1
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Leclerc S, Gupta A, Ruokolainen V, Chen JH, Kunnas K, Ekman AA, Niskanen H, Belevich I, Vihinen H, Turkki P, Perez-Berna AJ, Kapishnikov S, Mäntylä E, Harkiolaki M, Dufour E, Hytönen V, Pereiro E, McEnroe T, Fahy K, Kaikkonen MU, Jokitalo E, Larabell CA, Weinhardt V, Mattola S, Aho V, Vihinen-Ranta M. Progression of herpesvirus infection remodels mitochondrial organization and metabolism. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011829. [PMID: 38620036 PMCID: PMC11045090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses target mitochondria to promote their replication, and infection-induced stress during the progression of infection leads to the regulation of antiviral defenses and mitochondrial metabolism which are opposed by counteracting viral factors. The precise structural and functional changes that underlie how mitochondria react to the infection remain largely unclear. Here we show extensive transcriptional remodeling of protein-encoding host genes involved in the respiratory chain, apoptosis, and structural organization of mitochondria as herpes simplex virus type 1 lytic infection proceeds from early to late stages of infection. High-resolution microscopy and interaction analyses unveiled infection-induced emergence of rough, thin, and elongated mitochondria relocalized to the perinuclear area, a significant increase in the number and clustering of endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contact sites, and thickening and shortening of mitochondrial cristae. Finally, metabolic analyses demonstrated that reactivation of ATP production is accompanied by increased mitochondrial Ca2+ content and proton leakage as the infection proceeds. Overall, the significant structural and functional changes in the mitochondria triggered by the viral invasion are tightly connected to the progression of the virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Leclerc
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Alka Gupta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Visa Ruokolainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Jian-Hua Chen
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kari Kunnas
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Axel A. Ekman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Henri Niskanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ilya Belevich
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helena Vihinen
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Turkki
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ana J. Perez-Berna
- MISTRAL Beamline-Experiments Division, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Elina Mäntylä
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maria Harkiolaki
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK; Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Dufour
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa Hytönen
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eva Pereiro
- MISTRAL Beamline-Experiments Division, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Minna U. Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carolyn A. Larabell
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Venera Weinhardt
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Salla Mattola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Vesa Aho
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Maija Vihinen-Ranta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
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2
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Dochnal SA, Whitford AL, Francois AK, Krakowiak PA, Cuddy S, Cliffe AR. c-Jun signaling during initial HSV-1 infection modulates latency to enhance later reactivation in addition to directly promoting the progression to full reactivation. J Virol 2024; 98:e0176423. [PMID: 38193709 PMCID: PMC10878265 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01764-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) establishes a latent infection in peripheral neurons and periodically reactivates to permit transmission, which can result in clinical manifestations. Viral transactivators required for lytic infection are largely absent during latent infection, and therefore, HSV-1 relies on the co-option of neuronal host signaling pathways to initiate its gene expression. The activation of the neuronal c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) cell stress pathway is central to initiating biphasic reactivation in response to multiple stimuli. However, how host factors work with JNK to stimulate the initial wave of gene expression (known as Phase I) or the progression to full Phase II reactivation remains unclear. Here, we found that c-Jun, the primary target downstream of neuronal JNK cell stress signaling, functions during reactivation but not during the JNK-mediated initiation of Phase I gene expression. Instead, c-Jun was required to transition from Phase I to full HSV-1 reactivation and was detected in viral replication compartments of reactivating neurons. Interestingly, we also identified a role for both c-Jun and enhanced neuronal stress during initial neuronal infection in promoting a more reactivation-competent form of HSV-1 latency. Therefore, c-Jun functions at multiple stages during the HSV latent infection of neurons to promote reactivation but not during the initial JNK-dependent Phase I. Importantly, by demonstrating that initial infection conditions can contribute to later reactivation abilities, this study highlights the potential for latently infected neurons to maintain a molecular scar of previous exposure to neuronal stressors.IMPORTANCEThe molecular mechanisms that regulate the reactivation of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) from latent infection are unknown. The host transcription and pioneer factor c-Jun is the main target of the JNK cell stress pathway that is known to be important in exit of HSV from latency. Surprisingly, we found that c-Jun does not act with JNK during exit from latency but instead promotes the transition to full reactivation. Moreover, c-Jun and enhanced neuronal stress during initial neuronal infection promoted a more reactivation-competent form of HSV-1 latency. c-Jun, therefore, functions at multiple stages during HSV-1 latent infection of neurons to promote reactivation. Importantly, this study contributes to a growing body of evidence that de novo HSV-1 infection conditions can modulate latent infection and impact future reactivation events, raising important questions on the clinical impact of stress during initial HSV-1 acquisition on future reactivation events and consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Dochnal
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Abigail L. Whitford
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Alison K. Francois
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Patryk A. Krakowiak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sean Cuddy
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Anna R. Cliffe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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3
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Niemeyer CS, Traina-Dorge V, Doyle-Meyers L, Das A, Looper J, Mescher T, Feia B, Medina E, Nagel MA, Mahalingam R, Bubak AN. Simian varicella virus infection and reactivation in rhesus macaques trigger cytokine and Aβ40/42 alterations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurovirol 2024; 30:86-99. [PMID: 38453879 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01196-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Simian varicella virus (SVV) produces peripheral inflammatory responses during varicella (primary infection) and zoster (reactivation) in rhesus macaques (RM). However, it is unclear if peripheral measures are accurate proxies for central nervous system (CNS) responses. Thus, we analyzed cytokine and Aβ42/Aβ40 changes in paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during the course of infection. During varicella and zoster, every RM had variable changes in serum and CSF cytokine and Aβ42/Aβ40 levels compared to pre-inoculation levels. Overall, peripheral infection appears to affect CNS cytokine and Aβ42/Aβ40 levels independent of serum responses, suggesting that peripheral disease may contribute to CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy S Niemeyer
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B182, Aurora, Co, 80045, USA
| | - Vicki Traina-Dorge
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Lara Doyle-Meyers
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Arpita Das
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Jayme Looper
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Teresa Mescher
- Department of Psychiatry Behavioral Health and Wellness Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Co, 80045, USA
| | - Brittany Feia
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B182, Aurora, Co, 80045, USA
| | - Eva Medina
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B182, Aurora, Co, 80045, USA
| | - Maria A Nagel
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B182, Aurora, Co, 80045, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Co, 80045, USA
| | - Ravi Mahalingam
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B182, Aurora, Co, 80045, USA
| | - Andrew N Bubak
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mail Stop B182, Aurora, Co, 80045, USA.
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4
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Wang Y, Manzi M, Feswick A, Renshaw L, Oliver PM, Tibbetts SA, Moser EK. B cell expression of E3 ubiquitin ligase Cul4b promotes chronic gammaherpesvirus infection in vivo. J Virol 2023; 97:e0100823. [PMID: 37962378 PMCID: PMC10734415 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01008-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The human gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus are etiologic agents of numerous B cell lymphomas. A hallmark of gammaherpesvirus infection is their ability to establish lifelong latency in B cells. However, the specific mechanisms that mediate chronic infection in B cells in vivo remain elusive. Cellular E3 ubiquitin ligases regulate numerous biological processes by catalyzing ubiquitylation and modifying protein location, function, or half-life. Many viruses hijack host ubiquitin ligases to evade antiviral host defense and promote viral fitness. Here, we used the murine gammaherpesvirus 68 in vivo system to demonstrate that the E3 ligase Cul4b is essential for this virus to establish latency in germinal center B cells. These findings highlight an essential role for this E3 ligase in promoting chronic gammaherpesvirus infection in vivo and suggest that targeted inhibition of E3 ligases may provide a novel and effective intervention strategy against gammaherpesvirus-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mikayla Manzi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - April Feswick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lindsay Renshaw
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Paula M. Oliver
- Cell Pathology Division, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott A. Tibbetts
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Emily K. Moser
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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5
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Hao X, Li J, Wang J, Zhou Z, Yuan X, Pan S, Zhu J, Zhang F, Yin S, Yang Y, Hu S, Shang S. Co-administration of chicken IL-2 alleviates clinical signs and replication of the ILTV chicken embryo origin vaccine by pre-activating natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Virol 2023; 97:e0132223. [PMID: 37882519 PMCID: PMC10688355 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01322-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Chickens immunized with the infectious laryngotracheitis chicken embryo origin (CEO) vaccine (Medivac, PT Medion Farma Jaya) experience adverse reactions, hindering its safety and effective use in poultry flocks. To improve the effect of the vaccine, we sought to find a strategy to alleviate the respiratory reactions associated with the vaccine. Here, we confirmed that co-administering the CEO vaccine with chIL-2 by oral delivery led to significant alleviation of the vaccine reactions in chickens after immunization. Furthermore, we found that the co-administration of chIL-2 with the CEO vaccine reduced the clinical signs of the CEO vaccine while enhancing natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to decrease viral loads in their tissues, particularly in the trachea and conjunctiva. Importantly, we demonstrated that the chIL-2 treatment can ameliorate the replication of the CEO vaccine without compromising its effectiveness. This study provides new insights into further applications of chIL-2 and a promising strategy for alleviating the adverse reaction of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiongjiong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinjie Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shan Pan
- Dalian Sanyi Animal Medicine Co., Ltd, Dalian, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Shandong Binzhou Wohua Biotech Co., Ltd, Binzhou, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shi Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaobin Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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6
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Clark SA, Vazquez A, Furiya K, Splattstoesser MK, Bashmail AK, Schwartz H, Russell M, Bhark SJ, Moreno OK, McGovern M, Owsley ER, Nelson TA, Sanchez EL, Delgado T. Rewiring of the Host Cell Metabolome and Lipidome during Lytic Gammaherpesvirus Infection Is Essential for Infectious-Virus Production. J Virol 2023; 97:e0050623. [PMID: 37191529 PMCID: PMC10308918 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00506-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic virus infections are estimated to cause ~15% of all cancers. Two prevalent human oncogenic viruses are members of the gammaherpesvirus family: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV). We use murine herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68), which shares significant homology with KSHV and EBV, as a model system to study gammaherpesvirus lytic replication. Viruses implement distinct metabolic programs to support their life cycle, such as increasing the supply of lipids, amino acids, and nucleotide materials necessary to replicate. Our data define the global changes in the host cell metabolome and lipidome during gammaherpesvirus lytic replication. Our metabolomics analysis found that MHV-68 lytic infection induces glycolysis, glutaminolysis, lipid metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism. We additionally observed an increase in glutamine consumption and glutamine dehydrogenase protein expression. While both glucose and glutamine starvation of host cells decreased viral titers, glutamine starvation led to a greater loss in virion production. Our lipidomics analysis revealed a peak in triacylglycerides early during infection and an increase in free fatty acids and diacylglyceride later in the viral life cycle. Furthermore, we observed an increase in the protein expression of multiple lipogenic enzymes during infection. Interestingly, pharmacological inhibitors of glycolysis or lipogenesis resulted in decreased infectious virus production. Taken together, these results illustrate the global alterations in host cell metabolism during lytic gammaherpesvirus infection, establish essential pathways for viral production, and recommend targeted mechanisms to block viral spread and treat viral induced tumors. IMPORTANCE Viruses are intracellular parasites which lack their own metabolism, so they must hijack host cell metabolic machinery in order to increase the production of energy, proteins, fats, and genetic material necessary to replicate. Using murine herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) as a model system to understand how similar human gammaherpesviruses cause cancer, we profiled the metabolic changes that occur during lytic MHV-68 infection and replication. We found that MHV-68 infection of host cells increases glucose, glutamine, lipid, and nucleotide metabolic pathways. We also showed inhibition or starvation of glucose, glutamine, or lipid metabolic pathways results in an inhibition of virus production. Ultimately, targeting changes in host cell metabolism due to viral infection can be used to treat gammaherpesvirus-induced cancers and infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Clark
