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Rodrigues CM, Parmeggiani EB, Leal KW, Schneider M, Collet SG, Cibin FWS, Gomes V, Blagitz MG, da Rocha JBT, Leal MLDR. Effect of Prepartum Maternal Supplementation with Diphenyl Diselenide on Biochemical, Immunological, and Oxidative Parameters of the Offspring. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:10. [PMID: 38200741 PMCID: PMC10778336 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the impact of prepartum maternal diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)2 supplementation on the development, biochemical, immune, and antioxidant parameters of calves. Eighteen Holstein breed calves were used, born to females who were or were not subjected to supplementation, at 42, 28, and 14 days prior to calving. The (PhSe)2 group (DDG) was administered 3 μmol/kg of (PhSe)2 in 4 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), while the DMSO and NaCl groups were administered 4 mL of DMSO and 0.9% NaCl, subcutaneously. The calves were evaluated based on their weight, withers height, body condition score 24 h post-birth (0), as well on days 14, 28, 42, 56, 70. Blood samples were also taken to determine serum variables. Calves on the DDG showed higher average levels of total protein, albumin, and globulins on day 0, and the immunoglobulin G level was significantly higher than the other groups on days 0, 14, 56, 70. Maternal supplementation showed immunomodulatory effect on calves, evidenced by the exceptional rates of passive immunity transfer, as well as the enhancement of humoral immunity. Our research offers fresh insights into the immunomodulatory potential of (PhSe)2, making it a viable alternative in facing this challenging phase, rearing dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Medeiros Rodrigues
- Department of Large Animal Clinic, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil; (E.B.P.); (K.W.L.)
| | - Eliana Burtet Parmeggiani
- Department of Large Animal Clinic, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil; (E.B.P.); (K.W.L.)
| | - Karoline Wagner Leal
- Department of Large Animal Clinic, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil; (E.B.P.); (K.W.L.)
| | - Marla Schneider
- Veterinary Medicine Course, Central Education Unit Faem Faculty, Chapecó 89812-214, SC, Brazil;
| | | | | | - Viviani Gomes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil;
| | - Maiara Garcia Blagitz
- Veterinary Medicine Course, Federal University of the Southern Border, Realeza 85770-000, PR, Brazil;
| | | | - Marta Lizandra do Rêgo Leal
- Department of Large Animal Clinic, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil; (E.B.P.); (K.W.L.)
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2
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Munhoz LS, Poester VR, Benelli JL, Melo AM, Trápaga MR, Nogueira CW, Zeni G, Flores MM, Stevens DA, Xavier MO. Effectiveness of diphenyl diselenide against experimental sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis. Med Mycol 2023; 61:myad035. [PMID: 36977574 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myad035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)2 is a stable organoselenium compound with promising in vitro antifungal activity against several fungi, including Sporothrix brasiliensis. This species is associated with feline and zoonotic sporotrichosis, an emergent mycosis in Latin America. We evaluated the activity of (PhSe)2, alone and in association with itraconazole, in the treatment of sporotrichosis caused by S. brasiliensis, in a murine model. Sixty mice were subcutaneously infected with S. brasiliensis in the footpad and treated by gavage for 30 consecutive days. The six treatment groups received: no active treatment, itraconazole (50 mg/kg), (PhSe)2 at 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg dosages, or itraconazole (50 mg/kg) + (PhSe)2 1 mg/kg, once a day, starting seven days post-inoculation. A significant reduction in the fungal burden of internal organs was achieved in the groups treated with (PhSe)2 1 mg/kg or itraconazole alone in comparison with the untreated group. Higher dosages (5 and 10 mg/kg) of (PhSe)2 increased the clinical manifestation of sporotrichosis and mortality rate. Treatment with both itraconazole and (PhSe)2 1 mg/kg was better than their activities alone (P < .001). This is the first demonstration of the potential use of (PhSe)2, alone or with the present drug of choice, in the treatment of sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Silveira Munhoz
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande city, Rio Grande do Sul state, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Vanice Rodrigues Poester
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande city, Rio Grande do Sul state, 96203-900, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria city, Rio Grande do Sul state, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Louise Benelli
- Hospital Universitário Dr. Miguel Riet Corrêa Jr. (HU-FURG), vinculado à Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares (EBSERH), Rio Grande city, Rio Grande do Sul state, 96200-190, Brazil
| | - Aryse Martins Melo
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, 1600-609, Portugal
| | - Mariana Rodrigues Trápaga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande city, Rio Grande do Sul state, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Cristina Wayne Nogueira
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria city, Rio Grande do Sul state, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Gilson Zeni
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria city, Rio Grande do Sul state, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana Martins Flores
