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Berry N, Mee ET, Almond N, Rose NJ. The Impact and Effects of Host Immunogenetics on Infectious Disease Studies Using Non-Human Primates in Biomedical Research. Microorganisms 2024; 12:155. [PMID: 38257982 PMCID: PMC10818626 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding infectious disease pathogenesis and evaluating novel candidate treatment interventions for human use frequently requires prior or parallel analysis in animal model systems. While rodent species are frequently applied in such studies, there are situations where non-human primate (NHP) species are advantageous or required. These include studies of animals that are anatomically more akin to humans, where there is a need to interrogate the complexity of more advanced biological systems or simply reflect susceptibility to a specific infectious agent. The contribution of different arms of the immune response may be addressed in a variety of NHP species or subspecies in specific physiological compartments. Such studies provide insights into immune repertoires not always possible from human studies. However, genetic variation in outbred NHP models may confound, or significantly impact the outcome of a particular study. Thus, host factors need to be considered when undertaking such studies. Considerable knowledge of the impact of host immunogenetics on infection dynamics was elucidated from HIV/SIV research. NHP models are now important for studies of emerging infections. They have contributed to delineating the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19, which identified differences in outcomes attributable to the selected NHP host. Moreover, their use was crucial in evaluating the immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccines against COVID-19 and establishing putative correlates of vaccine protection. More broadly, neglected or highly pathogenic emerging or re-emergent viruses may be studied in selected NHPs. These studies characterise protective immune responses following infection or the administration of candidate immunogens which may be central to the accelerated licensing of new vaccines. Here, we review selected aspects of host immunogenetics, specifically MHC background and TRIM5 polymorphism as exemplars of adaptive and innate immunity, in commonly used Old and New World host species. Understanding this variation within and between NHP species will ensure that this valuable laboratory source is used most effectively to combat established and emerging virus infections and improve human health worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Berry
- Research & Development—Science, Research and Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK; (E.T.M.); (N.A.); (N.J.R.)
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2
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Toon K, Kalemera MD, Palor M, Rose NJ, Takeuchi Y, Grove J, Mattiuzzo G. GB Virus B and Hepatitis C Virus, Distantly Related Hepaciviruses, Share an Entry Factor, Claudin-1. J Virol 2023; 97:e0046923. [PMID: 37310242 PMCID: PMC10373534 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00469-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to increased and broadened screening efforts, the last decade has seen a rapid expansion in the number of viral species classified into the Hepacivirus genus. Conserved genetic features of hepaciviruses suggest that they have undergone specific adaptation and have evolved to hijack similar host proteins for efficient propagation in the liver. Here, we developed pseudotyped viruses to elucidate the entry factors of GB virus B (GBV-B), the first hepacivirus described in an animal after hepatitis C virus (HCV). GBV-B-pseudotyped viral particles (GBVBpp) were shown to be uniquely sensitive to the sera of tamarins infected with GBV-B, validating their usefulness as a surrogate for GBV-B entry studies. We screened GBVBpp infection of human hepatoma cell lines that were CRISPR/Cas9 engineered to ablate the expression of individual HCV receptors/entry factors and found that claudin-1 is essential for GBV-B infection, indicating the GBV-B and HCV share an entry factor. Our data suggest that claudin-1 facilitates HCV and GBV-B entry through distinct mechanisms since the former requires the first extracellular loop and the latter is reliant on a C-terminal region containing the second extracellular loop. The observation that claudin-1 is an entry factor shared between these two hepaciviruses suggests that the tight junction protein is of fundamental mechanistic importance during cell entry. IMPORTANCE Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major public health burden; approximately 58 million individuals have chronic HCV infection and are at risk of developing cirrhosis and liver cancer. To achieve the World Health Organization's target of eliminating hepatitis by 2030, new therapeutics and vaccines are needed. Understanding how HCV enters cells can inform the design of new vaccines and treatments targeting the first stage of infection. However, the HCV cell entry mechanism is complex and has been sparsely described. Studying the entry of related hepaciviruses will increase the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of the first stages of HCV infection, such as membrane fusion, and inform structure-guided HCV vaccine design; in this work, we have identified a protein, claudin-1, that facilitates the entry of an HCV-related hepacivirus but with a mechanism not described for HCV. Similar work on other hepaciviruses may unveil a commonality of entry factors and, possibly, new mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Toon
- Science Research and Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mphatso D. Kalemera
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Machaela Palor
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J. Rose
- Science Research and Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Yasuhiro Takeuchi
- Science Research and Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Grove
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- Science Research and Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, United Kingdom
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Zhu F, Althaus T, Tan CW, Costantini A, Chia WN, Van Vinh Chau N, Van Tan L, Mattiuzzo G, Rose NJ, Voiglio E, Wang LF. WHO international standard for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies to determine markers of protection. Lancet Microbe 2022; 3:e81-e82. [PMID: 34901897 PMCID: PMC8641955 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169657
| | - Thomas Althaus
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco
- Direction de l'Action Sanitaire in Monaco, Monaco
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169657
| | | | - Wan Ni Chia
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169657
| | | | - Le Van Tan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, MHRA, South Mimms, UK
| | - Nicola J Rose
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, MHRA, South Mimms, UK
| | - Eric Voiglio
- Direction de l'Action Sanitaire in Monaco, Monaco
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169657
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore
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Dale JM, Hood SP, Bowen O, Bright H, Cutler KL, Berry N, Almond N, Goldin R, Karayiannis P, Rose NJ. Development of hepatic pathology in GBV-B-infected red-bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus). J Med Virol 2020; 92:3584-3595. [PMID: 32181899 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
GB virus B (GBV-B) is a new world monkey-associated flavivirus used to model acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Critical for evaluation of antiviral or vaccine approaches is an understanding of the effect of HCV on the liver at different stages of infection. In the absence of longitudinal human tissue samples at defined time points, we have characterized changes in tamarins. As early as 2 weeks post-infection histological changes were noticeable, and these were established in all animals by 6 weeks. Despite high levels of liver-associated viral RNA, there was reversal of hepatic damage on clearance of peripheral virus though fibrosis was demonstrated in four tamarins. Notably, viral RNA burden in the liver dropped to near undetectable or background levels in all animals which underwent a second viral challenge, highlighting the efficacy of the immune response in removing foci of replication in the liver. These data add to the knowledge of GBV-B infection in New World primates which can offer attractive systems for the testing of prophylactic and therapeutic treatments and the evaluation of their utility in preventing or reversing liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Dale