- Northwest University, Department of Biology, Kirkland, Washington, USA
| | - Angie Vazquez
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelsey Furiya
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Haleigh Schwartz
- Northwest University, Department of Biology, Kirkland, Washington, USA
| | - Makaiya Russell
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shun-Je Bhark
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Osvaldo K. Moreno
- San Francisco State University, Department of Biology, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Morgan McGovern
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eric R. Owsley
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Timothy A. Nelson
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erica L. Sanchez
- San Francisco State University, Department of Biology, San Francisco, California, USA
- University of Texas at Dallas, Department of Biological Sciences, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Tracie Delgado
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Northwest University, Department of Biology, Kirkland, Washington, USA
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7
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Santos VC, Ostler JB, Harrison KS, Jones C. Slug, a Stress-Induced Transcription Factor, Stimulates Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Replication and Transactivates a cis-Regulatory Module within the VP16 Promoter. J Virol 2023; 97:e0007323. [PMID: 37022165 PMCID: PMC10134811 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00073-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress-mediated activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and specific stress-induced transcription factors stimulate herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) productive infection, explant-induced reactivation, and immediate early (IE) promoters that drive expression of infected cell protein 0 (ICP0), ICP4, and ICP27. Several published studies concluded the virion tegument protein VP16, ICP0, and/or ICP4 drives early steps of reactivation from latency. Notably, VP16 protein expression was induced in trigeminal ganglionic neurons of Swiss Webster or C57BL/6J mice during early stages of stress-induced reactivation. If VP16 mediates reactivation, we hypothesized stress-induced cellular transcription factors would stimulate its expression. To address this hypothesis, we tested whether stress-induced transcription factors transactivate a VP16 cis-regulatory module (CRM) located upstream of the VP16 TATA box (-249 to -30). Initial studies revealed the VP16 CRM cis-activated a minimal promoter more efficiently in mouse neuroblastoma cells (Neuro-2A) than mouse fibroblasts (NIH-3T3). GR and Slug, a stress-induced transcription factor that binds enhancer boxes (E-boxes), were the only stress-induced transcription factors examined that transactivated the VP16 CRM construct. GR- and Slug-mediated transactivation was reduced to basal levels when the E-box, two 1/2 GR response elements (GREs), or NF-κB binding site was mutated. Previous studies revealed GR and Slug cooperatively transactivated the ICP4 CRM, but not ICP0 or ICP27. Silencing of Slug expression in Neuro-2A cells significantly reduced viral replication, indicating Slug-mediated transactivation of ICP4 and VP16 CRM activity correlates with enhanced viral replication and reactivation from latency. IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) establishes lifelong latency in several types of neurons. Periodically cellular stressors trigger reactivation from latency. Viral regulatory proteins are not abundantly expressed during latency, indicating cellular transcription factors mediate early stages of reactivation. Notably, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and certain stress-induced transcription factors transactivate cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) essential for expression of infected cell protein 0 (ICP0) and ICP4, key viral transcriptional regulatory proteins linked to triggering reactivation from latency. Virion protein 16 (VP16) specifically transactivates IE promoter and was also reported to mediate early stages of reactivation from latency. GR and Slug, a stress-induced enhancer box (E-box) binding protein, transactivate a minimal promoter downstream of VP16 CRM, and these transcription factors occupy VP16 CRM sequences in transfected cells. Notably, Slug stimulates viral replication in mouse neuroblastoma cells suggesting Slug, by virtue of transactivating VP16 and ICP4 CRM sequences, can trigger reactivation in certain neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Claire Santos
- Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jeffery B. Ostler
- Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kelly S. Harrison
- Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Clinton Jones
- Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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8
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Spatz S, García M, Fuchs W, Loncoman C, Volkening J, Ross T, Riblet S, Kim T, Likens N, Mettenleiter T. Reconstitution and Mutagenesis of Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus from Cosmid and Yeast Centromeric Plasmid Clones. J Virol 2023; 97:e0140622. [PMID: 37022163 PMCID: PMC10134816 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01406-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genomes of numerous herpesviruses have been cloned as infectious bacterial artificial chromosomes. However, attempts to clone the complete genome of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), formally known as Gallid alphaherpesvirus-1, have been met with limited success. In this study, we report the development of a cosmid/yeast centromeric plasmid (YCp) genetic system to reconstitute ILTV. Overlapping cosmid clones were generated that encompassed 90% of the 151-Kb ILTV genome. Viable virus was produced by cotransfecting leghorn male hepatoma (LMH) cells with these cosmids and a YCp recombinant containing the missing genomic sequences - spanning the TRS/UL junction. An expression cassette for green fluorescent protein (GFP) was inserted within the redundant inverted packaging site (ipac2), and the cosmid/YCp-based system was used to generate recombinant replication-competent ILTV. Viable virus was also reconstituted with a YCp clone containing a BamHI linker within the deleted ipac2 site, further demonstrating the nonessential nature of this site. Recombinants deleted in the ipac2 site formed plaques undistinguished from those viruses containing intact ipac2. The 3 reconstituted viruses replicated in chicken kidney cells with growth kinetics and titers similar to the USDA ILTV reference strain. Specific pathogen-free chickens inoculated with the reconstituted ILTV recombinants succumbed to levels of clinical disease similar to that observed in birds inoculated with wildtype viruses, demonstrating the reconstituted viruses were virulent. IMPORTANCE Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) is an important pathogen of chicken with morbidity of 100% and mortality rates as high as 70%. Factoring in decreased production, mortality, vaccination, and medication, a single outbreak can cost producers over a million dollars. Current attenuated and vectored vaccines lack safety and efficacy, leaving a need for better vaccines. In addition, the lack of an infectious clone has also impeded understanding viral gene function. Since infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones of ILTV with intact replication origins are not feasible, we reconstituted ILTV from a collection of yeast centromeric plasmids and bacterial cosmids, and identified a nonessential insertion site within a redundant packaging site. These constructs and the methodology necessary to manipulate them will facilitate the development of improved live virus vaccines by modifying genes encoding virulence factors and establishing ILTV-based viral vectors for expressing immunogens of other avian pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Spatz
- US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Maricarmen García
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Walter Fuchs
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Carlos Loncoman
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Teresa Ross
- US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Sylva Riblet
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Taejoong Kim
- US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Nathan Likens
- US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Thomas Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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9
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Yang N, Bao M, Zhu B, Shen Q, Guo X, Li W, Tang R, Zhu D, Tang Y, Phalen DN, Zhang L. Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus 1, 4 and 5 in China: Occurrence in Multiple Sample Types and Implications for Wild and Captive Population Surveillance. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020411. [PMID: 35216004 PMCID: PMC8875873 DOI: 10.3390/v14020411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses (EEHVs) are important causes of death in both captive and wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Nothing is known about the prevalence of EEHVs in wild or domestic elephants in China. To determine if EEHVs are present in elephants in China, 126 wild elephants from three populations and 202 captive individuals from zoos (n = 155) and the Wild Elephant Valley (n = 47) were screened using semi-nested polymerase chain reaction assays with EEHV-redundant and EEHV1/4/5-specific primers. EEHV1B and EEHV4 were detected in samples from both wild (EEHV1B:8/126; EEHV4:2/126) and captive (EEHV1B:5/155; EEHV4:9/155) elephants, while EEHV1A (six cases) and EEHV5 (one case) were only present in the captive elephants from the Wild Elephant Valley. EEHV1 was detected in blood and trunk and oral swabs; EEHV4 was detected in trunk and oral swabs as well as feces; EEHV5 was found in trunk and oral swabs. No significant age or sex association with EEHV1A, EEHV1B, or EEHV5 positivity was observed. An age association with EEHV4 positivity was found, with all unweaned elephants being EEHV4 positive, but an association with the sex of the elephant was not observed. These findings represent the first documentation of EEHV presence in captive and wild elephants in China. These findings also document EEHV1B and EEHV4 shedding in feces and demonstrate the utility of fecal screening as a tool for investigating EEHV4 infection in wild populations of elephants. It is recommended that EEHV testing be included in surveillance programs for captive and wild elephants in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (N.Y.); (B.Z.); (R.T.); (D.Z.); (Y.T.)
| | - Mingwei Bao
- Wild Elephant Valley, Jinghong 666100, China;
| | - Biru Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (N.Y.); (B.Z.); (R.T.); (D.Z.); (Y.T.)
| | - Qingzhong Shen
- Ecotourism Management Institute of Yunnan Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve, Jinghong 666100, China;
| | - Xianming Guo
- Research Institute of Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve, Jinghong 666100, China;
| | - Wenwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Science and Integrated Management, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China;
| | - Ruchun Tang
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (N.Y.); (B.Z.); (R.T.); (D.Z.); (Y.T.)
| | - Di Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (N.Y.); (B.Z.); (R.T.); (D.Z.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yinpu Tang
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (N.Y.); (B.Z.); (R.T.); (D.Z.); (Y.T.)
| | - David N. Phalen
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 701 Farm to Market 2818 Service Road, College Station, TX 77840, USA
- Correspondence: (D.N.P.); (L.Z.)
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Ecological Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (N.Y.); (B.Z.); (R.T.); (D.Z.); (Y.T.)
- Correspondence: (D.N.P.); (L.Z.)
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10
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Lloyd MG, Liu D, Legendre M, Markovitz DM, Moffat JF. H84T BanLec has broad spectrum antiviral activity against human herpesviruses in cells, skin, and mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1641. [PMID: 35102178 PMCID: PMC8803833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05580-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
H84T BanLec is a molecularly engineered lectin cloned from bananas with broad-spectrum antiviral activity against several RNA viruses. H84T BanLec dimers bind glycoproteins containing high-mannose N-glycans on the virion envelope, blocking attachment, entry, uncoating, and spread. It was unknown whether H84T BanLec is effective against human herpesviruses varicella-zoster virus (VZV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), which express high-mannose N-linked glycoproteins on their envelopes. We evaluated H84T BanLec against VZV-ORF57-Luc, TB40/E HCMV-fLuc-eGFP, and HSV-1 R8411 in cells, skin organ culture, and mice. The H84T BanLec EC50 was 0.025 µM for VZV (SI50 = 4000) in human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs), 0.23 µM for HCMV (SI50 = 441) in HFFs, and 0.33 µM for HSV-1 (SI50 = 308) in Vero cells. Human skin was obtained from reduction mammoplasties and prepared for culture. Skin was infected and cultured up to 14 days. H84T BanLec prevented VZV, HCMV and HSV-1 spread in skin at 10 µM in the culture medium, and also exhibited dose-dependent antiviral effects. Additionally, H84T BanLec arrested virus spread when treatment was delayed. Histopathology of HCMV-infected skin showed no overt toxicity when H84T BanLec was present in the media. In athymic nude mice with human skin xenografts (NuSkin mice), H84T BanLec reduced VZV spread when administered subcutaneously prior to intraxenograft virus inoculation. This is the first demonstration of H84T BanLec effectiveness against DNA viruses. H84T BanLec may have additional unexplored activity against other, clinically relevant, glycosylated viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Lloyd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - D Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - M Legendre
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D M Markovitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J F Moffat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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11
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Gilliaux G, Desmecht D. Gammaherpesvirus Alters Alveolar Macrophages According to the Host Genetic Background and Promotes Beneficial Inflammatory Control over Pneumovirus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010098. [PMID: 35062301 PMCID: PMC8777918 DOI: 10.3390/v14010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) infection brings a wide spectrum of clinical outcomes, from a mild cold to severe bronchiolitis or even acute interstitial pneumonia. Among the known factors influencing this clinical diversity, genetic background has often been mentioned. In parallel, recent evidence has also pointed out that an early infectious experience affects heterologous infections severity. Here, we analyzed the importance of these two host-related factors in shaping the immune response in pneumoviral disease. We show that a prior gammaherpesvirus infection improves, in a genetic background-dependent manner, the immune system response against a subsequent lethal dose of pneumovirus primary infection notably by inducing a systematic expansion of the CD8+ bystander cell pool and by modifying the resident alveolar macrophages (AMs) phenotype to induce immediate cyto/chemokinic responses upon pneumovirus exposure, thereby drastically attenuating the host inflammatory response without affecting viral replication. Moreover, we show that these AMs present similar rapid and increased production of neutrophil chemokines both in front of pneumoviral or bacterial challenge, confirming recent studies attributing a critical antibacterial role of primed AMs. These results corroborate other recent studies suggesting that the innate immunity cells are themselves capable of memory, a capacity hitherto reserved for acquired immunity.
