rabies surveillance was conducted in Guatemala, between 2009 and 2011. A total of 672 bats of 31 species were sampled and tested for rabies. The prevalence of rabies virus (RABV) detection among all collected bats was low (0.3%). Viral antigens were detected and infectious virus was isolated from the brains of two common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus). RABV was also isolated from oral swabs, lungs and kidneys of both bats, whereas viral RNA was detected in all of the tissues examined by hemi-nested RT-PCR except for the liver of one bat. Sequencing of the nucleoprotein gene showed that both viruses were 100% identical, whereas sequencing of the glycoprotein gene revealed one non-synonymous substitution (302T,S). The two vampire bat RABV isolates in this study were phylogenetically related to viruses associated with vampire bats in the eastern states of Mexico and El Salvador. Additionally, 7% of sera collected from 398 bats demonstrated RABV neutralizing antibody. The proportion of seropositive bats varied significantly across trophic guilds, suggestive of complex intraspecific compartmentalization of RABV perpetuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Ellison
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amy T. Gilbert
- United States Department of Agriculture, National Wildlife Research Center, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sergio Recuenco
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David Moran
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Danilo A. Alvarez
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Natalia Kuzmina
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Garcia
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Regional Office for Central America, Guatemala City, Guatemala
- Division of Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Leonard F. Peruski
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Regional Office for Central America, Guatemala City, Guatemala
- Division of Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mary T. Mendonça
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Kim A. Lindblade
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Regional Office for Central America, Guatemala City, Guatemala
- Division of Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Charles E. Rupprecht
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
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26
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Lee SY, Kim JH, Park YM, Shin OS, Kim H, Choi HG, Song JW. A novel adenovirus in Chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) in Antarctica. Viruses 2014; 6:2052-61. [PMID: 24811321 PMCID: PMC4036538 DOI: 10.3390/v6052052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses (family Adenoviridae) infect various organ systems and cause diseases in a wide range of host species. In this study, we examined multiple tissues from Chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica), collected in Antarctica during 2009 and 2010, for the presence of novel adenoviruses by PCR. Analysis of a 855-bp region of the hexon gene of a newly identified adenovirus, designated Chinstrap penguin adenovirus 1 (CSPAdV-1), showed nucleotide (amino acid) sequence identity of 71.8% (65.5%) with South Polar skua 1 (SPSAdV-1), 71% (70%) with raptor adenovirus 1 (RAdV-1), 71.4% (67.6%) with turkey adenovirus 3 (TAdV-3) and 61% (61.6%) with frog adenovirus 1 (FrAdV-1). Based on the genetic and phylogenetic analyses, CSPAdV-1 was classified as a member of the genus, Siadenovirus. Virus isolation attempts from kidney homogenates in the MDTC-RP19 (ATCC® CRL-8135™) cell line were unsuccessful. In conclusion, this study provides the first evidence of new adenovirus species in Antarctic penguins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Korea.
| | - Jeong-Hoon Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea.
| | - Yon Mi Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Korea.
| | - Ok Sarah Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Korea.
| | - Hankyeom Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Guro Hospital, Seoul 152-703, Korea.
| | - Han-Gu Choi
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 406-840, Korea.
| | - Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Korea.
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Isakova-Sivak I, Chen LM, Bourgeois M, Matsuoka Y, Voeten JTM, Heldens JGM, van den Bosch H, Klimov A, Rudenko L, Cox NJ, Donis RO. Characterization of reverse genetics-derived cold-adapted master donor virus A/Leningrad/134/17/57 (H2N2) and reassortants with H5N1 surface genes in a mouse model. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2014; 21:722-31. [PMID: 24648485 PMCID: PMC4018889 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00819-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) offer significant advantages over subunit or split inactivated vaccines to mitigate an eventual influenza pandemic, including simpler manufacturing processes and more cross-protective immune responses. Using an established reverse genetics (rg) system for wild-type (wt) A/Leningrad/134/1957 and cold-adapted (ca) A/Leningrad/134/17/1957 (Len17) master donor virus (MDV), we produced and characterized three rg H5N1 reassortant viruses carrying modified HA and intact NA genes from either A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1, VN1203, clade 1) or A/Egypt/321/2007 (H5N1, EG321, clade 2) virus. A mouse model of infection was used to determine the infectivity and tissue tropism of the parental wt viruses compared to the ca master donor viruses as well as the H5N1 reassortants. All ca viruses showed reduced replication in lungs and enhanced replication in nasal epithelium. In addition, the H5N1 HA and NA enhanced replication in lungs unless it was restricted by the internal genes of the ca MDV. Mice inoculated twice 4 weeks apart with the H5N1 reassortant LAIV candidate viruses developed serum hemagglutination inhibition HI and IgA antibody titers to the homologous and heterologous viruses consistent with protective immunity. These animals remained healthy after challenge inoculation with a lethal dose with homologous or heterologous wt H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. The profiles of viral replication in respiratory tissues and the immunogenicity and protective efficacy characteristics of the two ca H5N1 candidate LAIV viruses warrant further development into a vaccine for human use.
