Predictors of overload in parents of children with neuromuscular diseases

Introduction

Parents of children with neuromuscular diseases experience multiple difficulties in their daily lives that affect their physical and psychological health. The risk factors for these health issues have not been sufficiently investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the potential predictors of overload in these parents, including QoL, somatic symptomatology, life satisfaction, psychological adjustment and certain sociodemographic variables.

Methods

A cross-sectional research study was conducted among parents who are caregivers for children with NMD in Spain. A convenience sample of 110 parents who were contacted by associations and hospitals was used. Variables were evaluated using the sociodemographic questionnaire, CarerQol-7D, PHQ-15, Barthel Index, Psychological Adaptation Scale, Zarit Overload Scale and Satisfaction with Life Scale.

Results

One of the most relevant findings of the present study is the identification of 3 overload groups (mild to moderate, moderate to severe, and severe overload) based on life satisfaction and somatic symptom scores within the predictive model of the discriminate analysis. Wilk's lambda of the discriminant function was 0.568, χ2 (2, n = 55) = 8.815, p < 0.001.

Discussion

This study presents a model that reveals the influence of unemployment, having a child with a severe level of dependency, the presence of somatic symptomatology and life satisfaction on caregiver overload. Likewise, the caregiver's self-esteem could be a protective factor against overload.

Metallothionein expression in the central nervous system in response to chronic heavy metal exposure: possible neuroprotective mechanism

It has been reported that volcanoes release several tonnes of mercury per year among other heavy metals through eruptions, fumaroles, or diffuse soil degassing. Since a high percentage of the world's population lives in the vicinity of an active volcano, the aim of this study is to evaluate the accumulation of these metals in the central nervous system and the presence of cellular mechanisms of heavy metal detoxification such as metallothioneins. To carry out this study, wild mice (Mus musculus) chronically exposed to an active volcanic environment were captured in Furnas village (Azores, Portugal) and compared with those trapped in a reference area (Rabo de Peixe, Azores, Portugal). On the one hand, the heavy metal load has been evaluated by analyzing brain and cerebellum using ICP-MS and a mercury analyzer and on the other hand, the presence of metallothionein 2A has been studied by immunofluorescence assays. Our results show a higher load of metals such as mercury, cadmium and lead in the central nervous system of exposed mice compared to non-exposed individuals and, in addition, a higher immunoreactivity for metallothionein 2A in different areas of the cerebrum and cerebellum indicating a possible neuroprotection process.

Protection Efficacy of Recombinant HVT-ND-LT and the Live Attenuated Tissue Culture Origin Vaccines Against Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus When Administered Individually or in Combination

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a respiratory disease that causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry. Control of the disease is achieved by vaccination and implementation of biosecurity measures. The use of bivalent and trivalent recombinant herpesvirus of turkey (rHVT) vaccines expressing infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) genes has increased worldwide. In the United States, vaccination programs of long-lived birds (broiler breeders and commercial layers) against ILT include immunizations with either HVT recombinant vector vaccines, in ovo or at hatch, or live attenuated vaccines administered via drinking water (chicken embryo origin [CEO]) or eye drop (tissue culture origin [TCO]). The efficacy of bivalent rHVT-LT at hatch followed by drinking water or eye-drop CEO vaccination has been shown to provide more robust protection than rHVT-LT alone. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protection efficacy of a commercial trivalent rHVT-ND-LT when administered at 1 day of age followed by TCO vaccination via eye drop at 10 wk of age. Groups vaccinated with only rHVT-ND-LT or TCO, the combination of rHVT-ND-LT + TCO, and one nonvaccinated group of chickens were challenged with a virulent ILTV strain at 15 wk of age. After challenge, mortalities were prevented only in the group of chickens vaccinated with the rHVT-ND-LT + TCO. Clinical signs of the disease and challenge virus replication in the trachea were significantly reduced for both the rHVT-ND-LT + TCO- and TCO-vaccinated groups of chickens. To assess challenge virus transmission, contact-naive chickens were introduced to all vaccinated groups immediately after challenge. At 8 days postintroduction, infection of contact-naive chickens was evidenced in those introduced to the rHVT-ND-LT and TCO group but prevented in the rHVT-ND-LT + TCO group. Overall, these results indicated that compared to rHVT-ND-LT or TCO when administered alone, the rHVT-ND-LT + TCO vaccination strategy improved protection against disease and reduced shedding of the challenge virus.

Reconstitution and Mutagenesis of Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus from Cosmid and Yeast Centromeric Plasmid Clones

The genomes of numerous herpesviruses have been cloned as infectious bacterial artificial chromosomes. However, attempts to clone the complete genome of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), formally known as Gallid alphaherpesvirus-1, have been met with limited success. In this study, we report the development of a cosmid/yeast centromeric plasmid (YCp) genetic system to reconstitute ILTV. Overlapping cosmid clones were generated that encompassed 90% of the 151-Kb ILTV genome. Viable virus was produced by cotransfecting leghorn male hepatoma (LMH) cells with these cosmids and a YCp recombinant containing the missing genomic sequences - spanning the TRS/UL junction. An expression cassette for green fluorescent protein (GFP) was inserted within the redundant inverted packaging site (ipac2), and the cosmid/YCp-based system was used to generate recombinant replication-competent ILTV. Viable virus was also reconstituted with a YCp clone containing a BamHI linker within the deleted ipac2 site, further demonstrating the nonessential nature of this site. Recombinants deleted in the ipac2 site formed plaques undistinguished from those viruses containing intact ipac2. The 3 reconstituted viruses replicated in chicken kidney cells with growth kinetics and titers similar to the USDA ILTV reference strain. Specific pathogen-free chickens inoculated with the reconstituted ILTV recombinants succumbed to levels of clinical disease similar to that observed in birds inoculated with wildtype viruses, demonstrating the reconstituted viruses were virulent. IMPORTANCE Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) is an important pathogen of chicken with morbidity of 100% and mortality rates as high as 70%. Factoring in decreased production, mortality, vaccination, and medication, a single outbreak can cost producers over a million dollars. Current attenuated and vectored vaccines lack safety and efficacy, leaving a need for better vaccines. In addition, the lack of an infectious clone has also impeded understanding viral gene function. Since infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones of ILTV with intact replication origins are not feasible, we reconstituted ILTV from a collection of yeast centromeric plasmids and bacterial cosmids, and identified a nonessential insertion site within a redundant packaging site. These constructs and the methodology necessary to manipulate them will facilitate the development of improved live virus vaccines by modifying genes encoding virulence factors and establishing ILTV-based viral vectors for expressing immunogens of other avian pathogens.

Cross-cultural adaptation of the SCORE survey and evaluation of the impact of Real-Time Random Safety Audits in organizational culture: A multicenter study

OBJECTIVE

To establish a cross-cultural adaptation of the Safety, Communication, Operational Reliability, and Engagement (SCORE) survey and to use this instrument to evaluate the impact of a safety intervention.

DESIGN

Cross-cultural adaptation and before-and-after evaluation study.

SETTING

5 ICU.

PARTICIPANTS

Medical residents, attending physicians, and nurses at those ICU.

INTERVENTIONS

Adaptation of the SCORE survey to Spanish culture. The adapted survey was used to assess all safety-culture-related domains before and one-year after implementing the use of a safety tool, Real-Time Random Safety Audits (in Spanish: Análisis Aleatorios de Seguridad en Tiempo Real, AASTRE).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE

Adaptabiliy of the Spanish version of SCORE survey in the ICU setting and evaluation of the effect of AASTRE on their domains.

RESULTS

The cross-cultural adaptation was adequate. Post-AASTRE survey scores [mean (standard deviation, SD)] were significantly better in the domains learning environment [50.55 (SD 20.62) vs 60.76 (SD 23.66), p<.0001], perception of local leadership [47.98 (SD 23.57) vs 62.82 (SD 27.46), p<.0001], teamwork climate [51.19 (SD 18.55) vs 55.89 (SD 20.25), p=.031], safety climate [45.07 (SD 17.60) vs 50.36 (SD 19.65), p=.01], participation decision making [3 (SD 0.82) vs 3.65 (SD 0.87), p<.0001] and advancement in the organization [3.21 (SD 0.77) vs 4.04 (SD 0.77), p<.0001]. However, post-AASTRE scores were significantly worse in the domains workload and burnout climate.

CONCLUSIONS

The cross-cultural adaptation of the SCORE survey into Spanish is a useful tool for ICUs. The application of the AASTRE is associated with improvements in six SCORE domains, including the safety climate.

Mechanistic interrogation of mutation-independent disease modulators of RDEB identifies the small leucine-rich proteoglycan PRELP as a TGF-β antagonist and inhibitor of fibrosis

Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) is a genetic extracellular matrix disease caused by deficiency in type VII collagen (Col VII). The disease manifests with devastating mucocutaneous fragility leading to progressive fibrosis and metastatic squamous cell carcinomas. Although collagen VII abundance is considered the main predictor of symptom course, previous studies have revealed the existence of mutation-independent mechanisms that control disease progression. Here, to investigate and validate new molecular modifiers of wound healing and fibrosis in a natural human setting, and toward development of disease-modulating treatment of RDEB, we performed gene expression profiling of primary fibroblast from RDEB siblings with marked phenotypic variations, despite having equal COL7A1 genotype. Gene enrichment analysis suggested that severe RDEB was associated with enhanced response to TGF-β stimulus, oxidoreductase activity, and cell contraction. Consistently, we found an increased response to TGF-β, higher levels of basal and induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), and greater contractile ability in collagen lattices in RDEB fibroblasts (RDEBFs) from donors with severe RDEB vs mild RDEB. Treatment with antioxidants allowed a reduction of the pro-fibrotic and contractile phenotype. Importantly, our analyses revealed higher expression and deposition in skin of the relatively uncharacterized small leucine-rich extracellular proteoglycan PRELP/prolargin associated with milder RDEB manifestations. Mechanistic investigations showed that PRELP effectively attenuated fibroblasts' response to TGF-β1 stimulus and cell contractile capacity. Moreover, PRELP overexpression in RDEBFs enhanced RDEB keratinocyte attachment to fibroblast-derived extracellular matrix in the absence of Col VII. Our results highlight the clinical relevance of pro-oxidant status and hyper-responsiveness to TGF-β in RDEB severity and progression. Of note, our study also reveals PRELP as a novel and natural TGF-β antagonist with a likely dermo-epidermal pro-adhesive capacity.

Wine yeast selection in the Iberian Peninsula: Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces as drivers of innovation in Spanish and Portuguese wine industries

Yeast selection for the wine industry in Spain started in 1950 for the understanding of the microbial ecology, and for the selection of optimal strains to improve the performance of alcoholic fermentation and the overall wine quality. This process has been strongly developed over the last 30 years, firstly on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and, lately, with intense activity on non-Saccharomyces. Several thousand yeast strains have been isolated, identified and tested to select those with better performance and/or specific technological properties. The present review proposes a global survey of this massive ex-situ preservation of eukaryotic microorganisms, a reservoir of biotechnological solutions for the wine sector, overviewing relevant screenings that led to the selection of strains from 12 genera and 22 species of oenological significance. In the first part, the attention goes to the selection programmes related to relevant wine-producing areas (i.e. Douro, Extremadura, Galicia, La Mancha and Uclés, Ribera del Duero, Rioja, Sherry area, and Valencia). In the second part, the focus shifted on specific non-Saccharomyces genera/species selected from different Spanish and Portuguese regions, exploited to enhance particular attributes of the wines. A fil rouge of the dissertation is the design of tailored biotechnological solutions for wines typical of given geographic areas.

