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Lam AK, Roshan R, Miley W, Labo N, Zhen J, Kurland AP, Cheng C, Huang H, Teng PL, Harelson C, Gong D, Tam YK, Radu CG, Epeldegui M, Johnson JR, Zhou ZH, Whitby D, Wu TT. Immunization of Mice with Virus-Like Vesicles of Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Reveals a Role for Antibodies Targeting ORF4 in Activating Complement-Mediated Neutralization. J Virol 2023; 97:e0160022. [PMID: 36757205 PMCID: PMC9972917 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01600-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) can cause severe consequences, such as cancers and lymphoproliferative diseases. Whole inactivated viruses (WIV) with chemically destroyed genetic materials have been used as antigens in several licensed vaccines. During KSHV productive replication, virus-like vesicles (VLVs) that lack capsids and viral genomes are generated along with virions. Here, we investigated the immunogenicity of KSHV VLVs produced from a viral mutant that was defective in capsid formation and DNA packaging. Mice immunized with adjuvanted VLVs generated KSHV-specific T cell and antibody responses. Neutralization of KSHV infection by the VLV immune serum was low but was markedly enhanced in the presence of the complement system. Complement-enhanced neutralization and complement deposition on KSHV-infected cells was dependent on antibodies targeting viral open reading frame 4 (ORF4). However, limited complement-mediated enhancement was detected in the sera of a small cohort of KSHV-infected humans which contained few neutralizing antibodies. Therefore, vaccination that induces antibody effector functions can potentially improve infection-induced humoral immunity. Overall, our study highlights a potential benefit of engaging complement-mediated antibody functions in future KSHV vaccine development. IMPORTANCE KSHV is a virus that can lead to cancer after infection. A vaccine that prevents KSHV infection or transmission would be helpful in preventing the development of these cancers. We investigated KSHV VLV as an immunogen for vaccination. We determined that antibodies targeting the viral protein ORF4 induced by VLV immunization could engage the complement system and neutralize viral infection. However, ORF4-specific antibodies were seldom detected in the sera of KSHV-infected humans. Moreover, these human sera did not potently trigger complement-mediated neutralization, indicating an improvement that immunization can confer. Our study suggests a new antibody-mediated mechanism to control KSHV infection and underscores the benefit of activating the complement system in a future KSHV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex K. Lam
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Romin Roshan
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Wendell Miley
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nazzarena Labo
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - James Zhen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew P. Kurland
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Celine Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Haigen Huang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pu-Lin Teng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Claire Harelson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Danyang Gong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ying K. Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Caius G. Radu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Marta Epeldegui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Z. Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Denise Whitby
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Matiza T, Boyd KF, Lyall RA, Kwon DS, McGregor AM, Fiorillo S, Campbell TB, Borok M, Corleis B. Compartmentalized T cell profile in the lungs of patients with HIV-1-associated pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e28328. [PMID: 34941134 PMCID: PMC8702193 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma (pKS) caused by Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is a devastating form of KS in patients with advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Blood T cells play a central role in the response of HIV-1 and HHV-8. However, little information is available on T cells in the alveolar space of HIV-1-associated pKS patients.Therefore, we examined CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in the alveolar space in comparison with the blood of patients with pKS. We recruited 26 HIV-1 positive patients with KS, including 15 patients with pKS. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells and blood mononuclear cells were analyzed for T cell memory phenotypes, surface markers associated with exhaustion, and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) using flow cytometry. HIV-1 and HHV-8 viral loads were measured in plasma by quantitative PCR.BAL T cells showed reduced inflammatory capacities and significantly diminished polyfunctionality compared to blood T cells from patients with pKS. This was not accompanied by increased expression of exhaustion markers, such as TIM-3 and PD-1.More importantly, we found a negative correlation between the production of MIP1-β and TNF-α in T cells in BAL and blood, indicating compartmentalised immune responses to pKS and accentuated chronic HIV-1/HHV-8 pathogenesis via T cells in the lungs of people with pKS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarisiro Matiza
- Department of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Kathryn F. Boyd
- Department of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Rebecca A. Lyall
- Department of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Douglas S. Kwon
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine and Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA
| | - Alan M. McGregor
- Department of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Suzanne Fiorillo
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Thomas B. Campbell
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Margaret Borok
- Department of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Björn Corleis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Isle of Riems, Germany
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Nalwoga A, Roshan R, Moore K, Marshall V, Miley W, Labo N, Nakibuule M, Cose S, Rochford R, Newton R, Whitby D. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus T cell responses in HIV seronegative individuals from rural Uganda. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7323. [PMID: 34916520 PMCID: PMC8677732 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27623-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell responses to Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are likely essential in the control of KSHV infection and protection from associated disease, but remain poorly characterised. KSHV prevalence in rural Uganda is high at >90%. Here we investigate IFN- γ T cell responses to the KSHV proteome in HIV-negative individuals from a rural Ugandan population. We use an ex-vivo IFN- γ ELISpot assay with overlapping peptide pools spanning 83 KSHV open reading frames (ORF) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 116 individuals. KSHV-specific T cell IFN- γ responses are of low intensity and heterogeneous, with no evidence of immune dominance; by contrast, IFN- γ responses to Epstein-Barr virus, Cytomegalovirus and influenza peptides are frequent and intense. Individuals with KSHV DNA in PBMC have higher IFN- γ responses to ORF73 (p = 0.02) and lower responses to K8.1 (p = 0.004) when compared with those without KSHV DNA. In summary, we demonstrate low intensity, heterogeneous T cell responses to KSHV in immune-competent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Nalwoga
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Romin Roshan
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kyle Moore
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Vickie Marshall
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Wendell Miley
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nazzarena Labo
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Stephen Cose
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Denise Whitby
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA.
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Guayboon T, Chinthammitr Y, Sukpanichnant S, Horthongkham N, Angkasekwinai N. Human herpesvirus 8-associated multicentric Castleman disease in a patient with advanced HIV infection: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e28077. [PMID: 34889256 PMCID: PMC8663817 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONAL Multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) is a nonclonal lymphoproliferative disorder that is rarely reported from Southeast Asian countries. Here, we report a case of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)-associated MCD in a patient with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who presented with prolonged intermittent fever, urticarial rash, hepatosplenomegaly, and generalized lymphadenopathy. PATIENT CONCERNS A 34-year-old man with advanced HIV infection who was in good compliance with his antiretroviral treatment regimen presented with intermittent fever, weight loss, marked hepatosplenomegaly, and generalized lymphadenopathy. Recurrent symptoms of high-grade fever, abdominal discomfort, pancytopenia, and high C-reactive protein level occurred for 16 months. DIAGNOSES Histopathological findings of left inguinal lymph node revealed diffuse effacement of lymph node architecture with coexpression of HHV-8 latency-associated nuclear antigen 1 from immunohistochemical staining. The HHV-8 viral load was 335,391 copies/mL. INTERVENTIONS The patient was treated initially with one dose of intravenous rituximab (375 mg/m2) followed by subcutaneous rituximab (1400 mg) weekly for 5 weeks. OUTCOMES The patient's recurrent systemic symptoms subsided dramatically, and he has now been in remission for almost two years. LESSONS HHV8-associated MCD remains a diagnostic challenge in advanced HIV disease and should be suspected in those with recurrent flares of systemic inflammatory symptoms. Lymph node histopathology is essential for diagnosis and for excluding clonal malignancy. HHV-8 viral load is also useful for diagnosis and for monitoring disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theerajet Guayboon
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yingyong Chinthammitr
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sanya Sukpanichnant
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Navin Horthongkham
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nasikarn Angkasekwinai
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Malonga GA, Jary A, Leducq V, Moudiongui Mboungou Malanda D, Boumba ALM, Chicaud E, Malet I, Calvez V, Peko JF, Marcelin AG. Seroprevalence and molecular diversity of Human Herpesvirus 8 among people living with HIV in Brazzaville, Congo. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17442. [PMID: 34465868 PMCID: PMC8408137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) is endemic in Africa, although studies of this infection are rare in Congo. We evaluated seroprevalence and HHV-8 diversity among people living with HIV. We included 353 patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Antibodies against HHV-8 latency-associated nuclear antigen were detected by indirect immunofluorescence. In HHV-8 positive patients, we performed HHV-8 quantification in blood and saliva by real-time PCR and typing by Sanger sequencing of K1 open reading frame. HHV-8 seroprevalence was 19%, being male (odd ratio [OR] = 1.741, [95% Confidence interval {CI}, 0.97-3.07]; p = 0.0581) and having multiple sex partners before HIV diagnosis (OR = 1.682, [CI 95%, 0.97-2.92]; p = 0.0629) tended to be associated with HHV-8 seropositivity. Of the 64 HHV-8 seropositive patients, HHV-8 DNA was detected in 10 (16%) in saliva, 6 (9%) in whole-blood and in 2 (3%) in both whole-blood and saliva. Three out of 6 HHV-8 strains were subtypes A5, 2 subtype B1 and 1 subtype C. HHV-8 seroprevalence was relatively low with more frequent carriage in men, associated with asymptomatic oral excretion and a predominance of subtype A5. These data tend to support the hypothesis of horizontal transmission in people living with HIV in Brazzaville.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervillien Arnold Malonga
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Department of Virology - CERVI, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.