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria city, Rio Grande do Sul state, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - David A Stevens
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California 95128, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Melissa Orzechowski Xavier
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande city, Rio Grande do Sul state, 96203-900, Brazil
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3
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Zimmermann ES, Ferreira LM, Denardi LB, Sari MHM, Cervi VF, Nogueira CW, Alves SH, Cruz L. Mucoadhesive gellan gum hydrogel containing diphenyl diselenide-loaded nanocapsules presents improved anti-candida action in a mouse model of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 167:106011. [PMID: 34537375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antifungal action of a diphenyl diselenide-loaded poly(ε-caprolactone) nanocapsules suspension (NC-1) and incorporate it into a gellan gum hydrogel formulation in order to assess its in vivo efficacy in an animal model of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Nanocapsules suspensions containing the compound (NC-1 ∼ 5 mg/mL) or not (NC-B) were prepared by the interfacial deposition of preformed polymer method. To estimate in vitro antifungal effect, the broth microdilution test was applied. The results showed that NC-1 had equal or lower MIC values when compared to free compound against fifteen Candida strains. Following, the hydrogel was prepared by direct thickening of the nanocapsules suspension by gellan gum addition. The animal model of vulvovaginal candidiasis was induced by infecting female Swiss mice with Candida albicans strains. The animals were topically treated with 20 µL of hydrogels (NC-1 and free compound - 0.1 mg of diphenyl diselenide/once a day for seven days) and then the total fungal burden was assessed after the euthanasia. The results showed that the hydrogels presented pH in the acidic range, compound content close to theoretical value, homogeneous particle distribution with nanometric size, high physicochemical and microbiological stability as well as great bioadhesive property. The nano-based presented superior pharmacological action in comparison to the hydrogel containing non-encapsulated diphenyl diselenide. The results demonstrated that the nanoencapsulation maintained the effective antifungal action of diphenyl diselenide. The nano-based hydrogel formulation may be considered a promising approach against vulvovaginal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estevan Sonego Zimmermann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Luana Mota Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Laura Bedin Denardi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Marcel Henrique Marcondes Sari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Verônica Ferrari Cervi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Cristina Wayne Nogueira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brasil
| | - Sydney Hartz Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Letícia Cruz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.
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Ianiski LB, Stibbe PC, Denardi LB, Weiblen C, Soares MP, Valente JDSS, Sangioni LA, Pereira DIB, Santurio JM, Botton SDA. In vitro anti-Pythium insidiosum activity of amorolfine hydrochloride and azithromycin, alone and in combination. Med Mycol 2021; 59:67-73. [PMID: 32400872 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pythium insidiosum infections have been widely studied in an attempt to develop an effective therapeutic protocol for the treatment of human and animal pythiosis. Several antifungal agents are still prescribed against this oomycete, although they present contradictory results. To evaluate the susceptibility profile and to verify the morphological alterations in P. insidiosum isolates treated with amorolfine hydrochloride and azithromycin, alone or in combination. Susceptibility tests for P. insidiosum isolates (n = 20) against amorolfine hydrochloride (AMR) and azithromycin (AZM) were performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institutes (CLSI) protocol M38-A2. Combinations of both drugs were evaluated using the checkerboard microdilution method. Additionally, transmission and scanning electron microscopy were performed in order to verify the morphological alterations in P. insidiosum isolates in response to these drugs. All P. insidiosum isolates had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 16 to 64 mg/l and 8 to 64 mg/l for amorolfine hydrochloride and azithromycin, respectively. Synergistic interactions between the drugs were not observed, with antagonism in 59.8% of isolates, and indifferent interactions in 36.2%. Electron microscopy showed changes in the surface of P. insidiosum hyphae, disorganization of intracellular organelles, and changes in the plasma membrane and cell wall of oomycetes treated with the drugs. This is the first study to demonstrate in vitro anti-P. insidiosum effect of amorolfine hydrochloride. These results indicate the therapeutic potential of this drug against cutaneous and subcutaneous forms of pythiosis, but further studies are necessary to confirm this potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Baccarin Ianiski
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.,UFSM, CCS, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Paula Cristina Stibbe
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.,UFSM, CCS, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura Bedin Denardi
- UFSM, CCS, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Weiblen
- UFSM, CCS, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.,UFSM, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauro Pereira Soares