POS0712 YEAR-4 OBSERVATIONAL FOLLOW-UP OF BELIMUMAB SAFETY (MORTALITY AND MALIGNANCIES) IN PATIENTS WITH SLE WHO COMPLETED A PHASE 4, 52-WEEK, RANDOMISED, DOUBLE-BLIND PLACEBO-CONTROLLED SAFETY STUDY

Background

Belimumab (BEL) is an approved systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) treatment. Despite BEL clinical studies demonstrating a favourable benefit–risk profile, varying incidence rates of mortality and adverse events of special interest, including malignancies, require further evaluation.

Objectives

To assess long-term safety following BEL therapy.

Methods

This was a Year (Yr)-4 post-treatment follow-up of the Phase 4, double-blind, placebo (PBO)-controlled Belimumab Assessment of Safety in SLE (BASE) study (GSK Study BEL115467; NCT01705977).1 Overall, 4003 adults with active, autoantibody-positive SLE received BEL (10 mg/kg IV) or PBO, plus standard therapy (ST), for 48 weeks. Patients (pts) then entered a Yr 2–5 follow-up period in which they received physician-directed ST. All pts were contacted annually by telephone, including pts who discontinued treatment. Mortality and new malignancies (including nonmelanoma skin cancer) were the endpoints collected, and rates summarised. We present Yr-4 follow-up data by Yr-1 treatment received.

Results

Baseline characteristics for the Yr-4 follow-up population (N=3204) were similar to the Yr-1 double-blind study population (N=4003). By the Yr-4 follow-up, cumulatively 12.7% and 11.0% of pts in the BEL and PBO Yr-1 groups had received BEL as part of physician-directed care, respectively (data not shown). As shown in the Table 1, cumulative follow-up adjusted mortality rates were lower in the BEL vs PBO Yr-1 treatment group for Yrs 2 to 4. Cumulative follow-up adjusted new primary malignancy rates were lower in the BEL vs PBO Yr-1 treatment group for Yrs 2 and 3, but similar in Yr 4.

Table 1.

Yr 1 plus Yrs 2–4 post-treatment* follow-up mortality and new primary malignancy rates by Yr-1 study treatment

Pts with events per yr, n (%)Pt incidence rate per 100 pt-yrs(Cumulative rate, %)BELPBOTotalBELPBOTotalYr-1 (as-treated) populationN=2002N=2001N=4003Deaths13 (0.65)22 (1.10)35 (0.87)0.66 (0.65)1.11 (1.10)0.87New primary malignancies†9 (0.45)10 (0.50)19 (0.47)0.450.500.47Yr-2 (as-treated in Yr-1) populationN=1695N=1670N=3365Deaths9 (0.53)21 (1.26)30 (0.89)0.60 (1.10)1.18 (2.15)0.89 (1.62)New primary malignancies3 (0.18)7 (0.42)10 (0.30)0.34 (0.60)0.48 (0.85)0.41 (0.72)Yr-3 (as-treated in Yr-1) populationN=1659N=1630N=3289Deaths9 (0.54)17 (1.04)26 (0.79)0.58 (1.55)1.14 (3.00)0.86 (2.27)New primary malignancies, n (%)7 (0.42)9 (0.55)16 (0.49)0.37 (0.95)0.49 (1.25)0.43 (1.10)Yr-4 (as-treated in Yr-1) populationN=1622N=1582N=3204Deaths by MedDRA SOC14 (0.86)13 (0.82)27 (0.84)0.65 (2.25)1.07 (3.65)0.86 (2.95)Infections/infestations4 (0.25)5 (0.32)9 (0.28)Cardiac disorders2 (0.12)1 (0.06)3 (0.09)General disorders/ administration site conditions2 (0.12)2 (0.13)4 (0.12)Respiratory/thoracic/ mediastinal disorders2 (0.12)1 (0.06)3 (0.09)Nervous system disorders2 (0.12)1 (0.06)3 (0.09)Other‡2 (0.12)3 (0.18)5 (0.15)New primary malignancies10 (0.62)5 (0.32)15 (0.47)0.43 (1.45)0.44 (1.45)0.43 (1.45)

*Pts in the post-treatment follow-up period are no longer receiving study treatment. †Includes nonmelanoma skin cancer.

‡Contains 1 event for 5 distinct pts of each of renal/urinary disorders, and neoplasms (BEL); musculoskeletal/connective tissue disorders, injury/poisoning/procedural complications, and vascular disorders (PBO).

MedDRA, Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities; SOC, system organ class

Conclusion

Post-treatment Yr-4 follow-up results in BASE, the largest double-blind trial in pts with SLE to date, support the safety of BEL therapy, with no new BEL safety concerns identified in this analysis.

References

[1]Sheikh SZ, et al. Lancet Rheumatol 2020;3:e122–30

Acknowledgements

This analysis was funded by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). Medical writing support was provided by Lulu Hill, MPharmacol, Fishawack Indicia Ltd. UK, part of Fishawack Health, and was funded by GSK.

Disclosure of Interests

Saira Sheikh Consultant of: GSK, Grant/research support from: Pfizer, Morton Scheinberg Consultant of: GSK, Pfizer, Alnylam, AbbVie, PTC Therapeutics, James Cheng-Chung Wei Consultant of: TSH Biopharm, AbbVie, BMS, Celgene, Chugai, Eisai, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis, and UCB Pharma, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Amgen, Astellas, BMS, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Gilead, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Sun and UCB Pharma, Dana Tegzová: None declared, William Stohl Consultant of: GSK, Grant/research support from: GSK, Pfizer, Gilead, RICARDO ACAYABA DE TOLEDO Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Janssen, UCB, Novartis, Celltrion, Consultant of: AbbVie, Janssen, Novartis, UCB, Grant/research support from: Pfizer, AbbVie, Novartis, GSK, Tamara Mucenic Speakers bureau: Novartis, Janssen, BMS, AbbVie, Pfizer, Roche, Grant/research support from: GSK, Janssen, Roche, Eli Lilly, Gilead, UCB, Mauricio R Abello Banfi: None declared, Kathleen Maksimowicz-McKinnon Grant/research support from: Chemocentryx, Carlos Abud-Mendoza Speakers bureau: GSK, Lilly, Pfizer, Sandra Navarra Speakers bureau: Pfizer, Novartis, Johnson & Johnson, Consultant of: Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Grant/research support from: Astellas, Mercedes García Speakers bureau: GSK, Janssen, Pfizer, Ignacio Garcia-De La Torre: None declared, Andrew Liu Shareholder of: GSK, Employee of: GSK, Abhishek Roy Employee of: GSK, Paul Wilde Shareholder of: GSK, Employee of: GSK, Sofia Fernandes Shareholder of: GSK, Employee of: GSK, Julia Harris Shareholder of: GSK, Employee of: GSK, David Roth Shareholder of: GSK, Employee of: GSK

POS0508 PREDICTORS OF PERSISTENT DISEASE IN EARLY ARTHRITIS: 12 MONTHS RESULTS

Background

Early arthritis is an inflammatory disease with the potential to progress to persistent arthritis, such as established Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) or other articular disease, to resolve spontaneously or remain undifferentiated for indefinite periods of time.

Objectives

To identify predictors of persistent RA after 12 months follow up in the Argentinean early arthritis clinic (CONAART).

Methods

We conducted an observational, prospective longitudinal study, including patients with early arthritis (at least 1 swollen joint with <2 years of evolution) who had at least one year of follow-up.

Sociodemographic and clinical data and characteristics of the disease were recorded at baseline, at 3, 6 and 12 months. After 1 year of follow-up, each patient was classified according to diagnosis: self-limited arthritis, persistent non-erosive arthritis, or persistent erosive arthritis.

The association between the different predictors of diagnosis at 12 months was evaluated using multiple logistic regression, adjusted by potential confounders. Rheumatoid Factor (RF) and Anti Citrullinated Peptide Antibodies (ACPA) were included in separate models in order to avoid multicollinearity. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant.

Results

We included 839 patients, 83% females, mean age of 57±14 years and mean disease duration of 8.2±6.2 months; 67.5% were rheumatoid factor positive and 59% ACPA positive. Disease characteristics at baseline were DAS28 5.1±1.4, swollen joints 6±5, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 34±25 mm/h, C Reactive Protein (CRP) 4±6 and Health Assessment Questionnaire-Argentinean (HAQ-A) 1.2±0.8.

After 12 months follow up, 11% of the patients were diagnosed as self-limited disease, whereas 89% were diagnosed as persistent disease. For the persistent disease, 34% presented radiograph erosions and therefore were catalogued as persistent erosive disease.

The seropositivity for both, RF and ACPA, together with baseline DAS28, were the variables independently associated with the development of persistent disease at 12 months. [Model 1a: RF OR 2.33 (95% CI 1.44, 3.78) and DAS28 1.27 (1.06, 1.52); Model 2a: ACPA 2.61 (1.38, 4.93) and DAS28 1.59 (1.24, 2.04)]. (Table 1).

Table 1.

Predictors of Persistent Rheumatoid Arthritis at 12 months

OutcomesPersistent RAPersistent RAPersistent RAPersistent RAOR (95 IC)OR (95 IC)OR (95 IC)OR (95 IC)Model 1aModel 1bModel 2aModel 2bn708708507507Age (years)0.99 (0.98, 1.01)0.99 (0.98, 1.01)0.99 (0.97, 1.01)0.99 (0.97, 1.01)Female gender1.06 (0.57, 2.00)1.06 (0.56, 1.99)0.72 (0.30, 1.71)0.72 (0.30, 1.70)RF positive2.33 (1.44, 3.78)***2.45 (1.52, 3.98)***--ACPA positive--2.61 (1.38, 4.93)**2.63 (1.39, 4.98)**DAS28 at baseline1.27 (1.06, 1.52)**1.59 (1.24, 2.04)***Categorical DAS28  MDA (vs LDA)-1.81 (0.85, 3.86)^-2.86 (1.68, 6.99)*  HDA (vs LDA)-2.83 (1.30, 6.15)^-6.39 (2.42, 16.82)***

^ p<0.1, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001

RF, Rheumatoid Factor; ACPA, Anti Citrullinates Protein Antigen; DAS28, Disease activity Score-28; LDA, low disease activity; MDA, moderate disease activity; HDA, high disease activity.

In the patient prediction model, it can be observed that a patient with female gender, ACPA negative, and a low activity at baseline (DAS28 <3.1) presents a 62.3% of likelihood of developing persistent arthritis after 12 months, while a male patient, ACPA positive, with a high baseline activity level, the probability of having persistent disease rises to 97.5%. (Figure 1)

Figure 1.

Matrix prediction model. Probability of diagnosis of Persistent Rheumatoid Arthritis after 12 months of follow-up. Colors represents predictive probability of achieving the outcome as follow: grey: 0-69.9%; blue: 70.0-89.9%; purple: 90.0-100%.

DAS28, Disease Activity Score 28; LDA, low disease activity; MDA, Moderate Disease Activity; HDA, High Disease Activity.

Conclusion

Predictors of persistent arthritis after 12 months of follow up since AT diagnosis were RF and ACPA seropositivity and higher baseline disease activity level.

Disclosure of Interests

None declared.

POS0707 POTENTIAL USE OF BELIMUMAB IN LUPUS PATIENTS FROM ARGENTINE COHORT ACCORDING DISEASE ACTIVITY STATE

Background

The goal of targeted treatment in patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is to achieve clinical remission or low disease activity, with the best quality of life, low damage rates and better survival 1-4. RELESSAR is a multicenter, cross-sectional study registry of ≥18 years SLE (ACR 97) patients 5.

Objectives

To describe demographic, clinical characteristics and treatments in SLE patients according to disease activity state. To evaluate the proportion of SLE and refractory SLE patients that are potentially candidates for Belimumab treatment (Active SLE despite standard treatment including increased acDNA autoantibodies and low complement).