| | - Aude Jary
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Department of Virology - CERVI, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Valentin Leducq
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Department of Virology - CERVI, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Dimitry Moudiongui Mboungou Malanda
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Brazzaville, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Anicet Luc Magloire Boumba
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Laboratoire d'Analyses Médicales, Hôpital Général de Loandjili, Pointe-Noire, Republic of Congo
| | - Elodie Chicaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Department of Virology - CERVI, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Malet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Department of Virology - CERVI, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Calvez
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Department of Virology - CERVI, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Jean Felix Peko
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Brazzaville, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Anne-Geneviève Marcelin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Laboratoire de Virologie, Department of Virology - CERVI, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
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Barrett L, Dai L, Wang S, Qin Z. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and extracellular vesicles. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3294-3299. [PMID: 33415746 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) represents the etiological agent for several human malignancies, including Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD), which develop mainly in immunocompromised patients. KSHV has established many strategies to hijack and thwart the host's immune responses, including through the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs represent a significant mode of intercellular communication as they carry a variety of molecules that can be delivered from cell-to-cell. EVs are now recognized as one of the major players in immune system development and function during both innate and adaptive immune responses. In the current mini-review, we summarize recent findings on how KSHV utilizes EVs to create favorable environments for viral spread and persistence while evading immune responses. We also discuss the limitations and unanswered questions in this field and the potential areas for related immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Barrett
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Lu Dai
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Qin
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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7
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Silva DMD, Gonçales JP, Silva Júnior JVJ, Lopes TRR, Bezerra LA, Barros de Lorena VM, Duarte Coêlho MRC. Evaluation of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ cytokines in HIV/HHV-8 coinfection. J Med Virol 2021; 93:4033-4037. [PMID: 32926412 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Imbalance in the immune response is one of the main pathogenic mechanisms of diseases related with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/human gammaherpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) coinfection, such as Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) and the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS). However, significant changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels may be observed in HIV/HHV-8 individuals who are negative for KS, PEL, MCD, and/or KICS. In this study, serum levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor nucrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interferon γ (IFN-γ) were assessed in 69 HIV and 48 HIV/HHV-8 individuals, all negatives for HHV-8-related diseases. The cytokines were measured by flow cytometry and analyzed by the Mann-Whitney test. The p < .05 and 95% confidence interval were considered in all analyzes. IL-4 (p = .0155), IL-6 (p = .0036), and IL-10 (p = .0036) levels were significantly higher in HIV/HHV-8 patients than in the HIV group. On the other hand, IL-2 (p = .2295), TNF-α (p = .1216) and IFN-γ (p = .1178) did not differ between the groups analyzed. To our knowledge, to date, this is the first report on significant differences in the levels of IL-4 and IL-6 in HIV versus HIV/HHV-8 individuals. Finally, these early findings are important as a prognostic tool and contribute to clarifying the HHV-8-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayvson Maurício da Silva
- Virology Sector, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Juliana Prado Gonçales
- Virology Sector, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - José Valter Joaquim Silva Júnior
- Virology Sector, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Virology Sector, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Thaísa Regina Rocha Lopes
- Virology Sector, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Virology Sector, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luan Araújo Bezerra
- Virology Sector, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Rosângela Cunha Duarte Coêlho
- Virology Sector, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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8
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Dunker W, Ye X, Zhao Y, Liu L, Richardson A, Karijolich J. TDP-43 prevents endogenous RNAs from triggering a lethal RIG-I-dependent interferon response. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108976. [PMID: 33852834 PMCID: PMC8109599 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) are involved in the discrimination of self versus non-self via the recognition of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Emerging evidence suggests that immunostimulatory dsRNAs are ubiquitously expressed but are disrupted or sequestered by cellular RNA binding proteins (RBPs). TDP-43 is an RBP associated with multiple neurological disorders and is essential for cell viability. Here, we demonstrate that TDP-43 regulates the accumulation of immunostimulatory dsRNA. The immunostimulatory RNA is identified as RNA polymerase III transcripts, including 7SL and Alu retrotransposons, and we demonstrate that the RNA-binding activity of TDP-43 is required to prevent immune stimulation. The dsRNAs activate a RIG-I-dependent interferon (IFN) response, which promotes necroptosis. Genetic inactivation of the RLR-pathway rescues the interferon-mediated cell death associated with loss of TDP-43. Collectively, our study describes a role for TDP-43 in preventing the accumulation of endogenous immunostimulatory dsRNAs and uncovers an intricate relationship between the control of cellular gene expression and IFN-mediated cell death.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/immunology
- Alu Elements
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/immunology
- DEAD Box Protein 58/antagonists & inhibitors
- DEAD Box Protein 58/genetics
- DEAD Box Protein 58/immunology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Epithelial Cells/virology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- HEK293 Cells
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/growth & development
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization
- Interferons/genetics
- Interferons/immunology
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/immunology
- Necroptosis/genetics
- Necroptosis/immunology
- Neurons/immunology
- Neurons/virology
- RNA Polymerase III/genetics
- RNA Polymerase III/immunology
- RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics
- RNA, Double-Stranded/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- RNA, Small Cytoplasmic/genetics
- RNA, Small Cytoplasmic/immunology
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/immunology
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Signal Recognition Particle/genetics
- Signal Recognition Particle/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Ubiquitins/genetics
- Ubiquitins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- William Dunker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
| | - Xiang Ye
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
| | - Lanxi Liu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
| | - Antiana Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
| | - John Karijolich
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA.
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9
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Aalam F, Nabiee R, Castano JR, Totonchy J. Analysis of KSHV B lymphocyte lineage tropism in human tonsil reveals efficient infection of CD138+ plasma cells. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008968. [PMID: 33075105 PMCID: PMC7595638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite 25 years of research, the basic virology of Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesviruses (KSHV) in B lymphocytes remains poorly understood. This study seeks to fill critical gaps in our understanding by characterizing the B lymphocyte lineage-specific tropism of KSHV. Here, we use lymphocytes derived from 40 human tonsil specimens to determine the B lymphocyte lineages targeted by KSHV early during de novo infection in our ex vivo model system. We characterize the immunological diversity of our tonsil specimens and determine that overall susceptibility of tonsil lymphocytes to KSHV infection varies substantially between donors. We demonstrate that a variety of B lymphocyte subtypes are susceptible to KSHV infection and identify CD138+ plasma cells as a highly targeted cell type for de novo KSHV infection. We determine that infection of tonsil B cell lineages is primarily latent with few lineages contributing to lytic replication. We explore the use of CD138 and heparin sulfate proteoglycans as attachment factors for the infection of B lymphocytes and conclude that they do not play a substantial role. Finally, we determine that the host T cell microenvironment influences the course of de novo infection in B lymphocytes. These results improve our understanding of KSHV transmission and the biology of early KSHV infection in a naïve human host, and lay a foundation for further characterization of KSHV molecular virology in B lymphocyte lineages. KSHV infection is associated with cancer in B cells and endothelial cells, particularly in the context of immune suppression. Very little is known about how KSHV is transmitted and how it initially establishes infection in a new host. Saliva is thought to be the primary route of person-to-person transmission for KSHV, making the tonsil a likely first site for KSHV replication in a new human host. Our study examines KSHV infection in B cells extracted from the tonsils of 40 human donors in order to determine what types of B cells are initially targeted for infection and examine how the presence (or absence) of other immune cells influence the initial stages of KSHV infection. We found that a variety of B cell subtypes derived from tonsils can be infected with KSHV. Interestingly, plasma cells (mature antibody-secreting B cells) were a highly targeted cell type. These results lay the foundation for further studies into the specific biology of KSHV in different types of B cells, an effort that may help us ultimately discover how to prevent the establishment of infection in these cells or reveal new ways to halt the progression of B cell cancers associated with KSHV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farizeh Aalam
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Romina Nabiee
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jesus Ramirez Castano
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Totonchy
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), is linked to several human malignancies including Kaposi sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD) and recently KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS). As with other diseases that have a significant inflammatory component, current therapy for KSHV-associated disease is associated with significant off-target effects. However, recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of KSHV have produced new insight into the use of cytokines as potential therapeutic targets. Better understanding of the role of cytokines during KSHV infection and tumorigenesis may lead to new preventive or therapeutic strategies to limit KSHV spread and improve clinical outcomes. The cytokines that appear to be promising candidates as KSHV antiviral therapies include interleukins 6, 10, and 12 as well as interferons and tumor necrosis factor-family cytokines. This review explores our current understanding of the roles that cytokines play in promoting KSHV infection and tumorigenesis, and summarizes the current use of cytokines as therapeutic targets in KSHV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Totonchy
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA;
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11
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Zhao Y, Ye X, Dunker W, Song Y, Karijolich J. RIG-I like receptor sensing of host RNAs facilitates the cell-intrinsic immune response to KSHV infection. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4841. [PMID: 30451863 PMCID: PMC6242832 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07314-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The RIG-I like receptors (RLRs) RIG-I and MDA5 are cytosolic RNA helicases best characterized as restriction factors for RNA viruses. However, evidence suggests RLRs participate in innate immune recognition of other pathogens, including DNA viruses. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human gammaherpesvirus and the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). Here, we demonstrate that RLRs restrict KSHV lytic reactivation and we demonstrate that restriction is facilitated by the recognition of host-derived RNAs. Misprocessed noncoding RNAs represent an abundant class of RIG-I substrates, and biochemical characterizations reveal that an infection-dependent reduction in the cellular triphosphatase DUSP11 results in an accumulation of select triphosphorylated noncoding RNAs, enabling their recognition by RIG-I. These findings reveal an intricate relationship between RNA processing and innate immunity, and demonstrate that an antiviral innate immune response can be elicited by the sensing of misprocessed cellular RNAs.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DEAD Box Protein 58/antagonists & inhibitors
- DEAD Box Protein 58/genetics
- DEAD Box Protein 58/immunology
- Dual-Specificity Phosphatases/genetics
- Dual-Specificity Phosphatases/immunology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- HEK293 Cells
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/immunology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/genetics
- Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1/immunology
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Lymphocytes/virology
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Phosphorylation
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RNA, Untranslated/genetics
- RNA, Untranslated/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Signal Transduction
- Virus Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-2363, USA
| | - Xiang Ye
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-2363, USA
| | - William Dunker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-2363, USA
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-2363, USA
- College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453000, China
| | - John Karijolich
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-2363, USA.
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, 37232-2363, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Nashville, TN, 37232-2363, USA.