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Faculdade de Veterinária, Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico. Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Julia de Souza Silveira Valente
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia. Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Luís Antônio Sangioni
- UFSM, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela Isabel Brayer Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia. Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Sônia de Avila Botton
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.,UFSM, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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5
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Toxicology and pharmacology of synthetic organoselenium compounds: an update. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1179-1226. [PMID: 33792762 PMCID: PMC8012418 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we addressed the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic organoselenium compounds and some naturally occurring organoselenium amino acids. The use of selenium as a tool in organic synthesis and as a pharmacological agent goes back to the middle of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. The rediscovery of ebselen and its investigation in clinical trials have motivated the search for new organoselenium molecules with pharmacological properties. Although ebselen and diselenides have some overlapping pharmacological properties, their molecular targets are not identical. However, they have similar anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, possibly, via activation of transcription factors, regulating the expression of antioxidant genes. In short, our knowledge about the pharmacological properties of simple organoselenium compounds is still elusive. However, contrary to our early expectations that they could imitate selenoproteins, organoselenium compounds seem to have non-specific modulatory activation of antioxidant pathways and specific inhibitory effects in some thiol-containing proteins. The thiol-oxidizing properties of organoselenium compounds are considered the molecular basis of their chronic toxicity; however, the acute use of organoselenium compounds as inhibitors of specific thiol-containing enzymes can be of therapeutic significance. In summary, the outcomes of the clinical trials of ebselen as a mimetic of lithium or as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 proteases will be important to the field of organoselenium synthesis. The development of computational techniques that could predict rational modifications in the structure of organoselenium compounds to increase their specificity is required to construct a library of thiol-modifying agents with selectivity toward specific target proteins.
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6
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Benelli JL, Poester VR, Munhoz LS, Melo AM, Trápaga MR, Stevens DA, Xavier MO. Ebselen and diphenyl diselenide against fungal pathogens: A systematic review. Med Mycol 2021; 59:409-421. [PMID: 33421963 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are one of the most prevalent diseases in the world and there is a lack of new antifungal drug development for these diseases. We conducted a systematic review of the literature regarding the in vitro antifungal activity of the organoselenium compounds ebselen (Eb) and diphenyl diselenide [(PhSe)2]. A systematic review was carried out based on the search for articles with data concerning Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values, indexed in international databases and published until August 2020. A total of 2337 articles were found, and, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria used, 22 articles were included in the study. Inhibitory activity against 96% (200/208) and 95% (312/328) of the pathogenic fungi tested was described for Eb and [(PhSe)2], respectively. Including in these 536 fungal isolates tested, organoselenium activity was highlighted against Candida spp., Cryptococcus ssp., Trichosporon spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Pythium spp., and Sporothrix spp., with MIC values lower than 64 μg/mL. In conclusion, Eb and [(PhSe)2] have a broad spectrum of in vitro inhibitory antifungal activity. These data added with other pharmacological properties of these organoselenium compounds suggest that both compounds are potential future antifungal drugs. Whether MICs toward the upper end of the ranges described here are compatible with efficacious therapy, and whether they may achieve such end as a result of the favorable non-antimicrobial effects of selenium on the host, requires more in vivo testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Louise Benelli
- Mycology Laboratory, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Health Science Post-graduation program, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanice Rodrigues Poester
- Mycology Laboratory, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Health Science Post-graduation program, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Lívia Silveira Munhoz
- Mycology Laboratory, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Health Science Post-graduation program, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Aryse Martins Melo
- Mycology Laboratory, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Microbiology and Parasitology Post-graduation program, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - David A Stevens
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Melissa Orzechowski Xavier
