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Medhasi S, Sriwarom A, Permpalung N, Torvorapanit P, Plongla R, Chindamporn A, Worasilchai N. Ex vivo observation of Pythium insidiosum-antigen treated neutrophils on three Pythium insidiosum strains isolated from vascular pythiosis patients. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2304372. [PMID: 38314761 PMCID: PMC10854268 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2304372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of Pythium insidiosum-antigen (PIA) immunotherapy activating a patient's immune system are unknown. We evaluated the interleukin-8 (IL-8) serum levels during P. insidiosum infection and after vaccination with PIA in vascular pythiosis cases. Furthermore, we studied the anti-P. insidiosum activity of neutrophils stimulated with various concentrations of PIA ex vivo in 3 strains of P. insidiosum isolated from vascular pythiosis patients. IL-8 serum levels were evaluated using the ELISA technique. We assessed the effect of PIA-stimulated neutrophils on the viability of zoospores using MTT assay, visualized neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation via microscopy, and measured the levels of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) using PicoGreen dsDNA quantitation assay in 3 strains of P. insidiosum isolated from vascular pythiosis patients. Serum levels of IL-8 gradually lowered from the early to the end phases of vaccination with PIA among the surviving group of vascular pythiosis cases. Neutrophils stimulated with 0.01 µg/ml PIA reduced zoospore viability significantly compared to PIA-unstimulated neutrophils for strain 1 and strain 3 (p < .05). Neutrophils stimulated with 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 µg/ml PIA exhibited significantly lower zoospore viability than PIA-unstimulated neutrophils for strain 2 (p < .05). IL-8 can be used as a biomarker for monitoring vascular pythiosis cases treated with the PIA vaccine. Also, anti-P. insidiosum activity of PIA-stimulated neutrophils was probably due to the disruption of cellular activity in zoospores rather than the mechanisms based on the formation of NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadeep Medhasi
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Unit of Medical Mycology Diagnosis, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apichaya Sriwarom
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitipong Permpalung
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pattama Torvorapanit
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rongpong Plongla
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ariya Chindamporn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Navaporn Worasilchai
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Unit of Medical Mycology Diagnosis, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Amponsah J, Tegg RS, Thangavel T, Wilson CR. Chemotaxis and Motility of Spongospora subterranea Zoospores in Response to Potato Root Exudate Constituents and pH. Phytopathology 2023; 113:1233-1243. [PMID: 36774556 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-21-0176-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea is an important pathogen of potato responsible for major losses in most potato growing regions of the world. Infection is initiated by biflagellated motile zoospores released from long-lived resting spores. Zoospore chemotaxis to the host plant root is widely believed to be stimulated by host root exudate compounds, although direct evidence is lacking. This study refined the traditional chemotaxis capillary assay, with which we provided the first empirical evidence of S. subterranea zoospore chemotaxis. Individual potato root exudate metabolites were either taxis neutral, inhibitory, or attractant to the zoospores. L-Glutamine was the strongest chemoattractant, while spermine was the most inhibitory. Zoospore motility and chemotaxis were constrained by strongly acidic or alkaline solutions of pH < 5.3 and >8.5, respectively. Beyond pH, ionic constituents of the test solution affected zoospore motility as Sorensen's phosphate buffer stalled zoospore motility, but HEPES buffer at the same concentration and pH had little or no negative motility effect. Zoospore motility, as characterized by several parameters, influenced chemotaxis. Among the parameters measured, total distance traveled was the best predictor of zoospore chemotaxis. The characterization of environmental and ecological effects on zoospore motility and chemotaxis highlights useful targets for S. subterranea disease control through manipulation of zoospore taxis or selection of host resistance traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Amponsah
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, New Town, Tasmania 7008, Australia
- Biotechnology Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Ghana
| | - R S Tegg
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, New Town, Tasmania 7008, Australia
| | - T Thangavel
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, New Town, Tasmania 7008, Australia
| | - C R Wilson
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, New Town, Tasmania 7008, Australia
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Sanogo S, Lamour K, Kousik CS, Lozada DN, Parada-Rojas CH, Quesada-Ocampo LM, Wyenandt CA, Babadoost M, Hausbeck MK, Hansen Z, Ali E, McGrath MT, Hu J, Crosby K, Miller SA. Phytophthora capsici, 100 Years Later: Research Mile Markers from 1922 to 2022. Phytopathology 2023; 113:921-930. [PMID: 36401843 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-22-0297-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In 1922, Phytophthora capsici was described by Leon Hatching Leonian as a new pathogen infecting pepper (Capsicum annuum), with disease symptoms of root rot, stem and fruit blight, seed rot, and plant wilting and death. Extensive research has been conducted on P. capsici over the last 100 years. This review succinctly describes the salient mile markers of research on P. capsici with current perspectives on the pathogen's distribution, economic importance, epidemiology, genetics and genomics, fungicide resistance, host susceptibility, pathogenicity mechanisms, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soum Sanogo
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
| | - Kurt Lamour
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Chandrasekar S Kousik
- U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Charleston, SC 29414
| | - Dennis N Lozada
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Chile Pepper Institute, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
| | - Camilo H Parada-Rojas
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Lina M Quesada-Ocampo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Christian A Wyenandt
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302
| | | | - Mary K Hausbeck
- Department of Soil, Plant, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Zachariah Hansen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Emran Ali
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824
| | - Margaret T McGrath
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901
| | - Jiahuai Hu
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Kevin Crosby
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Sally A Miller