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MESH Headings
- Animal Structures/virology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Immunoglobulin A/blood
- Influenza A Virus, H2N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H2N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Neuraminidase/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/immunology
- Reverse Genetics
- Survival Analysis
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Li-Mei Chen
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Melissa Bourgeois
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yumiko Matsuoka
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alexander Klimov
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nancy J. Cox
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ruben O. Donis
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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28
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Liu Q, Chen H, Huang J, Chen Y, Gu M, Wang X, Hu S, Liu X, Liu X. A nonpathogenic duck-origin H9N2 influenza A virus adapts to high pathogenicity in mice. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2243-52. [PMID: 24696271 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
H9N2 influenza viruses continue to circulate in wild birds and poultry in Eurasian countries and have repeatedly infected mammals, including pigs and humans, posing a significant threat to public health. To understand the adaptation of H9N2 influenza viruses to mammals, we serially passaged a nonpathogenic duck-origin H9N2 influenza virus, A/duck/Jiangsu/1/2008 (DK1), in mouse lungs. Increased virulence was detectable after five sequential passages, and a highly pathogenic mouse-adapted strain (DK1-MA) with a 50% mouse lethal dose of 10(2.37) 50% egg infectious dose was obtained after 18 passages. DK1-MA grew faster and reached significantly higher titers than DK1 in mouse lungs and could sporadically spread to other organs. Moreover, DK1-MA induced a greater magnitude of pulmonary edema and higher levels of inflammatory cellular infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids than DK1 did. Genomic sequence alignment revealed eight amino acid substitutions (HA-L80F, HA-N193D, NA-A27T, PB2-F404L, PA-D3V, PA-S225R, NP-V105M, M1-A166V) in six viral proteins of DK1-MA compared with DK1 virus. Except for HA-L80F, the other seven substitutions were all located in known functional regions involved in interaction of viral proteins or interaction between the virus and host factors. Taken together, our results suggest that multiple amino acid substitutions may be involved in the adaptation of H9N2 avian influenza virus to mice, resulting in lethal infection, enhanced viral replication, severe pulmonary edema, and excessive inflammatory cellular infiltration in lungs. These observations provide helpful insights into the pathogenic potential of H9N2 avian influenza viruses that could pose threats to human health in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtao Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
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29
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Gowen BB, Ennis J, Bailey KW, Vest Z, Scharton D, Sefing EJ, Turner JD. Single-dose intranasal treatment with DEF201 (adenovirus vectored consensus interferon) prevents lethal disease due to Rift Valley fever virus challenge. Viruses 2014; 6:1410-23. [PMID: 24662673 PMCID: PMC3970158 DOI: 10.3390/v6031410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes severe disease in humans and ungulates. The virus can be transmitted by mosquitoes, direct contact with infected tissues or fluids, or aerosol, making it a significant biological threat for which there is no approved vaccine or therapeutic. Herein we describe the evaluation of DEF201, an adenovirus-vectored interferon alpha which addresses the limitations of recombinant interferon alpha protein (cost, short half-life), as a pre- and post-exposure treatment in a lethal hamster RVFV challenge model. DEF201 was delivered intranasally to stimulate mucosal immunity and effectively bypass any pre-existing immunity to the vector. Complete protection against RVFV infection was observed from a single dose of DEF201 administered one or seven days prior to challenge while all control animals succumbed within three days of infection. Efficacy of treatment administered two weeks prior to challenge was limited. Post‑exposure, DEF201 was able to confer significant protection when dosed at 30 min or 6 h, but not at 24 h post-RVFV challenge. Protection was associated with reductions in serum and tissue viral loads. Our findings suggest that DEF201 may be a useful countermeasure against RVFV infection and further demonstrates its broad-spectrum capacity to stimulate single dose protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian B Gowen
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Jane Ennis
- Defyrus Inc., 2 Bloor Street W, Suite 2602, Toronto, Ontario, M4W 3E2, Canada.
| | - Kevin W Bailey
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Zachary Vest
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Dionna Scharton
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Eric J Sefing
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Jeffrey D Turner
- Defyrus Inc., 2 Bloor Street W, Suite 2602, Toronto, Ontario, M4W 3E2, Canada.
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30
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Meng Y, Ma J, Jiang N, Zeng LB, Xiao HB. Pathological and microbiological findings from mortality of the Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus). Arch Virol 2014; 159:1403-12. [PMID: 24385158 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese giant salamander, Andrias davidianus, is a nationally protected and cultured species in China. Recently, a severe epizootic occurred in cultured Chinese giant salamanders in Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Zhejiang provinces of China, causing substantial economic losses. The typical clinical signs of diseased larval animals were jaw and abdominal swelling and subcutaneous hemorrhaging. Diseased adult animals exhibited skin hemorrhages, ulceration of the hind limbs, and multiple hemorrhagic spots in the visceral organs. Histopathological observation indicated tissue necrosis and cytoplasmic inclusions in the spleen, liver and kidney, suggestive of viral disease. A viral agent was isolated from affected tissues in cell culture. The virus was determined to be pathogenic after experimental infection. Electron microscopy revealed iridovirus-like virions with a size of 140-180 nm in diameter inside the kidney of naturally infected animals and in cell culture. The major capsid protein (MCP) of the virus exhibited 98-99 % sequence identity to ranaviruses. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis indicated that the virus belonged to the genus Ranavirus. Comparative analysis of the MCP gene sequence with those of other viruses previously isolated from Chinese giant salamanders revealed that these isolates were highly similar, although a few variations were observed. The virus was preliminarily named Chinese giant salamander iridovirus (GSIV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Meng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, Hubei, China
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31