- Mycology Laboratory, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Health Science Post-graduation program, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.,Microbiology and Parasitology Post-graduation program, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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7
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Yolanda H, Krajaejun T. Review of methods and antimicrobial agents for susceptibility testing against Pythium insidiosum. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03737. [PMID: 32322727 PMCID: PMC7160450 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pythiosis is a life-threatening infectious disease of humans and animals caused by the oomycete microorganism Pythium insidiosum. The disease has been increasingly diagnosed worldwide. P. insidiosum inhabits freshwater and presents in two forms: mycelium and zoospore. Clinical manifestations of pythiosis include an infection of the artery, eye, skin, or gastrointestinal tract. The management of pythiosis is problematic due to the lack of effective treatment. Many patients die from an uncontrolled infection. The drug susceptibility testing provides clinically-useful information that could lead to proper drug selection against P. insidiosum. Currently, no standard CLSI protocol for the drug susceptibility of P. insidiosum is available. This review aims at describing methods and antimicrobial agents for susceptibility testing against P. insidiosum. Several in-house in vitro susceptibility methods (i.e., broth microdilution method, radial growth method, and agar diffusion method) have been established for P. insidiosum. Either mycelium or zoospore can be an inoculum. Rabbit is the commonly-used model of pythiosis for in vivo drug susceptibility testing. Based on the susceptibility results (i.e., minimal inhibitory concentration and inhibition zone), several antibacterial and antifungal drugs, alone or combination, exhibited an in vitro or in vivo effect against P. insidiosum. Some distinct compounds, antiseptic agents, essential oils, and plant extracts, also show anti-P. insidiosum activities. Successfully medical treatment, guided by the drug susceptibility data, has been reported in some pythiosis patients. Future studies should emphasize finding a novel and effective anti-P. insidiosum drug, standardizing in vitro susceptibility method and correlating drug susceptibility data and clinical outcome of pythiosis patients for a better interpretation of the susceptibility results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Yolanda
- Section for Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Theerapong Krajaejun
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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8
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de Souza Silveira Valente J, Braga CQ, Brasil CL, Baptista CT, Reis GF, Panagio LA, Nakazato G, de Oliveira Hübner S, Soares MP, de Avila Botton S, Pereira DIB. In vitro anti-Pythium insidiosum activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles. Med Mycol 2020; 57:858-863. [PMID: 30597067 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pythium insidiosum belongs to the phylum Oomycota. It is capable of infecting mammals causing a serious condition called pythiosis, which affects mainly horses in Brazil and humans in Thailand. The objective of the present study was to verify the in vitro anti-P. insidiosum activity of a biogenic silver nanoparticle (bio-AgNP) formulation. The in vitro assays were evaluated on P. insidiosum isolates (n = 38) following the M38-A2 protocol. Damage to the P. insidiosum hyphae ultrastructure was verified by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Bio-AgNP inhibition concentrations on P. insidiosum isolates ranged from 0.06 to 0.47 μg/ml. It was observed through SEM that P. insidiosum hyphae treated showed surface roughness, as well as cell walls with multiple retraction areas, loss of continuity, and rupture in some areas. The TEM of treated hyphae did not differentiate organelle structures; also, the cellular wall was rarefied, showing wrinkled and partly ruptured borders. The bio-AgNP evaluated has excellent in vitro anti-P. insidiosum activity. However, further studies on its in vivo action are necessary as so to determine the possibility of its use in the treatment of the disease in affected hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Quintana Braga
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina Litchina Brasil
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gerson Nakazato
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Mauro Pereira Soares
- Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico,Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Sônia de Avila Botton
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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9
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Efficacy of miltefosine therapy against subcutaneous experimental pythiosis in rabbits. J Mycol Med 2019; 30:100919. [PMID: 31901425 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.100919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the in vitro activity of miltefosine against 29 Pythium spp. and the in vivo therapeutic response of 2mg/kg/day of miltefosine given orally to rabbit with pythiosis induced experimentally. The MICs (in μg/mL) of miltefosine was medium-dependent and ranged from 0.5 to 2 and 32-64 on RPMI 1640 and Mueller Hinton broth, respectively. The treatment with miltefosine demonstrated significantly lower subcutaneous lesion areas compared to the control group but was not sufficient for the complete remission of the lesions. This study indicates that miltefosine has limited efficacy against pythiosis and furthers in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary to determine the possible potential of this drug in the treatment of pythiosis.