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicine and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Simon P Hood
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicine and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Ori Bowen
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicine and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Helen Bright
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, UK
| | - Keith L Cutler
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicine and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Neil Berry
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicine and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Neil Almond
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicine and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Robert Goldin
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, UK
| | - Peter Karayiannis
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, UK
| | - Nicola J Rose
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicine and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
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Capone A, Lo Presti A, Sernicola L, Farcomeni S, Ferrantelli F, Maggiorella MT, Mee ET, Rose NJ, Cella E, Ciccozzi M, Ensoli B, Borsetti A. Genetic diversity in the env V1-V2 region of proviral quasispecies from long-term controller MHC-typed cynomolgus macaques infected with SHIVSF162P4cy. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1717-1728. [PMID: 30311877 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-host evolution of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has been shown by viral RNA analysis in subjects who naturally suppress plasma viremia to low levels, known as controllers. However, little is known about the variability of proviral DNA and the inter-relationships among contained systemic viremia, rate of reservoir reseeding and specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotypes, in controllers. Here, we analysed the proviral DNA quasispecies of the env V1-V2 region, in PBMCs and in anatomical compartments of 13 long-term controller monkeys after 3.2 years of infection with simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)SF162P4cy. A considerable variation in the genetic diversity of proviral quasispecies was present among animals. Seven monkeys exhibited env V1-V2 proviral populations composed of both clusters of identical ancestral sequences and new variants, whereas the other six monkeys displayed relatively high env V1-V2 genetic diversity with a large proportion of diverse novel sequences. Our results demonstrate that in SHIVSF162P4cy-infected monkeys there exists a disparate pattern of intra-host viral diversity and that reseeding of the proviral reservoir occurs in some animals. Moreover, even though no particular association has been observed between MHC haplotypes and the long-term control of infection, a remarkably similar pattern of intra-host viral diversity and divergence was found within animals carrying the M3 haplotype. This suggests that in animals bearing the same MHC haplotype and infected with the same virus, viral diversity follows a similar pattern with similar outcomes and control of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Capone
- 1National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.,2Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.,3Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lo Presti
- 4Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sernicola
- 1National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Farcomeni
- 1National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Ferrantelli
- 5National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria T Maggiorella
- 1National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Edward T Mee
- 6Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare product Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Nicola J Rose
- 6Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare product Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Eleonora Cella
- 7Medical statistic and molecular epidemiology unit, University campus bio medico, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- 7Medical statistic and molecular epidemiology unit, University campus bio medico, Roma, Italy
| | - Barbara Ensoli
- 1National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Borsetti
- 1National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Badhan A, Eichstaedt CA, Almond NM, Knapp LA, Rose NJ. Analysis of full-length mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequences from Macaca fascicularis of different geographical origin reveals novel haplotypes. J Med Primatol 2015; 44:125-36. [PMID: 25707924 PMCID: PMC5024038 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cynomolgus macaques are indigenous to Asia occupying a range of geographical areas. A non-indigenous population established on Mauritius approximately 500 years ago. Mauritian cynomolgus macaques are recognised as having low genetic diversity compared to Indonesian macaques, from which they originated. As cynomolgus macaques are widely used as a biomedical model, there have been many studies of their genetic relationships. However, population diversity and relationships have only been assessed through analysis of either the hypervariable region I or II separately within the D-loop region of the mitochondrial genome in these macaques. METHODS Using sequencing, we defined haplotypes encompassing the full D-loop sequence for Mauritian and Indonesian cynomolgus macaques. RESULTS We evaluated the haplotype relationships by constructing a median-joining network based on full-length D-loop sequences, which has not been reported previously. CONCLUSION Our data allow a complete D-loop haplotype, including a hereto unreported polymorphic region, to be defined to aid the resolution of populations of cynomolgus macaques and which highlights the value in analysing both D-loop hypervariable regions in concert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjna Badhan
- Division of VirologyNational Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory AuthoritySouth MimmsHertfordshireUK
- Present address: Public Health England61 Colindale AvenueColindaleLondonNW9 5EQUK
| | - Christina A. Eichstaedt
- Division of Biological AnthropologyDepartment of Archaeology and AnthropologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Neil M. Almond
- Division of VirologyNational Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory AuthoritySouth MimmsHertfordshireUK
| | - Leslie A. Knapp
- Division of Biological AnthropologyDepartment of Archaeology and AnthropologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Present address: Department of AnthropologyThe University of UtahSalt Lake CityUT84112USA
| | - Nicola J. Rose
- Division of VirologyNational Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory AuthoritySouth MimmsHertfordshireUK
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Borsetti A, Ferrantelli F, Maggiorella MT, Sernicola L, Bellino S, Gallinaro A, Farcomeni S, Mee ET, Rose NJ, Cafaro A, Titti F, Ensoli B. Effect of MHC haplotype on immune response upon experimental SHIVSF162P4cy infection of Mauritian cynomolgus macaques. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93235. [PMID: 24695530 PMCID: PMC3973703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the effects of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) haplotypes on immunity to primate lentiviruses involving both acquired and innate immune responses. We present statistical evidence of the influence of MHC polymorphism on antiviral immunity of Mauritian cynomolgus macaques (MCM) following simian/human immunodeficiency virus SHIVSF162P4cy infection, involving the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and α-defensins, which may modulate acquired immune responses. During the acute phase of infection, IL-10 correlated positively with viral load and negatively with CD4+T cell counts. Furthermore, α-defensins production was directly correlated with plasma viral RNA, particularly at peak of viral load. When the effects of the MHC were analyzed, a significant association between lower anti-Env binding and neutralizing antibody levels with class IB M4 haplotype and with class IA, IB M4 haplotype, respectively, was observed in the post-acute phase. Lower antibody responses may have resulted into a poor control of infection thus explaining the previously reported lower CD4 T cell counts in these monkeys. Class II M3 haplotype displayed significantly lower acute and post-acute IL-10 levels. In addition, significantly lower levels of α-defensins were detected in class IA M3 haplotype monkeys than in non-M3 macaques, in the post-acute phase of infection. These data indicate that the MHC could contribute to the delicate balance of pro-inflammatory mechanisms, particularly with regard to the association between IL-10 and α-defensins in lentivirus infection. Our results show that host genetic background, virological and immunological parameters should be considered for the design and interpretation of HIV-1 vaccine efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Edward T. Mee