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ZENG XJ, LIN Y, ZHAO YB, LU CP, LIU YJ. Experimental infection of dogs with H3N2 canine influenza virus from China. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141:2595-603. [PMID: 23510585 PMCID: PMC9151373 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813000472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine influenza virus (CIV) is an emerging pathogen that causes acute respiratory disease in dogs. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathogenicity of A/canine/Jiangsu/06/2010 (H3N2) virus isolated in China. Nine dogs were inoculated intranasally with 107.95 of 50% egg infectious dose (EID50) of the virus. The onset of clinical signs and virus shedding was observed on day 1 post-infection (p.i.). The peak clinical score occurred between days 4 and 6 p.i. The experimentally infected dogs were found to shed virus not only via the respiratory tract but also via the digestive tract. Viral RNA could be detected in multiple organs including the trachea, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, brain and duodenum. All the sampled organs from infected dogs showed significant lesions and viral antigen staining. The results differed from those reporting using previous CIV strains; the Chinese isolate could induce extrapulmonary infection and cause extensive lesions in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. J. ZENG
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y. LIN
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y. B. ZHAO
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - C. P. LU
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y. J. LIU
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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32
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Howey EB, O'Donnell V, de Carvalho Ferreira HC, Borca MV, Arzt J. Pathogenesis of highly virulent African swine fever virus in domestic pigs exposed via intraoropharyngeal, intranasopharyngeal, and intramuscular inoculation, and by direct contact with infected pigs. Virus Res 2013; 178:328-39. [PMID: 24076499 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the pathogenesis of African swine fever virus (ASFV), domestic pigs (n=18) were challenged with a range (10(2)-10(6) 50% hemadsorbing doses (HAD50)) of the highly virulent ASFV-Malawi strain by inoculation via the intraoropharyngeal (IOP), intranasopharyngeal (INP), or intramuscular (IM) routes. A subsequent contact challenge experiment was performed in which six IOP-inoculated donor pigs were allowed to have direct contact (DC) with six naïve pigs for exposure times that varied from 24 to 72 h. All challenge routes resulted in clinical progression and postmortem lesions similar to those previously described in experimental and natural infection. The onset of clinical signs occurred between 1 and 7 days post inoculation (dpi) and included pyrexia with variable progression to obtundation, hematochezia, melena, moribundity and death with a duration of 4-11 days. Viremia was first detected between 4 and 5 dpi in all inoculation groups whereas ASFV shedding from the nasal cavity and tonsil was first detected at 3-9 dpi. IM and DC were the most consistent modes of infection, with 12/12 (100%) of pigs challenged by these routes becoming infected. Several clinical and virological parameters were significantly different between IM and DC groups indicating dissimilarity between these modes of infection. Amongst the simulated natural routes, INP inoculation resulted in the most consistent progression of disease across the widest range of doses whilst preserving simulation of natural exposure and therefore may provide a superior system for pathogenesis and vaccine efficacy investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin B Howey
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY 11944, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
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33
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Adedeji AO, Barr B, Gomez-Lucia E, Murphy B. A polytropic caprine arthritis encephalitis virus promoter isolated from multiple tissues from a sheep with multisystemic lentivirus-associated inflammatory disease. Viruses 2013; 5:2005-18. [PMID: 23955501 PMCID: PMC3761239 DOI: 10.3390/v5082005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) is a lentivirus that infects both goats and sheep and is closely related to maedi-visna virus that infects sheep; collectively, these viruses are known as small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV). Infection of goats and sheep with SRLV typically results in discrete inflammatory diseases which include arthritis, mastitis, pneumonia or encephalomyelitis. SRLV-infected animals concurrently demonstrating lentivirus-associated lesions in tissues of lung, mammary gland, joint synovium and the central nervous system are either very rare or have not been reported. Here we describe a novel CAEV promoter isolated from a sheep with multisystemic lentivirus-associated inflammatory disease including interstitial pneumonia, mastitis, polyarthritis and leukomyelitis. A single, novel SRLV promoter was cloned and sequenced from five different anatomical locations (brain stem, spinal cord, lung, mammary gland and carpal joint synovium), all of which demonstrated lesions characteristic of lentivirus associated inflammation. This SRLV promoter isolate was found to be closely related to CAEV promoters isolated from goats in northern California and other parts of the world. The promoter was denoted CAEV-ovine-MS (multisystemic disease); the stability of the transcription factor binding sites within the U3 promoter sequence are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyemi O Adedeji
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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34
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Dorfmeier CL, Shen S, Tzvetkov EP, McGettigan JP. Reinvestigating the role of IgM in rabies virus postexposure vaccination. J Virol 2013; 87:9217-22. [PMID: 23760250 PMCID: PMC3754079 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00995-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells secreting IgG antibodies, but not IgM, are thought to be solely responsible for vaccine-induced protection against rabies virus (RABV) infections in postexposure settings. In this report, we reinvestigated the potential for IgM to mediate protection in a mouse model of RABV vaccination. Immunocompetent mice immunized with an experimental live replication-deficient RABV-based vaccine produced virus neutralizing antibodies (VNAs) within 3 days of vaccination. However, mice unable to produce soluble IgM (sIgM(-/-)) did not produce VNAs until 7 days postimmunization. Furthermore, sIgM(-/-) mice were not protected against RABV infection when challenged 3 days postimmunization, while all wild-type mice survived challenge. Consistent with the lack of protection against pathogenic RABV challenge, approximately 50- to 100-fold higher viral loads of challenge virus were detected in the muscle, spinal cord, and brain of immunized sIgM(-/-) mice compared to control mice. In addition, IgG antibody titers in vaccinated wild-type and sIgM(-/-) mice were similar at all time points postimmunization, suggesting that protection against RABV challenge is due to the direct effects of IgM and not the influence of IgM on the development of effective IgG antibody titers. In all, early vaccine-induced IgM can limit dissemination of pathogenic RABV to the central nervous system and mediate protection against pathogenic RABV challenge. Considering the importance for the rapid induction of VNAs to protect against RABV infections in postexposure prophylaxis settings, these findings may help guide the development of a single-dose human rabies vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James P. McGettigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology