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12
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Sin SH, Eason AB, Bigi R, Kim Y, Kang S, Tan K, Seltzer TA, Venkataramanan R, An H, Dittmer DP. Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Latency Locus Renders B Cells Hyperresponsive to Secondary Infections. J Virol 2018; 92:e01138-18. [PMID: 30021906 PMCID: PMC6146794 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01138-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) induces B cell hyperplasia and neoplasia, such as multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD) and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). To explore KSHV-induced B cell reprogramming in vivo, we expressed the KSHV latency locus, inclusive of all viral microRNAs (miRNAs), in B cells of transgenic mice in the absence of the inhibitory FcγRIIB receptor. The BALB/c strain was chosen as this is the preferred model to study B cell differentiation. The mice developed hyperglobulinemia, plasmacytosis, and B lymphoid hyperplasia. This phenotype was ameliorated by everolimus, which is a rapamycin derivative used for the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma. KSHV latency mice exhibited hyperresponsiveness to the T-dependent (TD) antigen mimic anti-CD40 and increased incidence of pristane-induced inflammation. Lastly, the adaptive immunity against a secondary infection with Zika virus (ZIKV) was markedly enhanced. These phenotypes are consistent with KSHV lowering the activation threshold of latently infected B cells, which may be beneficial in areas of endemicity, where KSHV is acquired in childhood and infections are common.IMPORTANCE Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) establishes latency in B cells and is stringently linked to primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and the premalignant B cell hyperplasia multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). To investigate potential genetic background effects, we expressed the KSHV miRNAs in BALB/c transgenic mice. BALB/c mice are the preferred strain for B cell hybridoma development because of their propensity to develop predictable B cell responses to antigen. The BALB/c latency mice exhibited a higher incidence of B cell hyperplasia as well as sustained hyperglobulinemia. The development of neutralizing antibodies against ZIKV was augmented in BALB/c latency mice. Hyperglobulinemia was dampened by everolimus, a derivative of rapamycin, suggesting a role for mTOR inhibitors in managing immune activation, which is hallmark of KSHV infection as well as HIV infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Coinfection
- Disease Resistance/genetics
- Everolimus/pharmacology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/immunology
- Humans
- Hypergammaglobulinemia/genetics
- Hypergammaglobulinemia/immunology
- Hypergammaglobulinemia/virology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/immunology
- Plasmacytoma/genetics
- Plasmacytoma/immunology
- Plasmacytoma/virology
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/deficiency
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/genetics
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/immunology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Terpenes/pharmacology
- Virus Latency
- Zika Virus/drug effects
- Zika Virus/genetics
- Zika Virus/immunology
- Zika Virus Infection/genetics
- Zika Virus Infection/immunology
- Zika Virus Infection/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hoon Sin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Programs in Global Oncology and Virology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anthony B Eason
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Programs in Global Oncology and Virology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachele Bigi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Programs in Global Oncology and Virology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yongbaek Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - SunAh Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Programs in Global Oncology and Virology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kelly Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Programs in Global Oncology and Virology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tischan A Seltzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Programs in Global Oncology and Virology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Raman Venkataramanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hyowon An
- Department of Statistics & Operations Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Programs in Global Oncology and Virology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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13
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Zhang Y, Dittmer DP, Mieczkowski PA, Host KM, Fusco WG, Duncan JA, Damania B. RIG-I Detects Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Transcripts in a RNA Polymerase III-Independent Manner. mBio 2018; 9:e00823-18. [PMID: 29970461 PMCID: PMC6030556 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00823-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is a cytosolic pathogen recognition receptor that initiates the innate immune response against many RNA viruses. We previously showed that RIG-I restricts Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) reactivation (J. A. West et al., J Virol 88:5778-5787, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.03226-13). In this study, we report that KSHV stimulates the RIG-I signaling pathway in a RNA polymerase (Pol) III-independent manner and subsequently induces type I interferon (IFN) responses. Knockdown or inhibition of RNA Pol III had no effect on beta interferon (IFN-β) induction by KSHV. By using high-throughput sequencing of RNA isolated by cross-linking immunoprecipitation (HITS-CLIP) approach, we identified multiple KSHV regions that give rise to RNA fragments binding to RIG-I, such as ORF810420-10496, Repeat region (LIR1)119059-119204, and ORF2543561-43650 The sequence dissimilarity between these fragments suggests that RIG-I detects a particular structure rather than a specific sequence motif. Synthesized ORF810420-10496 RNA stimulated RIG-I-dependent but RNA Pol III-independent IFN-β signaling. In summary, several KSHV RNAs are sensed by RIG-I in a RNA Pol III-independent manner.IMPORTANCE Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. Innate immune responses against viral infections, especially the induction of type I interferon, are critical for limiting the replication of viruses. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), a cytosolic RNA helicase sensor, plays a significant role in the induction of type I interferon responses following viral infection. Here, we identified multiple RNA regions in KSHV as potential virus ligands that bind to RIG-I and stimulate RIG-I-dependent but RNA Pol III-independent IFN-β signaling. Our results expand the role of RIG-I by providing an example of a DNA virus activating a canonical RNA-sensing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugen Zhang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Piotr A Mieczkowski
- High Throughput Sequencing Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kurtis M Host
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - William G Fusco
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joseph A Duncan
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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14
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Choi YB, Choi Y, Harhaj EW. Peroxisomes support human herpesvirus 8 latency by stabilizing the viral oncogenic protein vFLIP via the MAVS-TRAF complex. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007058. [PMID: 29746593 PMCID: PMC5963799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is causally related to human malignancies. HHV-8 latent viral FLICE-inhibitory protein (vFLIP) is a viral oncoprotein that is linked to pathogenesis, but how its expression is regulated is largely unknown. In an attempt to understand the role of the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) adaptor in HHV-8 infection, we discovered that vFLIP expression was post-translationally up-regulated by the MAVS signaling complex on peroxisomes. Furthermore, we demonstrated that vFLIP could be targeted to the peroxisomes, where it was oncogenically active, in a PEX19-dependent manner. Targeted disruption of vFLIP and MAVS interaction resulted in a decrease in vFLIP expression and selectively promoted death of latently HHV-8-infected cells, providing therapeutic potential for treating HHV-8 diseases. Collectively, our experimental results suggest novel involvement of peroxisomes and MAVS in the stabilization of vFLIP and thereby in the establishment or maintenance of HHV-8 latency and associated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Bong Choi
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yeeun Choi
- Centennial High School, Ellicott City, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edward William Harhaj
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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15
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Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-6 family cytokines is a group of cytokines consisting of IL-6, IL-11, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OSM), cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1), cardiotrophin-like cytokine (CLC), and IL-27. They are grouped into one family because the receptor complex of each cytokine contains two (IL-6 and IL-11) or one molecule (all others cytokines) of the signaling receptor subunit gp130. IL-6 family cytokines have overlapping but also distinct biologic activities and are involved among others in the regulation of the hepatic acute phase reaction, in B-cell stimulation, in the regulation of the balance between regulatory and effector T cells, in metabolic regulation, and in many neural functions. Blockade of IL-6 family cytokines has been shown to be beneficial in autoimmune diseases, but bacterial infections and metabolic side effects have been observed. Recent advances in cytokine blockade might help to minimize such side effects during therapeutic blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel, Germany
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16
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Bellon M, Nicot C. Telomere Dynamics in Immune Senescence and Exhaustion Triggered by Chronic Viral Infection. Viruses 2017; 9:v9100289. [PMID: 28981470 PMCID: PMC5691640 DOI: 10.3390/v9100289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive loss of immunological memory during aging correlates with a reduced proliferative capacity and shortened telomeres of T cells. Growing evidence suggests that this phenotype is recapitulated during chronic viral infection. The antigenic volume imposed by persistent and latent viruses exposes the immune system to unique challenges that lead to host T-cell exhaustion, characterized by impaired T-cell functions. These dysfunctional memory T cells lack telomerase, the protein capable of extending and stabilizing chromosome ends, imposing constraints on telomere dynamics. A deleterious consequence of this excessive telomere shortening is the premature induction of replicative senescence of viral-specific CD8+ memory T cells. While senescent cells are unable to expand, they can survive for extended periods of time and are more resistant to apoptotic signals. This review takes a closer look at T-cell exhaustion in chronic viruses known to cause human disease: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), Hepatitis B/C/D virus (HBV/HCV/HDV), human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I), human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus-1/2 (HSV-1/2), and Varicella–Zoster virus (VZV). Current literature linking T-cell exhaustion with critical telomere lengths and immune senescence are discussed. The concept that enduring antigen stimulation leads to T-cell exhaustion that favors telomere attrition and a cell fate marked by enhanced T-cell senescence appears to be a common endpoint to chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Bellon
- Department of Pathology, Center for Viral Pathogenesis, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Christophe Nicot
- Department of Pathology, Center for Viral Pathogenesis, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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17
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Park YJ, Bae HJ, Chang JY, Yang CW, Chung BH. Development of Kaposi sarcoma and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with human herpesvirus 8 in a renal transplant recipient. Korean J Intern Med 2017; 32:750-752. [PMID: 26842102 PMCID: PMC5511928 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2015.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Byung Ha Chung
- Corresponding to Byung Ha Chung, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo- daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea Tel: +82-2-2258-6066 Fax: +82-2-599-3589 E-mail:
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18
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Paolino G, Donati P, Ferrari A, Panetta C, Buccini P, Donati M, Zalaudek I. Clinicopathological and dermoscopic features of angio-eccrine hyperplasia in clear cell acanthoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2017; 74:1259-1261.e3. [PMID: 27185430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Paolino
- Clinica Dermatologica, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Pietro Donati
- Dermatopathological Laboratory, San Gallicano Institute of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Ferrari
- Dermatopathological Laboratory, San Gallicano Institute of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Panetta
- Dermatopathological Laboratory, San Gallicano Institute of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Buccini
- Dermatopathological Laboratory, San Gallicano Institute of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Donati
- Dermatopathological Laboratory, San Gallicano Institute of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Iris Zalaudek
- Dermatology Department, Medical Univeristy of Graz, Graz, Austria
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19
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Zhong C, Xu M, Wang Y, Xu J, Yuan Y. An APE1 inhibitor reveals critical roles of the redox function of APE1 in KSHV replication and pathogenic phenotypes. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006289. [PMID: 28380040 PMCID: PMC5381946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
APE1 is a multifunctional protein with a DNA base excision repair function in its C-terminal domain and a redox activity in its N-terminal domain. The redox function of APE1 converts certain transcription factors from inactive oxidized to active reduced forms. Given that among the APE1-regulated transcription factors many are critical for KSHV replication and pathogenesis, we investigated whether inhibition of APE1 redox function blocks KSHV replication and Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) phenotypes. With an shRNA-mediated silencing approach and a known APE-1 redox inhibitor, we demonstrated that APE1 redox function is indeed required for KSHV replication as well as KSHV-induced angiogenesis, validating APE1 as a therapeutic target for KSHV-associated diseases. A ligand-based virtual screening yielded a small molecular compound, C10, which is proven to bind to APE1. C10 exhibits low cytotoxicity but efficiently inhibits KSHV lytic replication (EC50 of 0.16 μM and selective index of 165) and KSHV-mediated pathogenic phenotypes including cytokine production, angiogenesis and cell invasion, demonstrating its potential to become an effective drug for treatment of KS. As a major AIDS-associated malignancy, Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is caused by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Currently there is no definitive cure for KS. In this study, we identified a cellular protein, namely APE1, as an effective therapeutic target for blocking KSHV replication and inhibiting the development of KS phenotypes. We showed that the redox function of APE1 is absolutely required for KSHV replication, virally induced cytokine secretion and angiogenesis. Blockade of APE1 expression or inhibition of APE1 redox activity led to inhibition of KSHV replication and reduction of cytokine release and angiogenesis. Furthermore, we identified a novel small molecular compound, C10, which exhibited specific inhibitory activity on APE1 redox function and was demonstrated to efficiently inhibit KSHV replication and paracrine-mediated KS phenotypes such as angiogenesis and cell invasion. As a potent inhibitor of APE1 redox, C10 not only has value in development of a novel therapeutics for KS, but also may be used in therapies for other human diseases such as leukemia, pancreatic cancer and macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canrong Zhong
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengyang Xu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (YY); (JX)
| | - Yan Yuan
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YY); (JX)
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20
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Mariggiò G, Koch S, Zhang G, Weidner-Glunde M, Rückert J, Kati S, Santag S, Schulz TF. Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV) Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen (LANA) recruits components of the MRN (Mre11-Rad50-NBS1) repair complex to modulate an innate immune signaling pathway and viral latency. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006335. [PMID: 28430817 PMCID: PMC5415203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV), a γ2-herpesvirus and class 1 carcinogen, is responsible for at least three human malignancies: Kaposi Sarcoma (KS), Primary Effusion Lymphoma (PEL) and Multicentric Castleman's Disease (MCD). Its major nuclear latency protein, LANA, is indispensable for the maintenance and replication of latent viral DNA in infected cells. Although LANA is mainly a nuclear protein, cytoplasmic isoforms of LANA exist and can act as antagonists of the cytoplasmic DNA sensor, cGAS. Here, we show that cytosolic LANA also recruits members of the MRN (Mre11-Rad50-NBS1) repair complex in the cytosol and thereby inhibits their recently reported role in the sensing of cytoplasmic DNA and activation of the NF-κB pathway. Inhibition of NF-κB activation by cytoplasmic LANA is accompanied by increased lytic replication in KSHV-infected cells, suggesting that MRN-dependent NF-κB activation contributes to KSHV latency. Cytoplasmic LANA may therefore support the activation of KSHV lytic replication in part by counteracting the activation of NF-κB in response to cytoplasmic DNA. This would complement the recently described role of cytoplasmic LANA in blocking an interferon response triggered by cGAS and thereby promoting lytic reactivation. Our findings highlight a second point at which cytoplasmic LANA interferes with the innate immune response, as well as the importance of the recently discovered role of cytoplasmic MRN complex members as innate sensors of cytoplasmic DNA for the control of KSHV replication.