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J. Rose
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Aurelio Cafaro
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fausto Titti
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Ensoli
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Mee ET, Stebbings R, Hall J, Giles E, Almond N, Rose NJ. Allogeneic lymphocyte transfer in MHC-identical siblings and MHC-identical unrelated Mauritian cynomolgus macaques. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88670. [PMID: 24523927 PMCID: PMC3921199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The detailed study of immune effector mechanisms in primate models of infectious disease has been limited by the inability to adoptively transfer lymphocytes from vaccinated animals into naïve immunocompetent recipients. Recent advances in our understanding of the Major Histocompatibility Complex diversity of Mauritian cynomolgus macaques enabled the establishment of a breeding program to generate Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)-identical animals. The current study utilised this resource to achieve an improved model of adoptive transfer of lymphocytes in macaques. The effect of route of transfusion on persistence kinetics of adoptively transferred lymphocytes was evaluated in an autologous transfer system. Results indicated that peripheral persistence kinetics were comparable following infusion by different routes, and that cells were detectable at equivalent levels in lymphoid tissues six weeks post-infusion. In a pilot-scale experiment, the persistence of adoptively transferred lymphocytes was compared in MHC-identical siblings and MHC-identical unrelated recipients. Lymphocytes transferred intra-peritoneally were detectable in the periphery within one hour of transfer and circulated at detectable levels in the periphery and lymph nodes for 10 days. Donor lymphocytes were detectable at higher levels in MHC-identical siblings compared with unrelated animals, however the total time of persistence did not differ. These results demonstrate a further refinement of the lymphocyte adoptive transfer system in Mauritian cynomolgus macaques and provide a foundation for hitherto impractical experiments to investigate mechanisms of cellular immunity in primate models of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T Mee
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Stebbings
- Division of Biotherapeutics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Hall
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom ; Division of Biological Services, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Giles
- Division of Biological Services, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Almond
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Rose
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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9
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Hood SP, Mee ET, Perkins H, Bowen O, Dale JM, Almond NM, Karayiannis P, Bright H, Berry NJ, Rose NJ. Changes in immune cell populations in the periphery and liver of GBV-B-infected and convalescent tamarins (Saguinus labiatus). Virus Res 2013; 179:93-101. [PMID: 24246306 PMCID: PMC3969288 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
GBV-B infection of tamarins is a valuable model for acute HCV infection. We observed distinct expression patterns of PD-1, a marker of T-cell activation, on peripheral and hepatic lymphocytes. Differential PD-1 expression is coincident with reduction in peripheral GBV-B. Liver-associated viral RNA in the absence of peripheral viraemia indicates maintenance of occult infection.
Flaviviruses related to hepatitis C virus (HCV) in suitable animal models may provide further insight into the role that cellular immunity contributes to spontaneous clearance of HCV. We characterised changes in lymphocyte populations in tamarins with an acute GBV-B infection, a hepatitis virus of the flaviviridae. Major immune cell populations were monitored in peripheral and intra-hepatic lymphocytes at high viraemia or following a period when peripheral virus was no longer detected. Limited changes in major lymphocyte populations were apparent during high viraemia; however, the proportions of CD3+ lymphocytes decreased and CD20+ lymphocytes increased once peripheral viraemia became undetectable. Intrahepatic lymphocyte populations increased at both time points post-infection. Distinct expression patterns of PD-1, a marker of T-cell activation, were observed on peripheral and hepatic lymphocytes; notably there was elevated PD-1 expression on hepatic CD4+ T-cells during high viraemia, suggesting an activated phenotype, which decreased following clearance of peripheral viraemia. At times when peripheral vRNA was not detected, suggesting viral clearance, we were able to readily detect GBV-B RNA in the liver, indicative of long-term virus replication. This study is the first description of changes in lymphocyte populations during GBV-B infection of tamarins and provides a foundation for more detailed investigations of the responses that contribute to the control of GBV-B infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Hood
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Edward T Mee
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Hannah Perkins
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK
| | - Ori Bowen
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Jessica M Dale
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Neil M Almond
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Peter Karayiannis
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology Section, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Variety Wing Floor D, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Helen Bright
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK
| | - Neil J Berry
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Nicola J Rose
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
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10
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Hood S, Mitchell JL, Sethi M, Almond NM, Cutler KL, Rose NJ. Horizontal acquisition and a broad biodistribution typify simian foamy virus infection in a cohort of Macaca fascicularis. Virol J 2013; 10:326. [PMID: 24180225 PMCID: PMC4228416 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foamy viruses are non-pathogenic in vivo and naturally infect all species of non-human primates (NHP). Simian foamy viruses (SFV) are highly prevalent in both free ranging and captive NHP but few longitudinal studies have been performed to assess the prevalence and biodistribution of SFV within captive NHP. METHOD LTR and pol gene along with Gag antibody detection were undertaken to identify infection in a cohort of over 80 captive macaques. RESULTS The prevalence of SFV was between 64% and 94% in different groups. Access to 23 dam-infant pairs allowed us to reveal horizontal transfer as the dominant route of SFV transmission in our cohort. Further, analysis of SFV from a range of tissues and blood revealed that macaques as young as six months old can be infected and that proviral biodistribution increases with age. CONCLUSIONS These are the first data of this type for a captive cohort of cynomolgus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicola J Rose
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
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Mitchell JL, Hood S, Mee ET, Wigglesworth E, Sethi M, Auda G, Almond NM, Rose NJ. Simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type I alters the proviral load and biodistribution of simian retrovirus type 2 in co-infected macaques, supporting advancement of immunosuppressive pathology. J Gen Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.046078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The infection dynamics and pathology of a retrovirus may be altered by one or more additional viruses. To investigate this further, this study characterized proviral load, biodistribution and the immune response in Macaca fascicularis naturally infected with combinations of simian retrovirus type 2 (SRV-2) and simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (STLV-I). As the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and the spleen have been implicated previously in response to retroviral infection, the morphology and immunopathology of these tissues were assessed. The data revealed a significant change in SRV-2 biodistribution in macaques infected with STLV-I. Pathological changes were greater in the MLN and spleen of STLV-I-infected and co-infected macaques compared with the other groups. Immune-cell populations in co-infected macaque spleens were increased and there was an atypical distribution of B-cells. These findings suggest that the infection dynamics of each virus in a co-infected individual may be affected to a different extent and that STLV-I appears to be responsible for enhancing the biodistribution and associated pathological changes in SRV-2 in macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane L. Mitchell