- Jefferson Vaccine Center
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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35
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Lima FEDS, Cibulski SP, Elesbao F, Carnieli Junior P, Batista HBDCR, Roehe PM, Franco AC. First detection of adenovirus in the vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) in Brazil. Virus Genes 2013; 47:378-81. [PMID: 23828618 PMCID: PMC7088603 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-0947-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the first detection of adenovirus in a Brazilian Desmodus rotundus bat, the common vampire bat. As part of a continuous rabies surveillance program, three bat specimens were captured in Southern Brazil. Total DNA was extracted from pooled organs and submitted to a nested PCR designed to amplify a 280 bp long portion of the DNA polymerase gene of adenoviruses. One positive sample was subjected to nucleotide sequencing, confirming that this DNA fragment belongs to a member of the genus Mastadenovirus. This sequence is approximately 25 % divergent at the nucleotide level from equine adenovirus 1 and two other recently characterized bat adenoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Esmaile de Sales Lima
- Veterinary Research Institute "Desiderio Finamor" (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, CEP 92990-000, Brazil,
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36
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Saxena V, Xie G, Li B, Farris T, Welte T, Gong B, Boor P, Wu P, Tang SJ, Tesh R, Wang T. A hamster-derived West Nile virus isolate induces persistent renal infection in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2275. [PMID: 23785537 PMCID: PMC3681636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background West Nile virus (WNV) can persist long term in the brain and kidney tissues of humans, non-human primates, and hamsters. In this study, mice were infected with WNV strain H8912, previously cultured from the urine of a persistently infected hamster, to determine its pathogenesis in a murine host. Methodology/Principal Findings We found that WNV H8912 was highly attenuated for neuroinvasiveness in mice. Following a systemic infection, viral RNA could be detected quickly in blood and spleen and much later in kidneys. WNV H8912 induced constitutive IL-10 production, upregulation of IFN-β and IL-1β expression, and a specific IgM response on day 10 post-infection. WNV H8912 persisted preferentially in kidneys with mild renal inflammation, and less frequently in spleen for up to 2.5 months post infection. This was concurrent with detectable serum WNV-specific IgM and IgG production. There were also significantly fewer WNV- specific T cells and lower inflammatory responses in kidneys than in spleen. Previous studies have shown that systemic wild-type WNV NY99 infection induced virus persistence preferentially in spleen than in mouse kidneys. Here, we noted that splenocytes of WNV H8912-infected mice produced significantly less IL-10 than those of WNV NY99-infected mice. Finally, WNV H8912 was also attenuated in neurovirulence. Following intracranial inoculation, WNV persisted in the brain at a low frequency, concurrent with neither inflammatory responses nor neuronal damage in the brain. Conclusions WNV H8912 is highly attenuated in both neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence in mice. It induces a low and delayed anti-viral response in mice and preferentially persists in the kidneys. West Nile virus (WNV) has been reported to persist long term in the brain and kidney tissues of humans, non-human primates, and hamsters. To define a murine model of persistent WNV renal infection, we characterized infection by WNV H8912, an isolate cultured previously from the urine of a persistently infected hamster. Our findings indicate that WNV strain H8912 is highly attenuated in both neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence for mice. The virus persisted preferentially in kidneys of the mouse, and less frequently in the spleen and the brain. Moreover, mice infected with WNV H8912 had a delayed induction of IFN- β and IL-1β expression and WNV- specific IgM response, but a constitutive production of serum IL-10. There was a lower proinflammatory response in mouse kidneys when compared to equivalent findings in the spleen. This response may lead to a reduced T cell response in kidneys, which could ultimately contribute to renal-specific WNV persistence. Defining a murine model of WNV persistence by using a well-characterized, hamster-derived WNV urine isolate should provide important insights into understanding the mechanisms of WNV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Saxena
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Guorui Xie
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bei Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tierra Farris
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas Welte
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bin Gong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Paul Boor
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shao-Jun Tang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert Tesh
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bian G, Zhou G, Lu P, Xi Z. Replacing a native Wolbachia with a novel strain results in an increase in endosymbiont load and resistance to dengue virus in a mosquito vector. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2250. [PMID: 23755311 PMCID: PMC3675004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia is a maternally transmitted endosymbiotic bacterium that is estimated to infect up to 65% of insect species. The ability of Wolbachia to both induce pathogen interference and spread into mosquito vector populations makes it possible to develop Wolbachia as a biological control agent for vector-borne disease control. Although Wolbachia induces resistance to dengue virus (DENV), filarial worms, and Plasmodium in mosquitoes, species like Aedes polynesiensis and Aedes albopictus, which carry native Wolbachia infections, are able to transmit dengue and filariasis. In a previous study, the native wPolA in Ae. polynesiensis was replaced with wAlbB from Ae. albopictus, and resulted in the generation of the transinfected "MTB" strain with low susceptibility for filarial worms. In this study, we compare the dynamics of DENV serotype 2 (DENV-2) within the wild type "APM" strain and the MTB strain of Ae. polynesiensis by measuring viral infection in the mosquito whole body, midgut, head, and saliva at different time points post infection. The results show that wAlbB can induce a strong resistance to DENV-2 in the MTB mosquito. Evidence also supports that this resistance is related to a dramatic increase in Wolbachia density in the MTB's somatic tissues, including the midgut and salivary gland. Our results suggests that replacement of a native Wolbachia with a novel infection could serve as a strategy for developing a Wolbachia-based approach to target naturally infected insects for vector-borne disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowu Bian