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MESH Headings
- Acid Anhydride Hydrolases
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- DNA Repair Enzymes/genetics
- DNA Repair Enzymes/metabolism
- DNA Replication
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- HEK293 Cells
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- MRE11 Homologue Protein
- Models, Biological
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/immunology
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Isoforms
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/immunology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Signal Transduction
- Virus Latency
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mariggiò
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany
| | - Sandra Koch
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany
| | - Guigen Zhang
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany
| | - Magdalena Weidner-Glunde
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany
| | - Jessica Rückert
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany
| | - Semra Kati
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany
| | - Susann Santag
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Germany
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21
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Abstract
The innate immune system utilizes pattern recognition receptors cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) to sense cytosolic double-stranded (ds) DNA and initiate type 1 interferon signaling and autophagy pathway, which collaborate to limit pathogen infections as well as alarm the adaptive immune response. The genomes of herpesviruses are large dsDNA, which represent a major class of pathogen signatures recognized by cellular DNA sensor cGAS. However, to successfully establish the persistent infection, herpesviruses have evolved their viral genes to modulate different aspects of host immune signaling. This review summarizes the evasion strategies of host cGAS DNA sensing pathway by Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) and their contributions to KSHV life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Gao
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yanyan Song
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Chengrong Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qiming Liang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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22
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Lee HR, Choi UY, Hwang SW, Kim S, Jung JU. Viral Inhibition of PRR-Mediated Innate Immune Response: Learning from KSHV Evasion Strategies. Mol Cells 2016; 39:777-782. [PMID: 27871174 PMCID: PMC5125932 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system has evolved to detect and destroy invading pathogens before they can establish systemic infection. To successfully eradicate pathogens, including viruses, host innate immunity is activated through diverse pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which detect conserved viral signatures and trigger the production of type I interferon (IFN) and pro-inflammatory cytokines to mediate viral clearance. Viral persistence requires that viruses co-opt cellular pathways and activities for their benefit. In particular, due to the potent antiviral activities of IFN and cytokines, viruses have developed various strategies to meticulously modulate intracellular innate immune sensing mechanisms to facilitate efficient viral replication and persistence. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the study of viral immune evasion strategies with a specific focus on how Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) effectively targets host PRR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ra Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019,
Korea
| | - Un Yung Choi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Harlyne J. Norris Cancer Research Tower, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, California 90033,
USA
| | - Sung-Woo Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019,
Korea
| | - Stephanie Kim
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Harlyne J. Norris Cancer Research Tower, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, California 90033,
USA
| | - Jae U. Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Harlyne J. Norris Cancer Research Tower, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, California 90033,
USA
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23
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Li W, Avey D, Fu B, Wu JJ, Ma S, Liu X, Zhu F. Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Inhibitor of cGAS (KicGAS), Encoded by ORF52, Is an Abundant Tegument Protein and Is Required for Production of Infectious Progeny Viruses. J Virol 2016; 90:5329-5342. [PMID: 27009954 PMCID: PMC4934757 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02675-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) ORF52 (also known as KSHV inhibitor of cGAS [KicGAS]) has been detected in purified virions, the roles of this protein during KSHV replication have not been characterized. Using specific monoclonal antibodies, we revealed that ORF52 displays true late gene expression kinetics and confirmed its cytoplasmic localization in both transfected and KSHV-infected cells. We demonstrated that ORF52 comigrates with other known virion proteins following sucrose gradient centrifugation. We also determined that ORF52 resides inside the viral envelope and remains partially associated with capsid when extracellular virions are treated with various detergents and/or salts. There results indicate that ORF52 is a tegument protein abundantly present in extracellular virions. To characterize the roles of ORF52 in the KSHV life cycle, we engineered a recombinant KSHV ORF52-null mutant virus and found that loss of ORF52 results in reduced virion production and a further defect in infectivity. Upon analysis of the virion composition of ORF52-null viral particles, we observed a decrease in the incorporation of ORF45, as well as other tegument proteins, suggesting that ORF52 is important for the packaging of other virion proteins. In summary, our results indicate that, in addition to its immune evasion function, KSHV ORF52 is required for the optimal production of infectious virions, likely due to its roles in virion assembly as a tegument protein. IMPORTANCE The tegument proteins of herpesviruses, including Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), play key roles in the viral life cycle. Each of the three subfamilies of herpesviruses (alpha, beta, and gamma) encode unique tegument proteins with specialized functions. We recently found that one such gammaherpesvirus-specific protein, ORF52, has an important role in immune evasion during KSHV primary infection, through inhibition of the host cytosolic DNA sensing pathway. In this report, we further characterize ORF52 as a tegument protein with vital roles during KSHV lytic replication. We found that ORF52 is important for the production of infectious viral particles, likely through its role in virus assembly, a critical process for KSHV replication and pathogenesis. More comprehensive investigation of the functions of tegument proteins and their roles in viral replication may reveal novel targets for therapeutic interventions against KSHV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Li
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Denis Avey
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Bishi Fu
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Jian-Jun Wu
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Siming Ma
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Fanxiu Zhu
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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24
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De Paoli P, Carbone A. Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpesvirus: twenty years after its discovery. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2016; 20:1288-1294. [PMID: 27097948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Twenty years after the discovery of Kaposi's Sarcoma Herpes Virus (KSHV), many aspects of the pathogenesis have been discovered and innovative approaches are presently applied to the diagnosis and treatment of KSHV associated diseases. The virus is coupled to different types of cancers, as well as to syndromes combined with increased inflammatory response or with immunoreconstitution in immunocompromised hosts. The etiopathological diagnosis of KSHV associated cancers relies on the demonstration of the virus in tumor samples, as well as in the peripheral blood of infected subjects. Novel treatment strategies related to the pathogenetic events of KSHV associated diseases have been recently studied, that are based on drugs able to induce oncolysis by promoting a viral lytic phase or on the blockade of v-IL6, a cytokine with tumor promoting activities. In addition, antiangiogenetic strategies have also been applied to treat KSHV associated cancers. Despite these important discoveries, some aspects of KSHV associated diseases are presently not completely clear and, consequently, response to treatment strategies is still suboptimal.