- Divisions of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Simon Hood
- Divisions of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Edward T. Mee
- Divisions of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Erin Wigglesworth
- Divisions of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Meera Sethi
- Divisions of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Ghazi Auda
- Divisions of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Neil M. Almond
- Divisions of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Nicola J. Rose
- Divisions of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
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12
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Mattiuzzo G, Rose NJ, Almond N, Towers GJ, Berry N. Upregulation of TRIM5α gene expression after live-attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus vaccination in Mauritian cynomolgus macaques, but TRIM5α genotype has no impact on virus acquisition or vaccination outcome. J Gen Virol 2012; 94:606-611. [PMID: 23152371 PMCID: PMC3709606 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.047795-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphism in the TRIM5α/TRIMcyp gene, which interacts with the lentiviral capsid, has been shown to impact on simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication in certain macaque species. Here, in the context of a live-attenuated SIV vaccine study conducted in Mauritian-origin cynomolgus macaques (MCM), we demonstrate upregulation of TRIM5α expression in multiple lymphoid tissues immediately following vaccination. Despite this, the restricted range of TRIM5α genotypes and lack of TRIMcyp variants had no or only limited impact on the replication kinetics in vivo of either the SIVmac viral vaccine or wild-type SIVsmE660 challenge. Additionally, there appeared to be no impact of TRIM5α genotype on the outcome of homologous or heterologous vaccination/challenge studies. The limited spectrum of TRIM5α polymorphism in MCM appears to minimize host bias to provide consistency of replication for SIVmac/SIVsm viruses in vivo, and therefore on vaccination and pathogenesis studies conducted in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Mattiuzzo
- Divison of Retrovirology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control-Health Protection Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Nicola J Rose
- Divison of Retrovirology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control-Health Protection Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Neil Almond
- Divison of Retrovirology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control-Health Protection Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Greg J Towers
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Neil Berry
- Divison of Retrovirology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control-Health Protection Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
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13
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Berry NJ, Marzetta F, Towers GJ, Rose NJ. Diversity of TRIM5α and TRIMCyp sequences in cynomolgus macaques from different geographical origins. Immunogenetics 2012; 64:267-78. [PMID: 22124667 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The TRIM5α restriction factor can protect some species of monkeys, but not humans, from HIV infection. It has also emerged that some monkeys have a cyclophilin A domain retrotransposed into the TRIM5 locus resulting in the expression of a TRIMCyp protein with anti-retroviral activity. A high degree of sequence variation in the primate TRIM5 gene has been reported that varies between populations of rhesus macaques, a widely used non-human primate model of HIV/AIDS, and recently shown to correlate with susceptibility to simian immunodeficiency viruses in this species. Cynomolgus macaques are also used widely in HIV research. A non-indigenous population on Mauritius has highly restricted genetic diversity compared with macaques from Indonesia. The relative allelic diversity of TRIM5α and TRIMCyp within these two sub-populations may impact on the susceptibility of the macaques to simian immunodeficiency virus thereby influencing the outcome of studies using these monkeys. We sought to establish the genetic diversity of these alleles in cynomolgus macaques. We identified seven TRIM5α alleles in Indonesian macaques, three of which are novel, but only three in the Mauritian-origin macaques. Strikingly, 87% of Indonesian, but none of the Mauritian macaques, possessed a retrotransposed Cyp domain. A splice acceptor site single-nucleotide polymorphism that allows formation of a TRIMCyp protein was absent for the TRIM5α alleles found in the Mauritian macaques. The level of allelic diversity reported here is greater than previously proposed for cynomolgus macaque species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Berry
- Division of Retrovirology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
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14
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Mitchell JL, Hood S, Auda G, Almond NM, Rose NJ. Exacerbated signs of an immunosuppressive AIDS-like disease in macaques infected with multiple retroviruses. Retrovirology 2011. [PMCID: PMC3112684 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-s1-a207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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15
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Mitchell JL, Mee ET, Almond NM, Cutler K, Rose NJ. Characterisation of MHC haplotypes in a breeding colony of Indonesian cynomolgus macaques reveals a high level of diversity. Immunogenetics 2011; 64:123-9. [PMID: 21881952 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0567-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have revealed that cynomolgus macaques obtained from different geographic origins may be more or less suitable for particular studies depending on the specific question(s) being addressed, e.g. Mauritian cynomolgus macaques are particularly suitable for detailed immunological studies against a limited genetic background while less conserved populations may be more appropriate to predict breadth of vaccine coverage in the genetically diverse human population. We have characterised MHC haplotypes in 90 Indonesian cynomolgus macaques using microsatellite and reference strand conformational analysis. Thirty unique haplotypes were defined in the cohort, emphasising the high degree of diversity in this population of cynomolgus macaques. The majority of haplotypes were present at a frequency of ≤ 6%. Transcription profiles indicated that each haplotype was associated with two to eight transcribed class I alleles. The results corroborate previous reports of the extensive MHC diversity of Indonesian cynomolgus macaques and provide additional data to inform colony management decisions. Further, definition of the MHC diversity of the population satisfies one of the prerequisites to MHC association studies and detailed immunological investigations in this outbred non-human primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane L Mitchell
- Division of Retrovirology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Health Protection Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
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16