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
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Ianiski LB, Maciel AF, Weiblen C, Stibbe PC, de Oliveira HP, da Costa MM, Sangioni LA, Pereira DIB, Santurio JM, Botton SDA. Oomicidal activity of polypyrrole nanoparticles against Pythium insidiosum. Lett Appl Microbiol 2023; 76:6896294. [PMID: 36688756 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated in-vitro action of a new molecule, the polypyrrole nanoparticles (Ppy-NP), against Pythium insidiosum isolates using M38-A2/CLSI; the minimal inhibitory (MIC) and minimal oomicidal (MOC) concentrations were also determined. Additionally, changes in the hyphae wall of P. insidiosum CBS 575.85 treated with Ppy-NP were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The MIC100 and MOC for all isolates ranged from 8 to 32 μg mL-1, and the MIC90 and MIC50 were 16 μg mL-1. The SEM showed structural damage to the hyphae of P. insidisoum treated with Ppy-NP, as hyphae surfaces with less turgidity were found, thereby showing scaling and ruptures compared to the control (untreated hyphae). Our findings highlighted the anti-P. insidiosum properties of Ppy-NP proved to be a promising candidate for research using pythiosis experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carla Weiblen
- Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões (URI), Santiago, RS 97711-500, Brasil
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Tran QD, Galiana E, Thomen P, Cohen C, Orange F, Peruani F, Noblin X. Coordination of two opposite flagella allows high-speed swimming and active turning of individual zoospores. eLife 2022; 11:e71227. [PMID: 35343437 PMCID: PMC9068220 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora species cause diseases in a large variety of plants and represent a serious agricultural threat, leading, every year, to multibillion dollar losses. Infection occurs when their biflagellated zoospores move across the soil at their characteristic high speed and reach the roots of a host plant. Despite the relevance of zoospore spreading in the epidemics of plant diseases, individual swimming of zoospores have not been fully investigated. It remains unknown about the characteristics of two opposite beating flagella during translation and turning, and the roles of each flagellum on zoospore swimming. Here, combining experiments and modeling, we show how these two flagella contribute to generate thrust when beating together, and identify the mastigonemes-attached anterior flagellum as the main source of thrust. Furthermore, we find that turning involves a complex active process, in which the posterior flagellum temporarily stops, while the anterior flagellum keeps on beating and changes its gait from sinusoidal waves to power and recovery strokes, similar to Chlamydomonas's breaststroke, to reorient its body to a new direction. Our study is a fundamental step toward a better understanding of the spreading of plant pathogens' motile forms, and shows that the motility pattern of these biflagellated zoospores represents a distinct eukaryotic version of the celebrated 'run-and-tumble' motility class exhibited by peritrichous bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang D Tran
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR 7010, Institut de Physique de Nice (INPHYNI)NiceFrance
| | - Eric Galiana
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRAE UMR 1355, CNRS UMR 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA)Sophia AntipolisFrance
| | - Philippe Thomen
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR 7010, Institut de Physique de Nice (INPHYNI)NiceFrance
| | - Céline Cohen
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR 7010, Institut de Physique de Nice (INPHYNI)NiceFrance
| | - François Orange
- Université Côte d’Azur, Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée (CCMA)NiceFrance
| | - Fernando Peruani
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR 7351, Laboratoire J.A. Dieudonné (LJAD)NiceFrance
- CY Cergy Paris Université, CNRS UMR 8089, Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et ModélisationCergy-PontoiseFrance
| | - Xavier Noblin
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR 7010, Institut de Physique de Nice (INPHYNI)NiceFrance
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Baruah IK, Ali SS, Shao J, Lary D, Bailey BA. Changes in Gene Expression in Leaves of Cacao Genotypes Resistant and Susceptible to Phytophthora palmivora Infection. Front Plant Sci 2022; 12:780805. [PMID: 35211126 PMCID: PMC8861199 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.780805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Black pod rot, caused by Phytophthora palmivora, is a devastating disease of Theobroma cacao L. (cacao) leading to huge losses for farmers and limiting chocolate industry supplies. To understand resistance responses of cacao leaves to P. palmivora, Stage 2 leaves of genotypes Imperial College Selection 1 (ICS1), Colección Castro Naranjal 51 (CCN51), and Pound7 were inoculated with zoospores and monitored for symptoms up to 48 h. Pound7 consistently showed less necrosis than ICS1 and CCN51 48 h after inoculation. RNA-Seq was carried out on samples 24 h post inoculation. A total of 24,672 expressed cacao genes were identified, and 2,521 transcripts showed induction in at least one P. palmivora-treated genotype compared to controls. There were 115 genes induced in the P. palmivora-treated samples in all three genotypes. Many of the differentially expressed genes were components of KEGG pathways important in plant defense signal perception (the plant MAPK signaling pathway, plant hormone signal transduction, and plant pathogen interactions), and plant defense metabolite biosynthesis (phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, α-linolenic acid metabolism, ethylene biosynthesis, and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis). A search of putative cacao resistance genes within the cacao transcriptome identified 89 genes with prominent leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains, 170 protein kinases encoding genes, 210 genes with prominent NB-ARC domains, 305 lectin-related genes, and 97 cysteine-rich RK genes. We further analyzed the cacao leaf transcriptome in detail focusing on gene families-encoding proteins important in signal transduction (MAP kinases and transcription factors) and direct plant defense (Germin-like, ubiquitin-associated, lectin-related, pathogenesis-related, glutathione-S-transferases, and proteases). There was a massive reprogramming of defense gene processes in susceptible cacao leaf tissue after infection, which was restricted in the resistant genotype Pound7. Most genes induced in Pound7 were induced in ICS1/CCN51. The level of induction was not always proportional to the infection level, raising the possibility that genes are responding to infection more strongly in Pound7. There were also defense-associated genes constitutively differentially expressed at higher levels in specific genotypes, possibly providing a prepositioned defense. Many of the defense genes occur in blocks where members are constitutively expressed at different levels, and some members are induced by Ppal infection. With further study, the identified candidate genes and gene blocks may be useful as markers for breeding disease-resistant cacao genotypes against P. palmivora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani K. Baruah