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25
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Polizzotto MN, Uldrick TS, Wyvill KM, Aleman K, Marshall V, Wang V, Whitby D, Pittaluga S, Jaffe ES, Millo C, Tosato G, Little RF, Steinberg SM, Sereti I, Yarchoan R. Clinical Features and Outcomes of Patients With Symptomatic Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV)-associated Inflammation: Prospective Characterization of KSHV Inflammatory Cytokine Syndrome (KICS). Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62:730-738. [PMID: 26658701 PMCID: PMC4772848 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) is the cause of Kaposi sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and a form of Castleman disease (KSHV-MCD). Recently a KSHV-associated inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS) distinct from KSHV-MCD was reported. METHODS We prospectively characterized the clinical, laboratory, virologic and immunologic features of KICS by evaluating symptomatic adults with KSHV using a prespecified definition. These features and overall survival were compared with controls from 2 prospectively characterized human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected cohorts, including 1 with KSHV coinfection. RESULTS All 10 KICS subjects were HIV infected males; 5 had HIV viral load (VL) suppressed <50 copies mL (median 72, range <50-74 375); all had KS and 2 also had PEL. All had multiple severe symptoms attributable to KICS: median number of symptoms 8 (6-11), median grade of worst symptom 3 (2-4). These included gastrointestinal disturbance (present in 9); edema (9); respiratory (6); and effusions (5). Laboratory abnormalities included anemia (all); hypoalbuminemia (all) and thrombocytopenia (6). None developed KSHV-MCD; 6 died with median survival from KICS diagnosis 13.6 months. KICS subjects compared with controls had more severe symptoms; lower hemoglobin and albumin; higher C-reactive protein; higher KSHV VL; elevated interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10; and an increased risk of death (all P < .05). Anemia and hypoalbuminemia at presentation were independently associated with early death. CONCLUSIONS KICS subjects demonstrated diverse severe symptoms, a high rate of KSHV-associated tumors, high mortality, and a distinct IL-6/IL-10 signature. KICS may be an important unrecognized cause of morbidity and mortality, including symptoms previously ascribed to HIV. Exploration of KSHV-directed therapy is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vickie Marshall
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
| | | | - Denise Whitby
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
| | | | | | - Corina Millo
- Positron Emission Tomography Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health
| | | | | | - Seth M Steinberg
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda
| | - Irini Sereti
- HIV Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
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26
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Jackson CC, Dickson MA, Sadjadi M, Gessain A, Abel L, Jouanguy E, Casanova J. Kaposi Sarcoma of Childhood: Inborn or Acquired Immunodeficiency to Oncogenic HHV-8. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:392-7. [PMID: 26469702 PMCID: PMC4984265 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is an endothelial malignancy caused by human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8) infection. The epidemic and iatrogenic forms of childhood KS result from a profound and acquired T cell deficiency. Recent studies have shown that classic KS of childhood can result from rare single-gene inborn errors of immunity, with mutations in WAS, IFNGR1, STIM1, and TNFRSF4. The pathogenesis of the endemic form of childhood KS has remained elusive. We review childhood KS pathogenesis and its relationship to inherited and acquired immunodeficiency to oncogenic HHV-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn C. Jackson
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious DiseasesRockefeller BranchThe Rockefeller UniversityNew York
- Department of PediatricsMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York
| | - Mark A. Dickson
- Department of MedicineMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York
- Department of MedicineWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York
| | - Mahan Sadjadi
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious DiseasesRockefeller BranchThe Rockefeller UniversityNew York
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unit of Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic VirusesInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious DiseasesRockefeller BranchThe Rockefeller UniversityNew York
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious DiseasesNecker BranchINSERM U1163ParisFrance
- Paris Descartes UniversityImagine InstituteParisFrance
| | - Emmanuelle Jouanguy
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious DiseasesRockefeller BranchThe Rockefeller UniversityNew York
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious DiseasesNecker BranchINSERM U1163ParisFrance
- Paris Descartes UniversityImagine InstituteParisFrance
| | - Jean‐Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious DiseasesRockefeller BranchThe Rockefeller UniversityNew York
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious DiseasesNecker BranchINSERM U1163ParisFrance
- Paris Descartes UniversityImagine InstituteParisFrance
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Pediatric Hematology‐Immunology UnitNecker Hospital for Sick ChildrenParisFrance
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27
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Lee HR, Amatya R, Jung JU. Multi-step regulation of innate immune signaling by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Virus Res 2015; 209:39-44. [PMID: 25796211 PMCID: PMC4575611 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system provides an immediate and relatively non-specific response to infection with the aim of eliminating the pathogen before an infection can be fully established. Activation of innate immune response is achieved by production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferon (IFN). The IFN response in particular is one of the primary defenses utilized by the host innate immune system to control pathogen infection, like virus infection. Hence, viruses have learned to manipulate host immune control mechanisms to facilitate their propagation. Due to this, much work has been dedicated to the elucidation of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-mediated immune evasion tactics that antagonize a host's immune system. This review presents our current knowledge of the immune evasion strategies employed by KSHV at distinct stages of its life cycle to control a host's immune system with a focus on interferon signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ra Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Harlyne J. Norris Cancer Research Tower, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Rina Amatya
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Harlyne J. Norris Cancer Research Tower, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Harlyne J. Norris Cancer Research Tower, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, HMR Rm 401, 2011 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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28
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Hu M, Wang C, Li W, Lu W, Bai Z, Qin D, Yan Q, Zhu J, Krueger BJ, Renne R, Gao SJ, Lu C. A KSHV microRNA Directly Targets G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 to Promote the Migration and Invasion of Endothelial Cells by Inducing CXCR2 and Activating AKT Signaling. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005171. [PMID: 26402907 PMCID: PMC4581863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a highly disseminated angiogenic tumor of endothelial cells linked to infection by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). KSHV encodes more than two dozens of miRNAs but their roles in KSHV-induced tumor dissemination and metastasis remain unknown. Here, we found that ectopic expression of miR-K12-3 (miR-K3) promoted endothelial cell migration and invasion. Bioinformatics and luciferase reporter analyses showed that miR-K3 directly targeted G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase 2 (GRK2, official gene symbol ADRBK1). Importantly, overexpression of GRK2 reversed miR-K3 induction of cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, the chemokine receptor CXCR2, which was negatively regulated by GRK2, was upregulated in miR-K3-transduced endothelial cells. Knock down of CXCR2 abolished miR-K3-induced cell migration and invasion. Moreover, miR-K3 downregulation of GRK2 relieved its direct inhibitory effect on AKT. Both CXCR2 induction and the release of AKT from GRK2 were required for miR-K3 maximum activation of AKT and induction of cell migration and invasion. Finally, deletion of miR-K3 from the KSHV genome abrogated its effect on the GRK2/CXCR2/AKT pathway and KSHV-induced migration and invasion. Our data provide the first-line evidence that, by repressing GRK2, miR-K3 facilitates cell migration and invasion via activation of CXCR2/AKT signaling, which likely contribute to the dissemination of KSHV-induced tumors. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). KS is a highly disseminated tumor often involved with visceral organs. Experimentally, KSHV infection induces the invasiveness of endothelial cells. KSHV encodes twelve precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs), which are processed into at least 25 mature miRNAs. However, the roles of these miRNAs in KSHV-induced tumor dissemination remain unknown. Here, we investigated KSHV-encoded miR-K12-3 (miR-K3) promotion of endothelial cell migration and invasion, which are the underlying mechanisms of tumor dissemination. We demonstrated that miR-K3 promoted cell migration and invasion by directly targeting G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase 2 (GRK2). Furthermore, we found that the chemokine receptor CXCR2, which was negatively regulated by GRK2, and its downstream AKT signaling positively mediated miR-K3-induced cell migration and invasion. miR-K3 downregulation of GRK2 relieved its direct inhibitory effect on AKT, and both CXCR2 induction and the release of AKT from GRK2 were required for miR-K3 maximum activation of AKT and induction of cell migration and invasion. These results show that miR-K3 and its the downstream pathway may be potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of KSHV-associated malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Movement
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/virology
- Enzyme Repression
- G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2/genetics
- G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2/metabolism
- Gene Deletion
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/physiology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/immunology
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/virology
- Humans
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/agonists
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- RNA/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/agonists
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/immunology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Signal Transduction
- Virus Internalization
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory Of Pathogen Biology Of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Wan Li
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Weiping Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai’an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 6 Beijing Road West, Huai’an, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Bai
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Di Qin
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (QY); (CL)
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Krueger
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rolf Renne
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory Of Pathogen Biology Of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (QY); (CL)
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Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been linked to Kaposi sarcoma and B-cell malignancies. Mechanisms of KSHV-induced oncogenesis remain elusive, however, in part due to lack of reliable in vivo models. Recently, we showed that transgenic mice expressing the KSHV latent genes, including all viral microRNAs, developed splenic B cell hyperplasia with 100% penetrance, but only a fraction converted to B cell lymphomas, suggesting that cooperative oncogenic events were missing. Myc was chosen as a possible candidate, because Myc is deregulated in many B cell lymphomas. We crossed KSHV latency locus transgenic (latency) mice to Cα Myc transgenic (Myc) mice. By itself these Myc transgenic mice develop lymphomas only rarely. In the double transgenic mice (Myc/latency) we observed plasmacytosis, severe extramedullary hematopoiesis in spleen and liver, and increased proliferation of splenocytes. Myc/latency mice developed frank lymphoma at a higher rate than single transgenic latency or Myc mice. These data indicate that the KSHV latency locus cooperates with the deregulated Myc pathways to further lymphoma progression. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is associated with Kaposi sarcoma as well as the B-cell malignancies primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD). Only a few KSHV genes, including all micro RNAs, are expressed in latent infection of B cells. We already showed that KSHV latency locus transgenic mice consistently develop B cell hyperplasia. To find out possible host contributions to lymphomagenesis we evaluated the Myc oncogene. Compound KSHV latency locus and Myc mice developed plasmacytosis exemplified by increased frequency of plasma cells in the spleen, a high accelerated lymphoma development, and severe extramedullary hematopoiesis. These data show that the KSHV latency locus can cooperate with Myc activation in viral lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hoon Sin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Global Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yongbaek Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Anthony Eason
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Global Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dirk P. Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Global Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Fan W, Tang Q, Shen C, Qin D, Lu C, Yan Q. Preparation and characterization of polyclonal antibody against Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lytic gene encoding RTA. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2015; 60:473-81. [PMID: 25832009 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-015-0387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Replication and transcription activator (RTA) is a critical lytic protein encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). To prepare rabbit polyclonal antibody against RTA, three antigenic polypeptides of KSHV RTA were initially synthesized. The fragment of RTA was cloned into p3FlagBsd to construct the recombinant plasmid, pRTA-Flag. 293 T and EA.hy926 cells were transfected with pRTA-Flag to obtain RTA-Flag fusion protein, which was detected using anti-Flag antibody. Next, New Zealand white rabbits were immunized with keyhole limpet hemocyanin-conjugated peptides to generate polyclonal antibodies against RTA. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed to characterize the polyclonal antibodies, and the titers of the polyclonal antibodies against RTA were greater than 1:11,000. Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay revealed that the prepared antibody reacted specifically with the RTA-Flag fusion protein as well as the native viral protein in KSHV-infected primary effusion lymphoma cells. Collectively, our work successfully constructed the recombinant expression vector, pRTA-Flag, and prepared the polyclonal antibody against RTA, which was valuable for investigating the biochemical and biological functions of the critical KSHV lytic gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifei Fan
- Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Province Official Hospital, 65 Jiangsu Road, Nanjing, 210024, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyou Shen
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Qin
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Campbell M, Kung HJ, Izumiya Y. Long non-coding RNA and epigenetic gene regulation of KSHV. Viruses 2014; 6:4165-77. [PMID: 25375882 PMCID: PMC4246214 DOI: 10.3390/v6114165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/human herpesvirus 8) is a γ-herpesvirus linked to Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and two lymphoproliferative disorders, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL or body-cavity B-lymphoma [BCBL]) and a subset of Multicentric Castleman's Disease. During lytic growth, pervasive viral transcription generating a variety of transcripts with uncertain protein-coding potential has been described on a genome-wide scale in β- and γ-herpesviruses. One class of such RNAs is called long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). KSHV encodes a viral lncRNA known as polyadenylated nuclear RNA (PAN RNA), a copious early gene product. PAN RNA has been implicated in KSHV gene expression, replication, and immune modulation. PAN RNA expression is required for optimal expression of the entire KSHV lytic gene expression program. Latent KSHV episomes are coated with viral latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA). LANA rapidly dissociates from episomes during reactivation. Here we review recent studies suggesting that PAN RNA may function as a viral lncRNA, including a role in the facilitation of LANA-episomal dissociation during lytic replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel Campbell
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Yoshihiro Izumiya
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Hävemeier A, Gramolelli S, Pietrek M, Jochmann R, Stürzl M, Schulz TF. Activation of NF-κB by the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K15 protein involves recruitment of the NF-κB-inducing kinase, IκB kinases, and phosphorylation of p65. J Virol 2014; 88:13161-72. [PMID: 25187543 PMCID: PMC4249085 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01766-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) (or human herpesvirus 8) is the cause of Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and the plasma cell variant of multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). The transmembrane K15 protein, encoded by KSHV, has been shown to activate NF-κB and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) as well as phospholipase C gamma (PLCγ) and to contribute to KSHV-induced angiogenesis. Here we investigate how the K15 protein activates the NF-κB pathway. We show that activation of NF-κB involves the recruitment of NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) and IKK α/β to result in the phosphorylation of p65/RelA on Ser536. A K15 mutant devoid in NIK/IKK recruitment fails to activate NF-κB but remains proficient in the stimulation of both NFAT- and AP1-dependent promoters, showing that the structural integrity of the mutant K15 protein has not been altered dramatically. Direct recruitment of NIK represents a novel way for a viral protein to activate and manipulate the NF-κB pathway. IMPORTANCE KSHV K15 is a viral protein involved in the activation of proinflammatory and angiogenic pathways. Previous studies reported that K15 can activate the NF-κB pathway. Here we show the molecular mechanism underlying the activation of this signaling pathway by K15, which involves direct recruitment of the NF-κB-inducing kinase NIK to K15 as well as NIK-mediated NF-κB p65 phosphorylation on Ser536. K15 is the first viral protein shown to activate NF-κB through direct recruitment of NIK. These results indicate a new mechanism whereby a viral protein can manipulate the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Hävemeier
- Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Silvia Gramolelli
- Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marcel Pietrek
- Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ramona Jochmann
- Chirurgische Klinik, Abteilung Molekulare und Experimentelle Chirurgie, Translational Research Center Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Stürzl
- Chirurgische Klinik, Abteilung Molekulare und Experimentelle Chirurgie, Translational Research Center Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas F Schulz
- Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Masiá M, Robledano C, Ortiz de la Tabla V, Antequera P, Lumbreras B, Hernández I, Gutiérrez F. Coinfection with human herpesvirus 8 is associated with persistent inflammation and immune activation in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105442. [PMID: 25133669 PMCID: PMC4136871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Infection with co-pathogens is one of the postulated factors contributing to persistent inflammation and non-AIDS events in virologically-suppressed HIV-infected patients. We aimed to investigate the relationship of human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), a vasculotropic virus implicated in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma, with inflammation and subclinical atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients. Methods Prospective study including virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients. Several blood biomarkers (highly-sensitive C-reactive protein [hsCRP], tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, malondialdehyde, plasminogen activator inhibitor [PAI-1], D-dimer, sCD14, sCD163, CD4/CD38/HLA-DR, and CD8/CD38/HLA-DR), serological tests for HHV-8 and the majority of herpesviruses, carotid intima-media thickness, and endothelial function through flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery were measured. Results A total of 136 patients were included, 34.6% of them infected with HHV-8. HHV-8-infected patients were more frequently co-infected with herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) (P<0.001), and less frequently with hepatitis C virus (HCV) (P = 0.045), and tended to be older (P = 0.086). HHV-8-infected patients had higher levels of hsCRP (median [interquartile range], 3.63 [1.32–7.54] vs 2.08 [0.89–4.11] mg/L, P = 0.009), CD4/CD38/HLA-DR (7.67% [4.10–11.86]% vs 3.86% [2.51–7.42]%, P = 0.035) and CD8/CD38/HLA-DR (8.02% [4.98–14.09]% vs 5.02% [3.66–6.96]%, P = 0.018). After adjustment for the traditional cardiovascular risk factors, HCV and HSV-2 infection, the associations remained significant: adjusted difference between HHV-8 positive and negative patients (95% confidence interval) for hsCRP, 74.19% (16.65–160.13)%; for CD4/CD38/HLA-DR, 89.65% (14.34–214.87)%; and for CD8/CD38/HLA-DR, 58.41% (12.30–123.22)%. Flow-mediated dilatation and total carotid intima-media thickness were not different according to HHV-8 serostatus. Conclusion In virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients, coinfection with HHV-8 is associated with increased inflammation and immune activation. This might contribute to increase the risk of non-AIDS events, including accelerated atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Masiá
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Catalina Robledano
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Pedro Antequera
- Microbiology Service, Hospital Universitario de San Juan, Alicante, Spain
| | - Blanca Lumbreras
- Department of Public Health, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Félix Gutiérrez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
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Yamada M, Katano H, Yotsumoto M, Hashimoto H, Muramatsu T, Shiotsuka M, Fukutake K, Kuroda M. Unique expression pattern of viral proteins in human herpesvirus 8-positive plasmablastic lymphoma: a case report. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2014; 7:6415-6418. [PMID: 25337302 PMCID: PMC4203273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8)-positive plasmablastic lymphoma is a disease which correlates with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Little is known about the pathogenesis of the disease due to its rarity. We report an autopsy case about AIDS related HHV-8-positive plasmablastic lymphoma and presents an examination about HHV8 related proteins for the disease by using immunohistochemical techniques. CASE PRESENTATION Two kinds of tumors complicated the male AIDS patient: one was HHV-8-positive plasmablastic lymphoma and the other was Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Immunohistochemically, the lymphoma cells were positive for HHV8-associated lytic early proteins as well as HHV8 latency-associated nuclear antigen 1 (LANA-1), and, on the other hand, the lymphoma cells were negative for lytic immediately early proteins. KS was positive for only LANA-1. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that the lymphoma cells acquired an ability to proliferate without de novo HHV8 replication. Moreover, the onset mechanisms of HHV-8-positive plasmablastic lymphoma may be different from those of KS.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Autopsy
- Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Castleman Disease/immunology
- Castleman Disease/pathology
- Castleman Disease/virology
- Cell Proliferation
- Fatal Outcome
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/pathogenicity
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Immediate-Early Proteins/analysis
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/immunology
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/pathology
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nuclear Proteins/analysis
- Repressor Proteins/analysis
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/immunology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Trans-Activators/analysis
- Ureteral Neoplasms/immunology
- Ureteral Neoplasms/pathology
- Ureteral Neoplasms/virology
- Viral Proteins/analysis
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Yamada
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Harutaka Katano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious DiseaseTokyo, Japan
| | - Mihoko Yotsumoto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University HospitalTokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Muramatsu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University HospitalTokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Shiotsuka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University HospitalTokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Fukutake
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical University HospitalTokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kuroda
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical UniversityTokyo, Japan
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35
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West JA, Wicks M, Gregory SM, Chugh P, Jacobs SR, Zhang Z, Host KM, Dittmer DP, Damania B. An important role for mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein in the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus life cycle. J Virol 2014; 88:5778-87. [PMID: 24623417 PMCID: PMC4019080 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03226-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been shown to be recognized by two families of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs). Here we show that MAVS and RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene 1), an RLR family member, also have a role in suppressing KSHV replication and production. In the context of primary infection, we show that in cells with depleted levels of MAVS or RIG-I, KSHV transcription is increased, while beta interferon (IFN-β) induction is attenuated. We also observed that MAVS and RIG-I are critical during the process of reactivation. Depletion of MAVS and RIG-I prior to reactivation led to increased viral load and production of infectious virus. Finally, MAVS depletion in latent KSHV-infected B cells leads to increased viral gene transcription. Overall, this study suggests a role for MAVS and RIG-I signaling during different stages of the KSHV life cycle. IMPORTANCE We show that RIG-I and its adaptor protein, MAVS, can sense KSHV infection and that these proteins can suppress KSHV replication following primary infection and/or viral reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A West
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Program in Global Oncology, and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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36
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Labo N, Miley W, Marshall V, Gillette W, Esposito D, Bess M, Turano A, Uldrick T, Polizzotto MN, Wyvill KM, Bagni R, Yarchoan R, Whitby D. Heterogeneity and breadth of host antibody response to KSHV infection demonstrated by systematic analysis of the KSHV proteome. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004046. [PMID: 24675986 PMCID: PMC3968157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) genome encodes more than 85 open reading frames (ORFs). Serological evaluation of KSHV infection now generally relies on reactivity to just one latent and/or one lytic protein (commonly ORF73 and K8.1). Most of the other polypeptides encoded by the virus have unknown antigenic profiles. We have systematically expressed and purified products from 72 KSHV ORFs in recombinant systems and analyzed seroreactivity in US patients with KSHV-associated malignancies, and US blood donors (low KSHV seroprevalence population). We identified several KSHV proteins (ORF38, ORF61, ORF59 and K5) that elicited significant responses in individuals with KSHV-associated diseases. In these patients, patterns of reactivity were heterogeneous; however, HIV infection appeared to be associated with breadth and intensity of serological responses. Improved antigenic characterization of additional ORFs may increase the sensitivity of serologic assays, lead to more rapid progresses in understanding immune responses to KSHV, and allow for better comprehension of the natural history of KSHV infection. To this end, we have developed a bead-based multiplex assay detecting antibodies to six KSHV antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazzarena Labo
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wendell Miley
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vickie Marshall
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William Gillette
- Protein Expression Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dominic Esposito
- Protein Expression Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew Bess
- Protein Expression Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Turano
- Protein Expression Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas Uldrick
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark N. Polizzotto
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Wyvill