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Berry N, Ham C, Mee ET, Rose NJ, Mattiuzzo G, Jenkins A, Page M, Elsley W, Robinson M, Smith D, Ferguson D, Towers G, Almond N, Stebbings R. Early potent protection against heterologous SIVsmE660 challenge following live attenuated SIV vaccination in Mauritian cynomolgus macaques. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23092. [PMID: 21853072 PMCID: PMC3154277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccines represent the most effective means of vaccinating macaques against pathogenic SIV challenge. However, thus far, protection has been demonstrated to be more effective against homologous than heterologous strains. Immune correlates of vaccine-induced protection have also been difficult to identify, particularly those measurable in the peripheral circulation. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we describe potent protection in 6 out of 8 Mauritian-derived cynomolgus macaques (MCM) against heterologous virus challenge with the pathogenic, uncloned SIVsmE660 viral stock following vaccination with live attenuated SIVmac251/C8. MCM provided a characterised host genetic background with limited Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and TRIM5α allelic diversity. Early protection, observed as soon as 3 weeks post-vaccination, was comparable to that of 20 weeks vaccination. Recrudescence of vaccine virus was most pronounced in breakthrough cases where simultaneous identification of vaccine and challenge viruses by virus-specific PCR was indicative of active co-infection. Persistence of the vaccine virus in a range of lymphoid tissues was typified by a consistent level of SIV RNA positive cells in protected vaccinates. However, no association between MHC class I /II haplotype or TRIM5α polymorphism and study outcome was identified. Conclusion/Significance This SIV vaccine study, conducted in MHC-characterised MCM, demonstrated potent protection against the pathogenic, heterologous SIVsmE660 challenge stock after only 3 weeks vaccination. This level of protection against this viral stock by intravenous challenge has not been hitherto observed. The mechanism(s) of protection by vaccination with live attenuated SIV must account for the heterologous and early protection data described in this study, including those which relate to the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Berry
- Division of Retrovirology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Health Protection Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
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17
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Mee ET, Greenhow J, Rose NJ. Characterisation of Mhc class I and class II DRB polymorphism in red-bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus). Immunogenetics 2011; 63:619-26. [PMID: 21681586 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The infection of red-bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus) with GB virus B (GBV-B) is an important surrogate model of hepatitis C virus infection in man. To fully exploit the value of this model, we have characterised MHC class I G and class II DRB alleles in eight tamarins representing a cross-section of a UK breeding colony. The results indicated a high degree of classes I and II DRB allele sharing. Each animal transcribed three to four putative surface-expressed class I alleles and two to four class II DRB alleles. Most animals also transcribed at least one class I allele predicted to result in a C-terminal truncated protein. These results represent the first description of MHC polymorphism in this species and provide a foundation for characterisation of MHC diversity in breeding populations of red-bellied tamarins. The data will facilitate the identification of associations between MHC polymorphism and control of viral infections, and detailed dissection of cellular immune responses against GBV-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T Mee
- Division of Retrovirology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Health Protection Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK.
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Mitchell JL, Murrell CK, Auda G, Almond N, Rose NJ. Early immunopathology events in simian retrovirus, type 2 infections prior to the onset of disease. Virology 2011; 413:161-8. [PMID: 21349567 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunopathology during early simian retrovirus type 2 (SRV-2) infection is poorly characterized. Here, viral dynamics, immune response and disease progression in transiently- or persistently-infected cynomolgus macaques are assessed. Viral nucleic acids were detected in selected lymphoid tissues of both persistently- and transiently-infected macaques, even after viral clearance from the periphery. Immunohistochemical staining of lymphoid tissues revealed alterations in a number of immune cell populations in both transiently- and persistently-infected macaques. The precise pattern depended upon the infection status of the macaque and the marker studied. Gross immunopathological changes in lymphoid tissues were similar between SRV infection and those observed for other simian retroviruses SIV and STLV, suggesting a common immunopathological response to infection with these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane L Mitchell
- Division of Retrovirology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
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19
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Ylinen LMJ, Price AJ, Rasaiyaah J, Hué S, Rose NJ, Marzetta F, James LC, Towers GJ. Conformational adaptation of Asian macaque TRIMCyp directs lineage specific antiviral activity. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001062. [PMID: 20808866 PMCID: PMC2924388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
TRIMCyps are anti-retroviral proteins that have arisen independently in New World and Old World primates. All TRIMCyps comprise a CypA domain fused to the tripartite domains of TRIM5α but they have distinct lentiviral specificities, conferring HIV-1 restriction in New World owl monkeys and HIV-2 restriction in Old World rhesus macaques. Here we provide evidence that Asian macaque TRIMCyps have acquired changes that switch restriction specificity between different lentiviral lineages, resulting in species-specific alleles that target different viruses. Structural, thermodynamic and viral restriction analysis suggests that a single mutation in the Cyp domain, R69H, occurred early in macaque TRIMCyp evolution, expanding restriction specificity to the lentiviral lineages found in African green monkeys, sooty mangabeys and chimpanzees. Subsequent mutations have enhanced restriction to particular viruses but at the cost of broad specificity. We reveal how specificity is altered by a scaffold mutation, E143K, that modifies surface electrostatics and propagates conformational changes into the active site. Our results suggest that lentiviruses may have been important pathogens in Asian macaques despite the fact that there are no reported lentiviral infections in current macaque populations. Retroviruses have constantly been infecting mammals throughout their evolution, causing them to evolve defensive mechanisms to protect themselves. One of these mechanisms utilises intracellular antiviral molecules referred to as restriction factors. Restriction factor sequences have changed through primate evolution, suggesting an ongoing battle between retroviruses and their hosts as described by the Red Queen hypothesis. TRIM5 is an important restriction factor able to protect some monkeys, but not humans, from HIV infection. Certain monkeys have modified their TRIM5 genes by swapping the virus binding B30.2 domain with a cyclophilin A domain inserted into the TRIM5 locus by retrotransposition. This leads to expression of a TRIMCyp protein with antiviral activity against viruses, such as HIV-1, that recruit cyclophilins. It appears that cyclophilin makes a particularly flexible virus-binding domain able to restrict divergent lentiviruses from primates as well as cats. Here we characterise the molecular details of Cyclophilin-Capsid interactions focusing on TRIMCyp proteins from Macaca Fascicularis. Using a structure/function approach we can show the molecular details of how adaptive changes in the TRIMCyp sequence switch specificity between members of different primate lentiviral lineages. Mapping these changes onto the macaque phylogeny reveals a history of TRIMCyp evolution that directs restriction to a variety of diverse lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. J. Ylinen
- University College London Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J. Price
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Rasaiyaah
- University College London Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphane Hué
- University College London Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J. Rose
- The National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Flavia Marzetta
- University College London Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leo C. James
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LCJ); (GJT)
| | - Greg J. Towers
- University College London Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LCJ); (GJT)