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Shahin S. Ali
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD, United States
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan Shao
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - David Lary
- Department of Physics, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Bryan A. Bailey
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD, United States
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Tatsumi M, Mabin CJT, Layton C, Shelamoff V, Cameron MJ, Johnson CR, Wright JT. Density-dependence and seasonal variation in reproductive output and sporophyte production in the kelp, Ecklonia radiata. J Phycol 2022; 58:92-104. [PMID: 34612512 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The kelp, Ecklonia radiata, is an abundant subtidal ecosystem engineer in southern Australia. Density-dependent changes in the abiotic environment engineered by Ecklonia may feedback to affect reproduction and subsequent recruitment. Here, we examined: 1) how the reproductive capacity of Ecklonia individuals in the field (zoospores released · mm-2 reproductive tissue) varied with adult density and time, and 2) how the recruitment of microscopic gametophytes and sporophytes was influenced by zoospore density at two times. Zoospore production did not vary with adult density, with only one month out of ten sampled over a 2-y period showing a significant effect of density. However, zoospore production varied hugely over time, being generally highest in mid-autumn and lowest in mid-late summer. There were strong effects of initial zoospore density on gametophyte and sporophyte recruitment with both a minimum and an optimum zoospore density for sporophyte recruitment, but these varied in time. Almost no sporophytes developed when initial zoospore density was <6.5 · mm-2 in spring or <0.5 · mm-2 in winter with optimum densities of 90-355 · mm-2 in spring and 21-261 · mm-2 in winter, which resulted in relatively high recruitment of 4-7 sporophytes · mm-2 . Sporophyte recruitment declined at initial zoospore densities >335 · mm-2 in spring and >261 · mm-2 in winter and was zero at very high zoospore densities. These findings suggest that although adult Ecklonia density does not affect per-capita zoospore production, because there is a minimum zoospore density for sporophyte production, a decline in population-level output could feedback to impact recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Tatsumi
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Christopher J T Mabin
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Cayne Layton
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Victor Shelamoff
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Matthew J Cameron
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Craig R Johnson
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Jeffrey T Wright
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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Giraldo-Ospina A, Kendrick GA, Hovey RK. Reproductive Output, Synchrony across Depth and Influence of Source Depth in the Development of Early Life stages of Kelp. J Phycol 2021; 57:311-323. [PMID: 33150586 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ecklonia radiata is the main foundation species in Australian temperate reefs, yet little has been published on its reproduction and how this may change across its depth range (1-50+ m). In this study, we examined differences in sporophyte morphology and zoospore production during a reproductive season and across four depths (7, 15, 25, and 40 m). Additionally, we examined differences in germination rate, survival, and morphological traits of gametophytes obtained from these four depths, cultured under the same light and temperature conditions. Multivariate morphology of sporophytes differed significantly between deep (~40 m) and shallow sites (7 and 15 m), but individual morphological traits were not significantly different across depths. Total spore production was similar across depths but the peak of zoospore release was observed in February at 15 m of depth (6,154 zoospores · mm-2 of tissue) and the minimum observed in January at 7, 25, and 40 m (1,141, 987, and 214 zoospores · mm-2 of tissue, respectively). The source depth of zoospores did not have an influence in the germination rate or the survival of gametophytes, and only gametophytes sourced from 40 m sites presented significantly less surface area and number of branches. Overall, these results indicate that E. radiata's reproductive performance does not change across its depth range and that kelp beds reproducing in deeper areas may contribute to the replenishment of their shallow counterparts. We propose that deep kelps may constitute a mechanism of resilience against climate change and anthropogenic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Giraldo-Ospina
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 64 Fairway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Gary A Kendrick
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 64 Fairway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Renae K Hovey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 64 Fairway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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Tao Y, Wolinska J, Hölker F, Agha R. Light intensity and spectral distribution affect chytrid infection of cyanobacteria via modulation of host fitness. Parasitology 2020; 147:1206-15. [PMID: 32513337 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182020000931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Light gradients are an inherent feature in aquatic ecosystems and play a key role in shaping the biology of phytoplankton. Parasitism by chytrid fungi is gaining increasing attention as a major control agent of phytoplankton due to its previously overlooked ubiquity, and profound ecological and evolutionary consequences. Despite this interest, if and how light conditions modulate phytoplankton chytridiomycosis remains poorly studied. We investigated life-history traits of a chytrid parasite, Rhizophydium megarrhizum, under different light intensities and spectral compositions when infecting two closely related planktonic cyanobacteria with different light-harvesting strategies: Planktothrix rubescens and P. agardhii. In general, parasite transmission was highest under light conditions (both intensity and quality) that maximized growth rates for uninfected cyanobacteria. Chytrid encystment on hosts was significantly affected by light intensity and host strain identity. This likely resulted from higher irradiances stimulating the increased discharge of photosynthetic by-products, which drive parasite chemotaxis, and from strain-specific differences at the cell-surface. Comparisons of parasite transmission and host growth rates under different light conditions suggest the potential for epidemic development at higher irradiances, whereas host and parasite could coexist without epidemic outbreaks at lower light levels. These results illustrate the close relationship between parasite transmission and host fitness, which is ultimately modulated by the external environment.