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rachel Bagni
- Protein Expression Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert Yarchoan
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Denise Whitby
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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37
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Timms RT, Duncan LM, Tchasovnikarova IA, Antrobus R, Smith DL, Dougan G, Weekes MP, Lehner PJ. Haploid genetic screens identify an essential role for PLP2 in the downregulation of novel plasma membrane targets by viral E3 ubiquitin ligases. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003772. [PMID: 24278019 PMCID: PMC3836740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus gene products K3 and K5 are viral ubiquitin E3 ligases which downregulate MHC-I and additional cell surface immunoreceptors. To identify novel cellular genes required for K5 function we performed a forward genetic screen in near-haploid human KBM7 cells. The screen identified proteolipid protein 2 (PLP2), a MARVEL domain protein of unknown function, as essential for K5 activity. Genetic loss of PLP2 traps the viral ligase in the endoplasmic reticulum, where it is unable to ubiquitinate and degrade its substrates. Subsequent analysis of the plasma membrane proteome of K5-expressing KBM7 cells in the presence and absence of PLP2 revealed a wide range of novel K5 targets, all of which required PLP2 for their K5-mediated downregulation. This work ascribes a critical function to PLP2 for viral ligase activity and underlines the power of non-lethal haploid genetic screens in human cells to identify the genes involved in pathogen manipulation of the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T. Timms
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lidia M. Duncan
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Iva A. Tchasovnikarova
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan L. Smith
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Withington, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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38
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Gentile I, Zappulo E, Coppola N, Bonavolta R, Portella G, Cernia DS, Riccio MP, Settimi A, Pascotto A, Borgia G, Bravaccio C. Prevalence of HHV-6 and HHV-8 antibodies in patients with autism spectrum disorders. In Vivo 2013; 27:843-849. [PMID: 24292591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) still eludes investigators. Several viral infections have been associated with ASD etiopathogenesis but few studies have ever focused on the role of HHV-6 and HHV-8, two members of the herpesviridae family. The aim of the present study was to evaluate seropositivity rate and levels of antibodies to HHV6 and HHV-8 in children with ASD compared to controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS We measured and compared seropositivity rate and levels of antibodies to HHV-6 and HHV-8 in 30 children with ASD (14 with autistic disorder and 16 with non-autistic disorder ASD) and in 28 healthy controls of the same age. RESULTS Seropositivity rate and levels of the two antibodies were similar in cases and controls. Seropositivity rate and levels of antibodies were not correlated with disease severity in children with ASD. CONCLUSION Levels and seropositivity rate of antibodies to HHV-6 and HHV-8 do not differ between children with ASD and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Gentile
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery - Section of Infectious Diseases, Federico II University of Naples, via S. Pansini, 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
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Abstract
MicroRNA-155 (miR-155) is expressed in many cancers. It also executes evolutionary conserved functions in normal B cell development. We show that the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) latency locus, which contains an ortholog of miR-155, miR-K12-11, complements B cell deficiencies in miR-155 knockout mice. Germinal center (GC) formation was rescued in spleen, lymph node, and Peyer's patches. Immunoglobulin levels were restored. This demonstrates that KSHV can complement the normal, physiological function of miR-155.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hoon Sin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Global Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yong Baek Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dirk P. Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Global Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Cai Q, Banerjee S, Cervini A, Lu J, Hislop AD, Dzeng R, Robertson ES. IRF-4-mediated CIITA transcription is blocked by KSHV encoded LANA to inhibit MHC II presentation. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003751. [PMID: 24204280 PMCID: PMC3814934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides presentation to T cells by MHC class II molecules is of importance in initiation of immune response to a pathogen. The level of MHC II expression directly influences T lymphocyte activation and is often targeted by various viruses. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) encoded LANA is known to evade MHC class I peptide processing, however, the effect of LANA on MHC class II remains unclear. Here, we report that LANA down-regulates MHC II expression and presentation by inhibiting the transcription of MHC II transactivator (CIITA) promoter pIII and pIV in a dose-dependent manner. Strikingly, although LANA knockdown efficiently disrupts the inhibition of CIITA transcripts from its pIII and pIV promoter region, the expression of HLA-DQβ but no other MHC II molecules was significantly restored. Moreover, we revealed that the presentation of HLA-DQβ enhanced by LANA knockdown did not help LANA-specific CD4+ T cell recognition of PEL cells, and the inhibition of CIITA by LANA is independent of IL-4 or IFN-γ signaling but dependent on the direct interaction of LANA with IRF-4 (an activator of both the pIII and pIV CIITA promoters). This interaction dramatically blocked the DNA-binding ability of IRF-4 on both pIII and pIV promoters. Thus, our data implies that LANA can evade MHC II presentation and suppress CIITA transcription to provide a unique strategy of KSHV escape from immune surveillance by cytotoxic T cells. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II is critical for eliciting specific adaptive immune responses against a wide range of pathogenic agents. KSHV as a member of the herpesvirus family has been shown to encode viral proteins for deregulation of the MHC II signaling pathway. In this study, we discovered that a critical viral encoded antigen LANA can significantly reduce MHC II expression by directly targeting CIITA transcription, and that IRF-4 as an activator of the CIITA promoter directly interacts with LANA, which leads to suppression of IRF-4-mediated CIITA expression. Importantly, inhibition of LANA production restores both CIITA and HLA-DQβ, the only one of six MHC II molecules expressed in KSHV-positive PEL cells. This study clearly demonstrates that each MHC II molecule could be precisely deregulated by specific viral antigen to escape from immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiliang Cai
- MOE&MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (QC); (ESR)
| | - Shuvomoy Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program of Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Amanda Cervini
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program of Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program of Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Hislop
- School of Cancer Sciences and Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Dzeng
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program of Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Erle S. Robertson
- Department of Microbiology and the Tumor Virology Program of Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (QC); (ESR)
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Hamelin A, Bachmeyer C, Moguelet P, Francès C. [Kaposi sarcoma mimicking pyogenic granuloma]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2013; 140:660-2. [PMID: 24090901 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2013.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
MESH Headings
- Aged
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Granuloma, Pyogenic/diagnosis
- Hand
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Male
- Melanoma/diagnosis
- Nuclear Proteins/analysis
- Phosphoproteins/analysis
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/chemistry
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/classification
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/diagnosis
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/surgery
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Skin Neoplasms/chemistry
- Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/surgery
- Skin Neoplasms/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hamelin
- Service de médecine interne, hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
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42
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Meyer F, Ehlers E, Steadman A, Waterbury T, Cao M, Zhang L. TLR-TRIF pathway enhances the expression of KSHV replication and transcription activator. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:20435-42. [PMID: 23723066 PMCID: PMC3711309 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.487421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human γ-herpesvirus. KSHV replication and transcription activator (RTA) is necessary and sufficient for KSHV reactivation from latency. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, act through adaptors, and initiate innate and adaptive immune responses against pathogens. Toll/interleukin-1-receptor domain containing adaptor protein inducing interferon-β (TRIF) is an adaptor associated with TLR3 and TLR4 signaling, and is closely related to antiviral signaling to activate type I interferon (IFN) production. We previously found that KSHV RTA degrades TRIF indirectly and blocks TLR3 pathways. In this report, we find that TRIF, as well as TLR3 activation, enhances KSHV RTA protein expression. The C-terminal region of the RTA is involved in the responding TRIF-mediated enhancement. The degradation of TRIF and the enhancement of RTA expression are using two different pathways. The enhancement by TLR-TRIF is at least partially via promoting translational efficiency of RTA mRNA. Finally, the receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) may be involved in TRIF-mediated enhancement of RTA expression, but not in the RTA-mediated degradation of TRIF. Therefore, the activation of TLR-TRIF pathway enhances KSHV RTA protein expression, and KSHV RTA in turn degrades TRIF to block innate immunity. The putative KSHV-TLR-adaptor-interacting loop may be a critical element to evade and usurp host innate immunity in KSHV life-cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Luwen Zhang
- From the School of Biological Sciences and
- the Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583
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43
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Jacobs SR, Gregory SM, West JA, Wollish AC, Bennett CL, Blackbourn DJ, Heise MT, Damania B. The viral interferon regulatory factors of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus differ in their inhibition of interferon activation mediated by toll-like receptor 3. J Virol 2013; 87:798-806. [PMID: 23115281 PMCID: PMC3554052 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01851-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection is correlated with three human malignancies and can establish lifelong latent infection in multiple cell types within its human host. In order to establish and maintain infection, KSHV utilizes multiple mechanisms to evade the host immune response. One such mechanism is the expression of a family of genes with homology to cellular interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRFs), known as viral IRFs (vIRFs). We demonstrate here that KSHV vIRF1, -2, and -3 have a differential ability to block type I interferon signaling mediated by Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), a receptor we have previously shown to be activated upon KSHV infection. vIRF1, -2, and -3 inhibited TLR3-driven activation of IFN transcription reporters. However, only vIRF1 and vIRF2 inhibited increases in both IFN-β message and protein levels following TLR3 activation. The expression of vIRF1 and vIRF2 also allowed for increased replication of a virus known to activate TLR3 signaling. Furthermore, vIRF1 and vIRF2 may block TLR3-mediated signaling via different mechanisms. Altogether, this report indicates that vIRFs are able to block IFN mediated by TLRs but that each vIRF has a unique function and mechanism for blocking antiviral IFN responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R. Jacobs
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sean M. Gregory
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - John A. West
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amy C. Wollish
- Department of Genetics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Carolina Vaccine Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher L. Bennett
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - David J. Blackbourn
- School of Cancer Sciences and Cancer Research United Kingdom Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mark T. Heise
- Department of Genetics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Carolina Vaccine Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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44
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Horst D, Geerdink RJ, Gram AM, Stoppelenburg AJ, Ressing ME. Hiding lipid presentation: viral interference with CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell activation. Viruses 2012. [PMID: 23202469 PMCID: PMC3497057 DOI: 10.3390/v4102379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a major role in protecting the host against viral infection. Rapid initial protection is conveyed by innate immune cells, while adaptive immunity (including T lymphocytes) requires several days to develop, yet provides high specificity and long-lasting memory. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are an unusual subset of T lymphocytes, expressing a semi-invariant T cell receptor together with markers of the innate NK cell lineage. Activated iNKT cells can exert direct cytolysis and can rapidly release a variety of immune-polarizing cytokines, thereby regulating the ensuing adaptive immune response. iNKT cells recognize lipids in the context of the antigen-presenting molecule CD1d. Intriguingly, CD1d-restricted iNKT cells appear to play a critical role in anti-viral defense: increased susceptibility to disseminated viral infections is observed both in patients with iNKT cell deficiency as well as in CD1d- and iNKT cell-deficient mice. Moreover, viruses have recently been found to use sophisticated strategies to withstand iNKT cell-mediated elimination. This review focuses on CD1d-restricted lipid presentation and the strategies viruses deploy to subvert this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle Horst
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (D.H.); (R.J.G.);
| | - Ruben J. Geerdink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (D.H.); (R.J.G.);
| | - Anna M. Gram
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (D.H.); (R.J.G.);
| | - Arie J. Stoppelenburg
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.J.S.)