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20
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O'Connor SL, Lhost JJ, Becker EA, Detmer AM, Johnson RC, Macnair CE, Wiseman RW, Karl JA, Greene JM, Burwitz BJ, Bimber BN, Lank SM, Tuscher JJ, Mee ET, Rose NJ, Desrosiers RC, Hughes AL, Friedrich TC, Carrington M, O'Connor DH. MHC heterozygote advantage in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected Mauritian cynomolgus macaques. Sci Transl Med 2010; 2:22ra18. [PMID: 20375000 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The importance of a broad CD8 T lymphocyte (CD8-TL) immune response to HIV is unknown. Ex vivo measurements of immunological activity directed at a limited number of defined epitopes provide an incomplete portrait of the actual immune response. We examined viral loads in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-homozygous and MHC-heterozygous Mauritian cynomolgus macaques. Chronic viremia in MHC-homozygous macaques was 80 times that in MHC-heterozygous macaques. Virus from MHC-homozygous macaques accumulated 11 to 14 variants, consistent with escape from CD8-TL responses after 1 year of SIV infection. The pattern of mutations detected in MHC-heterozygous macaques suggests that their epitope-specific CD8-TL responses are a composite of those present in their MHC-homozygous counterparts. These results provide the clearest example of MHC heterozygote advantage among individuals infected with the same immunodeficiency virus strain, suggesting that broad recognition of multiple CD8-TL epitopes should be a key feature of HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby L O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Mee ET, Murrell CK, Watkins J, Almond N, Cutler K, Rose NJ. Low rates of transmission of SRV-2 and STLV-I to juveniles in a population of Macaca fascicularis facilitate establishment of specific retrovirus-free colonies. J Med Primatol 2009; 38:160-70. [PMID: 19320800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2008.00335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence of simian retrovirus-2 (SRV-2) and simian T lymphotropic virus type I (STLV-I), was unknown in 337 captive cynomolgus macaques. METHODS AND RESULTS Molecular assays identified 29% of animals as SRV-2 mono-infected, 4% of animals as STLV-I mono-infected and 9% of animals as dual-infected. Of 108 juvenile animals, 83% were SRV-2-negative and no juvenile animal was STLV-I-positive. A subsequent study of juvenile macaques over a period of 2.5 years detected no STLV-I and 10 SRV-2 infections, six of which occurred between testing and day of colony formation. The study also highlighted that an anti-SRV-2 serological response does not presuppose infection. Tissue reservoirs of latent SRV-2 were not identified in suspected SRV-2 infections. CONCLUSIONS Low transmissibility of the viruses present in the parental cohort and improved knowledge of the host response to SRV-2 has facilitated the creation of specific-retrovirus-free colonies of cynomolgus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Mee
- Division of Retrovirology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
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22
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Mee ET, Badhan A, Karl JA, Wiseman RW, Cutler K, Knapp LA, Almond N, O'Connor DH, Rose NJ. MHC haplotype frequencies in a UK breeding colony of Mauritian cynomolgus macaques mirror those found in a distinct population from the same geographic origin. J Med Primatol 2008; 38:1-14. [PMID: 19018947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2008.00299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mauritian cynomolgus macaques have greatly restricted genetic diversity in the MHC region compared to other non-human primates; however, the frequency of common MHC haplotypes among captive-bred populations has not been reported. METHODS Microsatellite PCR was used to determine MHC haplotype frequencies among captive macaques at a UK breeding facility. Allele-specific PCR and reference strand conformational analysis were used to determine the allele expression profile of a subset of animals. RESULTS Haplotypes H3 (21%) and H1 (19%) were most common in the captive population of Mauritian cynomolgus macaques. Predicted alleles were detected by allele-specific PCR-SSP in 98% of animals. Allele expression profiles were similar in animals with identical haplotypes. CONCLUSIONS Mauritian cynomolgus macaques in the UK breeding facility have restricted MHC diversity comparable to a previously described population. Microsatellite-derived haplotypes are highly predictive of allele expression. A selective breeding program has been established to produce MHC-identical animals for biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T Mee
- Division of Retrovirology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, UK.
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23
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Abstract
Background Rapamycin is an immunosuppressive which represses translation of transcripts harbouring a polypyrimidine motif downstream of the mRNA cap site through the mammalian target of rapamycin complex. It inhibits the abnormal autologous proliferation of T-cell clones containing a transcriptionally active human T-lymphotropic virus, type I (HTLV-I) provirus, generated from infected subjects. We showed previously that this effect is independent of the polypyrimidine motifs in the viral long terminal repeat (LTR) R region suggesting that HTLV-I transcription, and not translation, is being affected. Here we studied whether rapamycin is having an effect on a specific transcription factor pathway. Further, we investigated whether mRNAs encoding transcription factors involved in HTLV-I transcriptional activation, specifically CREB, Ets and c-Myb, are implicated in the rapamycin-sensitivity of the HTLV-I LTR. Results An in vitro analysis of the role of SRE- and NF-κB-mediated transcription highlighted the latter as rapamycin sensitive. Over-expression of c-Myb reversed the rapamycin effect. Conclusion The sensitivity of HTLV-I transcription to rapamycin may be effected through an NF-κB-pathway associated with the rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 cellular signalling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Rose
- Division of Retrovirology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Andrew ML Lever
- University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Level 5, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge. CB2 2QQ, UK
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Wilkinson RC, Murrell CK, Guy R, Davis G, Hall JM, North DC, Rose NJ, Almond N. Persistence and dissemination of simian retrovirus type 2 DNA in relation to viremia, seroresponse, and experimental transmissibility in Macaca fascicularis. J Virol 2003; 77:10751-9. [PMID: 14512525 PMCID: PMC224967 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.20.10751-10759.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endemic simian retrovirus (SRV) infection can cause fatal simian AIDS in Macaca fascicularis, but many individuals survive with few clinical signs. To further clarify the parameters of SRV pathogenesis, we investigated the persistence of viral DNA forms in relation to active viremia, antibody response, and transmissibility of infection. In M. fascicularis from endemically SRV-2-infected colonies, viral DNA was present in both linear and unintegrated long terminal repeat circular forms in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of all viremic and many nonviremic animals. Long-term followup of three individuals with distinct infection patterns demonstrated persistence of linear and circular forms of viral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tissues, irrespective of viremia or antibody status, but reactivation of latent infections was not observed. The role of viral DNA in transmission and early pathogenesis of SRV-2 was investigated by inoculation of SRV-2 DNA-positive blood into groups of naïve M. fascicularis from either a viremic or nonviremic donor and subsequent analysis of the virological and serological status of the recipients. Transmission of SRV and development of anti-SRV antibodies were only observed in recipients of blood from the viremic donor; transfer of SRV provirus and unintegrated circular DNA in blood from the nonviremic donor did not lead to infection of the recipients. These results indicate that a proportion of M. fascicularis are able to effectively control the replication and infectivity of SRV despite long-term persistence of viral DNA forms in infected lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseanne C Wilkinson
- Division of Retrovirology. Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, United Kingdom.