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Masikane S, Jolliffe J, Swart L, McLeod A. Novel approaches and methods for quantifying Phytophthora cinnamomi in avocado tree roots. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5573270. [PMID: 31550364 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands is a devastating root rot pathogen of avocado. Robust and sensitive root quantification methods are required for determining seasonal P. cinnamomi root colonization patterns and evaluating management strategies. Our study investigated four P. cinnamomi root quantification methods using a newly developed P. cinnamomi-avocado-seedling bioassay system and a P. cinnamomi-specific probe-based qPCR assay. Phytophthora cinnamomi quantification through plating of roots (root plating) or lemon leaf disks obtained from root baitings (root-baiting-plating) onto semi-selective media were the best methods. Root plating consistently yielded significant differences in P. cinnamomi quantities obtained from seedling roots inoculated with five zoospore concentrations (10-1 × 105 zoospores/ml), whereas root-baiting-plating did so less often. The two methods were comparable in yielding root quantities that were significantly correlated with the inoculated zoospore concentrations, rarely yielding false negatives and having the lowest variability between replicates of the same treatment. qPCR quantification from roots was also an effective method; however, treatment replicates were highly variable and false negatives occurred more frequently. The least effective quantification method was qPCR quantification from lemon leaf disks obtained from root baitings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyethemba Masikane
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7600, South Africa
| | - Jenna Jolliffe
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7600, South Africa
| | - Laurika Swart
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7600, South Africa
| | - Adele McLeod
- Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7600, South Africa
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Alsuwaiyan NA, Mohring MB, Cambridge M, Coleman MA, Kendrick GA, Wernberg T. A review of protocols for the experimental release of kelp (Laminariales) zoospores. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:8387-8398. [PMID: 31380097 PMCID: PMC6662330 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kelps (order Laminariales) are foundation species in temperate and arctic seas globally, but they are in decline in many places. Laminarian kelp have an alternation of generations and this poses challenges for experimental studies due to the difficulties in achieving zoospore release and gametophyte growth. Here, we review and synthesize the protocols that have been used to induce zoospore release in kelps to identify commonalities and provide guidance on best practices. We found 171 papers, where zoospore release was induced in four kelp families from 35 different ecoregions. The most commonly treated family was Laminariaceae, followed by Lessoniaceae and the most studied ecoregion was Central Chile, followed by the Southern California Bight. Zoospore release generally involved three steps: a pretreatment which included cleaning of the reproductive tissue to eliminate epiphytic organisms, followed by desiccation of the tissue, and finally a postdesiccation immersion of the reproductive material in a seawater medium for zoospore release. Despite these commonalities, there was a high degree of variation in the detail within each of these steps, even among studies within genera and from the same ecoregions. This suggests either that zoospore release may be relatively insensitive across the Laminariales or that little methods optimization has been undertaken. We suggest that greater attention to standardization of protocols and reporting of methodology and optimization would improve comparisons of kelp zoospore release across species and locations and facilitate a broader understanding of this key, but understudied life history stage. OPEN RESEARCH BADGES This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally-shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.0kh1f8j.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahlah A. Alsuwaiyan
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Department of BiologyUnaizah College of Sciences and Arts, Qassim UniversityUnaizahSaudi Arabia
| | - Margaret B. Mohring
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Department of Parks and WildlifeKensingtonWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Marion Cambridge
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Melinda A. Coleman
- National Marine Science CentreSouthern Cross UniversityCoffs HarbourNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Primary IndustriesNational Marine Science CentreCoffs HarbourNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Gary A. Kendrick
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Thomas Wernberg
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
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12
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Verdi CM, Jesus FPK, Kommers G, Ledur PC, Azevedo MI, Loreto ES, Tondolo JSM, Andrade ENC, Schlemmer KB, Alves SH, Santurio JM. Embryonated chicken eggs: An experimental model for Pythium insidiosum infection. Mycoses 2017; 61:104-110. [PMID: 28972292 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pythiosis is a severe disease caused by Pythium insidiosum. Currently, the research on the treatment of pythiosis uses rabbits as an experimental infection model. To reduce the use of animals in scientific experimentation, alternative models are increasingly necessary options. The objective of this study was to establish a new experimental infection model for pythiosis using embryonated chicken eggs. First, we tested the inoculation of 4 zoospore concentrations into the egg allantoic cavity at 3 embryonic days. We observed that increased zoospore concentration causes a decrease in survival time, and at a later embryonic day (the 14th) of infection, embryos showed delayed mortality. To confirm the reproducibility of the model, we chose the 14th embryonic day for the inoculation of 50 zoospores/egg, and the experiment was repeated twice. Mortality began with 30% embryos 48 hours after inoculation, and 95% embryos died within 72 hours. There was no mortality in the uninfected control group. The infection was confirmed by culture, PCR and histopathology. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of hyphae in blood vessels in the umbilical cords in 95% of embryos and only 1 liver (5%). Our results suggest that embryonated eggs can be a very useful alternative infection model to study pythiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila M Verdi