Methods

We evaluated demographic and clinical data, treatments, score of damage (SLICC), activity (SLEDAI) and comorbidity (Charlson), hospital admissions and severe infections. The patients were compared according to disease activity: remission (SLEDAI = 0 and without corticosteroids), low disease activity (LDA, SLEDAI> 0 and ≤4 and without corticosteroids) and non-optimal control (SLEDAI> 4 and any dose of corticosteroids). Refractory SLE was defined according to Rituximab (RTX) use, non-response to cyclophosphamide or two or more immunosuppressant or splenectomized patients. Potential use of Belimumab according approved prescription in Argentina was analyzed.

Results

Overall, 1277 patients were analyzed: 299 (23.4%) were in remission, 162 (12.7%) in LDA and 816 (63.9%) with non-optimal control of the disease.

Patients in non-optimal control group were younger, less frequently female and they showed less time of disease and lower socioeconomic status (p < 0.001). They were also more prevalent mestizos (p= 0.004), had higher SLEDAI and SLICC indexes (p <0.001) and higher use of immunosuppressant therapy (p <0.001). There was no difference regarding biologic treatment (RTX p= 0.547 and Belimumab p= 0.08). This group had higher proportion of hospital admissions and severe infections (p<0.001, respectively).

Two hundred and one SLE patients fulfilled the use of Belimumab prescription criteria but only 45/201 patients (22,3%) received it in the last visit. Malar rash was the only clinical variable associated with the use of Belimumab (72.7% vs 29.8% p= 0.005).

Seventy-six patients classified as refractory SLE (15.7%) and 56/76 (75.7%) never received Belimumab. Patients on Belimumab therapy were associated to treatment with lower doses of corticoids (p= 0.018) and lower rate of hospital admission caused by SLE flare (p= 0.027).

Conclusion

A high percentage of patients had uncontrolled disease upon entry into the registry and were potential candidates for treatment with Belimumab. The patients who received biologic treatment showed the benefit of requiring fewer doses of corticosteroids and having a lower rate of hospitalizations.

References

[1]Mok CC. Treat-to-target in systemic lupus erythematosus: Are we there yet? Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2016;9(5).

[2]Morand EF, Mosca M. Treat to target, remission and low disease activity in SLE. Vol. 31, Best Practice and Research: Clinical Rheumatology. 2017.

[3]Golder V, Tsang-A-Sjoe MWP. Treatment targets in SLE: Remission and low disease activity state. Rheumatol (United Kingdom). 2020;59.

[4]Ruiz-Irastorza G, Bertsias G. Treating systemic lupus erythematosus in the 21st century: new drugs and new perspectives on old drugs. Vol. 59, Rheumatology (United Kingdom). 2021.

[5]Hochberg MC. Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum [Internet]. 1997;40(9):1725. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9324032

Disclosure of Interests

Rosana Quintana: None declared, Lucila Garcia: None declared, Paula Alba: None declared, Susana Roverano: None declared, Analia Alvarez: None declared, Cesar Graf: None declared, Cecilia Pisoni: None declared, Alberto Spindler: None declared, Catalina Gomez: None declared, Heber Matias Figueredo: None declared, Silvia Papasidero: None declared, Raul Horacio Paniego: None declared, Maria DeLaVega: None declared, Emma Estela Civit De Garignani: None declared, Luciana Gonzalez Lucero: None declared, Victoria Martire: None declared, Rodrigo Águila Maldonado: None declared, Sergio Gordon: None declared, Carla Gobbi: None declared, Romina Nieto: None declared, Gretel Rausch: None declared, Vanina Góngora: None declared, Maria Agustina D´Amico: None declared, Diana Dubinsky: None declared, Alberto Omar Orden: None declared, Johana Zacariaz: None declared, Julia Romero: None declared, Mariana Alejandra Pera: None declared, Oscar Rillo: None declared, Roberto Baez: None declared, Valeria Arturi: None declared, Andrea Gonzalez: None declared, Florencia Vivero: None declared, Marcela Schmid: None declared, Victor Caputo: None declared, Maria Silvia Larroude: None declared, Graciela Gomez: None declared, Graciela Rodriguez: None declared, Josefina Marin: None declared, Maria Victoria Collado: None declared, Marisa Jorfen: None declared, Zaida Bedran: None declared, Judith Sarano: None declared, David Zelaya: None declared, MONICA SACNUN: None declared, Pablo Finucci: None declared, Romina Rojas Tessel: None declared, Maria Emilia Sattler: None declared, MAXIMILIANO MACHADO ESCOBAR: None declared, Pablo Astesana: None declared, Ursula Vanesa Paris: None declared, Alberto Allievi: None declared, Juan Manuel Vandale: None declared, Bernardo Pons-Estel: None declared, Guillermo Pons-Estel: None declared, Mercedes García Grant/research support from: GSK grant

AB1101 PREVALENCE OF LONG COVID IN RHEUMATIC DISEASE PATIENTS: ANALYSIS OF SAR COVID REGISTRY

Background

Persistent symptoms after acute COVID have been described previously. Main symptoms reported are fatigue, arthralgias, myalgias and mental sickness. Definition and methods vary widely.1

Objectives

To asses prevalence and related factors to long COVID in a retrospective cohort of patients with rheumatic diseases from Argentina.

Methods

A total of 1915 patients were registered from August 18th, 2020 to July 29th, 2021. Patients > 18 years old, with rheumatic disease and confirmed infection by SARS-CoV-2 (antigen or RT-PCR) were included. Those dead, with unknown outcome, wrong date or missing data were excluded. Demographic data, comorbidities, rheumatic disease, and characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection were recorded.

Long COVID was defined according to NICE guidelines (persistent symptoms for more than 4 weeks, without alternative diagnosis). Long COVID symptoms were defined by rheumatologist. Severity of infection was classified according to WHO ordinal scale.

We used descriptive statistics, univariate model (Student’s test, chi square test, ANOVA) and multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results

230 (12%) had long COVID. Median age was 51 (IQR 40-61]) years, 82% were females, 51% were not caucasian. Median of education was 13.3 years (IQR 12 – 16), 79 % had private health insurance and 55 % were employed. Nearly half (n=762, 46%) had comorbidities, the most prevalent was hypertension (n=396, 24%).

The most frequent rheumatic diseases were rheumatoid arthritis (n=719, 42%) and systemic lupus erythematosus (n=280, 16 %). Most were in low activity/remission (79%), used Conventional DMARD (n=773 patients, 45%) and steroids (n=588, 34%) at low dose (n=415, 71%).

Main laboratory findings were abnormal D-dimer (n=94, 28%) and leukopenia (n=93, 26%). Most patients had a WHO ordinal scale < 5 (n=1472, 86%). Median of hospitalization at intensive care unit (ICU) was 8 days [IQR 5, 13]. Treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection (steroids, anticoagulation, azithromycin, convalescent plasma) was used in 461 (27%) patients.

Most of long COVID (n= 152, 69%) reported 1 symptom, the most frequent was fatigue (n= 55, 22%). Figure 1.

Univariate analysis is presented in Table 1. In multivariate logistic regression analysis non-caucasian ethnicity OR 1.44 (1.07-1.95), years of education OR 1.05 (1-1.09), treatment with cyclophosphamide OR 11.35 (1.56-112.97), symptoms of COVID – 19 OR 13.26 (2.75-242.08), severity scale WHO ≥ 5 OR 2.46 (1.68-3.57), and ICU hospitalization days OR 1.09 (1.05-1.14) were factors associated to long COVID.

Table 1.

Univariate analysis of long COVID syndrome in SAR – COVID registry

VariableAcute COVID n=1486Long COVID n=221P valueAge, years, median [IQR]51 [40, 60]54 [42, 62]0.032Caucasian, n (%)744 (48)132 (53)0.227Female sex, n (%)1242 (80)215 (86)0.066Education, years, median [IQR]12 [10, 17]13 [12, 16]-Private health insurance, n (%)1161 (79)181 (82)0.325Smoking, n (%)381 (25)71 (29)0.224Comorbidities, n (%)650 (45)108 (52)0.066Dyslipidemia, n (%)173 (12)39 (19)0.008Hypertension, n (%)332 (23)60 (29)0.053Low activity/remission disease, n (%)1140 (80)179 (77)1Rheumatoid arthritis, n (%)623 (42)96 (42)1Systemic lupus erythematosus, n (%)243 (16)37 (16)0.996DMARD, n (%)664 (45)109 (47)0.486Cyclophosphamide, n (%)3 (0.2)3 (1)0.035Rituximab, n (%)19 (1)9 (34)0.008Lymphocyte66 (23)19 (30)0.011<1.500 / mm3, n (%)Ferritin > 2000 ng/ml, n (%)32 (11)16 (25)0.011ICU hospitalization, days,7 [4, 10]10 [8, 24]<0.001median [IQR]Treatment for COVID-19, n (%)394 (27)91 (41)<0.001

Conclusion

Prevalence of long COVID was 12%. Non-caucasian ethnicity, higher education, treatment with cyclophosphamide, symptoms of COVID – 19, severe disease and ICU hospitalization days were related to long COVID.

References

[1]Cabrera Martimbianco AL, Pacheco RL, Bagattini ÂM, Riera R. Frequency, signs and symptoms, and criteria adopted for long COVID-19: A systematic review. Int J Clin Pract.

Disclosure of Interests

None declared

POS1238 GLUCOCORTICOIDS, RITUXIMAB AND THE PRESENCE OF INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH POOR OUTCOMES OF THE SARS-COV-2 INFECTION IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: DATA FROM THE NATIONAL REGISTRY SAR-COVID

Background

High disease activity, treatment with glucocorticoids (GC) and rituximab (RTX), have been related to worse outcomes of COVID-19.

Objectives

To assess the clinical characteristics and severity of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) included in the SAR-COVID registry and to identify factors associated with poor outcomes.

Methods

SAR-COVID is a national, longitudinal and observational registry. Patients of ≥18 years old, with diagnosis of RA (ACR-EULAR criteria 2010) who had confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (RT-PCR or positive serology) were included between 13-8-20 and 31-7-21. Sociodemographic and clinical data, comorbidities, disease activity and treatment at the moment of the SARS-CoV-2 infection were collected. Additionally, infection symptoms, complications, medical interventions and treatments for COVID-19 were registered. Infection severity was assessed using the WHO-ordinal scale (WHO-OS)1. A cut-off value of ≥5 identified patients with severe COVID-19 and those who died.

Statistical analysis: Descriptive statistics. Chi2 or Fischer test, Student T test or Mann-Whitney and Kruskal Wallis or ANOVA, as appropriate. Multiple logistic regression model.