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12
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Matiza T, Boyd KF, Lyall RA, Kwon DS, McGregor AM, Fiorillo S, Campbell TB, Borok M, Corleis B. Compartmentalized T cell profile in the lungs of patients with HIV-1-associated pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e28328. [PMID: 34941134 PMCID: PMC8702193 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma (pKS) caused by Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is a devastating form of KS in patients with advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Blood T cells play a central role in the response of HIV-1 and HHV-8. However, little information is available on T cells in the alveolar space of HIV-1-associated pKS patients.Therefore, we examined CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in the alveolar space in comparison with the blood of patients with pKS. We recruited 26 HIV-1 positive patients with KS, including 15 patients with pKS. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells and blood mononuclear cells were analyzed for T cell memory phenotypes, surface markers associated with exhaustion, and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) using flow cytometry. HIV-1 and HHV-8 viral loads were measured in plasma by quantitative PCR.BAL T cells showed reduced inflammatory capacities and significantly diminished polyfunctionality compared to blood T cells from patients with pKS. This was not accompanied by increased expression of exhaustion markers, such as TIM-3 and PD-1.More importantly, we found a negative correlation between the production of MIP1-β and TNF-α in T cells in BAL and blood, indicating compartmentalised immune responses to pKS and accentuated chronic HIV-1/HHV-8 pathogenesis via T cells in the lungs of people with pKS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarisiro Matiza
- Department of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Kathryn F. Boyd
- Department of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Rebecca A. Lyall
- Department of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Douglas S. Kwon
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA
| | - Alan M. McGregor
- Department of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Suzanne Fiorillo
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Thomas B. Campbell
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Margaret Borok
- Department of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Björn Corleis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Isle of Riems, Germany
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13
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Chen W, Ding Y, Liu D, Lu Z, Wang Y, Yuan Y. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus vFLIP promotes MEndT to generate hybrid M/E state for tumorigenesis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009600. [PMID: 34936683 PMCID: PMC8735625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is an angioproliferative and invasive tumor caused by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). The cellular origin of KS tumor cells remains contentious. Recently, evidence has accrued indicating that KS may arise from KSHV-infected mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) through mesenchymal-to-endothelial transition (MEndT), but the transformation process has been largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the KSHV-mediated MEndT process and found that KSHV infection rendered MSCs incomplete endothelial lineage differentiation and formed hybrid mesenchymal/endothelial (M/E) state cells characterized by simultaneous expression of mesenchymal markers Nestin/PDGFRA/α-SAM and endothelial markers CD31/PDPN/VEGFR2. The hybrid M/E cells have acquired tumorigenic phenotypes in vitro and the potential to form KS-like lesions after being transplanted in mice under renal capsules. These results suggest a homology of KSHV-infected MSCs with Kaposi’s sarcoma where proliferating KS spindle-shaped cells and the cells that line KS-specific aberrant vessels were also found to exhibit the hybrid M/E state. Furthermore, the genetic analysis identified KSHV-encoded FLICE inhibitory protein (vFLIP) as a crucial regulator controlling KSHV-induced MEndT and generating hybrid M/E state cells for tumorigenesis. Overall, KSHV-mediated MEndT that transforms MSCs to tumorigenic hybrid M/E state cells driven by vFLIP is an essential event in Kaposi’s sarcomagenesis. Kaposi’s sarcoma manifests as multifocal lesions with spindle cell proliferation, intense angiogenesis, and erythrocyte extravasation. Although the origin and malignant nature of KS remain contentious, it is established that KSHV infection with concomitant viral oncogene expression in normal cell progenitors causes KS. The mechanism of KSHV oncogenesis could be revealed through a reproduction of KS by infection of normal cells. This study reports that the KSHV infection of mesenchymal stem cells initiates mesenchymal-to-endothelial transition (MEndT) that generates mesenchymal/endothelial (M/E) hybrid state cells. The hybrid M/E cells acquired tumorigenic phenotypes, including tumor initiation, angiogenesis, migration, and the potential to form KS-like lesions after transplanted in mice. This finding faithfully recapitulates Kaposi’s sarcoma where proliferating KS spindle cells and the cells that line KS-specific aberrant vessels are also found to exhibit the hybrid M/E phenotype. We also found that KSHV-encoded viral FLICE inhibitory protein (vFLIP) plays a crucial role in promoting MEndT and the generation of M/E state cells. These results provide a new layer of evidence for KSHV-infected MSCs being the cell source of KS spindle cells and reveal novel insight into KS pathogenesis and viral tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Chen
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Ding
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengzhou Lu
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yuan
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nalwoga A, Roshan R, Moore K, Marshall V, Miley W, Labo N, Nakibuule M, Cose S, Rochford R, Newton R, Whitby D. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus T cell responses in HIV seronegative individuals from rural Uganda. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7323. [PMID: 34916520 PMCID: PMC8677732 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27623-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell responses to Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are likely essential in the control of KSHV infection and protection from associated disease, but remain poorly characterised. KSHV prevalence in rural Uganda is high at >90%. Here we investigate IFN- γ T cell responses to the KSHV proteome in HIV-negative individuals from a rural Ugandan population. We use an ex-vivo IFN- γ ELISpot assay with overlapping peptide pools spanning 83 KSHV open reading frames (ORF) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 116 individuals. KSHV-specific T cell IFN- γ responses are of low intensity and heterogeneous, with no evidence of immune dominance; by contrast, IFN- γ responses to Epstein-Barr virus, Cytomegalovirus and influenza peptides are frequent and intense. Individuals with KSHV DNA in PBMC have higher IFN- γ responses to ORF73 (p = 0.02) and lower responses to K8.1 (p = 0.004) when compared with those without KSHV DNA. In summary, we demonstrate low intensity, heterogeneous T cell responses to KSHV in immune-competent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Nalwoga
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Romin Roshan
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kyle Moore
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Vickie Marshall
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Wendell Miley
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nazzarena Labo
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Stephen Cose
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Denise Whitby
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA.
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15
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Li SX, Yu F, Chen HX, Zhang XD, Meng LH, Hao K, Zhao Z. Characterization of Ictalurid herpesvirus 1 Glycoprotein ORF59 and Its Potential Role on Virus Entry into the Host Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122393. [PMID: 34960662 PMCID: PMC8709185 DOI: 10.3390/v13122393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The channel catfish virus (CCV, Ictalurid herpesvirus 1) has caused sustained economic losses in the fish industry because of its strong infectivity and pathogenicity. Thus, it is necessary to determine the function of viral proteins in the CCV infection process. The present study aimed to characterize CCV glycoprotein ORF59 and explore its impact on virus infection in host cells. Firstly, its exclusive presence in the membrane fraction of the cell lysate and subcellular localization verified that CCV ORF59 is a viral membrane protein expressed at late-stage infection. A protein blocking assay using purified His6 tagged ORF59, expressed in sf9 insect cells using a baculovirus expression system, indicated a dose-dependent inhibitory effect of recombinant ORF59 protein on virus invasion. Knockdown of the ORF59 using a short hairpin (shRNA) showed that ORF59 silencing decreased the production of infectious virus particles in channel catfish ovary cells. The results of this study suggest that recombinant ORF59 protein might inhibit CCV entry into the host cells. These findings will promote future studies of the key functions of glycoprotein ORF59 during CCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Xin Li
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; (S.-X.L.); (F.Y.); (H.-X.C.); (X.-D.Z.); (L.-H.M.); (K.H.)
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; (S.-X.L.); (F.Y.); (H.-X.C.); (X.-D.Z.); (L.-H.M.); (K.H.)
| | - Hong-Xun Chen
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; (S.-X.L.); (F.Y.); (H.-X.C.); (X.-D.Z.); (L.-H.M.); (K.H.)
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; (S.-X.L.); (F.Y.); (H.-X.C.); (X.-D.Z.); (L.-H.M.); (K.H.)
| | - Li-Hui Meng
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; (S.-X.L.); (F.Y.); (H.-X.C.); (X.-D.Z.); (L.-H.M.); (K.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Kai Hao
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; (S.-X.L.); (F.Y.); (H.-X.C.); (X.-D.Z.); (L.-H.M.); (K.H.)
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; (S.-X.L.); (F.Y.); (H.-X.C.); (X.-D.Z.); (L.-H.M.); (K.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-025-8378-7653
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16
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Martini F, Champagne E. The Contribution of Human Herpes Viruses to γδ T Cell Mobilisation in Co-Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122372. [PMID: 34960641 PMCID: PMC8704314 DOI: 10.3390/v13122372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are activated in viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. Among viruses that promote γδ T cell mobilisation in humans, herpes viruses (HHVs) occupy a particular place since they infect the majority of the human population and persist indefinitely in the organism in a latent state. Thus, other infections should, in most instances, be considered co-infections, and the reactivation of HHV is a serious confounding factor in attributing γδ T cell alterations to a particular pathogen in human diseases. We review here the literature data on γδ T cell mobilisation in HHV infections and co-infections, and discuss the possible contribution of HHVs to γδ alterations observed in various infectious settings. As multiple infections seemingly mobilise overlapping γδ subsets, we also address the concept of possible cross-protection.
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17
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Braspenning SE, Verjans GMGM, Mehraban T, Messaoudi I, Depledge DP, Ouwendijk WJD. The architecture of the simian varicella virus transcriptome. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010084. [PMID: 34807956 PMCID: PMC8648126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary infection with varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella and the establishment of lifelong latency in sensory ganglion neurons. In one-third of infected individuals VZV reactivates from latency to cause herpes zoster, often complicated by difficult-to-treat chronic pain. Experimental infection of non-human primates with simian varicella virus (SVV) recapitulates most features of human VZV disease, thereby providing the opportunity to study the pathogenesis of varicella and herpes zoster in vivo. However, compared to VZV, the transcriptome and the full coding potential of SVV remains incompletely understood. Here, we performed nanopore direct RNA sequencing to annotate the SVV transcriptome in lytically SVV-infected African green monkey (AGM) and rhesus macaque (RM) kidney epithelial cells. We refined structures of canonical SVV transcripts and uncovered numerous RNA isoforms, splicing events, fusion transcripts and non-coding RNAs, mostly unique to SVV. We verified the expression of canonical and newly identified SVV transcripts in vivo, using lung samples from acutely SVV-infected cynomolgus macaques. Expression of selected transcript isoforms, including those located in the unique left-end of the SVV genome, was confirmed by reverse transcription PCR. Finally, we performed detailed characterization of the SVV homologue of the VZV latency-associated transcript (VLT), located antisense to ORF61. Analogous to VZV VLT, SVV VLT is multiply spliced and numerous isoforms are generated using alternative transcription start sites and extensive splicing. Conversely, low level expression of a single spliced SVV VLT isoform defines in vivo latency. Notably, the genomic location of VLT core exons is highly conserved between SVV and VZV. This work thus highlights the complexity of lytic SVV gene expression and provides new insights into the molecular biology underlying lytic and latent SVV infection. The identification of the SVV VLT homolog further underlines the value of the SVV non-human primate model to develop new strategies for prevention of herpes zoster. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)–a ubiquitous human pathogen–infects most individuals during childhood, leading to chickenpox, after which the virus persists in the host for decades. Later in life, VZV reactivates to cause shingles, frequently associated with difficult-to-treat chronic pain. Our limited understanding of the viral life-cycle hampers the development of more effective treatment options. Simian varicella virus (SVV) is the non-human primate homologue of VZV and causes a natural disease in Old World monkeys with clinical, pathological, and immunological features resembling human VZV infection. However, it is unclear how similar both viruses are at the molecular level. Here, we have revisited the genome-wide transcriptional activity of SVV during lytic infection of kidney epithelial cells derived from two non-human primate species and validated expression of newly identified viral transcripts in lung tissue from SVV-infected animals. Together, this has led to the identification of numerous alternative RNA isoforms, mostly unique to SVV, and some of which may have functional implications for the virus. Notably, we defined the SVV latency-associated transcript, which is highly similar to its VZV counterpart. In conclusion, our study shows the value of understanding the molecular biology of a given animal model and identifies potentially conserved mechanism of latency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tamana Mehraban
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel P. Depledge
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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18