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10
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Rossato L, Loreto ES, Venturini TP, Azevedo MI, Al‐Hatmi AMS, Santurio JM, Alves SH. In vitro combination between antifungals and diphenyl diselenide against
Cryptococcus
species. Mycoses 2019; 62:508-512. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luana Rossato
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical SciencesHealth Sciences CentreFederal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Erico S. Loreto
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical SciencesHealth Sciences CentreFederal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
- Faculty of Health SciencesSobresp Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Tarcieli P. Venturini
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical SciencesHealth Sciences CentreFederal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Azevedo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary MedicineFederal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Abdullah M. S. Al‐Hatmi
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute Utrecht The Netherlands
- Ministry of HealthDirectorate General of Health Services Ibri Oman
- Centre of Expertise in MycologyRadboud University Medical Centre/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Janio M. Santurio
- Postgraduate Program in PharmacologyHealth Sciences CentreFederal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Sydney H. Alves
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical SciencesHealth Sciences CentreFederal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
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11
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Leal M, Rocha J, Corte C, Aires A, Rocha J, Zanatta R, Carpes J, Szinwelski G, Stefanello S, Pivoto F. Distribution of selenium in sheep treated with dipheny diselenide. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to report the in vivo distribution of selenium in sheep. For this, animals were allocated into two groups (control group and treated group) and kept in metabolic cages for a period of 37 days. The treated group received a single dose (6µmol/kg) of Diphenyl Diselenide, intravenously. Plasma and erythrocytes samples were collected at different times. Adipose tissue, muscles (latissimusdorsi, semitendinosus, and supra-scapular) heart, liver, lung, kidney, intestine and brain were sampled at 30 days post-treatment, in order to determine the selenium concentration. The results demonstrated that the selenium, from the Diphenyl Diselenide group, was higher in erythrocytes (4.8mg/L, six hours post-treatment) when compared with the control sheep. The deposition of selenium occurred in the liver (7.01µg/g), brain (3.53µg/g) and kidney (2.02µg/g). After 30 days of a single intravenous injection of Diphenyl Diselenide, liver was the main organ of selenium deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - A.R. Aires
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
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12
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Poester VR, Mattei AS, Mendes JF, Klafke GB, Ramis IB, Sanchotene KO, Xavier MO. Antifungal activity of diphenyl diselenide alone and in combination with itraconazole againstSporothrix brasiliensis. Med Mycol 2018; 57:328-331. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vanice Rodrigues Poester
- Mycology Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande (FaMed-FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Post-graduation program in Health Science, FaMed-FURG, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Josiara Furtado Mendes
- Mycology Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande (FaMed-FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Baracy Klafke
- Mycology Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande (FaMed-FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ivy Bastos Ramis
- Post-graduation program in Health Science, FaMed-FURG, RS, Brazil
| | - Karine Ortiz Sanchotene
- Mycology Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande (FaMed-FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Melissa Orzechowski Xavier
- Mycology Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande (FaMed-FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Post-graduation program in Health Science, FaMed-FURG, RS, Brazil
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13