Results

A total of 801 patients were included, with a mean age of 53.1 ± 12.9 years, most of them were female (84.5%) and the median (m) disease duration was 8 years (IQR 4-14). One third were in remission and 46.4% had comorbidities, being the most frequent, hypertension (26.9 %), dyslipidemia (13.5 %), obesity (13.4 %) and diabetes (8.9%). Moreover, 3.2% had interstitial lung disease (ILD) associated with RA. At SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, 42.5% were receiving glucocorticoids (GC), 73.9% conventional (c) disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD), 24% biologic (b) DMARD and 9.1% targeted synthetic (ts) DMARD. Among bDMARD, the most frequently used were TNF inhibitors (17%), followed by abatacept (2.8%), IL-6 inhibitors (2.4%) and rituximab (RTX) (2.1%). During the SARS-CoV-2 infection, 95.8% had symptoms, 27% required hospitalization, 7.9% presented complications and 4.4% died due to COVID-19. Severe disease and death (WHO-OS≥5) was present in 7.5% of the patients. They were older (62.9±12.5 vs 52.2±12.7, p<0.001), and they had more frequently ILD (18.5% vs 2%, p<0.001), comorbidities (82.5% vs 43.7%, p<0.001), ≥2 comorbidities (60.3% vs 25.8%, p<0.001), treatment with GC (61% vs 40.7%, p=0.04) and RTX (8.3% vs 1.6%, p=0.007). Conversely, the use of cDMARD and TNF inhibitors was more frequent in patients with WHO-OS<5, nevertheless this difference was not significant. Disease activity was comparable between groups. In multivariable analysis, older age, the presence of diabetes, ILD, the use of GC and RTX were significantly associated with WHO-OS≥5 (Figure 1). Furthermore, older age (65.7±10.8 vs 52.4±12.8, p<0.001), the presence of comorbidities (87.9% vs 44.7%, p<0.001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (21.9% vs 5.2%, p=0.002), diabetes (30.3% vs 7.9%, p<0.001), hypertension (57.6% vs 25.6%, p<0.001), cardiovascular disease (15.6% vs 3.2%, p=0.005), cancer (9.1% vs 1.3%, p=0.001), ILD (23.3% vs 2.4%, p<0.001) and the use of GC (61.8% vs 41.4%, p=0.02) were associated with mortality. Older age [OR 1.1 IC95% 1.06-1.13] and the use of GC 5-10 mg/day [OR 4.6 IC95% 1.8-11.6] remained significantly associated with death due to COVID-19.

Figure 1.

Factors associated with severe disease and death due to COVID-19 (WHO-OS≥5) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Multivariable analysis. (ref.: reference; PDN: prednisone; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval)

Conclusion

Treatment with RTX and GC, as well as older age, the presence of diabetes and ILD were associated with poor COVID-19 outcomes in this national cohort of patients with RA. Older patients and those taking GC had a higher mortality rate.

References

[1]World Health Organization coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Therapeutic Trial Synopsis Draft 2020.

Disclosure of Interests

None declared

POS0655 SURVIVAL AND SAFETY OF BIOLOGICAL AND TARGETED SYNTHETIC THERAPIES AS REGARDS TO AGE GROUPS. BIOBADASAR 3.0 REGISTRY

Background

Advances in rheumatology and new therapeutic options have certainly impacted patient survival, changing the age range, from youth to seniors. The differences between the age groups could influence the evolution of the disease and the adverse events (AEs) related to the treatments. There are few real-world data on the safety and efficacy of treatments in different age groups.

Objectives

To evaluate the frequency of AEs and the survival of treatments according to the age in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA) or ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

Methods

Retrospective, observational, multicenter study of real-life data of patients included in the BIOBADASAR 3.0 registry; exposed and not exposed to original biological treatments (b-DMARDs), biosimilars, targeted synthetic drugs (ts-DMARDs). The unexposed group received treatment with conventional disease-modifying drugs (cDMARDs). A Kaplan-Meier and Log Rank Test analysis was performed to study AEs-free survival and treatment in different age groups (young people <25; young adults 25-34; mature adults 34-65; old adults >65). Factors related to treatment survival were evaluated using Cox regression models.

Results

5,297 patients were included, 80.3% female, mean age 43.7 years (SD 15.6) and median disease progression 14.3 [IQR 11.5]. RA 4658 (87.9%); APs 490 (9.25%) and EA 149 (2.8%). The main reason for treatment discontinuation was ineffectiveness, in 624 patients in the exposed group and in 53 (2.5%) patients in control group, followed by the presence of AEs in 352 (11.2%) and 83 (3.9%), respectively (p=0.001).

A mean Charlson Score of 0.268 (SD 0.6) in the exposed group and 0.306 (SD 0.7) in the control group (p=0.095). Median EAs-free survival in the exposed group was 12.5 years [IQR 16.6] while in controls was 28 years [IQR 11], p<0.0001. Median AEs-free survival was 12 years (IQR 11) in young people, 11.5 years [IQR: 4.9] in young adults, 10 years [IQR: 3.25] in mature adults and 7.6 years [IQR: 6] in old adults with a difference statistically significant (p>0.017). The exposed group presented a median treatment survival in years of 11.25 years [IQR: 10] in young people; 12.5 years [IQR: 4.7] in young adults, 7.5 years [IQR: 12.1] in mature adults and 4.5 years [IQR: 1.14] in old adults (p>0.0001). Considering only the first line of treatment, a median survival of 11.5 years [IQR: 10] was evidenced in the age group <25; 12 years [IQR: 2.6] between 25-34 years old, 10 years [IQR: 12] in the group between 34-65 years old and 5.5 years [IQR: 1.14] in the group > 65 years old (p>0.004). (Figure 1). Considering the second line of treatment, the differences between the groups were not statistically significant (p=0.57). In the multivariate regression model for patients with RA, the factors with the greatest impact on treatment survival were female sex (HR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2-1.4), old age (HR 1.01, 95% CI 1.008-1.01), treatment with steroids (HR 1.19, 95% CI1.1-1.2) and longer disease duration (HR 1.01, 95% CI1.01 – 1.02).

Conclusion

In the present study we were able to demonstrate a greater occurrence of AEs in old adults and mature adults compared to young people and young adults. Conversely, survival for b-DMARDs and ts-DMARDs were greater in youth and young adults. In patients with RA, female sex, corticosteroid therapy, old aged and longer disease duration were associated with treatment discontinuation.

References

[1]Souto A, et al. Rate of discontinuation and drug survival of biologic therapies in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of drug registries and health care databases. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55(3):523–34.

[2]Ray D, et al. Immune senescence, epigenetics and autoimmunity. Clin Immunol. 2018 Nov;196:59-63. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.04.002. Epub 2018 Apr 11.

[3]Vela P, et al. Influence of age on the occurrence of adverse events in rheumatic patients at the onset of biological treatment: data from the BIOBADASER III register. Arthritis Res Ther. 2020 Jun 15;22(1):143. doi: 10.1186/s13075-020-02231-x.

Disclosure of Interests

None declared

Occurrence of Volcanogenic Inorganic Mercury in Wild Mice Spinal Cord: Potential Health Implications

Mercury accumulation has been proposed as a toxic factor that causes neurodegenerative diseases. However, the hazardous health effects of gaseous elemental mercury exposure on the spinal cord in volcanic areas have not been reported previously in the literature. To evaluate the presence of volcanogenic inorganic mercury in the spinal cord, a study was carried out in São Miguel island (Azores, Portugal) by comparing the spinal cord of mice exposed chronically to an active volcanic environment (Furnas village) with individuals not exposed (Rabo de Peixe village), through the autometallographic silver enhancement histochemical method. Moreover, a morphometric and quantification analysis of the axons was carried out. Results exhibited mercury deposits at the lumbar level of the spinal cord in the specimens captured at the site with volcanic activity (Furnas village). A decrease in axon calibre and axonal atrophy was also observed in these specimens. Given that these are relevant hallmarks in the neurodegenerative pathologies, our results highlight the importance of the surveillance of the health of populations chronically exposed to active volcanic environments.

Music therapy and Sanfilippo syndrome: an analysis of psychological and physiological variables of three case studies

Introduction

Mucopolysaccharidosis type III (MPS III) or Sanfilippo syndrome is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in the body. As the symptoms are wide ranging, it is a challenge to provide a diagnosis and psychological treatment for affected children.

Method

The main objective of this study was to describe a form of music therapy treatment applied to three children diagnosed with MPS III. The psychological variables were evaluated by an ad hoc observation recording template, and the physiological variables were measured with a digital meter before and after each session. The perception of the parents was also considered through a semi-structured interview.

Results

An improvement in the psychological variables was shown in all cases. Changes in the physiological variables were also noted, although they varied according to each child. The parents report some benefit of music therapy and they share difficulty in assessing the extent of benefits of the music therapy.

Discussion

Findings indicate that music therapy can be a useful form of treatment with multiple benefits for children with conditions such as MPS III or similar conditions. However, further research is needed in this area and in the development of specific ways of evaluating music therapy.

Chronic exposure to volcanic gaseous elemental mercury: using wild Mus musculus to unveil its uptake and fate

Volcanoes are a natural source of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) (Hg⁰). Monitoring GEM releases of volcanic origin has been widely studied; however, few studies have been performed about the biomonitoring of species exposed to GEM, rendering an unknown risk to the worldwide populations living in the vicinity of an active volcano. In this pilot study, we used Mus musculus as a bioindicator species to understand to what extent lungs are the main route of mercury uptake in populations chronically exposed to active volcanic environments. Autometallographic silver protocol was used to detect mercury deposits in the histological lung slides. Abundant mercury deposits were found in the lungs of specimens captured at the site with volcanic activity (Furnas Village, S. Miguel Island-Azores). The presence of mercury in the lungs could represent not only hazardous effects to the lung itself but also to other tissues and organs, such as brain and kidneys. This study confirms that the main uptake route for GEM is the lungs and that, even at very low concentrations in the environment, a chronic exposure to Hg⁰ results in its bioaccumulation in the lung tissue. These results reinforce that biomonitoring studies should be combined with monitoring classical approaches in order to better characterize the risks of exposure to Hg⁰ in volcanic environments.

A Cell Line Adapted Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus Strain (BΔORFC) for in ovo and Hatchery Spray Vaccination Alone or in Combination with a Recombinant HVT-LT Vaccine

To produce more-stable, live attenuated vaccines for infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), deletion of genes related to virulence has been extensively pursued. Although its function remains unknown, the open reading frame C (ORF C) is among the genes potentially associated with viral virulence that is nonessential for replication in vitro. Earlier results indicated that the ILT virus with deletion of the ORF C gene (BΔORFC) was suitable and safe for eye drop administration but was not sufficiently attenuated for in ovo administration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety and protection efficacy of a cell line-adapted, gene-deleted strain (BΔORFC) of ILTV when administered in ovo and/or spray (SP) by itself, or in combination with the recombinant HVT-LT (rHVT-LT) vaccine. Results indicated that vaccination with the BΔORFC strain, either by itself or in combination with an rHVT-LT vaccine, did not affect hatchability, and only marginal signs of respiratory distress were recorded for groups of chickens that received the BΔORFC strain via SP. The replication and seroconversion induced by the BΔORFC strain after in ovo and SP administration was very limited, whereas the replication of the rHVT-LT vaccine was delayed when combined with the BΔORFC strain in ovo. Compared to rHVT-LT or BΔORFC when administered alone, dual vaccination with rHVT-LT + BΔORFC was more effective in mitigating clinical signs of the disease and reducing challenge virus load in the trachea. To our knowledge, this study provides the first proof of concept that ILTV strains can be sufficiently attenuated for early vaccination in ovo or at hatch; also, this study documented the benefits of using a dual (recombinant and live attenuated) hatchery vaccination strategy for ILTV.

Review of Poultry Recombinant Vector Vaccines

The control of poultry diseases has relied heavily on the use of many live and inactivated vaccines. However, over the last 30 yr, recombinant DNA technology has been used to generate many novel poultry vaccines. Fowlpox virus and turkey herpesvirus are the two main vectors currently used to construct recombinant vaccines for poultry. With the use of these two vectors, more than 15 recombinant viral vector vaccines against Newcastle disease, infectious laryngotracheitis, infectious bursal disease, avian influenza, and Mycoplasma gallisepticum have been developed and are commercially available. This review focuses on current knowledge about the safety and efficacy of recombinant viral vectored vaccines and the mechanisms by which they facilitate the control of multiple diseases. Additionally, the development of new recombinant vaccines with novel vectors will be briefly discussed.