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoli Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Zhiyong Xi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Sun Yat-sen University - Michigan State University Joint Center of Vector Control for Tropical Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail:
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Mousson L, Zouache K, Arias-Goeta C, Raquin V, Mavingui P, Failloux AB. The native Wolbachia symbionts limit transmission of dengue virus in Aedes albopictus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1989. [PMID: 23301109 PMCID: PMC3531523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The chikungunya (CHIK) outbreak that struck La Reunion Island in 2005 was preceded by few human cases of Dengue (DEN), but which surprisingly did not lead to an epidemic as might have been expected in a non-immune population. Both arboviral diseases are transmitted to humans by two main mosquito species, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. In the absence of the former, Ae. albopictus was the only species responsible for viral transmission on La Reunion Island. This mosquito is naturally super-infected with two Wolbachia strains, wAlbA and wAlbB. While Wolbachia does not affect replication of CHIK virus (CHIKV) in Ae. albopictus, a similar effect was not observed with DEN virus (DENV). Methods/Principal Findings To understand the weak vectorial status of Ae. albopictus towards DENV, we used experimental oral infections of mosquitoes from La Reunion Island to characterize the impact of Wolbachia on DENV infection. Viral loads and Wolbachia densities were measured by quantitative PCR in different organs of Ae. albopictus where DENV replication takes place after ingestion. We found that: (i) Wolbachia does not affect viral replication, (ii) Wolbachia restricts viral density in salivary glands, and (iii) Wolbachia limits transmission of DENV, as infectious viral particles were only detected in the saliva of Wolbachia-uninfected Ae. albopictus, 14 days after the infectious blood-meal. Conclusions We show that Wolbachia does not affect the replication of DENV in Ae. albopictus. However, Wolbachia is able to reduce viral infection of salivary glands and limit transmission, suggesting a role of Wolbachia in naturally restricting the transmission of DENV in Ae. albopictus from La Reunion Island. The extension of this conclusion to other Ae. albopictus populations should be investigated. Aedes albopictus is an invasive species that is expanding its natural range of geographic distribution. While it was previously considered a secondary vector of different arboviruses, this mosquito species is involved in the most recent outbreaks of chikungunya but contributes weakly to dengue outbreaks. Ae. albopictus naturally carries two strains of the bacterium Wolbachia, wAlbA and wAlbB. Present in 20% of insect species, Wolbachia is an obligate intracellular symbiont mainly transmitted through females. When inoculated into some mosquito hosts, Wolbachia is able to shorten the adult life span and to block arbovirus transmission. We have previously shown that Wolbachia is not capable of limiting chikungunya replication in the mosquito vector. In this study, we show that the native Wolbachia is able to limit dengue transmission by restricting the delivery of infectious viral particles from the mosquito saliva when biting. Therefore, our results might explain the low vector competence of Ae. albopictus for dengue, and thus its weak contribution as an epidemic dengue vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Mousson
- Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Karima Zouache
- Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Camilo Arias-Goeta
- Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Raquin
- UMR CNRS 5557, USC INRA 1193, VetAgro Sup, Ecologie Microbienne, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Patrick Mavingui
- UMR CNRS 5557, USC INRA 1193, VetAgro Sup, Ecologie Microbienne, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Denk D, Stidworthy MF, Redrobe S, Latimer E, Hayward GS, Cracknell J, Claessens A, Steinbach F, McGowan S, Dastjerdi A. Fatal elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus type 5 infection in a captive Asian elephant. Vet Rec 2012; 171:380-1. [PMID: 23065589 DOI: 10.1136/vr.e6833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Hughes DJ, Kipar A, Leeming G, Sample JT, Stewart JP. Experimental infection of laboratory-bred bank voles (Myodes glareolus) with murid herpesvirus 4. Arch Virol 2012; 157:2207-12. [PMID: 22782137 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
MuHV-4 is a natural pathogen of rodents of the genus Apodemus (e.g., wood mice, yellow-necked mice) and Myodes glareolus (bank voles). We report experimental MuHV-4 infection of bank voles in comparison with infection of A. sylvaticus (wood mice) and BALB/c mice. Like in wood mice, the level of productive replication in the lungs of bank voles was significantly lower than in BALB/c mice. In contrast to other hosts, however, the level of latent infection in the lung and spleen of bank voles was extremely low. These findings, together with those of previous studies, suggest that bank voles are an occasional and inefficient host for MuHV-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hughes
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK
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Faisal M, Shavalier M, Kim RK, Millard EV, Gunn MR, Winters AD, Schulz CA, Eissa A, Thomas MV, Wolgamood M, Whelan GE, Winton J. Spread of the emerging viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus strain, genotype IVb, in Michigan, USA. Viruses 2012; 4:734-60. [PMID: 22754647 PMCID: PMC3386630 DOI: 10.3390/v4050734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2003, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) emerged in the Laurentian Great Lakes causing serious losses in a number of ecologically and recreationally important fish species. Within six years, despite concerted managerial preventive measures, the virus spread into the five Great Lakes and to a number of inland waterbodies. In response to this emerging threat, cooperative efforts between the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MI DNR), the Michigan State University Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory (MSU-AAHL), and the United States Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services (USDA-APHIS) were focused on performing a series of general and VHSV-targeted surveillances to determine the extent of virus trafficking in the State of Michigan. Herein we describe six years (2005-2010) of testing, covering hundreds of sites throughout Michigan's Upper and Lower Peninsulas. A total of 96,228 fish representing 73 species were checked for lesions suggestive of VHSV and their internal organs tested for the presence of VHSV using susceptible cell lines. Of the 1,823 cases tested, 30 cases from 19 fish species tested positive for VHSV by tissue culture and were confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Gene sequence analyses of all VHSV isolates retrieved in Michigan demonstrated that they belong to the emerging sublineage "b" of the North American VHSV genotype IV. These findings underscore the complexity of VHSV ecology in the Great Lakes basin and the critical need for rigorous legislation and regulatory guidelines in order to reduce the virus spread within and outside of the Laurentian Great Lakes watershed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Faisal
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.S.); (R.K.K.); (E.V.M.); (M.R.G.)