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Niemeyer BF, Sanford B, Gibson JE, Berger JN, Oko LM, Medina E, Clambey ET, van Dyk LF. The gammaherpesvirus 68 viral cyclin facilitates expression of LANA. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010019. [PMID: 34780571 PMCID: PMC8629379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses establish life-long infections within their host and have been shown to be the causative agents of devastating malignancies. Chronic infection within the host is mediated through cycles of transcriptionally quiescent stages of latency with periods of reactivation into detectable lytic and productive infection. The mechanisms that regulate reactivation from latency remain poorly understood. Previously, we defined a critical role for the viral cyclin in promoting reactivation from latency. Disruption of the viral cyclin had no impact on the frequency of cells containing viral genome during latency, yet it remains unclear whether the viral cyclin influences latently infected cells in a qualitative manner. To define the impact of the viral cyclin on properties of latent infection, we utilized a viral cyclin deficient variant expressing a LANA-beta-lactamase fusion protein (LANA::βla), to enumerate both the cellular distribution and frequency of LANA gene expression. Disruption of the viral cyclin did not affect the cellular distribution of latently infected cells, but did result in a significant decrease in the frequency of cells that expressed LANA::βla across multiple tissues and in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient hosts. Strikingly, whereas the cyclin-deficient virus had a reactivation defect in bulk culture, sort purified cyclin-deficient LANA::βla expressing cells were fully capable of reactivation. These data emphasize that the γHV68 latent reservoir is comprised of at least two distinct stages of infection characterized by differential LANA expression, and that a primary function of the viral cyclin is to promote LANA expression during latency, a state associated with ex vivo reactivation competence. Gammaherpesviruses are ubiquitous viruses with oncogenic potential that establish latency for the life of the host. These viruses can emerge from latency through reactivation, a process that is controlled by the immune system. Control of viral latency and reactivation is thought to be critical to prevent γHV-associated disease. This study focuses on a virally-encoded cyclin that is required for reactivation from latency. By characterizing how the viral cyclin influences latent infection in pure cell populations, we find that the viral cyclin has a vital role in promoting viral gene expression during latency. This work provides new insight into the function of a virally encoded cyclin in promoting reactivation from latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian F. Niemeyer
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Bridget Sanford
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Joy E. Gibson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jennifer N. Berger
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lauren M. Oko
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Eva Medina
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Eric T. Clambey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Linda F. van Dyk
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Brandini DA, Takamiya AS, Thakkar P, Schaller S, Rahat R, Naqvi AR. Covid-19 and oral diseases: Crosstalk, synergy or association? Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2226. [PMID: 33646645 PMCID: PMC8014590 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that clinically affects multiple organs of the human body. Cells in the oral cavity express viral entry receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 that allows viral replication and may cause tissue inflammation and destruction. Recent studies have reported that Covid-19 patients present oral manifestations with multiple clinical aspects. In this review, we aim to summarise main signs and symptoms of Covid-19 in the oral cavity, its possible association with oral diseases, and the plausible underlying mechanisms of hyperinflammation reflecting crosstalk between Covid-19 and oral diseases. Ulcers, blisters, necrotising gingivitis, opportunistic coinfections, salivary gland alterations, white and erythematous plaques and gustatory dysfunction were the most reported clinical oral manifestations in patients with Covid-19. In general, the lesions appear concomitant with the loss of smell and taste. Multiple reports show evidences of necrotic/ulcerative gingiva, oral blisters and hypergrowth of opportunistic oral pathogens. SARS-CoV-2 exhibits tropism for endothelial cells and Covid-19-mediated endotheliitis can not only promote inflammation in oral tissues but can also facilitate virus spread. In addition, elevated levels of proinflammatory mediators in patients with Covid-19 and oral infectious disease can impair tissue homeostasis and cause delayed disease resolution. This suggests potential crosstalk of immune-mediated pathways underlying pathogenesis. Interestingly, few reports suggest recurrent herpetic lesions and higher bacterial growth in Covid-19 subjects, indicating SARS-CoV-2 and oral virus/bacteria interaction. Larger cohort studies comparing SARS-CoV-2 negative and positive subjects will reveal oral manifestation of the virus on oral health and its role in exacerbating oral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A. Brandini
- Department of Diagnosis and SurgerySchool of DentistrySão Paulo State University (UNESP)AraçatubaSão PauloBrazil
| | - Aline S. Takamiya
- Department of Diagnosis and SurgerySchool of DentistrySão Paulo State University (UNESP)AraçatubaSão PauloBrazil
| | - Pari Thakkar
- Mucosal Immunology LabCollege of DentistryUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Samantha Schaller
- Mucosal Immunology LabCollege of DentistryUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Rani Rahat
- Mucosal Immunology LabCollege of DentistryUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Afsar R. Naqvi
- Mucosal Immunology LabCollege of DentistryUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
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Vargas-Castro I, Melero M, Crespo-Picazo JL, Jiménez MDLÁ, Sierra E, Rubio-Guerri C, Arbelo M, Fernández A, García-Párraga D, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. Systematic Determination of Herpesvirus in Free-Ranging Cetaceans Stranded in the Western Mediterranean: Tissue Tropism and Associated Lesions. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112180. [PMID: 34834986 PMCID: PMC8621769 DOI: 10.3390/v13112180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The monitoring of herpesvirus infection provides useful information when assessing marine mammals’ health. This paper shows the prevalence of herpesvirus infection (80.85%) in 47 cetaceans stranded on the coast of the Valencian Community, Spain. Of the 966 tissues evaluated, 121 tested positive when employing nested-PCR (12.53%). The largest proportion of herpesvirus-positive tissue samples was in the reproductive system, nervous system, and tegument. Herpesvirus was more prevalent in females, juveniles, and calves. More than half the DNA PCR positive tissues contained herpesvirus RNA, indicating the presence of actively replicating virus. This RNA was most frequently found in neonates. Fourteen unique sequences were identified. Most amplified sequences belonged to the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily, but a greater variation was found in Alphaherpesvirinae sequences. This is the first report of systematic herpesvirus DNA and RNA determination in free-ranging cetaceans. Nine (19.14%) were infected with cetacean morbillivirus and all of them (100%) were coinfected with herpesvirus. Lesions similar to those caused by herpesvirus in other species were observed, mainly in the skin, upper digestive tract, genitalia, and central nervous system. Other lesions were also attributable to concomitant etiologies or were nonspecific. It is necessary to investigate the possible role of herpesvirus infection in those cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Vargas-Castro
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre and Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (C.R.-G.); (J.M.S.-V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mar Melero
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre and Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (C.R.-G.); (J.M.S.-V.)
- Division of External Health, Government Delegation in the Community of Madrid, Ministry of Territorial Policy, 28071 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Crespo-Picazo
- Research Department, Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana, 46013 Valencia, Spain; (J.L.C.-P.); (D.G.-P.)
| | - María de los Ángeles Jiménez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Eva Sierra
- Division of Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute for Animal Health, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Canary Islands, Spain; (E.S.); (M.A.); (A.F.)
| | - Consuelo Rubio-Guerri
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre and Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (C.R.-G.); (J.M.S.-V.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Facultad de CC de la Salud, UCH-CEU University, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Arbelo
- Division of Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute for Animal Health, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Canary Islands, Spain; (E.S.); (M.A.); (A.F.)
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Division of Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute for Animal Health, Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Canary Islands, Spain; (E.S.); (M.A.); (A.F.)
| | - Daniel García-Párraga
- Research Department, Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana, 46013 Valencia, Spain; (J.L.C.-P.); (D.G.-P.)
| | - José Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre and Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (C.R.-G.); (J.M.S.-V.)
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21
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Alling CR, Liu CC, Langohr IM, Haque M, Carter RT, Baker RE, Lewin AC. Assessment of Cidofovir for Treatment of Ocular Bovine Herpesvirus-1 Infection in Cattle Using an Ex-Vivo Model. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102102. [PMID: 34696532 PMCID: PMC8540818 DOI: 10.3390/v13102102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) infection contributes to keratoconjunctivitis, respiratory disease, and reproductive losses in cattle. The objective of this study was to determine the most appropriate ophthalmic antiviral agent for BoHV-1 inhibition using in-vitro culture and novel ex-vivo bovine corneal modeling. Half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of BoHV-1 were determined for cidofovir, ganciclovir, idoxuridine, and trifluridine via in-vitro plaque reduction assays. In-vitro cytotoxicity was compared amongst these compounds via luciferase assays. Trifluridine and cidofovir were the most potent BoHV-1 inhibitors in vitro, while trifluridine and idoxuridine were the most cytotoxic agents. Therefore, cidofovir was the most potent non-cytotoxic agent and was employed in the ex-vivo corneal assay. Corneoscleral rings (n = 36) from fresh cadaver bovine globes were harvested and equally divided into an uninfected, untreated control group; a BoHV-1-infected, untreated group; and a BoHV-1-infected, cidofovir-treated group. Virus isolation for BoHV-1 titers was performed from corneal tissue and liquid media. Histologic measurements of corneal thickness, epithelial cell density, and tissue organization were compared between groups. Substantial BoHV-1 replication was observed in infected, untreated corneas, but BoHV-1 titer was significantly reduced in cidofovir-treated (1.69 ± 0.08 × 103 PFU/mL) versus untreated (8.25 ± 0.25 × 105 PFU/mL, p < 0.0001) tissues by day 2 of culture. No significant differences in histologic criteria were observed between groups. In conclusion, cidofovir warrants further investigation as treatment for BoHV-1 keratoconjunctivitis, with future studies needed to assess in-vivo tolerability and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Alling
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.R.A.); (C.-C.L.); (R.T.C.); (R.E.B.)
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.R.A.); (C.-C.L.); (R.T.C.); (R.E.B.)
| | - Ingeborg M. Langohr
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (I.M.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Muzammel Haque
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (I.M.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Renee T. Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.R.A.); (C.-C.L.); (R.T.C.); (R.E.B.)
| | - Rose E. Baker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.R.A.); (C.-C.L.); (R.T.C.); (R.E.B.)
| | - Andrew C. Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (C.R.A.); (C.-C.L.); (R.T.C.); (R.E.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Ruchawapol C, Yuan M, Wang SM, Fu WW, Xu HX. Natural Products and Their Derivatives against Human Herpesvirus Infection. Molecules 2021; 26:6290. [PMID: 34684870 PMCID: PMC8541008 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses establish long-term latent infection for the life of the host and are known to cause numerous diseases. The prevalence of viral infection is significantly increased and causes a worldwide challenge in terms of health issues due to drug resistance. Prolonged treatment with conventional antiviral drugs is more likely to develop drug-resistant strains due to mutations of thymidine nucleoside kinase or DNA polymerase. Hence, the development of alternative treatments is clearly required. Natural products and their derivatives have played a significant role in treating herpesvirus infection rather than nucleoside analogs in drug-resistant strains with minimal undesirable effects and different mechanisms of action. Numerous plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria-derived compounds have been proved to be efficient and safe for treating human herpesvirus infection. This review covers the natural antiherpetic agents with the chemical structural class of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, polyphenols, anthraquinones, anthracyclines, and miscellaneous compounds, and their antiviral mechanisms have been summarized. This review would be helpful to get a better grasp of anti-herpesvirus activity of natural products and their derivatives, and to evaluate the feasibility of natural compounds as an alternative therapy against herpesvirus infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chattarin Ruchawapol
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, China; (C.R.); (M.Y.); (S.-M.W.)
- Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Man Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, China; (C.R.); (M.Y.); (S.-M.W.)
- Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Si-Min Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, China; (C.R.); (M.Y.); (S.-M.W.)
| | - Wen-Wei Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, China; (C.R.); (M.Y.); (S.-M.W.)
- Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong-Xi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, China; (C.R.); (M.Y.); (S.-M.W.)
- Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
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23
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Xu J, Liu X, Zhang X, Marshall B, Dong Z, Smith SB, Espinosa-Heidmann DG, Zhang M. Retinal and Choroidal Pathologies in Aged BALB/c Mice Following Systemic Neonatal Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection. Am J Pathol 2021; 191:1787-1804. [PMID: 34197777 PMCID: PMC8485058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although pathologies associated with acute virus infections have been extensively studied, the effects of long-term latent virus infections are less well understood. Human cytomegalovirus, which infects 50% to 80% of humans, is usually acquired during early life and persists in a latent state for the lifetime. The purpose of this study was to determine whether systemic murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection acquired early in life disseminates to and becomes latent in the eye and if ocular MCMV can trigger in situ inflammation and occurrence of ocular pathology. This study found that neonatal infection of BALB/c mice with MCMV resulted in dissemination of virus to the eye, where it localized principally to choroidal endothelia and pericytes and less frequently to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. MCMV underwent ocular latency, which was associated with expression of multiple virus genes and from which MCMV could be reactivated by immunosuppression. Latent ocular infection was associated with significant up-regulation of several inflammatory/angiogenic factors. Retinal and choroidal pathologies developed in a progressive manner, with deposits appearing at both basal and apical aspects of the RPE, RPE/choroidal atrophy, photoreceptor degeneration, and neovascularization. The pathologies induced by long-term ocular MCMV latency share features of previously described human ocular diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxian Xu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; James and Jean Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Xinglou Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; James and Jean Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Xinyan Zhang
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; James and Jean Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Brendan Marshall
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Sylvia B Smith
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; James and Jean Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; Department of Ophthamology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Diego G Espinosa-Heidmann
- James and Jean Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; Department of Ophthamology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia; James and Jean Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.