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Francielli P K Jesus
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica, Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Kommers
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Pauline C Ledur
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Maria I Azevedo
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Erico S Loreto
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Juliana S M Tondolo
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Eduardo N C Andrade
- Graduando em Medicina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Karine B Schlemmer
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Sydney H Alves
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Janio M Santurio
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Micológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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13
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Scholz B, Küpper FC, Vyverman W, Ólafsson HG, Karsten U. Chytridiomycosis of Marine Diatoms-The Role of Stress Physiology and Resistance in Parasite-Host Recognition and Accumulation of Defense Molecules. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E26. [PMID: 28125065 PMCID: PMC5334607 DOI: 10.3390/md15020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the role of chemotaxis in the location and attachment of chytrid zoospores to potential diatom hosts. Hypothesizing that environmental stress parameters affect parasite-host recognition, four chytrid-diatom tandem cultures (Chytridium sp./Navicula sp., Rhizophydium type I/Nitzschia sp., Rhizophydium type IIa/Rhizosolenia sp., Rhizophydium type IIb/Chaetoceros sp.) were used to test the chemotaxis of chytrid zoospores and the presence of potential defense molecules in a non-contact-co-culturing approach. As potential triggers in the chemotaxis experiments, standards of eight carbohydrates, six amino acids, five fatty acids, and three compounds known as compatible solutes were used in individual and mixed solutions, respectively. In all tested cases, the whole-cell extracts of the light-stressed (continuous light exposure combined with 6 h UV radiation) hosts attracted the highest numbers of zoospores (86%), followed by the combined carbohydrate standard solution (76%), while all other compounds acted as weak triggers only. The results of the phytochemical screening, using biomass and supernatant extracts of susceptible and resistant host-diatom cultures, indicated in most of the tested extracts the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids, phenols, and aldehydes, whereas the bioactivity screenings showed that the zoospores of the chytrid parasites were only significantly affected by the ethanolic supernatant extract of the resistant hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Scholz
- BioPol ehf., Einbúastig 2, 545 Skagaströnd, Iceland.
- Faculty of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Akureyri, Borgir v. Nordurslod, IS 600 Akureyri, Iceland.
| | - Frithjof C Küpper
- Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Main Street, Newburgh AB41 6AA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Wim Vyverman
- Department of Biology, Section of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, University of Ghent, Krijgslaan 281 S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | - Ulf Karsten
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology & Phycology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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14
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Füssy Z, Masařová P, Kručinská J, Esson HJ, Oborník M. Budding of the Alveolate Alga Vitrella brassicaformis Resembles Sexual and Asexual Processes in Apicomplexan Parasites. Protist 2016; 168:80-91. [PMID: 28061382 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ease of cultivation and availability of genomic data promoted intensive research of free-living phototrophic relatives of apicomplexans, i.e. Chromera velia and Vitrella brassicaformis. Chromera and Vitrella differ significantly in their physiology, morphology, phylogenetic position and genomic features, but Vitrella has not gained as much attention. Here we describe two types of Vitrella zoosporangia. One contains zoospores surrounded by roughly structured matter, with an intracytoplasmic axoneme predicted to develop into a mature flagellum upon spore release, similarly to Plasmodium microgametes; in the second type, cells concurrently bud off the center of the sporangium, surrounded by smooth matter, and flagella develop extracellularly. This process of budding is reminiscent of microsporogenesis as seen in Toxoplasma. We suggest one (or both) of these processes generates gamete-like flagellate progeny. Based on live staining, fusion of zoospores does occur in cultures of V. brassicaformis. We failed to find an apical structure similar to the pseudoconoid in any life stage. V. brassicaformis may therefore either represent an ancestral state lacking an apical complex or has lost the apical complex secondarily. We propose that the common ancestor of Apicomplexa and "chrompodellids" exhibited a complex life cycle, which was reduced in chromerids and colpodellids as dictated by their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Füssy
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Petra Masařová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Jitka Kručinská
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Heather J Esson
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Oborník
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia; Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czechia.