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.D.W.); (C.A.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-517-884-2019; Fax: +1-517-432-2310
| | - Megan Shavalier
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.S.); (R.K.K.); (E.V.M.); (M.R.G.)
| | - Robert K. Kim
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.S.); (R.K.K.); (E.V.M.); (M.R.G.)
| | - Elena V. Millard
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.S.); (R.K.K.); (E.V.M.); (M.R.G.)
| | - Michelle R. Gunn
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (M.S.); (R.K.K.); (E.V.M.); (M.R.G.)
| | - Andrew D. Winters
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.D.W.); (C.A.S.)
| | - Carolyn A. Schulz
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (A.D.W.); (C.A.S.)
| | - Alaa Eissa
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt;
| | - Michael V. Thomas
- Michigan Department of Natural Resources, State of Michigan Government, Lansing, MI 48909, USA; (M.V.T.); (M.W.); (G.E.W.)
| | - Martha Wolgamood
- Michigan Department of Natural Resources, State of Michigan Government, Lansing, MI 48909, USA; (M.V.T.); (M.W.); (G.E.W.)
| | - Gary E. Whelan
- Michigan Department of Natural Resources, State of Michigan Government, Lansing, MI 48909, USA; (M.V.T.); (M.W.); (G.E.W.)
| | - James Winton
- United States Geological Survey-Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA 98115, USA;
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Hornyák A, Bálint A, Farsang A, Balka G, Hakhverdyan M, Rasmussen TB, Blomberg J, Belák S. Detection of subgenomic mRNA of feline coronavirus by real-time polymerase chain reaction based on primer-probe energy transfer (P-sg-QPCR). J Virol Methods 2012; 181:155-63. [PMID: 22349594 PMCID: PMC7112857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Feline infectious peritonitis is one of the most severe devastating diseases of the Felidae. Upon the appearance of clinical signs, a cure for the infected animal is impossible. Therefore rapid and proper diagnosis for both the presence of the causative agent, feline coronavirus (FCoV) and the manifestation of feline infectious peritonitis is of paramount importance. In the present work, a novel real-time RT-PCR method is described which is able to detect FCoV and to determine simultaneously the quantity of the viral RNA. The new assay combines the M gene subgenomic messenger RNA (sg-mRNA) detection and the quantitation of the genome copies of FCoV. In order to detect the broadest spectrum of potential FCoV variants and to achieve the most accurate results in the detection ability the new assay is applying the primer-probe energy transfer (PriProET) principle. This technology was chosen since PriProET is very robust to tolerate the nucleotide substitutions in the target area. Therefore, this technology provides a very broad-range system, which is able to detect simultaneously many variants of the virus(es) even if the target genomic regions show large scale of variations. The detection specificity of the new assay was proven by positive amplification from a set of nine different FCoV strains and negative from the tested non-coronaviral targets. Examination of faecal samples of healthy young cats, organ samples of perished animals, which suffered from feline infectious peritonitis, and cat leukocytes from uncertain clinical cases were also subjected to the assay. The sensitivity of the P-sg-QPCR method was high, since as few as 10 genome copies of FCoV were detected. The quantitative sg-mRNA detection method revealed more than 10–50,000 times increase of the M gene sg-mRNA in organ materials of feline infectious peritonitis cases, compared to those of the enteric FCoV variants present in the faeces of normal, healthy cats. These results indicate the applicability of the new P-sg-QPCR test as a powerful novel tool for the better detection and quantitation of FCoV and for the improved diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis, this important disease of the Felidae, causing serious losses in the cat populations at a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akos Hornyák
- The Joint Research and Development Division, Department of Virology and Parasitology, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls Väg 2B, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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Seto T, Nagata N, Yoshikawa K, Ichii O, Sanada T, Saasa N, Ozaki Y, Kon Y, Yoshii K, Takashima I, Kariwa H. Infection of Hantaan virus strain AA57 leading to pulmonary disease in laboratory mice. Virus Res 2011; 163:284-90. [PMID: 22044619 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hantaan virus (HTNV) is a causative agent of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). The pathogenesis of HFRS has not been fully elucidated, mainly due to the lack of a suitable animal model. In laboratory mice, HTNV causes encephalitis. However, that symptom is dissimilar to human hantavirus infections. We found that HTNV strain AA57 (isolated from Apodemus agrarius in Far East Russia) caused pulmonary disease in 2-week-old ICR mice. The clinical signs of the infected mice were piloerection, trembling, hunching, labored breathing, and body-weight loss. A large volume of pleural effusion was