| | - Maaike E. Ressing
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (D.H.); (R.J.G.);
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +31 88-7550603
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45
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Butler LM, Jeffery HC, Wheat RL, Long HM, Rae PC, Nash GB, Blackbourn DJ. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus inhibits expression and function of endothelial cell major histocompatibility complex class II via suppressor of cytokine signaling 3. J Virol 2012; 86:7158-66. [PMID: 22532676 PMCID: PMC3416330 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06908-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (EC) can present antigen to either CD8(+) T lymphocytes through constitutively expressed major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) or CD4(+) T lymphocytes through gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-induced MHC-II. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), an EC neoplasm characterized by dysregulated angiogenesis and a substantial inflammatory infiltrate. KSHV is understood to have evolved strategies to inhibit MHC-I expression on EC and MHC-II expression on primary effusion lymphoma cells, but its effects on EC MHC-II expression are unknown. Here, we report that the KSHV infection of human primary EC inhibits IFN-γ-induced expression of the MHC-II molecule HLA-DR at the transcriptional level. The effect is functionally significant, since recognition by an HLA-DR-restricted CD4(+) T-cell clone in response to cognate antigen presented by KSHV-infected EC was attenuated. Inhibition of HLA-DR expression was also achieved by exposing EC to supernatant from KSHV-inoculated EC before IFN-γ treatment, revealing a role for soluble mediators. IFN-γ-induced phosphorylation of STAT-1 and transcription of CIITA were suppressed in KSHV-inoculated EC via a mechanism involving SOCS3 (suppressor of cytokine signaling 3). Thus, KSHV infection resulted in transcriptional upregulation of SOCS3, and treatment with RNA interference against SOCS3 relieved virus-induced inhibition of IFN-γ-induced STAT-1 phosphorylation. Since cell surface MHC-II molecules present peptide antigens to CD4(+) T lymphocytes that can function either as direct cytolytic effectors or to initiate and regulate adaptive immune responses, inhibition of this antigen-presenting pathway would provide a survival advantage to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H. C. Jeffery
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
- School of Cancer Sciences and CR UK Centre for Cancer Research
| | - R. L. Wheat
- School of Cancer Sciences and CR UK Centre for Cancer Research
| | - H. M. Long
- School of Cancer Sciences and CR UK Centre for Cancer Research
| | - P. C. Rae
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
- School of Cancer Sciences and CR UK Centre for Cancer Research
| | - G. B. Nash
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
| | - D. J. Blackbourn
- School of Cancer Sciences and CR UK Centre for Cancer Research
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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46
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Leidal AM, Cyr DP, Hill RJ, Lee PWK, McCormick C. Subversion of autophagy by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus impairs oncogene-induced senescence. Cell Host Microbe 2012; 11:167-80. [PMID: 22341465 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute oncogenic stress can activate autophagy and facilitate permanent arrest of the cell cycle through a failsafe mechanism known as oncogene-induced senescence (OIS). Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) proteins are known to subvert autophagic pathways, but the link to Kaposi's sarcoma pathogenesis is unclear. We find that oncogenic assault caused by latent KSHV infection elicits DNA damage responses (DDRs) characteristic of OIS, yet infected cells display only modest levels of autophagy and fail to senesce. These aberrant responses result from the combined activities of tandemly expressed KSHV v-cyclin and v-FLIP proteins. v-Cyclin deregulates the cell cycle, triggers DDRs, and if left unchecked can promote autophagy and senescence. However, during latency v-FLIP blocks v-cyclin-induced autophagy and senescence in a manner that requires intact v-FLIP ATG3-binding domains. Together, these data reveal a coordinated viral gene expression program that usurps autophagy, blocks senescence, and facilitates the proliferation of KSHV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Leidal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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Ortman SA, Huerter CJ, Lynch D, Olson D, Sarma DP. Indurated vascular plaques on the legs of an 85-year-old woman. Dermatol Online J 2012; 18:14. [PMID: 22483525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a case of classic type Kaposi sarcoma occurring in an 85-year-old woman who presented with indurated vascular plaques on both legs below the knee that has been present for two years. A brief review of the literature on Kaposi sarcoma is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Ortman
- Department of Dermatology, Creighton University Medical School, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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48
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Inoue T, Takamatsu F, Kubota A, Hori Y, Maeda N, Nishida K. Human herpesvirus 8 in corneal endotheliitis resulting in graft failure after penetrating keratoplasty refractory to allograft rejection therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 129:1629-30. [PMID: 22159687 DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
MESH Headings
- Aqueous Humor/virology
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Drug Resistance
- Endothelium, Corneal/pathology
- Endothelium, Corneal/virology
- Eye Infections, Viral/diagnosis
- Eye Infections, Viral/drug therapy
- Eye Infections, Viral/virology
- Graft Rejection/diagnosis
- Graft Rejection/drug therapy
- Graft Rejection/virology
- Herpesviridae Infections/diagnosis
- Herpesviridae Infections/drug therapy
- Herpesviridae Infections/virology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Keratitis, Herpetic/diagnosis
- Keratitis, Herpetic/drug therapy
- Keratitis, Herpetic/virology
- Keratoplasty, Penetrating
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Visual Acuity/physiology
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49
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Dupuy S, Lambert M, Zucman D, Choukem SP, Tognarelli S, Pages C, Lebbé C, Caillat-Zucman S. Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) sequentially shapes the NK cell repertoire during the course of asymptomatic infection and Kaposi sarcoma. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002486. [PMID: 22253598 PMCID: PMC3257307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of innate immunity to immunosurveillance of the oncogenic Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV8) has not been studied in depth. We investigated NK cell phenotype and function in 70 HHV8-infected subjects, either asymptomatic carriers or having developed Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Our results revealed substantial alterations of the NK cell receptor repertoire in healthy HHV8 carriers, with reduced expression of NKp30, NKp46 and CD161 receptors. In addition, down-modulation of the activating NKG2D receptor, associated with impaired NK-cell lytic capacity, was observed in patients with active KS. Resolution of KS after treatment was accompanied with restoration of NKG2D levels and NK cell activity. HHV8-latently infected endothelial cells overexpressed ligands of several NK cell receptors, including NKG2D ligands. The strong expression of NKG2D ligands by tumor cells was confirmed in situ by immunohistochemical staining of KS biopsies. However, no tumor-infiltrating NK cells were detected, suggesting a defect in NK cell homing or survival in the KS microenvironment. Among the known KS-derived immunoregulatory factors, we identified prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as a critical element responsible for the down-modulation of NKG2D expression on resting NK cells. Moreover, PGE2 prevented up-regulation of the NKG2D and NKp30 receptors on IL-15-activated NK cells, and inhibited the IL-15-induced proliferation and survival of NK cells. Altogether, our observations are consistent with distinct immunoevasion mechanisms that allow HHV8 to escape NK cell responses stepwise, first at early stages of infection to facilitate the maintenance of viral latency, and later to promote tumor cell growth through suppression of NKG2D-mediated functions. Importantly, our results provide additional support to the use of PGE2 inhibitors as an attractive approach to treat aggressive KS, as they could restore activation and survival of tumoricidal NK cells. Natural Killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune response against virus infections and tumors. Their activation is the net result of signals emanating from a panel of inhibitory and activating receptors recognizing specific ligands on target cells. Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV8) is an oncogenic virus responsible of Kaposi Sarcoma (KS), a multifocal angiogenic tumor. How NK cells contribute to the control of infection by HHV8 infection and development of KS, is unclear. In this paper, we show different strategies used by HHV8 to escape NK cell response. Patients with asymptomatic infection or KS have down-modulated expression of NKp30, NKp46 and CD161 receptors. In addition, patients with active KS show additional down-modulation of the NKG2D activating receptor, associated with impaired NK-cell cytotoxicity against target cells. Resolution of KS correlates with regained NKG2D expression and cytotoxic function. We present evidence that down-modulation of NKG2D is mediated by inflammatory prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), known to be released by KS cells, and show that PGE2 acts by preventing IL-15-mediated activation of NK cells. These results strongly support the use of PGE2 inhibitors as an attractive approach to treat active KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Dupuy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U986, Hôpital St-Vincent de Paul; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Marion Lambert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U986, Hôpital St-Vincent de Paul; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - David Zucman
- Hôpital Foch, Service de Médecine Interne, Suresnes, France
| | - Siméon-Pierre Choukem
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Service d'Endocrinologie; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Sara Tognarelli
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U986, Hôpital St-Vincent de Paul; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Pages
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Service de Dermatologie; Université Paris Diderot, INSERM U976 Skin Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Céleste Lebbé
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Service de Dermatologie; Université Paris Diderot, INSERM U976 Skin Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Caillat-Zucman
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U986, Hôpital St-Vincent de Paul; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Inn KS, Lee SH, Rathbun JY, Wong LY, Toth Z, Machida K, Ou JHJ, Jung JU. Inhibition of RIG-I-mediated signaling by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded deubiquitinase ORF64. J Virol 2011; 85:10899-904. [PMID: 21835791 PMCID: PMC3187500 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00690-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus infection triggers interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immune defenses in part through viral nucleic acid interactions. However, the immune recognition mechanisms by which the host identifies incoming DNA viruses are still elusive. Here, we show that increased levels of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) persistency are observed in retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-deficient cells and that KSHV ORF64, a tegument protein with deubiqutinase (DUB) activity, suppresses RIG-I-mediated IFN signaling by reducing the ubiquitination of RIG-I, crucial for its activation. This study suggests that RIG-I plays a potential role in sensing KSHV infection and that KSHV ORF64 DUB counteracts RIG-I signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Soo Inn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Sun-Hwa Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Jessica Y. Rathbun
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Lai-Yee Wong
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Zsolt Toth
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Keigo Machida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Jing-Hsiung James Ou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Jae U. Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033
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