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Yu F, Li S, Chen H, Hao K, Meng L, Yang J, Zhao Z. Multiple AT-rich sequences function as a cis-element in the ORF3 promoter in channel catfish virus (Ictaluridherpesvirus 1). J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1609-1617. [PMID: 34192354 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The expression of herpesvirus genes during infection of tissue culture cells can be classified into three main classes: immediate-early (IE), early and late. The transcriptional regulation of herpesvirus IE genes is a critical regulatory step in the initiation of viral infection, with their regulation differing from that of early and late genes. Herein, we report that an IE gene (ORF3) promoter in channel catfish virus (CCV, Ictalurid herpesvirus 1) can be activated regardless of the presence or absence of CCV infection, indicating that the ORF3 promoter is efficiently driven by host-cell transcription factors in a viral infection-independent manner. The analysis of truncated promoter activity suggested that several transcription elements play a role in activating the ORF3 promoter, with the key cis-elements seemingly located in the flanking sequence of the start codon ATG. We further found that this flanking sequence contained multiple AT-rich sequences, and systematic mutational analyses showed that these AT-rich sequences affected normal transcription levels of the ORF3 promoter. To summarize, multiple AT-rich domains, representing the novel architecture of IE gene promoters in Ictalurid herpesvirus 1, serve as a cis-element for ORF3 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuxin Li
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxun Chen
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Hao
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihui Meng
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiayue Yang
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
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25
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Tang J, Frascaroli G, Zhou X, Knickmann J, Brune W. Cell Fusion and Syncytium Formation in Betaherpesvirus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101973. [PMID: 34696402 PMCID: PMC8537622 DOI: 10.3390/v13101973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell–cell fusion is a fundamental and complex process that occurs during reproduction, organ and tissue growth, cancer metastasis, immune response, and infection. All enveloped viruses express one or more proteins that drive the fusion of the viral envelope with cellular membranes. The same proteins can mediate the fusion of the plasma membranes of adjacent cells, leading to the formation of multinucleated syncytia. While cell–cell fusion triggered by alpha- and gammaherpesviruses is well-studied, much less is known about the fusogenic potential of betaherpesviruses such as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and human herpesviruses 6 and 7 (HHV-6 and HHV-7). These are slow-growing viruses that are highly prevalent in the human population and associated with several diseases, particularly in individuals with an immature or impaired immune system such as fetuses and transplant recipients. While HHV-6 and HHV-7 are strictly lymphotropic, HCMV infects a very broad range of cell types including epithelial, endothelial, mesenchymal, and myeloid cells. Syncytia have been observed occasionally for all three betaherpesviruses, both during in vitro and in vivo infection. Since cell–cell fusion may allow efficient spread to neighboring cells without exposure to neutralizing antibodies and other host immune factors, viral-induced syncytia may be important for viral dissemination, long-term persistence, and pathogenicity. In this review, we provide an overview of the viral and cellular factors and mechanisms identified so far in the process of cell–cell fusion induced by betaherpesviruses and discuss the possible consequences for cellular dysfunction and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Tang
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (J.T.); (G.F.); (X.Z.); (J.K.)
- Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Giada Frascaroli
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (J.T.); (G.F.); (X.Z.); (J.K.)
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (J.T.); (G.F.); (X.Z.); (J.K.)
| | - Jan Knickmann
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (J.T.); (G.F.); (X.Z.); (J.K.)
| | - Wolfram Brune
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (J.T.); (G.F.); (X.Z.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Sawant L, Ostler JB, Jones C. A Pioneer Transcription Factor and Type I Nuclear Hormone Receptors Synergistically Activate the Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Infected Cell Protein 0 (ICP0) Early Promoter. J Virol 2021; 95:e0076821. [PMID: 34319779 PMCID: PMC8475507 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00768-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Following bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) acute infection of ocular, oral, or nasal cavities, sensory neurons within trigeminal ganglia are an important site for latency. Stress, as mimicked by the synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone, consistently induces reactivation from latency. Expression of two key viral transcriptional regulatory proteins, BoHV-1 infected cell protein 0 (bICP0) and bICP4, are regulated by sequences within the immediate early promoter (IEtu1). A separate early promoter also drives bICP0 expression, presumably to ensure sufficient levels of this important transcriptional regulatory protein. Productive infection and bICP0 early promoter activity are cooperatively transactivated by Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) and a type I nuclear hormone receptor (NHR), androgen receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, or progesterone receptor. The bICP0 early promoter contains three separate transcriptional enhancers that mediate cooperative transactivation. In contrast to the IEtu1 promoter, the bICP0 early promoter lacks consensus type I NHR binding sites. Consequently, we hypothesized that KLF4 and Sp1 binding sites are essential for type I NHR and KLF4 to transactivate the bICP0 promoter. Mutating KLF4 and Sp1 binding sites in each enhancer domain significantly reduced transactivation by KLF4 and a type I NHR. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) studies demonstrated that occupancy of bICP0 early promoter sequences by KLF4 and type I NHR is significantly reduced when KLF4 and/or Sp1 binding sites are mutated. These studies suggest that cooperative transactivation of the bICP0 E promoter by type I NHRs and a stress-induced pioneer transcription factor (KLF4) promote viral replication and spread in neurons or nonneural cells in reproductive tissue. IMPORTANCE Understanding how stressful stimuli and changes in the cellular milieu mediate viral replication and gene expression in the natural host is important for developing therapeutic strategies that impair virus transmission and disease. For example, bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) reactivation from latency is consistently induced by the synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone, which mimics the effects of stress. Furthermore, BoHV-1 infection increases the incidence of abortion in pregnant cows, suggesting that sex hormones stimulate viral growth in certain tissues. Previous studies revealed that type I nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) (androgen, glucocorticoid, or progesterone) and a pioneer transcription factor, Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), cooperatively transactivate the BoHV-1 infected cell protein 0 (bICP0) early promoter. Transactivation was mediated by Sp1 and/or KLF4 consensus binding sites within the three transcriptional enhancers. These studies underscore the complexity by which BoHV-1 exploits type I NHR fluctuations to enhance viral gene expression, replication, and transmission in the natural host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laximan Sawant
- Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jeffery B. Ostler
- Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Clinton Jones
- Oklahoma State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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Saleh M, Sellyei B, Kovács G, Székely C. Viruses Infecting the European Catfish ( Silurus glanis). Viruses 2021; 13:1865. [PMID: 34578446 PMCID: PMC8473376 DOI: 10.3390/v13091865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In aquaculture, disease management and pathogen control are key for a successful fish farming industry. In past years, European catfish farming has been flourishing. However, devastating fish pathogens including limiting fish viruses are considered a big threat to further expanding of the industry. Even though mainly the ranavirus (Iridoviridea) and circovirus (Circoviridea) infections are considered well- described in European catfish, more other agents including herpes-, rhabdo or papillomaviruses are also observed in the tissues of catfish with or without any symptoms. The etiological role of these viruses has been unclear until now. Hence, there is a requisite for more detailed information about the latter and the development of preventive and therapeutic approaches to complete them. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge about viruses that affect the European catfish and describe their origin, distribution, molecular characterisation, and phylogenetic classification. We also highlight the knowledge gaps, which need more in-depth investigations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Saleh
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1220 Vienna, Austria
| | - Boglárka Sellyei
- Fish Pathology and Parasitology Research Team, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21., 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Gyula Kovács
- Research Institute for Fisheries and Aquaculture (HAKI), Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Anna-liget utca 35., 5540 Szarvas, Hungary;
| | - Csaba Székely
- Fish Pathology and Parasitology Research Team, Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21., 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (C.S.)
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Oba M, Rongduo W, Saito A, Okabayashi T, Yokota T, Yasuoka J, Sato Y, Nishifuji K, Wake H, Nibu Y, Mizutani T. Natto extract, a Japanese fermented soybean food, directly inhibits viral infections including SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 570:21-25. [PMID: 34271432 PMCID: PMC8276596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Natto, a traditional Japanese fermented soybean food, is well known to be nutritious and beneficial for health. In this study, we examined whether natto impairs infection by viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as well as bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1). Interestingly, our results show that both SARS-CoV-2 and BHV-1 treated with a natto extract were fully inhibited infection to the cells. We also found that the glycoprotein D of BHV-1 was shown to be degraded by Western blot analysis and that a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) was proteolytically degraded when incubated with the natto extract. In addition, RBD protein carrying a point mutation (UK variant N501Y) was also degraded by the natto extract. When the natto extract was heated at 100 °C for 10 min, the ability of both SARS-CoV-2 and BHV-1 to infect to the cells was restored. Consistent with the results of the heat inactivation, a serine protease inhibitor inhibited anti-BHV-1 activity caused by the natto extract. Thus, our findings provide the first evidence that the natto extract contains a protease(s) that inhibits viral infection through the proteolysis of the viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Oba
- Center for Infectious Diseases of Epidemiology and Prevention Research (CEPiR), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wen Rongduo
- Center for Infectious Diseases of Epidemiology and Prevention Research (CEPiR), Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture Cooperative Division of Veterinary Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akatsuki Saito
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan; Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tamaki Okabayashi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan; Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yokota
- Center for Infectious Diseases of Epidemiology and Prevention Research (CEPiR), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko Yasuoka
- Center for Infectious Diseases of Epidemiology and Prevention Research (CEPiR), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Sato
- Center for Infectious Diseases of Epidemiology and Prevention Research (CEPiR), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Nishifuji
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Wake
- Center for Infectious Diseases of Epidemiology and Prevention Research (CEPiR), Tokyo, Japan; National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nibu
- The University Research Administration Center (URAC), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Center for Infectious Diseases of Epidemiology and Prevention Research (CEPiR), Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture Cooperative Division of Veterinary Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
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Muscolino E, Luoto LM, Brune W. Viral Induced Protein Aggregation: A Mechanism of Immune Evasion. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179624. [PMID: 34502533 PMCID: PMC8431809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Various intrinsic and extrinsic factors can interfere with the process of protein folding, resulting in protein aggregates. Usually, cells prevent the formation of aggregates or degrade them to prevent the cytotoxic effects they may cause. However, during viral infection, the formation of aggregates may serve as a cellular defense mechanism. On the other hand, some viruses are able to exploit the process of aggregate formation and removal to promote their replication or evade the immune response. This review article summarizes the process of cellular protein aggregation and gives examples of how different viruses exploit it. Particular emphasis is placed on the ribonucleotide reductases of herpesviruses and how their additional non-canonical functions in viral immune evasion are closely linked to protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Muscolino
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (E.M.); (L.-M.L.)
- Molecular Virology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura-Marie Luoto
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (E.M.); (L.-M.L.)