Assessing the infiltration of immune cells in the upper trachea mucosa after infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) vaccination and challenge

The types of immune cells that populate the trachea after ILTV vaccination and infection have not been assessed. The objective of this study was to quantify CD4⁺, CD8α⁺, CD8β⁺, TCRγδ⁺, and MRC1LB⁺ cells that infiltrate the trachea after vaccination with chicken embryo origin (CEO), tissue culture origin (TCO), and recombinant herpesvirus of turkey-laryngotracheitis (rHVT-LT) vaccines, and after challenge of vaccinated and non-vaccinated chickens with a virulent ILTV strain. Eye-drop vaccination with CEO, or TCO, or in ovo vaccination with rHVT-LT did not alter the number of CD4⁺, CD8α⁺, CD8β⁺, TCRγδ⁺, and MRC1LB⁺ cells in the trachea. After challenge, the CEO vaccinated group of chickens showed swift clearance of the challenge virus, the mucosa epithelium of the trachea remained intact, and a limited number of CD4⁺, CD8α⁺, and CD8β⁺ cells were detected in the upper trachea mucosa. The TCO and rHVT-LT vaccinated groups of chickens showed narrow viral clearance with moderate disruption of the trachea epithelial integrity, and a significant increase in CD4⁺, CD8α⁺, CD8β⁺, and TCRγδ⁺ cells infiltrated the upper trachea mucosa. Non-vaccinated challenged chickens showed high levels of viral replication, the epithelial organization of the upper trachea mucosa was heavily disrupted, and the predominant infiltrates were CD4⁺, TCRγδ⁺, and MRC1LB⁺ cells. Hence, the very robust protection provided by CEO vaccination was characterized by minimal immune cell infiltration to the trachea mucosa. In contrast, partial protection induced by the TCO and rHVT-LT vaccines requires a prolonged period of T cell expansion to overcome the established infection in the trachea mucosa.

P–626 A freeze-all strategy improves clinical pregnancy rate in patients with few available embryos

Study question

Is elective frozen blastocyst transfer an advantageous strategy for all patients?

Summary answer

A freeze-all strategy improves the outcomes in patients with few available embryos.

What is known already

With the aim of defining the best moment to perform embryo transfer, in recent years, relevance has been given to the understanding of the implantation window, however oocyte and embryo quality are key factors that are not to be disregarded.

It has been suggested that a freeze-all strategy and subsequent frozen embryo transfers improve pregnancy rates. However, it is unclear whether this strategy benefits all kind of patients (i.e. with or without surplus embryos, etc).

In this study, we aim to provide an answer on which patients may benefit of a freeze-all policy and a subsequent frozen embryo transfer.

Study design, size, duration

This retrospective cohort study includes infertile patients aged 21 to 44 years old, without previous history of recurrent failure of ART (including recurrent miscarriages). Enrolments took place between January 2015 and November 2019 and cycles with oocyte donation and PGT were excluded. Embryo transfers were performed in: 1) a fresh cycle (ET) or 2) a deferred cycle with surplus frozen embryos (FET) or embryos that were frozen in a freeze-all policy (FET-FA).

Participants/materials, setting, methods

Patients with blastocysts transfer were included. PGT cycles were excluded.

The number of cycles complying with the inclusion criteria were: 617 ICSI cycles. Fresh embryo transfers (ET) were performed in 396 cycles (43 with a subsequent Frozen embryo transfer, FET). Frozen embryo transfers following a freeze-all strategy (FET-FA) were performed in 221 cycles.

Clinical pregnancy rates (CPR) and Cumulative clinical pregnancy rates (CCPR) were calculated and compared among those groups.

Main results and the role of chance

Mean age of patients was 36.1 ± 3.7 years old (mean ± SD). In average, 1.83 ± 0.41 (mean ± SD) embryos were transferred.

Following the first transfer (either ET and FET-FA), CPR was 40.4% and 58.4% (ET and FET-FA, respectively). Following the subset analysis of 2 age groups (≤38 & &gt;38 years-old); in the ≤38-group, CPR was 45.2% and 58.9% (ET and FET-FA, respectively), while in &gt; 38-group, the rates were 30.8% and 54.8% (ET and FET-FA, respectively); p &lt; 0.05. CCPR were also significantly better in the FET-FA group: 51.3% vs 66.8% and 33.8% vs 58.1% in the ≤38-group and &gt;38-group, respectively.

Additionally, CPR was analysed independently for patients with ≤2 usable embryos (1 attempt) or ≥ 3 usable embryos (surplus embryos after first attempt).

When a single attempt was possible; in the ≤38-group, CPR was 36.1% and 56.9% (ET and FET-FA, respectively) while in the &gt;38-group, the rates were 24.7% and 63.6% (ET and FET-FA, respectively); p &lt; 0.05. When surplus embryos were available, no difference in CPR (or CCPR) between ET and FET-FA groups were observed. After first attempt CPR were 58.4% and 48.2% in the ≤38-group & &gt;38-group, respectively; while CCPR were 69.8% and 57.1% in the ≤38-group & &gt;38-group, respectively.

Limitations, reasons for caution

Although the authors consider that the patient population is of optimal size, a detailed analysis of the stimulation protocol and hormonal values (estradiol and progesterone) during treatment, and its potential relation to the outcomes, should follow.

Wider implications of the findings: In our setting, the data suggests that freeze-all strategy (with subsequent frozen embryo transfer) over fresh transfer is advantageous for patients with few available embryos (1 or 2 embryos for a single attempt). This increases the chances to pregnancy in 30.3% in the ≤38-group and 77.9% in the &gt;38-group.

Trial registration number

Not applicable

POS1188 COVID-19 IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATIC DISEASES: COMPARISON OF DATA FROM THE ARGENTINE REGISTRY (SAR-COVID), WITH THE LATIN AMERICAN AND GLOBAL REGISTRY (GLOBAL RHEUMATOLOGY ALLIANCE)

Background:

SARS CoV-2 infection has recently burst onto the global scene, and the knowledge of the course of this infection in patients with rheumatic diseases receiving immunomodulatory treatment is still insufficient. The Argentine Society of Rheumatology (SAR) designed a national registry called SAR-COVID in order to get to assess our reality.

Objectives:

To identify the particular characteristics of patients with rheumatic diseases and COVID-19 in Argentina (SAR-COVID Registry), and to compare them with the data reported at the Latin American and Global level (Global International Alliance Rheum-COVID Registry).

Methods:

A national, multicenter, prospective and observational registry was carried out. Patients older than 18 years, with a diagnosis of rheumatic disease and SARS-CoV-2 infection by PCR or serology, were included between August 13, 2020 and January 17, 2021. Demographic data, underlying rheumatic disease (activity of the disease, current treatment), comorbidities, clinical-laboratory characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as received treatments (pharmacological, oxygen therapy / ventilatory support) and outcomes (hospitalization, mortality) were recorded. The characteristics of the included patients were compared with the data reported at the Latin American and global level. Descriptive statistics were performed. Comparisons between groups were made using ANOVA, chi2 or Fisher’s test, according to the type of variable.

Results:

Four hundred sixty-five patients from Argentina, 74 patients from Latin America and 583 from the rest of the world were included, mostly women (79.6%, 73% and 71% respectively), with a mean age of 50.2 (SD 15.3), 53.5 (DE 15.6) and 55.8 (15.5), years respectively. The most frequent rheumatic diseases in the three groups were rheumatoid arthritis (43.9%, 35%, and 39%) and systemic lupus erythematosus (16.1%, 22%, and 14%) (Table 1).

In Argentina, fewer patients received specific pharmacological treatment for COVID-19 (40.9%, 68% and 43% respectively, p <0.0001), and there was a lower requirement of NIMV / IMV (Non-Invasive Mechanical Ventilation/Invasive Mechanical Ventilation) than in the rest of Latin America and the world (10.5% vs 31% vs 13%, p <0.0001).

Hospitalization was lower in Argentina than in the rest of Latin America (37.4% vs 61% p 0.0002) and of the world (37.4% vs 45% p 0.0123), and mortality was numerically lower in Argentina, but without statistically significant differences between the three groups (6.9%, 12% and 11%; p 0.6311). Most of the patients, (86.9%) did not present any complications in Argentina, with a statistically significant difference with the rest of the groups (62% and 77%, p <0.0001) (Graph 1).

Conclusion:

The patients with rheumatic diseases and SARS-CoV-2 infection reported in this argentinian registry received less specific pharmacological treatment for COVID-19, presented fewer complications and required less ventilatory support, than those reported in the Latinoamerican and Global registry. However, no statistically significant differences were observed in terms of mortality.

Graph 1.

Main outcomes and evolution of patients with rheumatic disease and COVID-19.

References:

[1]Stokes, Erin K, Zambrano, Laura D, Anderson, Kayla N, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 Case Surveillance - United States, January 22-May 30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep; 69(24): 759-765, 2020 Jun 19.

[2]Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, et al. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm síndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet 2020;395:1033–4.

[3]Gianfrancesco M, et al. Characteristics associated with hospitalisation for COVID-19 in people with rheumatic disease: data from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance physician-reported registry. Ann Rheum Dis 2020;79:859–866.

[4]Manuel F. Ugarte-Gil, et al. Characteristics associated with Covid-19 in patients with Rheumatic Disease in Latin America. Global Rheumatology. Septiembre 2020.

Disclosure of Interests:

Alvaro Andres Reyes Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, Gelsomina Alle Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, Romina Tanten Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, Marina Scolnik Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, Enrique Soriano Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, Guillermo Berbotto Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, Maria Haye Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, María Julieta Gamba Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, Romina Nieto Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, Mercedes García Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, Veronica Savio Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, Luciana Gonzalez Lucero Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, Paula Alba Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, Lorena Takashima Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, FABIAN RISUEÑO Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, Luciana CASALLA Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, Natalia Cucchiaro Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, Ana Bertoli Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, Sabrina POrta Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, Carla Maldini Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, Rosana Gallo Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, Cecilia Goizueta Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, Eugenia Picco Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, Rosana Quintana Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, Karen Roberts Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, Carolina Ayelen Isnardi Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”, Guillermo Pons-Estel Grant/research support from: “Unrestricted grants: Pfizer, Abbvie, Elea Phoenix. None of them have access to patient data.”

POS0763 PERFORMANCE OF THE NEW ACR/EULAR 2019 CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA FOR SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE) IN A COHORT OF ARGENTINIAN PATIENTS

Background:

In 2019 ACR and EULAR published in joint collaboration the new classification criteria for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Compared to the previous ones, these criteria have shown higher sensitivity and specificity in multiple cohorts. To our knowledge, its performance has not been evaluated in a cohort of patients with rheumatological diseases living in Argentina.

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the ACR/ EULAR 2019 criteria in a cohort of patients with connective tissue diseases residing in Argentina. Secondary objectives were to determine the Likelihood Ratio (LR) of these criteria and the correlation of their global score with activity and damage indexes of the disease.

Methods:

Multicentre, retrospective and analytical study. Patients ≥ 18 years old with diagnosis of SLE (ACR 1997/SLICC 2012) without other associated collagen diseases (case group), and patients with other non-SLE connective tissue diseases (control group) were included. Those with active infectious disease, oncohematological disease, drug-induced lupus and overlap syndrome were excluded. Sociodemographic data, characteristics of the disease and treatment were recorded. In addition, activity and damage indexes were recorded in the group with SLE.

Three SLE experts, blinded to the diagnosis determined, for every individual if the patient had SLE or another rheumatological disease. An interrater agreement of 100% (including the 3 evaluators) was considered “defined SLE” and used as gold standard. In all cases, ACR 1997/SLICC 2012/ACR / EULAR 2019 criteria were applied and compared with the gold standard. Statistical analysis: Descriptive statistics was estimated. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative LR of the criteria were determined. The association between the final score of the ACR-EULAR 2019 criteria and the disease activity and damage indexes were estimated with Spearman correlation test. STATA 15.0 was used for data analysis.