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Verdi CM, Jesus FPK, Kommers G, Ledur PC, Azevedo MI, Loreto ES, Tondolo JSM, Andrade ENC, Schlemmer KB, Alves SH, Santurio JM. Embryonated chicken eggs: An experimental model for Pythium insidiosum infection. Mycoses 2017; 61:104-110. [PMID: 28972292 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pythiosis is a severe disease caused by Pythium insidiosum. Currently, the research on the treatment of pythiosis uses rabbits as an experimental infection model. To reduce the use of animals in scientific experimentation, alternative models are increasingly necessary options. The objective of this study was to establish a new experimental infection model for pythiosis using embryonated chicken eggs. First, we tested the inoculation of 4 zoospore concentrations into the egg allantoic cavity at 3 embryonic days. We observed that increased zoospore concentration causes a decrease in survival time, and at a later embryonic day (the 14th) of infection, embryos showed delayed mortality. To confirm the reproducibility of the model, we chose the 14th embryonic day for the inoculation of 50 zoospores/egg, and the experiment was repeated twice. Mortality began with 30% embryos 48 hours after inoculation, and 95% embryos died within 72 hours. There was no mortality in the uninfected control group. The infection was confirmed by culture, PCR and histopathology. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of hyphae in blood vessels in the umbilical cords in 95% of embryos and only 1 liver (5%). Our results suggest that embryonated eggs can be a very useful alternative infection model to study pythiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila M Verdi
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Francielli P K Jesus
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica, Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Kommers
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Pauline C Ledur
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Maria I Azevedo
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Erico S Loreto
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Juliana S M Tondolo
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Eduardo N C Andrade
- Graduando em Medicina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Karine B Schlemmer
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Sydney H Alves
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Janio M Santurio
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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14
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Trolezi R, Azanha JM, Paschoal NR, Chechi JL, Dias Silva MJ, Fabris VE, Vilegas W, Kaneno R, Fernandes Junior A, Bosco SDMG. Stryphnodendron adstringens and purified tannin on Pythium insidiosum: in vitro and in vivo studies. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2017; 16:7. [PMID: 28231795 PMCID: PMC5324290 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-017-0183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pythium insidiosum is the etiological agent of pythiosis, an emerging life-threatening infectious disease in tropical and subtropical regions. The pathogen is a fungus-like organism resistant to antifungal therapy, for this reason, most cases need extensive surgical debridments as treatment, but depending on the size and anatomical region of the lesion, such approach is unfeasible. We investigate the fungicidal effect and toxicity of crude bark extract of Stryphnodendron adstringens and commercially available tannin on Pythium insidiosum both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Standardized fragments of mycelia of fifteen isolates of P. insidiosum were tested with different concentrations of bark extract (10 to 30% v/v) and tannin (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/mL). For in vivo study, fifteen rabbits were experimentally infected with zoospores of P. insidiosum and treated by oral and intralesional applications of bark extract and tannin. Acute toxicity tests with both substances were also performed in rats. RESULTS In vitro studies showed fungicidal effect for both substances at different concentrations and the SEM showed alteration on the cell wall surface of the pathogen. All infected rabbits developed a firm nodular mass that reached around 90 mm2 ninety days after inoculation, but neither the intralesional inoculation of tannin, nor the oral administration of crude extract and tannin were able to promote remission of the lesions. CONCLUSIONS Lesions developed by rabbits presented an encapsulated abscess being quite different of naturally acquired pythiosis, which is characterized by ulcerated lesions. Since no toxicity was observed in rats or rabbits inoculated with these products, while in vitro experiments showed direct antifungal effect, therapeutic activity of S. adstringens and tannin should be clinically tested as an alternative for healing wounds in naturally acquired pythiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Trolezi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana Maziero Azanha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, 18618-970, Brazil
| | | | - Jéssica Luana Chechi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, 18618-970, Brazil
| | | | - Viciany Eric Fabris
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu School of Medicine, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Institute of Chemistry, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Ramon Kaneno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Ary Fernandes Junior
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Sandra de Moraes Gimenes Bosco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, UNESP Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, 18618-970, Brazil.