| | - Wolfram Brune
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (E.M.); (L.-M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-40-48051351
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Wen J, Xu Y, Su M, Lu L, Wang H. Susceptibility of Goldfish to Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) SH01 Isolated from Cultured Crucian Carp. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091761. [PMID: 34578342 PMCID: PMC8473056 DOI: 10.3390/v13091761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2), a member of the Alloherpesviridae family belonging to the genus Cyprinivirus, is a fatal contagious aquatic pathogen that affects goldfish (Carassius auratus) and crucian carp (Carassius carassius). Although crucian carp and goldfish belong to the genus Carassius, it is unclear whether they are susceptible to the same CyHV-2 isolate. In addition, the origin of the crucian carp-derived CyHV-2 virus isolate remains unclear. CyHV-2 SH01 was isolated during herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease (HVHN) outbreaks in crucian carp at a local fish farm near Shanghai. CyHV-2 SH01 was confirmed by PCR and Western blot analysis of kidney, spleen, muscle, and blood tissue from the diseased crucian carp. Moreover, histopathological and ultra-pathological analyses revealed pathological changes characteristic of CyHV-2 SH01 infection in the tissues of the diseased crucian carp. In the present study, goldfish and crucian carp were challenged with CyHV-2 SH01 to elucidate viral virulence. We found that CyHV-2 SH01 could cause rapid and fatal disease progression in goldfish and crucian carp 24 h post-injection at 28 °C. Experimental infection of goldfish by injection indicated that the average virus titer in the kidney of the goldfish was 103.47 to 103.59 copies/mg. In addition, tissues exhibited the most prominent histopathological changes (cellular wrinkling and shrinkage, cytoplasmic vacuolation, fusion of the gill lamellae, and hepatic congestion) in CyHV-2 SH01-infected goldfish and crucian carp. Thus, crucian carp and goldfish showed a high sensitivity, with typical symptoms, to HVHN disease caused by CyHV-2 SH01.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxuan Wen
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.W.); (Y.X.); (M.S.); (L.L.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yao Xu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.W.); (Y.X.); (M.S.); (L.L.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Meizhen Su
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.W.); (Y.X.); (M.S.); (L.L.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Liqun Lu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.W.); (Y.X.); (M.S.); (L.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.W.); (Y.X.); (M.S.); (L.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-021-61900453 (ext. 201306)
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Hoffman D, Rodriguez W, Macveigh-Fierro D, Miles J, Muller M. The KSHV ORF20 Protein Interacts with the Viral Processivity Factor ORF59 and Promotes Viral Reactivation. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0014521. [PMID: 34106579 PMCID: PMC8552657 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00145-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) lytic reactivation, rapid and widespread amplification of viral DNA (vDNA) triggers significant nuclear reorganization. As part of this striking shift in nuclear architecture, viral replication compartments are formed as sites of lytic vDNA production along with remarkable spatial remodeling and the relocalization of cellular and viral proteins. These viral replication compartments house several lytic gene products that coordinate viral gene expression, vDNA replication, and nucleocapsid assembly. The viral proteins and mechanisms that regulate this overhaul of the nuclear landscape during KSHV replication remain largely unknown. KSHV's ORF20 is a widely conserved lytic gene among all herpesviruses, suggesting it may have a fundamental contribution to the progression of herpesviral infection. Here, we utilized a promiscuous biotin ligase proximity labeling method to identify the proximal interactome of ORF20, which includes several replication-associated viral proteins, one of which is ORF59, the KSHV DNA processivity factor. Using coimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays, we confirmed the interaction between ORF20 and ORF59 and tracked the localization of both proteins to KSHV replication compartments. To further characterize the function of ORF20, we generated an ORF20-deficient KSHV and compared its replicative fitness to that of wild-type virus. Virion production was significantly diminished in the ORF20-deficient virus as observed by supernatant transfer assays. Additionally, we tied this defect in viable virion formation to a reduction in viral late gene expression. Lastly, we observed an overall reduction in vDNA replication in the ORF20-deficient virus, implying a key role for ORF20 in the regulation of lytic replication. Taken together, these results capture the essential role of KSHV ORF20 in progressing viral lytic infection by regulating vDNA replication alongside other crucial lytic proteins within KSHV replication compartments. IMPORTANCE Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a herpesvirus that induces lifelong infection, and as such, its lytic replication is carefully controlled to allow for efficient dissemination from its long-term reservoir and for the spread of the virus to new hosts. Viral DNA replication involves many host and viral proteins, coordinating both in time and space to successfully progress through the viral life cycle. Yet, this process is still not fully understood. We investigated the role of the poorly characterized viral protein ORF20, and through proximity labeling, we found that ORF20 interacts with ORF59 in replication compartments and affects DNA replication and subsequent steps of the late viral life cycle. Collectively, these results provide insights into the possible contribution of ORF20 to the complex lytic DNA replication process and suggest that this highly conserved protein may be an important modulator of this key viral mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Hoffman
- Microbiology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - W. Rodriguez
- Microbiology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - D. Macveigh-Fierro
- Microbiology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J. Miles
- Microbiology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - M. Muller
- Microbiology Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Malonga GA, Jary A, Leducq V, Moudiongui Mboungou Malanda D, Boumba ALM, Chicaud E, Malet I, Calvez V, Peko JF, Marcelin AG. Seroprevalence and molecular diversity of Human Herpesvirus 8 among people living with HIV in Brazzaville, Congo. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17442. [PMID: 34465868 PMCID: PMC8408137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) is endemic in Africa, although studies of this infection are rare in Congo. We evaluated seroprevalence and HHV-8 diversity among people living with HIV. We included 353 patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Antibodies against HHV-8 latency-associated nuclear antigen were detected by indirect immunofluorescence. In HHV-8 positive patients, we performed HHV-8 quantification in blood and saliva by real-time PCR and typing by Sanger sequencing of K1 open reading frame. HHV-8 seroprevalence was 19%, being male (odd ratio [OR] = 1.741, [95% Confidence interval {CI}, 0.97-3.07]; p = 0.0581) and having multiple sex partners before HIV diagnosis (OR = 1.682, [CI 95%, 0.97-2.92]; p = 0.0629) tended to be associated with HHV-8 seropositivity. Of the 64 HHV-8 seropositive patients, HHV-8 DNA was detected in 10 (16%) in saliva, 6 (9%) in whole-blood and in 2 (3%) in both whole-blood and saliva. Three out of 6 HHV-8 strains were subtypes A5, 2 subtype B1 and 1 subtype C. HHV-8 seroprevalence was relatively low with more frequent carriage in men, associated with asymptomatic oral excretion and a predominance of subtype A5. These data tend to support the hypothesis of horizontal transmission in people living with HIV in Brazzaville.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervillien Arnold Malonga
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Department of Virology - CERVI, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.
| | - Aude Jary
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Department of Virology - CERVI, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Valentin Leducq
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Department of Virology - CERVI, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Dimitry Moudiongui Mboungou Malanda
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Brazzaville, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Anicet Luc Magloire Boumba
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Laboratoire d'Analyses Médicales, Hôpital Général de Loandjili, Pointe-Noire, Republic of Congo
| | - Elodie Chicaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Department of Virology - CERVI, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Malet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Department of Virology - CERVI, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Calvez
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Department of Virology - CERVI, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Jean Felix Peko
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Brazzaville, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Anne-Geneviève Marcelin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Department of Virology - CERVI, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
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Mira F, Canuti M, Di Bella S, Puleio R, Lavazza A, Lelli D, Vicari D, Purpari G, Cannella V, Chiaramonte G, Schirò G, Castronovo C, Guercio A. Detection and Molecular Characterization of Two Gammaherpesviruses from Pantesco Breed Donkeys during an Outbreak of Mild Respiratory Disease. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081527. [PMID: 34452391 PMCID: PMC8402663 DOI: 10.3390/v13081527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid and asinine gammaherpesviruses (GHVs; genus Percavirus) are members of the Herpesviridae family. Though GHVs have been reported in horse populations, less studies are available on gammaherpesviral infections in donkeys. This study reports the co-infection with two GHVs in Pantesco breed donkeys, an endangered Italian donkey breed. Samples (n = 124) were collected on a breeding farm in Southern Italy from 40 donkeys, some of which were healthy or presented erosive tongue lesions and/or mild respiratory signs. Samples were analysed by using a set of nested PCRs targeting the DNA polymerase, glycoprotein B, and DNA-packaging protein genes, and sequence and phylogenetic analyses were performed. Twenty-nine donkeys (72.5%) tested positive, and the presence of Equid gammaherpesvirus 7 and asinine herpesvirus 5 was evidenced. In 11 animals, we found evidence for co-infection with viruses from the two species. Virions with herpesvirus-like morphology were observed by electron microscopic examination, and viruses were successfully isolated in RK-13-KY cell monolayers. The histological evaluation of tongue lesions revealed moderate lympho-granulocytic infiltrates and rare eosinophilic inclusions. The detection of GHVs in this endangered asinine breed suggests the need long-life monitoring within conservation programs and reinforces the need for further investigations of GHV’s pathogenetic role in asinine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mira
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Marta Canuti
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Avenue, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada;
| | - Santina Di Bella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Roberto Puleio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (A.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi n. 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (A.L.); (D.L.)
| | - Domenico Vicari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Giuseppa Purpari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Vincenza Cannella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Gabriele Chiaramonte
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Giorgia Schirò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Calogero Castronovo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Annalisa Guercio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via Gino Marinuzzi n. 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (R.P.); (D.V.); (G.P.); (V.C.); (G.C.); (G.S.); (C.C.); (A.G.)
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Fan ZH, Xu Y, Luo W, He XC, Zheng TT, Zhang JJ, Xu XY, Qin QW, Lee XZ. Molecular cloning and characterization of CD63 in common carp infected with koi herpesvirus. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 121:104102. [PMID: 33862099 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CD63 is a member of the four-transmembrane-domain protein superfamily and is the first characterized tetraspanin protein. In the present study, we cloned the common carp (Cyprinus Carpio) CD63 (ccCD63) sequence and found that the ccCD63 ORF contained 711 bp and encoded a protein of 236 amino acids. Homology analysis revealed that the complete ccCD63 sequence had 84.08% amino acid similarity to CD63 of Sinocyclocheilus anshuiensis. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that ccCD63 was localized in the cytoplasm. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that ccCD63 was expressed in the gill, intestine, liver, spleen, brain and kidney, with higher expression in spleen and brain tissues than in the other examined tissues. After koi herpesvirus (KHV) infection, these tissues exhibited various expression levels of ccCD63. The expression level was the lowest in the liver and highest in the brain; the expression level in the brain was 8.7-fold higher than that in the liver. Furthermore, knockdown of ccCD63 promoted KHV infection. Moreover, ccCD63 was correlated with the regulation of RIG-I/MAVS/TRAF3/TBK1/IRF3 and may be involved in the antiviral response through the RIG-I viral recognition signalling pathway in a TRAF3/TBK1-dependent manner. Taken together, our results suggested that ccCD63 upregulated the interaction of KHV with the host immune system and suppressed the dissemination of KHV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z H Fan
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Y Xu
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - W Luo
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - X C He
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - T T Zheng
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - J J Zhang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - X Y Xu
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Q W Qin
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - X Z Lee
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Wang Z, Zheng N, Liang J, Wang Q, Zu X, Wang H, Yuan H, Zhang R, Guo S, Liu Y, Zhou J. Emodin resists to Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 replication via the pathways of Nrf2/Keap1-ARE and NF-κB in the ornamental koi carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 246:109023. [PMID: 33647480 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) causes high mortality in carp. Emodin has been shown of the effects of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral. In present study, we investigated the preventive effects and mechanism of emodin on CyHV-3 infection. The ornamental koi carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) were intraperitoneally injected with emodin (10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, or 40 mg/kg). 72 h later, an intraperitoneal injection of CyHV-3 was administered, and collected the samples one week later to detect the antioxidant parameters, antioxidant genes, inflammatory genes and to perform histopathology assays. The results showed that emodin significantly suppressed CyHV-3 replication (P < 0.05), improved the koi survival rate and slowed the damage caused by CyHV-3. Emodin treatment increased the antioxidant activity and decreased the lipid peroxidation level of the koi. Compared to the CyHV-3 group, emodin treatment resulted in the same antioxidant parameters after CyHV-3 infection. Emodin treatment activated the Nuclear factorery throid 2-related factor 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1-antioxidatant response element (Nrf2/Keap1-ARE) pathway and upregulated the expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the hepatopancreas after CyHV-3 infection. Emodin activated the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway and decreased the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the koi induced by CyHV-3. In conclusion, emodin treatment can suppress CyHV-3 replication and reduce the mortality of koi caused by CyHV-3. Emodin improves antioxidant function, relieves oxidative stress and inflammation cytokines via Nrf2/Keap1-ARE and NF-κB pathways, and protects against the adverse effects induced by CyHV-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Jie Liang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Qiuju Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Xiujie Zu
- Jilin Academy of Fishery Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Haiyan Yuan
- Jilin Province Fishery Technology Extension Station, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Ruixue Zhang
- Jilin Province Fishery Technology Extension Station, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Shanshan Guo
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- Jilin Academy of Fishery Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Jingxiang Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