Results:

A total of 365 patients from 7 centres in Argentina were included. A One hundred and eighty-three belonged to the SLE group: 92.3% women, mean age 39 years (SD 13.3), median disease duration 92 months (IQR 37-150). The most frequent manifestations of the disease were mucocutaneous (94%), musculoskeletal (82.5%) and haematological (69%). All patients presented ANA +, 88% hypocomplementemia, 69.4% Anti-DNA and 19.5% antiphospholipid antibodies. Median SLEDAI and SLICC were 2 (IQR 0-6) and 0 (IQR 0-1), respectively.

In the control group, 182 patients were recruited: 84% women, mean age 53.6 years (SD 14.2) and median disease duration 82.5 months (IQR 38-151). The most frequent diseases were Rheumatoid Arthritis (46.1%), Scleroderma (18.1%) and Sjögren’s Syndrome (16.5%) and most common manifestations were musculoskeletal (81.9%), immunological (73.6%) and constitutional (25.3%). A total of 62.6% of patients presented ANA+, 8.6% hypocomplementemia, and 1.3% Antiphospholipid antibodies.

Ninety-one percent of patients in the case group were classified as defined SLE and 3.8% in the control group.

The ACR / EULAR 2019 Criteria showed a 99.4% sensitivity and an 89.1% specificity, with a LR+ of 9.1 and a LR- of 0.007. The sensitivity and specificity of SLICC 2012 criteria were 98.3% and 88%, respectively with a LR+ of 8.2 and a LR- of 0.02; and the ACR 1997 criteria showed a 93.96% sensitivity and 90.1% specificity, with LR + of 8.21 and LR - of 0.07.

The correlations between the ACR/EULAR 2019 Criteria global score, and activity and damage indexes were 0.19 and -0.006, respectively.

Conclusion:

The new ACR / EULAR 2019 criteria have shown high sensitivity, a specificity comparable to its predecessors, and a higher ability to distinguish SLE from other diseases and to exclude it in non-SLE patients. No correlation was observed between the criteria scores and activity and damage indexes.

References:

[1]Aringer M, Costenbader K, Daikh D, et al 2019 EULAR/ACR classification criteria for SLE. Ann Rheum 2019; 78: 1151-1159.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

AB0342 OBSTETRIC AND THROMBOTIC ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME: ARE THEY DIFFERENT ENTITIES?

Background:

Several studies showed two main clinical phenotypes of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS): thrombotic (TAPS) and obstetric APS (OAPS). Although they have the same autoantibody profile, one of them developed thrombosis and other one obstetric morbidity.

Objectives:

To study clinical, demographic and antibody profile in patients with TAPS and OAPS.

Methods:

we retrospectively evaluated TAPS and OAPS patients who were included in Argentine Antiphospholipid antibodies registry. We studied clinical, demographic and antibody profile in both groups.

Results:

238 patients were included in the registry. 201 (84.81%) of them were female. 122 (60.69 %) of them fullfilled APS Sydney classification criteria, 47 (38.52%) TAPS and 52 (42.62%) OAPS. 23 (18.85%) patients had both thrombotic and obstetric events so they were excluded in this analysis.

Arterial Hypertension (HBP) and Hyperlipidemia were more frequent in TAPS versus OAPS. Older age was found in TAPS as well as in association with Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There was no difference in antibody profile between the 2 groups, and the Global Antiphospholipid Syndrome Score (aGAPSS) was higher in TAPS than OAPS.

18 (38.3%) of TAPS patients had at least 1 pregnancy. Mean number of pregnancies of TAPS was 2.5 (1.10) and 3.84 (1.86) in OAPS. Thrombotic events were not found in TAPS during pregnancy and puerperium. HBP and gestational diabetes (GD) and other pregnancy related comorbidities were found in TAPS.

OAPS (n=52)TAPS (n=47)POAPS(n=52)TAPS(n=18)SLE, n (%)11 (21.2)28 (59.6)0.0002N% (DE)N % (DE)aGAPSS, mean (RIQ)4 (5)8 (5)<0.0001Abortions (<10 weeks)3338.4 (36.2)826.5 (35.3)Age, mean (DE)39.3 (6.24)43.1 (13.5)<0.0001Live Birth3633.5 (28.1)1672.2 (34.7)HBP, n (%)5 (9.6)15 (31.9)0.0121 >37 weeks2116.4 (2.38)1661.1 (31.7)Hyperlipidemia, n (%)4 (7.7)12(25.5)0.0267Prematurity <37 >34 weeks118.76 (1.97)0-GD, n (%)3(5.8)2(4.3)0.9999Prematurity <34 weeks96.37 (1.49)11.39 (5.89)Obesity, n (%)8 (15.4)4 (8.5)0.2912Pre eclampsia >34-<37 weeks10.490 (0.0350)24.63 (0.138)Smoking, n (%)11 (21.1)13 (27.6)0.4019Placental Hematoma31.86 (8.18)12.78 (11.8)Sedentary lifestyle, n (%)16 (30.8)17 (36.2)0.8486Abruptio Placentae21.96 (9.80)24.17 (12.9)Triple Positivity59.648.50.8323 Normal delivery2017.8 (27.9)1447.7 (33.9)Double Positivity11.936.4Cesarean section2217.2 (21.6)211.1 (32.3)Simple Positivity2938.51940.4Urgent Cesarean section139.80 (20.3)412.5 (24.6)GD21.37 (7.49)12.78 (11.8)HBP63.46 (10.3)310.2 (26.3)

Conclusion:

Antibody profile was similar in TAPS and OAPS. However, clinical manifestations and cardiovascular risk were different. These results should be evaluated in prospective studies.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

Cross-cultural adaptation of the SCORE survey and evaluation of the impact of Real-Time Random Safety Audits in organizational culture: A multicenter study

OBJECTIVE

To establish a cross-cultural adaptation of the Safety, Communication, Operational Reliability, and Engagement (SCORE) survey and to use this instrument to evaluate the impact of a safety intervention.

DESIGN

Cross-cultural adaptation and before-and-after evaluation study.

SETTING

5 ICU.

PARTICIPANTS

Medical residents, attending physicians, and nurses at those ICU.

INTERVENTIONS

Adaptation of the SCORE survey to Spanish culture. The adapted survey was used to assess all safety-culture-related domains before and one-year after implementing the use of a safety tool, Real-Time Random Safety Audits (in Spanish: Análisis Aleatorios de Seguridad en Tiempo Real, AASTRE).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE

Adaptabiliy of the Spanish version of SCORE survey in the ICU setting and evaluation of the effect of AASTRE on their domains.

RESULTS

The cross-cultural adaptation was adequate. Post-AASTRE survey scores [mean (standard deviation, SD)] were significantly better in the domains learning environment [50.55 (SD 20.62) vs 60.76 (SD 23.66), p<.0001], perception of local leadership [47.98 (SD 23.57) vs 62.82 (SD 27.46), p<.0001], teamwork climate [51.19 (SD 18.55) vs 55.89 (SD 20.25), p=.031], safety climate [45.07 (SD 17.60) vs 50.36 (SD 19.65), p=.01], participation decision making [3 (SD 0.82) vs 3.65 (SD 0.87), p<.0001] and advancement in the organization [3.21 (SD 0.77) vs 4.04 (SD 0.77), p<.0001]. However, post-AASTRE scores were significantly worse in the domains workload and burnout climate.

CONCLUSIONS

The cross-cultural adaptation of the SCORE survey into Spanish is a useful tool for ICUs. The application of the AASTRE is associated with improvements in six SCORE domains, including the safety climate.

Guidelines for enhanced recovery after cardiac surgery. Consensus document of Spanish Societies of Anesthesia (SEDAR), Cardiovascular Surgery (SECCE) and Perfusionists (AEP)

The ERAS guidelines are intended to identify, disseminate and promote the implementation of the best, scientific evidence-based actions to decrease variability in clinical practice. The implementation of these practices in the global clinical process will promote better outcomes and the shortening of hospital and critical care unit stays, thereby resulting in a reduction in costs and in greater efficiency. After completing a systematic review at each of the points of the perioperative process in cardiac surgery, recommendations have been developed based on the best scientific evidence currently available with the consensus of the scientific societies involved.

Reactive astrogliosis in the dentate gyrus of mice exposed to active volcanic environments

Air pollution has been associated with neuroinflammatory processes and is considered a risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Volcanic environments are considered a natural source of air pollution. However, the effects of natural source air pollution on the central nervous system (CNS) have not been reported, despite the fact that up to 10% of the world's population lives near a historically active volcano. In order to assess the response of the CNS to such exposure, our study was conducted in the island of Sao Miguel (Azores, Portugal) in two different areas: Furnas, which is volcanically active one, and compared to Rabo de Peixe, a reference site without manifestations of active volcanism using Mus musculus as a bioindicator species. To evaluate the state of the astroglial population in the dentate gyrus in both samples, the number of astrocytes was determined using immunofluorescence methods (anti-GFAP and anti-GS). In addition, the astrocytic branches in that hippocampal area were examined. Our results showed an increase in GFAP+ astrocytes and a reduction in GS+ astrocytes in Furnas-exposed mice compared to animals from Rabo de Peixe. In addition, astrocytes in the dentate gyrus of chronically exposed animals exhibited longer branches compared to those residing at the reference site. Thus, reactive astrogliosis and astrocyte dysfunction are found in mice living in an active volcanic environment.

Linezolid-resistant MRSA-CC398 carrying the cfr gene, and MRSA-CC9 isolates from pigs with signs of infection in Spain

AIMS

To perform the molecular characterization of 23 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from pigs with signs of infections recovered in Spanish farms during 2018-2019.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The antimicrobial resistance pattern and virulence profile were determined. The molecular typing was performed by different molecular techniques. The transferability of the cfr gene was assessed by conjugation and its genetic environment was determined by PCR mapping. In all, 21 isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) carrying the mecA gene (SCCmecV or non-typeable SCCmec), whereas the remaining two were methicillin-susceptible (MSSA). All but one MRSA isolates (n = 20) belonged to the CC398, being the spa t011 the most prevalent (n = 11). The remaining MRSA and the two MSSA isolates were ascribed to ST9/CC9. The S. aureus isolates exhibited resistance to (number of resistant isolates): β-lactamics (21), erythromycin and/or clindamycin (20), aminoglycosides (7), tetracycline (22), fluoroquinolones (14), chloramphenicol (5) and linezolid (1). The S. aureus isolates did not carry any of the virulence genes studied. One MRSA belonging to the CC398 showed linezolid resistance mediated by the cfr gene. The cfr gene was co-located with fexA in the Tn558 variant previously reported in the S. aureus plasmid pSCFS7.

CONCLUSIONS

Two major livestock-associated genetic lineages were detected among pigs with signs of infection in Spain. The presence of the cfr gene among LA-MRSA-CC398 is of great concern not only for veterinary medicine, but also for humans in close contact.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

This work describes the molecular characterization of S. aureus isolates recovered from pigs with signs of infection and we report, as far as we know, the first description of MRSA-CC9 from pigs in Spain. Moreover, the detection of a MRSA-CC398 isolate carrying the multiresistance cfr gene highlights the need for continuous surveillance and awareness of LA-MRSA.

First record on mercury accumulation in mice brain living in active volcanic environments: a cytochemical approach

The health effects of mercury vapor exposure on the brain in volcanic areas have not been previously addressed in the literature. However, 10% of the worldwide population inhabits in the vicinity of an active volcano, which are natural sources of elemental mercury emission. To evaluate the presence of mercury compounds in the brain after chronic exposure to volcanogenic mercury vapor, a histochemical study, using autometallographic silver, was carried out to compare the brain of mice chronically exposed to an active volcanic environment (Furnas village, Azores, Portugal) with those not exposed (Rabo de Peixe village, Azores, Portugal). Results demonstrated several mercury deposits in blood vessels, white matter and some cells of the hippocampus in the brain of chronically exposed mice. Our results highlight that chronic exposure to an active volcanic environment results in brain mercury accumulation, raising an alert regarding potential human health risks. These findings support the hypothesis that mercury exposure can be a risk factor in causing neurodegenerative diseases in the inhabitants of volcanically active areas.