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15
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de Souza Silveira Valente J, de Oliveira da Silva Fonseca A, Denardi LB, Dal Ben VS, de Souza Maia Filho F, Baptista CT, Braga CQ, Zambrano CG, Alves SH, de Avila Botton S, Pereira DIB. In Vitro Susceptibility of Pythium insidiosum to Melaleuca alternifolia, Mentha piperita and Origanum vulgare Essential Oils Combinations. Mycopathologia 2016; 181:617-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Venturini TP, Chassot F, Loreto ÉS, Keller JT, Azevedo MI, Zeni G, Santurio JM, Alves SH. Antifungal activities of diphenyl diselenide and ebselen alone and in combination with antifungal agents againstFusariumspp. Med Mycol 2016; 54:550-5. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myv120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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17
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Reanpang T, Orrapin S, Orrapin S, Arworn S, Kattipatanapong T, Srisuwan T, Vanittanakom N, Lekawanvijit SP, Rerkasem K. Vascular Pythiosis of the Lower Extremity in Northern Thailand. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2015; 14:245-50. [DOI: 10.1177/1534734615599652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pythiosis is a disease caused by Pythium insidiosum, a fungus-like organism. P. insidiosum is pathogenic in mammals, particularly in horses, dogs, and humans. Human pythiosis can be classified into 4 types: (1) cutaneous/subcutaneous, (2) ocular, (3) vascular, and (4) disseminated pythiosis. Vascular pythiosis is a rare disease but a serious limb- and life-threatening infection. We reviewed 22 cases over a 10-year period in Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai/Chiang Mai University Hospital. The survival rate was around 63.6% during our follow-up period. The only effective treatment was complete excision of the infected tissue, which was done mainly by major amputation, such as above-knee amputation. This report raises awareness of this disease, which needs preemptive diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Termpong Reanpang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Saritphat Orrapin
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Saranat Orrapin
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Supapong Arworn
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Tanop Srisuwan
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nongnuch Vanittanakom
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Suree P. Lekawanvijit
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kittipan Rerkasem
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Institute of Health Science, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
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18
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Loreto &ES, Tondolo JSM, Zanette RA, Alves SH, Santurio JM. Update on pythiosis immunobiology and immunotherapy. World J Immunol 2014; 4:88-97. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v4.i2.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pythiosis is an invasive, ulcerative, pyogranulomatous disease caused by Pythium insidiosum, a fungus-like oomycete that has been reported to affect humans, horses, dogs, and other mammals mainly in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. The disease is characterized by an eosinophilic granulomatous and a Th2 immune response which in turn helps to protect the fungus from the host cells. Pythiosis can present clinically in subcutaneous, gastrointestinal, and vascular tissues or in a systemically disseminated form depending on the species and site of infection. Changes in iron metabolism and anemia are commonly observed. The diagnosis is accomplished through clinical and pathological features, laboratory characteristics of cultures, serological and molecular tests. Treatment includes radical surgery, antimicrobial drugs, immunotherapy or a combination of these treatments. Immunotherapy is a practical and non-invasive alternative for treating pythiosis which is believed to promote a switch from a Th2 to Th1 immune response, resulting in a favorable clinical response. This therapy has demonstrated cure rates above 70% and 55% in horses and humans but low cure rates in dogs and cats. Despite the curative properties of this type of immunotherapy, the antibodies that are produced do not prevent host reinfection. Thus, development of effective adjuvants and new diagnostic techniques for early disease diagnosis are of utmost importance. The aim of this review was to promote pythiosis awareness and to provide an update about the immunotherapy and immunobiology of this disease.
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19
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dos Santos CE, Ubiali DG, Pescador CA, Zanette RA, Santurio JM, Marques LC. Epidemiological Survey of Equine Pythiosis in the Brazilian Pantanal and Nearby Areas: Results of 76 Cases. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Pesarico AP, Sartori G, dos Santos CF, Neto JS, Bortolotto V, Santos RCV, Nogueira CW, Prigol M. 2,2′-Dithienyl diselenide pro-oxidant activity accounts for antibacterial and antifungal activities. Microbiol Res 2013; 168:563-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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21
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Denardi LB, Mario DAN, de Loreto ÉS, Nogueira CW, Santurio JM, Alves SH. Antifungal Activities of Diphenyl Diselenide alone and in Combination with Fluconazole or Amphotericin B against Candida glabrata. Mycopathologia 2013; 176:165-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-013-9672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Pythium insidiosum causes life-threatening disease in mammals. Animals with pythiosis usually develop anemia, and most human patients are reported to have thalassemia and the major consequence of thalassemia, iron overload. Therefore, this study evaluated the iron metabolism in rabbits experimentally infected with P. insidiosum. Ten infected rabbits were divided into two groups: one groups received a placebo, and the other was treated with immunotherapy. Five rabbits were used as negative controls. The hematological and biochemical parameters, including the iron profile, were evaluated. Microcytic hypochromic anemia was observed in the infected animals, and this condition was more accentuated in the untreated group. The serum iron level was decreased, whereas the transferrin level was increased, resulting in low saturation. The level of stainable iron in hepatocytes was markedly decreased in the untreated group. A high correlation was observed between the total iron binding capacity and the lesion size, and this correlation likely confirms the affinity of P. insidiosum for iron. The data from this study corroborate the previous implications of iron in the pathogenesis of pythiosis in humans and animals.
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