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Michael Bergmann S, Dabels J, Klafack S, Jin Y, Lee PY, Hofmann AC, Wang Y, Wang Q, Li Y, Zeng W, Lusiastuti A, Zheng S, Jin Y, Kiełpińska J, Monaghan S. Serological responses to koi herpesvirus (KHV) in a non-cyprinid reservoir host. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1229-1236. [PMID: 33973665 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Koi herpesvirus (KHV) is a highly contagious virus that causes KHV disease (KHVD) inducing high mortality in carp and koi (Cyprinus carpio L.). In the late stage, latency occurs with very low, often non-detectable virus concentrations, which represents a challenge for virus detection. After validation according to OIE recommendations, an antibody ELISA was established to recognize antibodies of C. carpio against KHV infection. In this study, the ELISA was modified to detect anti-KHV antibodies from a non-cyprinid fish. Experimentally infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were able to transmit KHV to naïve carp at two different temperatures, demonstrating their potential as a reservoir host. At 20°C, KHVD was induced in carp but not at 15°C. Unexpectedly, rainbow trout developed humoral response against KHV at both temperatures. In contrast to carp, at 15°C trout produced neutralizing antibodies but not at 20°C. While antibodies obtained from infected carp sera reacted in a similar way against all KHV, antibodies from rainbow trout sera reacted differently to the same isolates by ELISA. The data show that even when non-cyprinid fish species are infected with KHV, they can produce antibodies that differ from those observed in carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Michael Bergmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Juliane Dabels
- Aquaculture and Sea Ranching, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sandro Klafack
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Yeonwha Jin
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Pei-Yu Lee
- Department of Research and Development, GeneReach Biotechnology Corporation, Taiwan, PR China
| | - Arndt Christian Hofmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Yingying Wang
- Chinese Academy of Fishery science, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Chinese Academy of Fishery science, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yingying Li
- Chinese Academy of Fishery science, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Weiwei Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, PR China
| | - Angela Lusiastuti
- Research Institute for Freshwater Aquaculture and Fisheries Extension, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Shucheng Zheng
- Chinese Academy of Fishery science, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yijuan Jin
- Chinese Academy of Fishery science, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jolanta Kiełpińska
- Department of Aquatic Bioengineering and Aquaculture, Faculty of Food Science and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Sean Monaghan
- Aquatic Vaccine Unit, School of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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Perrin KL, Kristensen AT, Bertelsen MF, Denk D. Retrospective review of 27 European cases of fatal elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus-haemorrhagic disease reveals evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14173. [PMID: 34238966 PMCID: PMC8266883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus haemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) is widely acknowledged as the most common cause of mortality in young Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in captivity. The objective of the current study was to perform a blinded, retrospective pathology review of European EEHV-HD fatalities, constituting the largest systematic assessment of EEHV-HD pathology to date. Findings between viral genotypes were compared with the aim to investigate if disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) could be substantiated as a significant complicating factor, thereby increasing the understanding of disease pathophysiology. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed endothelial cell (EC) damage and the presence of EC intranuclear inclusion bodies, demonstrating a direct viral cytopathic effect. Microthrombi were observed in 63% of cases in several organs, including lungs, which, together with widespread haemorrhage and thrombocytopenia reported in EEHV-HD case reports, supports the presence of overt DIC as a serious haemostatic complication of active EEHV infection. Death was attributed to widespread vascular damage with multi-organ dysfunction, including severe acute myocardial haemorrhage and subsequent cardiac failure. Systemic inflammation observed in the absence of bacterial infection may be caused by cytokine release syndrome. Findings reinforce the necessity to investigate cytokine responses and haemostatic status during symptomatic and asymptomatic EEHV viraemia, to potentially support the use of anti-inflammatory treatment in conjunction with anti-viral therapy and cardiovascular support.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Perrin
- Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Roskildevej 38, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
- The Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - A T Kristensen
- The Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - M F Bertelsen
- Center for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Roskildevej 38, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - D Denk
- International Zoo Veterinary Group, Station House, Parkwood Street, Keighley, BD21 4NQ, UK
- Institute for Animal Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
This evidence-based review highlights cutaneous infections of bacterial, viral, and fungal origin that are frequently encountered by clinicians in all fields of practice. With a focus on treatment options and management, the scope of this article is to serve as a reference for physicians, regardless of field of specialty, as they encounter these pathogens in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Preda-Naumescu
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Boni Elewski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 510 20th Street South, FOT Suite 858, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Tiffany T Mayo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 510 20th Street South, FOT Suite 858, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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Li Y, Wang Q, Hu F, Wang Y, Bergmann SM, Zeng W, Yin J, Shi C. Development of a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) for the detection of KHV. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:913-921. [PMID: 33634875 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD) caused by the koi herpesvirus (KHV) is difficult to diagnose in live fish, presenting a challenge to the koi industry. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method cannot be widely used to detect KHV because few commercial anti-KHV antibody exists. Here, we developed an anti-ORF132 polyclonal antibody and confirmed its reactivity via indirect immunofluorescence assay and Western blotting. A double-antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA) was established to detect KHV, monoclonal antibody 1B71B4 against ORF92 was used as the capture antibody, and the detection antibody was the polyclonal antibody against the truncated ORF132. The lowest limit was 1.56 ng/ml KHV. Furthermore, the DAS-ELISA reacted with KHV isolates, while no cross-reactions occurred with carp oedema virus, spring viraemia of carp virus, frog virus 3 and grass carp reovirus. Two hundred koi serum samples from Guangdong, China, were used in the DAS-ELISA test, and the positive rate of the koi sera was 13%. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the DAS-ELISA relative to the traditional PCR method were 66.7% and 97.6%, respectively. Our findings may be useful for diagnosing and preventing KHVD in koi and common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sven M Bergmann
- German Reference Laboratory for KHVD, Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Weiwei Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Jiyuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cunbin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Yegoraw AA, Assen AM, Gerber PF, Walkden-Brown SW. Transmission of infectious laryngotracheitis virus vaccine and field strains: the role of degree of contact and transmission by whole blood, plasma and poultry dust. Vet Res 2021; 52:91. [PMID: 34158102 PMCID: PMC8220770 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00959-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of transmission of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) is critical to proper control as both vaccine and wild-type strains circulate within chicken flocks with potential adverse consequences. The relative efficiency of transmission by direct contact between chickens and airborne transmission has not been investigated. Furthermore, relatively high levels of ILTV DNA have been detected in poultry dust and blood but the infectivity of these is unknown. In this study, comparison of in-contact and airborne transmission of two vaccine and one field strain of ILTV revealed that all transmitted to 100% of in-contact birds by 6 days post-exposure (dpe). Airborne transmission without contact resulted in 100% transmission by 14 and 17 dpe for the wild-type and Serva vaccine virus but only 27% transmission by 21 dpe for the A20 vaccine virus. The infectivity of dust or extracts of dust and blood or plasma from infected chickens at various stages of infection was assessed by inoculation into susceptible chickens. There was no transmission by any of these materials. In conclusion, direct contact facilitated efficient ILTV transmission but the virus was unable to be transmitted by dust from infected chickens suggestive of a limited role in the epidemiology of ILTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addisu A Yegoraw
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.
| | - Awol M Assen
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Priscilla F Gerber
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen W Walkden-Brown
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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Garcia LR, Tenev T, Newman R, Haich RO, Liccardi G, John SW, Annibaldi A, Yu L, Pardo M, Young SN, Fitzgibbon C, Fernando W, Guppy N, Kim H, Liang LY, Lucet IS, Kueh A, Roxanis I, Gazinska P, Sims M, Smyth T, Ward G, Bertin J, Beal AM, Geddes B, Choudhary JS, Murphy JM, Aurelia Ball K, Upton JW, Meier P. Ubiquitylation of MLKL at lysine 219 positively regulates necroptosis-induced tissue injury and pathogen clearance. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3364. [PMID: 34099649 PMCID: PMC8184782 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23474-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis is a lytic, inflammatory form of cell death that not only contributes to pathogen clearance but can also lead to disease pathogenesis. Necroptosis is triggered by RIPK3-mediated phosphorylation of MLKL, which is thought to initiate MLKL oligomerisation, membrane translocation and membrane rupture, although the precise mechanism is incompletely understood. Here, we show that K63-linked ubiquitin chains are attached to MLKL during necroptosis and that ubiquitylation of MLKL at K219 significantly contributes to the cytotoxic potential of phosphorylated MLKL. The K219R MLKL mutation protects animals from necroptosis-induced skin damage and renders cells resistant to pathogen-induced necroptosis. Mechanistically, we show that ubiquitylation of MLKL at K219 is required for higher-order assembly of MLKL at membranes, facilitating its rupture and necroptosis. We demonstrate that K219 ubiquitylation licenses MLKL activity to induce lytic cell death, suggesting that necroptotic clearance of pathogens as well as MLKL-dependent pathologies are influenced by the ubiquitin-signalling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ramos Garcia
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
| | - Tencho Tenev
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Richard Newman
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Rachel O Haich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Gianmaria Liccardi
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 44, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sidonie Wicky John
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Annibaldi
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Lu Yu
- Functional Proteomics Group, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Mercedes Pardo
- Functional Proteomics Group, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Samuel N Young
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Cheree Fitzgibbon
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Winnie Fernando
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Naomi Guppy
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Hyojin Kim
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Lung-Yu Liang
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Isabelle S Lucet
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Kueh
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ioannis Roxanis
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Patrycja Gazinska
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - John Bertin
- Innate Immunity Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
- Immunology and Inflammation Research Therapeutic Area at Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Allison M Beal
- Innate Immunity Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Brad Geddes
- Innate Immunity Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Jyoti S Choudhary
- Functional Proteomics Group, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - James M Murphy
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - K Aurelia Ball
- Department of Chemistry, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Jason W Upton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Pascal Meier
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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Foreman HCC, Kirillov V, Paniccia G, Catalano D, Andrunik T, Gupta S, Krug LT, Zhang Y. RNA-guided gene editing of the murine gammaherpesvirus 68 genome reduces infectious virus production. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252313. [PMID: 34086743 PMCID: PMC8177658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) are cancer-causing viruses that establish lifelong infections in humans. Gene editing using the Cas9-guideRNA (gRNA) CRISPR system has been applied to decrease the latent load of EBV in human Burkitt lymphoma cells. Validating the efficacy of Cas9-gRNA system in eradicating infection in vivo without off-target effects to the host genome will require animal model systems. To this end, we evaluated a series of gRNAs against individual genes and functional genomic elements of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) that are both conserved with KSHV and important for the establishment of latency or reactivation from latency in the host. gRNA sequences against ORF50, ORF72 and ORF73 led to insertion, deletion and substitution mutations in these target regions of the genome in cell culture. Murine NIH3T3 fibroblast cells that stably express Cas9 and gRNAs to ORF50 were most resistant to replication upon de novo infection. Latent murine A20 B cell lines that stably express Cas9 and gRNAs against MHV68 were reduced in their reactivation by approximately 50%, regardless of the viral gene target. Lastly, co-transfection of HEK293T cells with the vector expressing the Cas9-MHV68 gRNA components along with the viral genome provided a rapid read-out of gene editing and biological impact. Combinatorial, multiplex MHV68 gRNA transfections in HEK293T cells led to near complete ablation of infectious particle production. Our findings indicate that Cas9-gRNA editing of the murine gammaherpesvirus genome has a deleterious impact on productive replication in three independent infection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen Chang Foreman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Varvara Kirillov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle Paniccia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Demetra Catalano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Trevor Andrunik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Swati Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Laurie T. Krug
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
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43
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Yu L, Chen Q, Chu X, Luo Y, Feng Z, Lu L, Zhang Y, Xu D. Expression and regulation of ccBAX by miR-124 in the caudal fin cell of C. auratus gibelio upon cyprinid herpesvirus 2 infection. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:837-845. [PMID: 33400351 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bcl2 family proteins play a critical role in cell death or survival. BAX, the death-promoting protein of bcl2 family, mediated mitochondrial pathway inducing cells' apoptosis in mammal. MiRNAs have been implicated as negative regulators down-regulating genes' expression after post-transcriptional level. At present, little is known about the regulatory mechanism of miRNA on the Bcl2 family proteins during CyHV-2 infection in silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). In this study, the ccBAX (silver crucian carp BAX) gene was cloned and expressed, and polyclonal antibodies were raised in mouse against the purified ccBAX-GST fusion protein. The structure analysis indicated that ccBAX protein included four conserve domains (BH1, BH2, BH3 and transmembrane domains) and the expression of ccBAX protein occurred throughout the cells. Furthermore, two miRNAs (miR-124 and miRNA-29b) were identified to negatively regulate ccBAX gene expression in GiCF cell. miR-124 was found to suppress the expression of WT-ccBAX (wild type), but not the MT-ccBAX (mutant). Overall, the results demonstrated that the expression of the ccBAX gene was significantly down-regulated by miR-124 in silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) during CyHV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qikang Chen
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Chu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Luo