Ketogenic diet and cognition in neurological diseases: a systematic review

CONTEXT

In recent years, the ketogenic diet has gained special relevance as a possible therapeutic alternative to some neurological and chronic diseases.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this systematic review was to answer the following question: Does a ketogenic diet improve cognitive skills in patients with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, refractory epilepsy, and type 1 glucose deficiency syndrome? To define the research question, the PICOS criteria were used, following the guidelines of the PRISMA method.

DATA SOURCES

Medline/PubMed, Elsevier Science Direct, Dialnet, EBSCOhost, Mediagraphic, Sage Journals, ProQuest, and Wiley Online Library databases were used.

DATA EXTRACTION

After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria in accordance with the PRISMA method, a total of 63 entries published between 2004 and 2019 were used.

DATA ANALYSIS

The records extracted were analyzed from a qualitative approach, so no statistical analysis was carried out.

CONCLUSION

Although scientific literature on the subject is scarce and there has tended to be a lack of scientific rigor, the studies reviewed confirmed the effectiveness of this diet in improving the cognitive symptomatology of the aforementioned diseases.

AB0519 PULMONARY INVOLVEMENT IN ANCA ASSOCIATED VASCULITIS (AAV) ACCORDING TO ANTIGENIC SPECIFICITY: A RETROSPECTIVE ARGENTINE COHORT

Background:

The lung in ANCA associated vasculitis (AAV) is one of the most frequently compromised organs (20-80%). The clinical features of pulmonary involvement vary according to the type of vasculitis and some studies have shown its association with the ANCa subtype or antigenic specifity (MPO-ANCA), (PR3-ANCA).

Objectives:

A-Describe the clinical features and tomographic findings of pulmonary involvement in vasculitis associated with ANCA and its association according to the ANCA subtypes.

B-Evaluate outcome, relapses and associated mortality.

Methods:

Observational, analytical, retrospective study. Data was collected from the medical records and tomographic image files of patient evaluated in rheumatology department in a tertiary level hospital (2007-2019).

Patients diagnosed with AAV, who met criteria for ACR 1990 classification or according to nomenclature of Chapel Hill 2012, with thoracic CT performed and dosage PR3 an MPO antibodies by ELISA technique by a pulmonologist and radiologist.

Demographic data, subtype of vasculitis, concomitant organic involvement, disease activity evaluated by Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score v 3 (BVAS v3), time of evolution of pulmonary involvement, ERS – PCR, serum creatinine, ANCA determined by ELISA were collected. The following findings in parenchyma were evaluated by thorax CT: Consolidation, Ground glass opacities, Reticulation, Honeycomb, cavitated or not nodules, Central airway compromise (thickening or stenosis), Bronchiectasis,Peribronchial thickening, Pleural effusion and the following patterns of disease:NIU (Usual Interstitial Pneumonia), NINE (Unspecified Interstitial Pneumonia),HAD (Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage)

Results:

66/87 patients were included, 59% female, with a mean age of 51 (14 SD) years. GPA 46.9%, MPA 39.4%, EGPA13.6%, median follow-up time of 36 months (RIC 12-77).

According to antigenic specificity: 40.9% PR3 positive, 47.6% MPO positive and ANCA negative 11.5%. 74% of the GPA were positive for PR3, and 58% PAM at MPO.

BVAS basal: 17.8 + 7.5 DS.

Frequency of organic involvement: 81.8% pulmonar, 77% systemic, 57.6% renal, 43% ENT.

54% of patients with pulmonary involvement was present at the onset of their disease.

Table 1.

shows the main findings in lung parenchyma.

Parenchymal Findings%Consolidations37Ground glass opacities72Reticulation15Honeycomb9No cavitated nodules41Cavitated nodules20.7Central airways comp (stenosis)9.4Peribronchial thickening11.3Bronchiectasis9.4Pleural effusion7.7

According to the pattern of tomographic condition: 36.5 HAD %, 9.6% NIU, 7.8% NINE and, 1.5% Bronchiolitis obliterans.

The presence of positive MPO was significantly associated with the presence of honeycomb (p 0.017) and NIU (p 0.018).

There were no significant associations with the presence of PR3.

Mortality was 17%.

No association was found in relation to mortality or relapse frequency among PR3 or MPO positive patients.

Conclusion:

The frequency of pulmonary involvement in this cohort of patients was 82%, similar to that reported in the literature and was presented at the beginning of the disease in half of the cases. The presence of positive MPO was associated with a higher frequency of usual interstitial pneumonia.

References:

[1]Sophia Lionaki. Classification of ANCA vasculitides: The role of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody specificity for MPO or PR3 in disease recognition and prognosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 October; 64(10): 3452–3462. doi:10.1002/art.34562.

[2]Kouichi Hirayama. Pulmonary involvements of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated renal vasculitis in Japan Nephrol Dial Transplant (2015) 0: 1–11 doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfu385 .3-Beatrice Feragalli.The Lung in Systemic Vasculitis: Radiological Patterns and Differential Diagnosis. British Institute of Radiology

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

AB0565 HOSPITALIZATION IN A COHORT OF PATIENTS WITH IDIOPATHIC INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHY: WHAT IS HAPPENING IN ARGENTINA?

Background:

Inflammatory myopathies are rare diseases that affect multiple organs and systems, with poor prognosis and high in-hospital mortality.(1,2)In Argentina there are few reported data regarding hospitalization and its outcomes in these patients.

Objectives:

To analyze the characteristics of hospitalizations and the factors associated with poor outcome in adult patients with Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy (IIM).

Methods:

Retrospective, analytical study. We included patients ≥ 18 years with IIM, according to Bohan and Peter and/or ACR / EULAR 2017 criteria, who were admitted in our hospital between 2003 and 2019 at least once. Sociodemographic and clinical data were recorded. We defined “unfavorable outcome” as the presence of one of the following events: death, mechanical respiratory assistance and/or critical care unit requirement. Continuous variables were compared by Student’s or Mann Whitney’s T test, and categorical variables by Chi2test or Fisher’s exact test. Binary logistic regression was performed to identify independent factors associated with an unfavorable outcome.

Results:

61 hospitalizations of 40 patients with IIM were evaluated; 67.5% of the patients were female (27/40), with a mean age of 52.5 years (SD± 13). The most frequent reason of admission was for diagnosis (44.3%) followed by disease activity (31.1%). In 78.7% of hospitalizations (48/61) the diagnosis was dermatomyositis. The median of hospitalization days was 14 (IQR 8-30). In 21 out of 61 hospitalizations (34.4%), an unfavorable outcome was observed, of which 17 (80.9%) ended in death. Respiratory muscle involvement (p = 0.01), thrombocytopenia (p < 0.001), treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone pulses (p = 0.032), Intravenous Immunoglobulin (p = 0.001), longer hospitalization (p = 0.001) and severe infections (p = 0.001) were associated with adverse outcomes. In the multivariate analysis, serious infections (OR: 21.7; IC95 1.77 - 266; p = 0.016) and the requirement of Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIg) (OR: 54.5; IC95 1.4 - 214; p = 0.033) were found to be independently associated with an unfavorable outcome.

Conclusion:

IIMs are diseases with high morbidity and mortality rate. In this cohort of hospitalized patients, we found a high percentage of unfavorable outcomes. Seriously ill patients received IVIg more frequently, and severe infections were associated with worse prognosis.

References:

[1]Selva-O’Callaghan, A., Pinal-Fernandez, I., Trallero-Araguás, E., Milisenda, J. C., Grau-Junyent, J. M., & Mammen, A. L. (2018).Classification and management of adult inflammatory myopathies. The Lancet Neurology, 17(9), 816–828.

[2]Wu C, Wang Q, He L, Yang E, Zeng X (2018)Hospitalization mortality and associated risk factors in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis: A retrospective case-control study. PLoS ONE 13(2): e0192491.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

FRI0605-HPR MORTALITY AND SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS IN ARGENTINA. A MULTICENTER STUDY ON BEHALF GESAR-LES

Background:

The mortality rate in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is 2–3 times higher than in the general population. However, survival in these patients has improved significantly and is currently 95% at 5 years according to different studies. Since the last 20 years, there are no new reports on this issue in Argentina.

Objectives:

To analyze the factors associated with mortality, survival and causes of death in patients with SLE.

Methods:

Longitudinal - multicenter study, in which 10 rheumatology centers of Argentina participated. Patients with SLE (ACR 1997 and / or SLICC 2012 criteria) with a minimum follow-up of 6 months monitored between January 2008 and December 2018 were included. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, therapeutic variables (treatments received during the evolution of the disease and within 60 days prior to death or last control); mortality, causes of death and survival at 5, 10 and 20 years were evaluated. Statistical analysis: descriptive statistics, Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox regression model.

Results:

Three hundred and eighty two patients were included; 90% women and 82% mestizos. The mean of evolution time of SLE was 4.1 ± 6.7 years. The mean age at the last control or death was 37.2 ± 12.7 years, SLEDAI 3.2 ± 4.2 and SLICC 1.2 ± 1.9.

Mortality was 12% (95% CI [8-15]) and the causes of death were: Infections (27), cardiovascular disease (6), SLE activity (3), catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (2) and other causes (8). Using the variables associated with mortality in different Cox regression models, the variables that increased the risk of death significantly were: renal involvement (RR 3.3), cardiac involvement (RR 2.7), central nervous system involvement (RR 2.1), arterial thrombosis (RR 2.3), hyperlipemia (RR 2.4), number of infections (RR 1.2) and last SLEDAI (1.1).

The time of HCQ use greater than 36 months decreased the risk of death in this cohort by 40% (p 0.03). Prednisone (maximum dose and time) was not associated with mortality (p NS). When analyzing the last treatment and adjusting it for final SLEDAI, HCQ was a mortality protection factor (RR 0.4) while the use of cyclophosphamide alone or associated with prednisone was a risk factor for death (RR 5.2).

Significant differences were found when analyzing the causes of death according to the SLE evolution time (p 0.017): patients who died from infection had less evolution time (Me 2.25 years), than those who died due to cardiovascular causes (Me 10 years) or SLE activity (Me 15 years). In this cohort of patients, survival was 93% at 5 years, 88% at 10 years and 72% at 20 years.

Conclusion:

Mortality in this series of patients was 12% and infection was the leading cause of death. The use of HCQ for a period greater than 36 months, decreased the risk of death 40%.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

FRI0318 REAL-LIFE EVALUATION OF HEALTH STATUS USING ASAS HEALTH INDEX ON PATIENTS WITH AXIAL AND PERIPHERAL SPONDYLOARTHRITIS IN ARGENTINA

Background:

The questionnaire “Assessment of Spondyloarthritis international Society Health Index” (ASAS HI) was developed to measure functionality and health status in patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA)1.

Objectives:

To describe the state of health measured by ASAS HI in Argentinian patients with SpA and to evaluate factors associated with poor health.

Methods:

Analytical, cross sectional, multicenter study. Patients with SpA according to ASAS criteria were consecutively included from 15 Argentinian centers. Statistical analysis: frequencies and percentages (%), mean and standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range (IQR). Bivariate analysis and logistic regression were performed to evaluate the factors associated with poor health status (ASAS HI > or equal to 12). Correlation with other parameters was evaluated by Spearman correlation.