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Richardson JH, Rose NJ, Mann S, Ferguson-Smith M, Lever AM. Chromosomal positioning of human T-lymphotropic type 1 proviruses by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. J Virol Methods 2001; 93:65-74. [PMID: 11311345 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(00)00297-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) was employed to identify the chromosomal integration site of the human T-cell lymphotropic virus, type 1 (HTLV-1) present in T-cell clones derived from HTLV-1-infected individuals and a virally transformed cell line, C8166-45. Proviral sequences were detected in C8166-45 but not uninfected Jurkat cells. Integration sites were reliably detected in T-cell clones determined previously to be infected with HTLV-1. The results indicated that the transformed cell line and some of the T-cell clones possessed more than one proviral integration site. This hybridisation system is useful for determining the number of integration events and for localising proviruses to specific chromosomal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Richardson
- University of Cambridge, Department of Medicine, Level 5, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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26
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Rose NJ, Lever AML. The rapamycin sensitivity of human T-cell leukaemia virus type I-induced T-cell proliferation is mediated independently of the polypyrimidine motifs in the 5' long terminal repeat. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:435-439. [PMID: 11161283 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-2-435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunosuppressant rapamycin can regulate the translation of a subset of messenger RNAs, a phenotype which has been linked to the presence of a polypyrimidine motif [C(N)(4-14)] downstream of the mRNA cap structure. T-cell clones naturally infected with transcriptionally active human T-cell leukaemia virus, type I (HTLV-I) undergo autologous proliferation; this phenotype is inhibited by rapamycin but not FK506, which reverses the rapamycin effect. Within the R region of the HTLV-I 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) there are seven polypyrimidine motifs. We sought to determine if these were involved in the sensitivity of proliferation to the presence of rapamycin. Here we illustrate the generation of an in vitro model of this rapamycin-sensitivity and the analysis of LTR mutants which were created to determine the importance of the polypyrimidine motifs. Reporter gene assays suggest the effect is independent of the polypyrimidine motifs in the virus leader sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Rose
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Level 5, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK1
| | - Andrew M L Lever
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Level 5, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK1
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Rose NJ, Richardson JH, Desselberger U, Lever AM. Virus inactivation in a proportion of human T-cell leukaemia virus type I-infected T-cell clones arises through naturally occurring mutations. J Gen Virol 2000; 81:97-104. [PMID: 10640546 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-1-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukaemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is the aetiological agent of adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM). The trans-activating protein (Tax) of HTLV-I is strongly implicated in cellular proliferation. We examined the tax gene and 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences in eight naturally infected T-cell clones derived from TSP/HAM-affected individuals who were either productively (proliferate spontaneously) or silently (do not proliferate spontaneously) infected. In two silently infected clones point mutations within the proviruses resulted in truncation of the Tax protein. One clone harboured both a deleterious tax gene mutation and a point mutation in an enhancer element of the 5' LTR. Sequence changes, immunological escape mutation, integration site context and host cell phenotype may all contribute to the high proportion of latently or silently infected T-cells found in vivo in virus carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Rose
- University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Level 5, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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Kester MH, van Dijk CH, Tibboel D, Hood AM, Rose NJ, Meinl W, Pabel U, Glatt H, Falany CN, Coughtrie MW, Visser TJ. Sulfation of thyroid hormone by estrogen sulfotransferase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:2577-80. [PMID: 10404840 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.84.7.5975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sulfation is one of the pathways by which thyroid hormone is inactivated. Iodothyronine sulfate concentrations are very high in human fetal blood and amniotic fluid, suggesting important production of these conjugates in utero. Human estrogen sulfotransferase (SULT1E1) is expressed among other tissues in the uterus. Here we demonstrate for the first time that SULT1E1 catalyzes the facile sulfation of the prohormone T4, the active hormone T3 and the metabolites rT3 and 3,3'-diiodothyronine (3,3'-T2) with preference for rT3 approximately 3,3'-T2 > T3 approximately T4. Thus, a single enzyme is capable of sulfating two such different hormones as the female sex hormone and thyroid hormone. The potential role of SULT1E1 in fetal thyroid hormone metabolism needs to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Kester
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Erasmus University Medical School, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Rose NJ, Mackay K, Byers PH, Dalgleish R. A Gly238Ser substitution in the alpha 2 chain of type I collagen results in osteogenesis imperfecta type III. Hum Genet 1995; 95:215-8. [PMID: 7860070 DOI: 10.1007/bf00209405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In general, osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease) is caused by heterozygous mutations in the genes encoding the alpha 1 or alpha 2 chains of type I collagen (COL1A1 and COL1A2, respectively). In this study we screened these genes in a proband presenting with the severe form (type III) of osteogenesis imperfecta for mutations which might result in the phenotype. Single-strand conformation polymorphism mapping analysis was used to identify a region suspected of harbouring the mutation and subsequent sequence analysis revealed a heterozygous G to A transition in the alpha 2(I) gene of type I collagen in the individual. The resulting substitution of the glycine at position 238 of the alpha chain by serine is the most N-terminal yet reported for this chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Rose
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, UK
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Rose NJ, Mackay K, De Paepe A, Steinmann B, Punnett HH, Dalgleish R. Three unrelated individuals with perinatally lethal osteogenesis imperfecta resulting from identical Gly502Ser substitutions in the alpha 2-chain of type I collagen. Hum Genet 1994; 94:497-503. [PMID: 7959683 DOI: 10.1007/bf00211014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In general, osteogenesis imperfecta is caused by heterozygous mutations in either of the genes encoding the alpha 1 or alpha 2 chains of type I collagen (COL1A1 and COL1A2, respectively). Usually, these mutations are unique to the affected individual or individuals within a family. In this study, single-strand conformation polymorphism mapping analysis has been coupled with sequence analysis to identify a single base mutation in the alpha 2(I) gene of type I collagen; this mutation is identical in three unrelated individuals with perinatal lethal osteogenesis imperfecta. The heterozygous G to A transition at a CpG dinucleotide results in a Gly502Ser substitution in the alpha 2 chain of type I collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Rose