collected from thoracic cavities of the dead mice. Overall, 45% of the mice inoculated with 3000 focus forming units (FFU) of the virus began to show clinical symptoms at 8 days post-inoculation, and 25% of the inoculated mice died within 3 days of onset of the disease. The morbidity and mortality rates of the mice inoculated with 30-30,000FFU of HTNV strain AA57 were roughly equivalent. The highest rates of virus positivity (11/12) and the highest titers of HTNV strain AA57 were detected in the lungs of the dead mice, while lower detection rates and viral titers were found in the heart, kidneys, spleen, and brain. Interstitial pneumonia, perivascular edema, hemorrhage, inflammatory infiltration and vascular failure were observed in the lungs of the sick mice. Hantaviral antigens were detected in the lung endothelial cells of the sick mice. The symptoms and pathology of this mouse model resemble those of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and, to a certain extent, those of HFRS. This is the first report that, in laboratory mice, the HFRS-related hantavirus causes a HPS-like disease and shares some symptom similarities with HFRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Seto
- Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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Zaitseva M, Kapnick SM, Meseda CA, Shotwell E, King LR, Manischewitz J, Scott J, Kodihalli S, Merchlinsky M, Nielsen H, Lantto J, Weir JP, Golding H. Passive immunotherapies protect WRvFire and IHD-J-Luc vaccinia virus-infected mice from lethality by reducing viral loads in the upper respiratory tract and internal organs. J Virol 2011; 85:9147-58. [PMID: 21715493 PMCID: PMC3165812 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00121-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-body bioimaging was employed to study the effects of passive immunotherapies on lethality and viral dissemination in BALB/c mice challenged with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing luciferase. WRvFire and IHD-J-Luc vaccinia viruses induced lethality with similar times to death following intranasal infection, but WRvFire replicated at higher levels than IHD-J-Luc in the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Three types of therapies were tested: licensed human anti-vaccinia virus immunoglobulin intravenous (VIGIV); recombinant anti-vaccinia virus immunoglobulin (rVIG; Symphogen, Denmark), an investigational product containing a mixture of 26 human monoclonal antibodies (HuMAbs) against mature virion (MV) and enveloped virion (EV); and HuMAb compositions targeting subsets of MV or EV proteins. Bioluminescence recorded daily showed that pretreatment with VIGIV (30 mg) or with rVIG (100 μg) on day -2 protected mice from death but did not prevent viral replication at the site of inoculation and dissemination to internal organs. Compositions containing HuMAbs against MV or EV proteins were protective in both infection models at 100 μg per animal, but at 30 μg, only anti-EV antibodies conferred protection. Importantly, the t statistic of the mean total fluxes revealed that viral loads in surviving mice were significantly reduced in at least 3 sites for 3 consecutive days (days 3 to 5) postchallenge, while significant reduction for 1 or 2 days in any individual site did not confer protection. Our data suggest that reduction of viral replication at multiple sites, including respiratory tract, spleen, and liver, as monitored by whole-body bioluminescence can be used to predict the effectiveness of passive immunotherapies in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Zaitseva
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Building 29B, Room 4NN06, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Kua BC, Choong FC, Hazreen Nita MK, Muhd Faizul H AH, Bhassu S, Imelda RR, Mohammed M. Screening of parasitic and IHHNV infections in wild giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii from Rejang River at Kuching, Sarawak. Trop Biomed 2011; 28:85-89. [PMID: 21602773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A preliminary survey of parasitic and infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) infections in giant freshwater prawn from the Damak Sea of Rejang River, Kuching, Sarawak was conducted. Symptoms of black spots/patches on the rostrum, carapace, pleopods or telson were observed in most of the 107 samples collected. Parasitic examination revealed sessiline peritrichs such as (Zoothamnium sp.), nematode larvae, gregarine stage and cocoon of leech with prevalences of 1.2%, 1.2%, 5% and 17% respectively. Under histopathological examination, changes like accumulation of hemocytes around hepatopancreatic tubules due to vibriosis, basophilic intranuclear inclusions in the epithelium and E-cell of hepatopancreatic tubules as a result of HPV were seen through the section. No positive infection of IHHNV was detected in 78 samples. As such, the wild giant freshwater prawns in Damak Sea of Rejang River in Kuching are IHHNV-free though infections of parvo-like virus and bacteria were seen in histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beng Chu Kua
- National Fish Health Research Centre, NaFisH FRI Batu Maung, 11960 Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia.