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15
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Miltko R, Bełżecki G, Herman A, Kowalik B, Skomiał J. The effect of rumen ciliates on chitinolytic activity, chitin content and the number of fungal zoospores in the rumen fluid of sheep. Arch Anim Nutr 2016; 70:425-40. [PMID: 27501267 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2016.1215695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of selected protozoa on the degradation and concentration of chitin and the numbers of fungal zoospores in the rumen fluid of sheep. Three adult ewes were fed a hay-concentrate diet, defaunated, then monofaunated with Entodinium caudatum or Diploplastron affine alone and refaunated with natural rumen fauna. The average density of the protozoa population varied from 6.1 · 10(4) (D. affine) to 42.2 · 10(4) cells/ml rumen fluid (natural rumen fauna). The inoculation of protozoa in the rumen of defaunated sheep increased the total activity of chitinolytic enzymes from 2.9 to 3.6 μmol N-acetylglucosamine/g dry matter (DM) of rumen fluid per min, the chitin concentration from 6.3 to 7.2 mg/g DM of rumen fluid and the number of fungal zoospores from 8.1 to 10.9 · 10(5) cells/ml rumen fluid. All examined indices showed diurnal variations. Ciliate population density was highest immediately prior to feeding and lowest at 4 h thereafter. The opposite effects were observed for the numbers of fungal zoospores, the chitin concentration and chitinolytic activity. Furthermore, it was found that chitin from zoospores may account for up to 95% of total microbial chitin in the rumen fluid of sheep. In summary, the examined ciliate species showed the ability of chitin degradation as well as a positive influence on the development of the ruminal fungal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Miltko
- a The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition , Polish Academy of Sciences , Jabłonna , Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bełżecki
- a The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition , Polish Academy of Sciences , Jabłonna , Poland
| | - Andrzej Herman
- a The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition , Polish Academy of Sciences , Jabłonna , Poland
| | - Barbara Kowalik
- a The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition , Polish Academy of Sciences , Jabłonna , Poland
| | - Jacek Skomiał
- a The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition , Polish Academy of Sciences , Jabłonna , Poland
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16
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Frenken T, Velthuis M, de Senerpont Domis LN, Stephan S, Aben R, Kosten S, van Donk E, Van de Waal DB. Warming accelerates termination of a phytoplankton spring bloom by fungal parasites. Glob Chang Biol 2016; 22:299-309. [PMID: 26488235 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to favour infectious diseases across ecosystems worldwide. In freshwater and marine environments, parasites play a crucial role in controlling plankton population dynamics. Infection of phytoplankton populations will cause a transfer of carbon and nutrients into parasites, which may change the type of food available for higher trophic levels. Some phytoplankton species are inedible to zooplankton, and the termination of their population by parasites may liberate otherwise unavailable carbon and nutrients. Phytoplankton spring blooms often consist of large diatoms inedible for zooplankton, but the zoospores of their fungal parasites may serve as a food source for this higher trophic level. Here, we investigated the impact of warming on the fungal infection of a natural phytoplankton spring bloom and followed the response of a zooplankton community. Experiments were performed in ca. 1000 L indoor mesocosms exposed to a controlled seasonal temperature cycle and a warm (+4 °C) treatment in the period from March to June 2014. The spring bloom was dominated by the diatom Synedra. At the peak of infection over 40% of the Synedra population was infected by a fungal parasite (i.e. a chytrid) in both treatments. Warming did not affect the onset of the Synedra bloom, but accelerated its termination. Peak population density of Synedra tended to be lower in the warm treatments. Furthermore, Synedra carbon: phosphorus stoichiometry increased during the bloom, particularly in the control treatments. This indicates enhanced phosphorus limitation in the control treatments, which may have constrained chytrid development. Timing of the rotifer Keratella advanced in the warm treatments and closely followed chytrid infections. The chytrids' zoospores may thus have served as an alternative food source to Keratella. Our study thus emphasizes the importance of incorporating not only nutrient limitation and grazing, but also parasitism in understanding the response of plankton communities towards global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Frenken
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mandy Velthuis
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette N de Senerpont Domis
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Stephan
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ralf Aben
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarian Kosten
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen van Donk
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biology, University of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80.056, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dedmer B Van de Waal
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Vater SM, Finlay J, Callow ME, Callow JA, Ederth T, Liedberg B, Grunze M, Rosenhahn A. Holographic microscopy provides new insights into the settlement of zoospores of the green alga Ulva linza on cationic oligopeptide surfaces. Biofouling 2015; 31:229-239. [PMID: 25875964 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2015.1022534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of zoospores of Ulva linza with cationic, arginine-rich oligopeptide self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is characterized by rapid settlement. Some spores settle (ie permanently attach) in a 'normal' manner involving the secretion of a permanent adhesive, retraction of the flagella and cell wall formation, whilst others undergo 'pseudosettlement' whereby motile spores are trapped (attached) on the SAM surface without undergoing the normal metamorphosis into a settled spore. Holographic microscopy was used to record videos of swimming zoospores in the vicinity of surfaces with different cationic oligopeptide concentrations to provide time-resolved insights into processes associated with attachment of spores. The data reveal that spore attachment rate increases with increasing cationic peptide content. Accordingly, the decrease in swimming activity in the volume of seawater above the surface accelerated with increasing surface charge. Three-dimensional trajectories of individual swimming spores showed a 'hit and stick' motion pattern, exclusively observed for the arginine-rich peptide SAMs, whereby spores were immediately trapped upon contact with the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja M Vater