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, UK
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Rose NJ, Mackay K, Byers PH, Dalgleish R. A Gly859Ser substitution in the triple helical domain of the alpha 2 chain of type I collagen resulting in osteogenesis imperfecta type III in two unrelated individuals. Hum Mutat 1994; 3:391-4. [PMID: 8081394 DOI: 10.1002/humu.1380030411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N J Rose
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, UK
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Rose NJ, Mackay K, Byers PH, Dalgleish R. A novel glycine to glutamic acid substitution at position 343 in the alpha 2 chain of type I collagen in an individual with lethal osteogenesis imperfecta. Hum Mol Genet 1993; 2:2175-7. [PMID: 7906591 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/2.12.2175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N J Rose
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, UK
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Abstract
Compound (I): cis-dichloro[mu-[bis[mu-[[2,6-diacetylpyridine dioximato](2-)-O:O']]dihydroxodiphenyl-diborato](3-)]- mu- mithoxydiiron, [Fe2(C30H29B2N6-O6)Cl2(CH3O)], M(r) = 804.9, monoclinic, Cc, a = 21.228 (6), b = 8.020 (2), c = 20.865 (5) A, beta = 105.2 (1) degrees, V = 3428 (2) A3, Z = 4, Dx = 1.56 g cm-3, lambda(Mo K alpha) = 0.7107 A, mu = 10.6 cm-1, F(000) = 1648, T = 275 K, R = 0.055 for 3018 unique reflections. Compound (I) contains a pseudo-twofold axis relating the two pyridine dioxime groups bound to the Fe atoms. In addition, two O atoms from the phenylborate moieties bridge the iron atoms, as does a methoxide. The two Cl atoms are bound to the seven coordinate metals axial to the methoxide. Compound (II): cis-dichloro[mu-[bis[mu-[[2,6-diacetylpyridine dioximato](2-)-O:O']]dihydroxodiphenyldiborato](3-)]-mu- hydroxodiiron, [Fe2(C30H29B2N6-O6)Cl2(OH)].H2O.2C2H3N, M(r) = 891.0, monoclinic, P2(1)/n, a = 11.860 (2), b = 20.911 (5), c = 16.175 (3) A, beta = 92.88 (1) degrees, V = 4006 (3) A3, Z = 4, Dx = 1.48 g cm-3, lambda(Mo K alpha) = 0.7107 A, mu = 9.1 cm-1, F(000) = 1832, T = 275 K, R = 0.051 for 7034 unique reflections. Compound (II) contains a hydroxide group replacing the methoxide in compound (I). The crystals also contain two acetonitriles of solvation. The bond lengths in the complex and the hydrogen-bonding pattern in the crystals are consistent with one of the bridging borate O atoms being protonated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vasilevsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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Johnson DK, Pippard MJ, Murphy TB, Rose NJ. An in vivo evaluation of iron-chelating drugs derived from pyridoxal and its analogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1982; 221:399-403. [PMID: 7077535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chelating agents related to the newly described iron binding drug, pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone, were screened for their effects on iron excretion in the rat, employing a new and highly sensitive radioisotopic procedure. Pyridoxal itself induced significant iron excretion when given either parenterally or orally, the excreted iron being derived from the same pool as that tapped by the drug currently used in treating iron overload in man, desferrioxamine B. Schiff base derivatives of pyridoxal produced varying amounts of iron excretion, the hydrazone derivatives being much more effective than pyridoxal alone. These data suggested a number of possible mechanisms for the chelation of endogenous iron by such agents. Pyridoxal benzoyl hydrazone induced approximately 50% more iron excretion than did an equivalent dose of the parent isonicotinoyl analog and bile cannulation studies showed this difference to be associated with a prolonged duration of action of the benzoyl derivative. When give i.v., the benzoyl and isonicotinoyl hydrazones of pyridoxal and the benzoyl hydrazone of salicylaldehyde all produced levels of iron excretion which exceeded that seen with an equivalent dose of desferrioxamine B. It is concluded that the range of active Schiff base derivatives is likely to be large and that some of these, although not necessarily any of the particular compounds described here, may prove to be of clinical use.
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Buell WF, Tosh FE, Martin RJ, Schnurrenberger PR, Rose NJ. Studies of histoplasmosis in two Illinois communities. IMJ Ill Med J 1973; 144:30-3. [PMID: 4147338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ferris DH, Birge JP, Morrissey A, Rose NJ, Schnurrenberger R, Cavins EW, Meyerholz GW. Epidemiologic investigations of Q fever in a major milkshed region of the United States of America. 1. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1973; 17:375-84. [PMID: 4795569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Rose NJ. Report of accidental poisoning death from fluid extract of Ipecac. IMJ Ill Med J 1970; 137:338. [PMID: 4393469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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40
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Rose NJ. Report of fatality: spider bite (Loxosceles). IMJ Ill Med J 1970; 137:339. [PMID: 4393470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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41
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Rose NJ. Emergency supply of rabies vaccine. IMJ Ill Med J 1970; 137:245. [PMID: 4392204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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42
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Schnurrenberger PR, Martin RJ, Meerdink GL, Rose NJ. Epidemiology of human exposure to rabid animals in Illinois. Public Health Rep (1896) 1969; 84:1078-84. [PMID: 4982074 PMCID: PMC2031527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Martin RJ, Schnurrenberger PR, Rose NJ. Epidemiology of rabies vaccinations of persons in Illinois, 1967-68. Public Health Rep (1896) 1969; 84:1069-77. [PMID: 4982073 PMCID: PMC2031526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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44
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Younglove RM, Terry RM, Rose NJ, Martin RJ, Schnurrenberger PR. An outbreak of histoplasmosis in Illinois associated with starlings. IMJ Ill Med J 1968; 134:259-63. [PMID: 4386599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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45
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Cleere RL, Dougherty WJ, Fiumara NJ, Jenike C, Lentz JW, Rose NJ. Physicians' attitudes toward venereal disease reporting. A survey by the National Opinion Research Center. JAMA 1967; 202:941-6. [PMID: 5630736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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46
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47
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Rose NJ. Lead poisoning--a potential problem in all areas. IMJ Ill Med J 1966; 130:663-4. [PMID: 4395713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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