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zizhao Feng
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqun Lu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Fishery Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Fishery Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Xu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Fishery Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
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44
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Silva DMD, Gonçales JP, Silva Júnior JVJ, Lopes TRR, Bezerra LA, Barros de Lorena VM, Duarte Coêlho MRC. Evaluation of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ cytokines in HIV/HHV-8 coinfection. J Med Virol 2021; 93:4033-4037. [PMID: 32926412 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Imbalance in the immune response is one of the main pathogenic mechanisms of diseases related with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/human gammaherpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) coinfection, such as Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) and the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS). However, significant changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels may be observed in HIV/HHV-8 individuals who are negative for KS, PEL, MCD, and/or KICS. In this study, serum levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor nucrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interferon γ (IFN-γ) were assessed in 69 HIV and 48 HIV/HHV-8 individuals, all negatives for HHV-8-related diseases. The cytokines were measured by flow cytometry and analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test. The p < .05 and 95% confidence interval were considered in all analyzes. IL-4 (p = .0155), IL-6 (p = .0036), and IL-10 (p = .0036) levels were significantly higher in HIV/HHV-8 patients than in the HIV group. On the other hand, IL-2 (p = .2295), TNF-α (p = .1216) and IFN-γ (p = .1178) did not differ between the groups analyzed. To our knowledge, to date, this is the first report on significant differences in the levels of IL-4 and IL-6 in HIV versus HIV/HHV-8 individuals. Finally, these early findings are important as a prognostic tool and contribute to clarifying the HHV-8-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayvson Maurício da Silva
- Virology Sector, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Juliana Prado Gonçales
- Virology Sector, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - José Valter Joaquim Silva Júnior
- Virology Sector, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Virology Sector, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Thaísa Regina Rocha Lopes
- Virology Sector, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Virology Sector, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luan Araújo Bezerra
- Virology Sector, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Rosângela Cunha Duarte Coêlho
- Virology Sector, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Panicz R, Eljasik P, Nguyen TT, Vo Thi KT, Hoang DV. First detection of Herpesvirus anguillae (AngHV-1) associated with mortalities in farmed giant mottled eel (Anguilla marmorata) in Vietnam. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:847-852. [PMID: 33764551 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Giant mottled eel (Anguilla marmorata) farming in Vietnam is a multistage process starting from wild harvest of glass eels through the so-called "hatcheries" and distribution centres from which individuals are transferred to rearing farms and subsequently sold by one eel farm to another every 3-5 months. The information on viral agents spread and persistence in the Vietnamese eel aquaculture is scarce. Therefore, the mortality of A. marmorata at the Van Xuan Farm was the prerequisite to identify the possible aetiologic agent and additionally to formulate first recommendations for viral disease screening in the Vietnamese eel aquaculture. Juvenile giant mottled eels with haemorrhagic lesions in the skin and liver, and hyperaemia of the gut were tested with qPCR and end-point PCR for AngHV-1 presence. Here, we report the first detection of AngHV-1 associated with mortality in giant mottled eel in winter and spring seasons. On the basis of the obtained results, we recommend to test eel seeds in "hatcheries," since tropical eel farms operate in interconnected scheme and monitoring of AngHV-1 prevalence requires well-implemented measures. Disease screening in the rearing centres and on-growing facilities should be based on everyday health checks, including by-catch fish used as a base of the feeding programmes at eel farms in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remigiusz Panicz
- Department of Meat Science, Faculty of Food Science and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Piotr Eljasik
- Department of Meat Science, Faculty of Food Science and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Tuan Thuc Nguyen
- Department of Aquaculture and Livestock, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Vinh University, Vinh city, Vietnam
| | - Kim Thinh Vo Thi
- Department of Aquaculture and Livestock, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Vinh University, Vinh city, Vietnam
| | - Duat Van Hoang
- Aquaculture Research Institute 3, 33 Dang Tat street, Nha Trang city, Vietnam
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46
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Tsai MS, François S, Newman C, Macdonald DW, Buesching CD. Patterns of Genital Tract Mustelid Gammaherpesvirus 1 (Musghv-1) Reactivation Are Linked to Stressors in European Badgers ( Meles Meles). Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050716. [PMID: 34064759 PMCID: PMC8151406 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesvirus reactivation can promote diseases or impair reproduction. Understanding reactivation patterns and associated risks of different stressors is therefore important. Nevertheless, outside the laboratory or captive environment, studies on the effects of stress on gammaherpesvirus reactivation in wild mammals are lacking. Here we used Mustelid gammaherpesvirus 1 (MusGHV-1) infection in European badgers (Meles meles) as a host-pathogen wildlife model to study the effects of a variety of demographic, physiological and environmental stressors on virus shedding in the genital tract. We collected 251 genital swabs from 150 free-ranging individuals across three seasons and screened them for the presence of MusGHV-1 DNA using PCR targeting the DNA polymerase gene. We explored possible links between MusGHV-1 DNA presence and seven variables reflecting stressors, using logistic regression analysis. The results reveal different sets of risk factors between juveniles and adults, likely reflecting primary infection and reactivation. In adults, virus shedding was more likely in badgers in poorer body condition and younger than 5 years or older than 7; while in juveniles, virus shedding is more likely in females and individuals in better body condition. However, living in social groups with more cubs was a risk factor for all badgers. We discuss possible explanations for these risk factors and their links to stress in badgers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-shan Tsai
- Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Abingdon Road, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxfordshire OX13 5QL, UK; (C.N.); (D.W.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sarah François
- Evolve.Zoo, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK;
| | - Chris Newman
- Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Abingdon Road, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxfordshire OX13 5QL, UK; (C.N.); (D.W.M.)
- Cook’s Lake Farming Forestry and Wildlife Inc. (Ecological Consultancy), Queens County, NS B0J 2H0, Canada;
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Abingdon Road, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxfordshire OX13 5QL, UK; (C.N.); (D.W.M.)
| | - Christina D. Buesching
- Cook’s Lake Farming Forestry and Wildlife Inc. (Ecological Consultancy), Queens County, NS B0J 2H0, Canada;
- Department of Biology, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
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47
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Jeon H, Kang SK, Lee MJ, Park C, Yoo SM, Kang YH, Lee MS. Rab27b regulates extracellular vesicle production in cells infected with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus to promote cell survival and persistent infection. J Microbiol 2021; 59:522-529. [PMID: 33877577 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-1108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication. EVs and viruses share several properties related to their structure and the biogenesis machinery in cells. EVs from virus-infected cells play a key role in virus spread and suppression using various loading molecules, such as viral proteins, host proteins, and microRNAs. However, it remains unclear how and why viruses regulate EV production inside host cells. The purpose of this study is to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying EV production and their roles in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-infected cells. Here, we found that KSHV induced EV production in human endothelial cells via Rab-27b upregulation. The suppression of Rab27b expression in KSHV-infected cells enhanced cell death by increasing autophagic flux and autolysosome formation. Our results indicate that Rab27b regulates EV biogenesis to promote cell survival and persistent viral infection during KSHV infection, thereby providing novel insights into the crucial role of Rab-27b in the KSHV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungtaek Jeon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Kyung Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Ju Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Yoo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, Republic of Korea
- Eulji Biomedical Science Research Institute, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, Republic of Korea
- Eulji Biomedical Science Research Institute, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Shin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, Republic of Korea.
- Eulji Biomedical Science Research Institute, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, Republic of Korea.
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48
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Brackett K, Mungale A, Lopez-Isidro M, Proctor DA, Najarro G, Arias C. CRISPR Interference Efficiently Silences Latent and Lytic Viral Genes in Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Infected Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:783. [PMID: 33924938 PMCID: PMC8146339 DOI: 10.3390/v13050783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncovering viral gene functions requires the modulation of gene expression through overexpression or loss-of-function. CRISPR interference (CRISPRi), a modification of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology, allows specific and efficient transcriptional silencing without genetic ablation. CRISPRi has been used to silence eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes at the single-gene and genome-wide levels. Here, we report the use of CRISPRi to silence latent and lytic viral genes, with an efficiency of ~80-90%, in epithelial and B-cells carrying multiple copies of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) genome. Our results validate CRISPRi for the analysis of KSHV viral elements, providing a functional genomics tool for studying virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Brackett
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (K.B.); (A.M.); (M.L.-I.); (D.A.P.); (G.N.)
| | - Ameera Mungale
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (K.B.); (A.M.); (M.L.-I.); (D.A.P.); (G.N.)
| | - Mary Lopez-Isidro
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (K.B.); (A.M.); (M.L.-I.); (D.A.P.); (G.N.)
| | - Duncan A. Proctor
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (K.B.); (A.M.); (M.L.-I.); (D.A.P.); (G.N.)
| | - Guillermo Najarro
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (K.B.); (A.M.); (M.L.-I.); (D.A.P.); (G.N.)
| | - Carolina Arias
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; (K.B.); (A.M.); (M.L.-I.); (D.A.P.); (G.N.)
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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49
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Griessl M, Renzaho A, Freitag K, Seckert CK, Reddehase MJ, Lemmermann NAW. Stochastic Episodes of Latent Cytomegalovirus Transcription Drive CD8 T-Cell "Memory Inflation" and Avoid Immune Evasion. Front Immunol 2021; 12:668885. [PMID: 33968074 PMCID: PMC8100209 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.668885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute infection with murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV) is controlled by CD8+ T cells and develops into a state of latent infection, referred to as latency, which is defined by lifelong maintenance of viral genomes but absence of infectious virus in latently infected cell types. Latency is associated with an increase in numbers of viral epitope-specific CD8+ T cells over time, a phenomenon known as "memory inflation" (MI). The "inflationary" subset of CD8+ T cells has been phenotyped as KLRG1+CD62L- effector-memory T cells (iTEM). It is agreed upon that proliferation of iTEM requires repeated episodes of antigen presentation, which implies that antigen-encoding viral genes must be transcribed during latency. Evidence for this has been provided previously for the genes encoding the MI-driving antigenic peptides IE1-YPHFMPTNL and m164-AGPPRYSRI of mCMV in the H-2d haplotype. There exist two competing hypotheses for explaining MI-driving viral transcription. The "reactivation hypothesis" proposes frequent events of productive virus reactivation from latency. Reactivation involves a coordinated gene expression cascade from immediate-early (IE) to early (E) and late phase (L) transcripts, eventually leading to assembly and release of infectious virus. In contrast, the "stochastic transcription hypothesis" proposes that viral genes become transiently de-silenced in latent viral genomes in a stochastic fashion, not following the canonical IE-E-L temporal cascade of reactivation. The reactivation hypothesis, however, is incompatible with the finding that productive virus reactivation is exceedingly rare in immunocompetent mice and observed only under conditions of compromised immunity. In addition, the reactivation hypothesis fails to explain why immune evasion genes, which are regularly expressed during reactivation in the same cells in which epitope-encoding genes are expressed, do not prevent antigen presentation and thus MI. Here we show that IE, E, and L genes are transcribed during latency, though stochastically, not following the IE-E-L temporal cascade. Importantly, transcripts that encode MI-driving antigenic peptides rarely coincide with those that encode immune evasion proteins. As immune evasion can operate only in cis, that is, in a cell that simultaneously expresses antigenic peptides, the stochastic transcription hypothesis explains why immune evasion is not operative in latently infected cells and, therefore, does not interfere with MI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Niels A. W. Lemmermann
- Institute for Virology, Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI) at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Luo Y, Yu L, Feng Z, Chen Q, Lu L, Zhang Q, Xu D. Integrated analysis of viral miRNAs, mRNA and protein in the caudal fin cells of C. auratus gibelio with cyprinid herpesvirus 2 infection. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:441-460. [PMID: 33577719 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2), a member of the genus Cyprinivirus in the family Alloherpesviridae, has attracted worldwide attention because it causes severe disease and high mortality in crucian carp and goldfish. In this study, we focus on mRNA, protein and viral miRNA expression profiles in C. auratus gibelio caudal fin (GiCF) cells infected with CyHV-2, using high-throughput sequence techniques and TMT-labelled analyses. The results revealed that 156 virus genes were differentially expressed during the infection. Among these differentially expressed genes, 7 viral genes were significantly up-regulated and 28 were significantly down-regulated at 96 hpi (hours post-infection) vs 48 hpi. Besides, a total of 78 viral proteins, including a large number of membrane proteins and capsid proteins associated with the viral assembly, were successfully detected by using proteome analysis. Furthermore, a total of 225,143,474 raw reads were generated from cDNA library of CyHV-2-infected GiCF cells using high-throughput sequencing technology. Following annotation and secondary structure prediction, 10 viral miRNAs were found as significantly modulated in CyHV-2-infected GiCF cells (2 down-regulated and 8 up-regulated). Finally, the CyHV-2 genes (orf19, orf23, orf118, orf121, orf127) targeted by the viral miRNA CyHV-2-KT-635 identified in this study, were predicted and validated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and the regulation of CyHV-2-KT-635 on orf121 protein expression was verified by western blotting assay. Taken together, this study provides a valuable basis for further research on the expression of virus genes during CyHV-2 replication and the molecular mechanisms by which miRNA may regulate CyHV-2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Luo
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Yu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zizhao Feng
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qikang Chen
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqun Lu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Fishery Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Xu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Ministry for Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Fishery Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
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