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Rodrigues AH, Santos RI, Arisi GM, Bernardes ES, Silva ML, Rossi MA, Lopes MBS, Arruda E. Oropouche virus experimental infection in the golden hamster (Mesocrisetus auratus). Virus Res 2010; 155:35-41. [PMID: 20727376 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oropouche virus (OROV), of the family Bunyaviridae, is the second most frequent arbovirus causing febrile disease in Brazil. In spite of this, little is known about pathogenesis of OROV infection. This report describes an experimental model of OROV in golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Following subcutaneous inoculation of OROV, over 50% of the animals developed disease characterized by lethargy, ruffled fur, shivering, paralysis, and approximately one third died. Animals were sacrificed on days 1, 3, 5, 8 and 11 post-inoculation to collect tissue samples from brain, heart, liver, lung, spleen, muscle and blood for virus titration, histology and OROV immunohistochemistry. OROV was detected in high titers in blood, liver and brain, but not in the other organs. Histopathology revealed meningoencephalitis and hepatitis, with abundant OROV antigen detected in liver and brain. Diffuse galectin-3 immunostaining in brain and liver supports microglial and Kupfer cells activation. This is the first description of an experimental model for OROV infection and should be helpful to study pathogenesis and possibly to test antiviral interventions such as drugs and vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alcir Humberto Rodrigues
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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Tan GK, Ng JKW, Trasti SL, Schul W, Yip G, Alonso S. A non mouse-adapted dengue virus strain as a new model of severe dengue infection in AG129 mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e672. [PMID: 20436920 PMCID: PMC2860513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of dengue (DEN) worldwide combined with an increased severity of the DEN-associated clinical outcomes have made this mosquito-borne virus of great global public health importance. Progress in understanding DEN pathogenesis and in developing effective treatments has been hampered by the lack of a suitable small animal model. Most of the DEN clinical isolates and cell culture-passaged DEN virus strains reported so far require either host adaptation, inoculation with a high dose and/or intravenous administration to elicit a virulent phenotype in mice which results, at best, in a productive infection with no, few, or irrelevant disease manifestations, and with mice dying within few days at the peak of viremia. Here we describe a non-mouse-adapted DEN2 virus strain (D2Y98P) that is highly infectious in AG129 mice (lacking interferon-α/β and -γ receptors) upon intraperitoneal administration. Infection with a high dose of D2Y98P induced cytokine storm, massive organ damage, and severe vascular leakage, leading to haemorrhage and rapid death of the animals at the peak of viremia. In contrast, very interestingly and uniquely, infection with a low dose of D2Y98P led to asymptomatic viral dissemination and replication in relevant organs, followed by non-paralytic death of the animals few days after virus clearance, similar to the disease kinetic in humans. Spleen damage, liver dysfunction and increased vascular permeability, but no haemorrhage, were observed in moribund animals, suggesting intact vascular integrity, a cardinal feature in DEN shock syndrome. Infection with D2Y98P thus offers the opportunity to further decipher some of the aspects of dengue pathogenesis and provides a new platform for drug and vaccine testing. The spread of dengue (DEN) worldwide combined with an increased severity of the DEN-associated clinical outcomes have made this mosquito-borne virus of great global public health importance. Infection with DEN virus can be asymptomatic or trigger a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild acute febrile illness to classical dengue fever and to severe DEN hemorrhagic fever/DEN shock syndrome (DHF/DSS). Progress in understanding DEN disease and in developing effective treatments has been hampered by the lack of a suitable animal model that can reproduce all or part of the disease's clinical manifestations and outcome. Only a few of the DEN virus strains reported so far elicit a virulent phenotype in mice, which results at best in an acute infection where mice die within few days with no, few or irrelevant disease manifestations. Here we describe a DEN virus strain which is highly virulent in mice and reproduces some of the aspects of severe DEN in humans, including the disease kinetics, organ damage/dysfunction and increased vascular permeability. This DEN virus strain thus offers the opportunity to further decipher some of the mechanisms involved in DEN pathogenesis, and provides a new platform for drug and vaccine testing in the mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace K. Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jowin K. W. Ng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Scott L. Trasti
- Comparative Medicine Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wouter Schul
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases (NITD), Singapore, Singapore
| | - George Yip
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Bereczky S, Lindegren G, Karlberg H, Akerström S, Klingström J, Mirazimi A. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection is lethal for adult type I interferon receptor-knockout mice. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:1473-7. [PMID: 20164263 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.019034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Bereczky
- KCB/Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden
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Schultz DA, Sagartz JE, Huso DL, Buller RML. Experimental infection of an African dormouse (Graphiurus kelleni) with monkeypox virus. Virology 2009; 383:86-92. [PMID: 18977501 PMCID: PMC2630398 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Suitable animal models are needed to study monkeypox virus (MPXV) as human monkeypox clinically resembles smallpox and MPXV is a zoonotic and potential bioterroristic agent. We have demonstrated that a species of African dormice, Graphiurus kelleni, is susceptible to a lethal infection of MPXV and that MPXV replicated in multiple organs of this species. Following intranasal administration, MPXV replicated locally in the nasal mucosa causing necrosis and hemorrhage with subsequent systemic spread to lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other tissues where it caused severe necrosis and/or hemorrhage leading to death. The dormouse model was validated for testing prophylactic (Dryvax vaccine) and therapeutic (cidofovir) test articles against intranasal challenges with MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise A Schultz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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Ng CG, Griffin DE. Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency increases susceptibility to fatal alphavirus encephalomyelitis. J Virol 2006; 80:10989-99. [PMID: 16943298 PMCID: PMC1642146 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01154-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sindbis virus (SV), an enveloped virus with a single-stranded, plus-sense RNA genome, is the prototype alphavirus in the Togaviridae family. In mice, SV infects neurons and can cause apoptosis of immature neurons. Sphingomyelin (SM) is the most prevalent cellular sphingolipid, is particularly abundant in the nervous systems of mammals, and is required for alphavirus fusion and entry. The level of SM is tightly regulated by sphingomyelinases. A defect in acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) results in SM storage and subsequent intracellular accumulation of SM. To better understand the role of the SM pathway in SV pathogenesis, we have characterized SV infection of transgenic mice deficient in the ASMase gene. ASMase knockout (ASM-KO) mice were more susceptible to SV infection than wild-type (WT) or heterozygous (Het) animals. Titers of SV were higher in the brains of ASM-KO mice than in the brains of WT mice. More SV RNA was detected by in situ hybridization, more SV protein was detected by immunohistochemistry, and more terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling-positive cells were present in the cortex and hippocampus of ASM-KO mice than in those of WT or Het mice. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), but not IL-1beta or tumor necrosis factor alpha, was elevated in infected ASM-KO mice compared to levels in WT or Het mice, but studies with IL-6-KO mice and recombinant SV expressing IL-6 showed no role for IL-6 in fatal disease. Together these data indicate that the increase in susceptibility of ASM-KO mice to SV infection was the result of more-rapid replication and spread of SV in the nervous system and increased neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching G Ng
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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