- a Applied Physical Chemistry , Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
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18
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Gleason FH, Lilje O, Marano AV, Sime-Ngando T, Sullivan BK, Kirchmair M, Neuhauser S. Ecological functions of zoosporic hyperparasites. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:244. [PMID: 24904557 PMCID: PMC4035849 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoosporic parasites have received increased attention during the last years, but it is still largely unnoted that these parasites can themselves be infected by hyperparasites. Some members of the Chytridiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Cryptomycota, Hyphochytriomycota, Labyrinthulomycota, Oomycota, and Phytomyxea are hyperparasites of zoosporic hosts. Because of sometimes complex tripartite interactions between hyperparasite, their parasite-host, and the primary host, hyperparasites can be difficult to detect and monitor. Some of these hyperparasites use similar mechanisms as their parasite-hosts to find and infect their target and to access food resources. The life cycle of zoosporic hyperparasites is usually shorter than the life cycle of their hosts, so hyperparasites may accelerate the turnaround times of nutrients within the ecosystem. Hyperparasites may increase the complexity of food webs and play significant roles in regulating population sizes and population dynamics of their hosts. We suggest that hyperparasites lengthen food chains but can also play a role in conducting or suppressing diseases of animals, plants, or algae. Hyperparasites can significantly impact ecosystems in various ways, therefore it is important to increase our understanding about these cryptic and diverse organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank H Gleason
- School of Biological Sciences A12, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Osu Lilje
- School of Biological Sciences A12, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Agostina V Marano
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Micologia, Instituto de Botânica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Télesphore Sime-Ngando
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome and Environnement, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand II Aubière, France
| | | | - Martin Kirchmair
- Institute of Microbiology, Leopold Franzens University Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sigrid Neuhauser
- Institute of Microbiology, Leopold Franzens University Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria ; Microbial Diversity and Genomics, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum London, UK
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19
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Singh RP, Reddy CRK. Seaweed-microbial interactions: key functions of seaweed-associated bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 88:213-30. [PMID: 24512602 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Seaweed-associated bacteria play a crucial role in morphogenesis and growth of seaweeds (macroalgae) in direct and/or indirect ways. Bacterial communities belonging to the phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes are generally the most abundant on seaweed surfaces. Associated bacterial communities produce plant growth-promoting substances, quorum sensing signalling molecules, bioactive compounds and other effective molecules that are responsible for normal morphology, development and growth of seaweeds. Also, bioactive molecules of associated bacteria determine the presence of other bacterial strains on seaweeds and protect the host from harmful entities present in the pelagic realm. The ecological functions of cross-domain signalling between seaweeds and bacteria have been reported as liberation of carpospores in the red seaweeds and settlement of zoospores in the green seaweeds. In the present review, the role of extracellular polymeric substances in growth and settlement of seaweeds spores is also highlighted. To elucidate the functional roles of associated bacteria and the molecular mechanisms underlying reported ecological phenomena in seaweeds requires a combined ecological, microbiological and biochemical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Pal Singh
- Discipline of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India; Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
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20
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Savory AIM, Grenville-Briggs LJ, Wawra S, van West P, Davidson FA. Auto-aggregation in zoospores of Phytophthora infestans: the cooperative roles of bioconvection and chemotaxis. J R Soc Interface 2014; 11:20140017. [PMID: 24598206 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans is a highly destructive plant pathogen. It was the cause of the infamous Irish potato famine in the nineteenth century and remains to this day a significant global problem with associated costs estimated at $3 billion annually. Key to the success of this pathogen is the dispersal of free-swimming cells called zoospores. A poorly understood aspect of zoospore behaviour is auto-aggregation--the spontaneous formation of large-scale patterns in cell density. Current competing hypotheses suggest that these patterns are formed by one of two distinct mechanisms: chemotaxis and bioconvection. In this paper, we present mathematical and experimental results that together provide strong evidence that auto-aggregation can only result from a combination of these mechanisms, each having a distinct, time-separated role. A better understanding of the underlying infection mechanisms of P. infestans and potentially other Phytophthora species will in the longer term lead to advances in preventative treatment and thus potentially significant savings in socio-economic costs.