Results:

We included 274 patients with a mean age 49 (SD 14) years, median disease duration 60 month (IQR 24-135), 155 (56.6%) of patients are male, 47% (n:129) axial SpA and 52.9 (n:145) peripheral SpA. One hundred and nine patients (43.4%) presented good health status, 117 (42.7%) had moderate state of health and 38 (13.9%) had poor health. In the bivariate analyses patients with ASAS health index greater than or equal to 12 (poor status), were older [54 (11) vs 48 (14), p: 0.01], had higher disease duration [11(IQR 57-192) vs 60 (IQR 24-120), p: 0.02], more hypertension [20 (52.6%) vs 67 (28.4%), p:0.004], more diabetes mellitus [10 (26.3%) vs 22(9.3%), p: 0.006], depression [6 (15.8%) vs 10 (4.2%), p:0.013], anxiety [8 (21%) vs (22 (9.3%),p:0.046], less years of education [9.8 (SD 3.5) vs 13 (SD 10), p:0.001], higher ASQol [12.6 (SD 4.6) vs 5.7 (SD4), p < 0.001], BASFI [7(SD2) vs 4(SD6), p: 0.001], DAS28 [4.71 (SD3.2) vs 2.8 (SD1),p: <0.001]. In the multivariate analyses the following variables were independently associated with poor health status: duration of disease, ASQol and DAS28. ASAS HI showed positive correlation with the following parameters: BASDAI (r:0.67, p< 0.001), HAQ (r:0.54, p< 0.001), ASDAS (r:0.67, p< 0.001), ASQol (r:0.80, p< 0.001), BASFI (r:0.72, p< 0.001) and DAS28 (0.56, p< 0.001).

Conclusion:

Poor health status is associated with disease activity, poor quality of life and functional activity. ASAS HI has a good correlation with other parameters to evaluate SpA, reinforcing the construct validity of this new tool.

References:

[1]Kiltz U,et al.Ann Rheum Dis2018;0:1–7.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

Ocular exposure to infectious laryngotracheitis virus alters leukocyte subsets in the head-associated lymphoid tissues and trachea of 6-week-old White Leghorn chickens

Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), an alphaherpesvirus, causes acute respiratory disease primarily infecting the upper respiratory tract and conjunctiva. Administration of live attenuated ILTV vaccines via eye drop, drinking water, or by coarse spray elicits protective mucosal immunity in the head-associated lymphoid tissues (HALT), of which conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) and the Harderian gland (HG) are important tissue components. The trachea, a non-lymphoid tissue, also receives significant influx of inflammatory cells that dictate the outcome of ILTV infection. The objective of this study was to evaluate leukocyte cellular and phenotypic changes in the CALT, HG and trachea following ocular infection with a virulent ILTV strain. At 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 days post-infection, CALT, HG, and trachea of 6-week-old specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens ocularly-exposed to vehicle or virulent ILTV strain 63140 were dissociated, the cells enumerated and then phenotyped using flow cytometry. The CALT had the highest viral genomic load, which peaked on day 3. In ILTV-infected birds, the CALT had a decreased percentage of leukocytes. This was reflected by decreased numbers of MHCI⁺MHCII^-, MHCI⁺MHCII^low+, and CD4⁺ cells, while IgM⁺ and MHCI⁺MHCII^High+ expressing cell populations increased. In the HG, the most notable change in cells from ILTV-infected birds was a decrease in IgM expressing cells and histologically, an increase in Mott cells. In summary, an acute, ocular exposure to ILTV strain 63140 in young birds shifts subsets of lymphocyte populations in the CALT and HG with minimal impact on the trachea.

Protection Efficacy of a Recombinant Herpesvirus of Turkey Vaccine Against Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus Administered In Ovo to Broilers at Three Standardized Doses

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly contagious respiratory disease of chickens that produces significant economic losses to the poultry industry. The disease is caused by Gallid alpha herpesvirus-1 (GaHV-1), commonly known as the infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). Vaccination remains necessary for the control of the disease. Due to the inherent virulence of live attenuated vaccines, in particular that of the chicken embryo origin (CEO) vaccines, the use of ILT viral vector recombinant vaccines has significantly expanded worldwide as a safer vaccination strategy. However, the protective efficacy of recombinant ILT vaccines can be compromised by the use of fractional doses and improper handling and administration of the vaccine. The objective of this study was twofold: 1) to evaluate the protection efficacy induced by a commercial recombinant HVT-LT (rHVT-LT) vaccine when administered in ovo to broilers at three standardized doses (6000 plaque-forming units [PFU], 3000 PFU, and 1000 PFU), and 2) to assess the potential of rHVT-LT-vaccinated chickens to spread virus to contact chickens after challenge. Independently of the vaccine dose, vaccinated chickens showed reduction in clinical signs, maintained body weight gain after challenge, and lessened the challenge virus replication in the trachea at a rate of 52%-65%. However, in spite of this reduction, transmission of challenge virus from rHVT-LT-vaccinated (6000/Ch, 3000/Ch) to contact-naive chickens was evident. This study is the first to support that rHVT-LT vaccination did not prevent spread of challenge virus to contact birds.

Commercial Vaccines and Vaccination Strategies Against Infectious Laryngotracheitis: What We Have Learned and Knowledge Gaps That Remain

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an upper respiratory disease of chickens, pheasants, and peafowl caused by the alphaherpesvirus Gallid alpha herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1), commonly known as infectious laryngotracheitis virus. ILT is an acute respiratory disease characterized by clinical signs of conjunctivitis, nasal discharge, dyspnea, and lethargy. In severe forms of the disease, hemorrhagic tracheitis together with gasping, coughing, and expectoration of bloody mucus are common. The morbidity and mortality rates of the disease vary depending on the virulence of the strain circulating, the level of virus circulating in the field, and the presence of other respiratory infections. Since the identification of the disease in the 1920s, ILT continues to affect the poultry industry negatively across the globe. The disease is primarily controlled by a combination of biosecurity and vaccination. The first commercial vaccines, introduced in the late 1950s and early 1960s, were the chicken embryo origin live attenuated vaccines. The tissue culture origin vaccine was introduced in late 1970s. Recombinant viral vector ILT vaccines were first introduced in the United States in the 2000s, and now they are being used worldwide, alone or in combination with live attenuated vaccines. This review article provides a synopsis of what we have learned about vaccines and vaccination strategies used around the world and addresses knowledge gaps about the virus and host interactions that remain unknown.

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 45 countries for 2012-2017: Device-associated module

BACKGROUND

We report the results of International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2012 to December 2017 in 523 intensive care units (ICUs) in 45 countries from Latin America, Europe, Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and Western Pacific.

METHODS

During the 6-year study period, prospective data from 532,483 ICU patients hospitalized in 242 hospitals, for an aggregate of 2,197,304 patient days, were collected through the INICC Surveillance Online System (ISOS). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-National Healthcare Safety Network (CDC-NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care-associated infection (DA-HAI) were applied.

RESULTS

Although device use in INICC ICUs was similar to that reported from CDC-NHSN ICUs, DA-HAI rates were higher in the INICC ICUs: in the medical-surgical ICUs, the pooled central line-associated bloodstream infection rate was higher (5.05 vs 0.8 per 1,000 central line-days); the ventilator-associated pneumonia rate was also higher (14.1 vs 0.9 per 1,000 ventilator-days,), as well as the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.1 vs 1.7 per 1,000 catheter-days). From blood cultures samples, frequencies of resistance, such as of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to piperacillin-tazobactam (33.0% vs 18.3%), were also higher.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite a significant trend toward the reduction in INICC ICUs, DA-HAI rates are still much higher compared with CDC-NHSN's ICUs representing the developed world. It is INICC's main goal to provide basic and cost-effective resources, through the INICC Surveillance Online System to tackle the burden of DA-HAIs effectively.

The impact of active dry yeasts in commercial wineries from the Denomination of Origen "Vinos de Madrid", Spain

This paper has studied the success of implantation for 16 commercial active dry yeasts (ADYs) during industrial fermentation (30) and the impact of these yeasts during spontaneous fermentations (19) in 10 wineries from the Denomination of Origin "Vinos de Madrid" over two consecutive years. Yeasts strains were identified by molecular techniques, pulsed field electrophoresis and microsatellite analysis. According to these techniques, all the ADYs were different with the exceptions of two strains, L2056 and Rh, which showed the same karyotype and loci size. The results showed that inoculating fermentations with ADYs did not ensure their dominance throughout the fermentation; the implantation level of ADYs was above 80% in only 9 of the 30 commercial fermentations studied; while in 16 fermentations, the dominance of the inoculated ADYs was below 50%. The type of vinification with the best implantation results overall were those associated with red wine fermentations. ADYs affected spontaneous fermentations, although their impact was observed to decrease in the second year of the study. Therefore, specific adaptation studies are necessary before using commercial yeasts during the fermentation process. At the same time, a study was carried out on the frequency of commercial strains in IMIDRA's yeast collection, made up of strains isolated from spontaneous fermentations of the different areas and cellars since the beginning of the Denomination of Origin "Vinos de Madrid" in 1990. Six different ADYs were found with a frequency of less than 5%.

Attenuation and Protection Efficacy of a Recombinant Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) Depleted of Open Reading Frame C (ΔORFC) when Delivered in ovo

In an effort to produce more stable vaccines for infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), recombinant strains with deletion of genes associated with virulence have been evaluated for attenuation and protection efficacy. Among viral genes associated with virulence, a cluster of five open reading frames (ORFs; A through E) have been identified. An attenuated ILTV recombinant strain with deletion of the ORF C gene induced protection comparable to that elicited by the tissue culture origin (TCO) vaccine when administered via eyedrop. The objective of this study was to evaluate the attenuation and protection efficacy of the ΔORF C strain when delivered in ovo to maternal antibody negative (MAb-) and maternal antibody positive (MAb+) embryos. In ovo delivery of the ΔORF C strain did not affected hatchability or body weight gain, while virus transmission to contact chickens was minor. Nevertheless, nine of ninety (10%) of MAb- chickens vaccinated with the ΔORF C strain showed marked dyspnea, and upon postmortem examination bloody mucoid plugs and high viral genome load were detected in their tracheas. Moreover, the ΔORF C strain induced satisfactory protection in MAb- chickens, but marginal protection in MAb+ chickens after challenge. The reduced protection observed for MAb+ groups of chickens was likely caused by the interference of maternally derived antibodies. This report presents the use of a genetically attenuated ILTV strain delivered in ovo as a potential new approach in the control of ILTV.

Evaluation of vaccination against infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) with recombinant herpesvirus of turkey (rHVT-LT) and chicken embryo origin (CEO) vaccines applied alone or in combination

The chicken embryo origin (CEO) infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) live attenuated vaccines, although capable of protecting against disease and reducing challenge virus replication, can regain virulence. Recombinant ILT vaccines do not regain virulence but are partially successful at blocking challenge virus replication. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of rHVT-LT vaccination on CEO replication and how this vaccination strategy enhances protection and limits challenge virus transmission to naïve contact chickens. The rHVT-LT vaccine was administered at 1 day of age subcutaneously and the CEO vaccine was administered at 6 weeks of age via eye-drop or drinking water. CEO vaccine replication post vaccination, challenge virus replication and transmission post challenge were evaluated. After vaccination, only the group that received the CEO via eye-drop developed transient conjunctivitis. A significant decrease in CEO replication was detected for the rHVT-LT + CEO groups as compared to groups that received CEO alone. After challenge, reduction in clinical signs and challenge virus replication were observed in all vaccinated groups. However, among the vaccinated groups, the rHVT-LT group presented higher clinical signs and challenge virus replication. Transmission of the challenge virus to naïve contact chickens was only observed in the rHVT-LT vaccinated group of chickens. Overall, this study found that priming with rHVT-LT reduced CEO virus replication and the addition of a CEO vaccination provided a more robust protection than rHVT alone. Therefore, rHVT-LT + CEO vaccination strategy constitutes an alternative approach to gain better control of the disease.