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Pelizza S, Scorsetti A, Tranchida M. The sublethal effects of the entomopathic fungus Leptolegnia chapmanii on some biological parameters of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti. J Insect Sci 2013; 13:22. [PMID: 23901823 PMCID: PMC3735114 DOI: 10.1673/031.013.2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) is the primary vector of dengue in the Americas. The use of chemical insecticides is recommended during outbreaks of dengue in order to reduce the number of adult mosquitoes; however, because Ae. aegypti is highly synanthropic, the use of insecticides in densely populated areas is a dangerous practice. Leptolegnia chapmanii Seymour (Straminipila: Peronosporomycetes) is an entomopathogenic microorganism that has demonstrated marked pathogenicity toward the larvae of a number of mosquito species, with little or no effect on non-target insects. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the sublethal effects of L. chapmanii on fecundity, number of gonotrophic cycles, fertility, and relationship between wing length and fecundity in Ae. aegypti females. Ae. aegypti females that survived infection with L. chapmanii laid fewer eggs, had a smaller number of gonotrophic cycles, had shorter wings, and were less fertile than controls. This is the first study on the sublethal effects experienced by specimens of Ae. aegypti that survived infection with zoospores of L. chapmanii. Although field studies should be carried out, the results obtained in this study are encouraging because the high and rapid larval mortality caused by L. chapmanii coupled with the reduction of reproductive capacity in Ae. aegypti females seem to cause a significant reduction in the number of adults in the mid and long term, thereby reducing the health risks associated with Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.A. Pelizza
- CEPAVE (Centro de Estudios Parasitólogicos y de Vectores) CCT-La Plata-CONICET-UNLP, La Plata (1900) Argentina
- Instituto de Botónica Carlos Spegazzini, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (1900), Argentina
| | - A.C. Scorsetti
- Instituto de Botónica Carlos Spegazzini, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (1900), Argentina
| | - M.C. Tranchida
- Instituto de Botónica Carlos Spegazzini, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (1900), Argentina
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Yamamura H, Ohnishi Y, Ishikawa J, Ichikawa N, Ikeda H, Sekine M, Harada T, Horinouchi S, Otoguro M, Tamura T, Suzuki KI, Hoshino Y, Arisawa A, Nakagawa Y, Fujita N, Hayakawa M. Complete genome sequence of the motile actinomycete Actinoplanes missouriensis 431(T) (= NBRC 102363(T)). Stand Genomic Sci 2012; 7:294-303. [PMID: 23407331 PMCID: PMC3569393 DOI: 10.4056/sigs.3196539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinoplanes missouriensis Couch 1963 is a well-characterized member of the genus Actinoplanes, which is of morphological interest because its members typically produce sporangia containing motile spores. The sporangiospores are motile by means of flagella and exhibit chemotactic properties. It is of further interest that members of Actinoplanes are prolific sources of novel antibiotics, enzymes, and other bioactive compounds. Here, we describe the features of A. missouriensis 431T, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 8,773,466 bp genome contains 8,125 protein-coding and 79 RNA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Yamamura
- Division of Applied Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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23
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Přibyl P, Eliáš M, Cepák V, Lukavský J, Kaštánek P. ZOOSPOROGENESIS, MORPHOLOGY, ULTRASTRUCTURE, PIGMENT COMPOSITION, AND PHYLOGENETIC POSITION OF TRACHYDISCUS MINUTUS (EUSTIGMATOPHYCEAE, HETEROKONTOPHYTA)(1). J Phycol 2012; 48:231-242. [PMID: 27009667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The traditional order Mischococcales (Xanthophyceae) is polyphyletic with some original members now classified in a separate class, Eustigmatophyceae. However, most mischococcalean species have not yet been studied in detail, raising the possibility that many of them still remain misplaced. We established an algal culture (strain CCALA 838) determined as one such species, Trachydiscus minutus (Bourr.) H. Ettl, and studied the morphology, ultrastructure, life cycle, pigment composition, and phylogeny using the 18S rRNA gene. We discovered a zoosporic part of the life cycle of this alga. Zoospore production was induced by darkness, suppressed by light, and was temperature dependent. The zoospores possessed one flagellum covered with mastigonemes and exhibited a basal swelling, but a stigma was missing. Ultrastructural investigations of vegetative cells revealed plastids lacking both a connection to the nuclear envelope and a girdle lamella. Moreover, we described biogenesis of oil bodies on the ultrastructural level. Photosynthetic pigments of T. minutus included as the major carotenoids violaxanthin and vaucheriaxanthin (ester); we detected no chl c. An 18S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analysis placed T. minutus in a clade with species of the genus Pseudostaurastrum and with Goniochloris sculpta Geitler, which form a sister branch to initially studied Eustigmatophyceae. In summary, our results are inconsistent with classifying T. minutus as a xanthophycean and indicate that it is a member of a novel deep lineage of the class Eustigmatophyceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Přibyl
- Algological Centre and Centre for Bioindication and Revitalisation, Institute of Botany, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dukelská 135, Třeboň CZ-379 82, Czech Republic Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague CZ-128 01, Czech Republic Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, Slezská Ostrava CZ-710 00, Czech RepublicAlgological Centre and Centre for Bioindication and Revitalisation, Institute of Botany, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dukelská 135, Třeboň CZ-379 82, Czech RepublicEcoFuel Laboratories Ltd., Sázavská 17, Prague CZ-120 00, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Eliáš
- Algological Centre and Centre for Bioindication and Revitalisation, Institute of Botany, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dukelská 135, Třeboň CZ-379 82, Czech Republic Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague CZ-128 01, Czech Republic Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, Slezská Ostrava CZ-710 00, Czech RepublicAlgological Centre and Centre for Bioindication and Revitalisation, Institute of Botany, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dukelská 135, Třeboň CZ-379 82, Czech RepublicEcoFuel Laboratories Ltd., Sázavská 17, Prague CZ-120 00, Czech Republic
| | - Vladislav Cepák
- Algological Centre and Centre for Bioindication and Revitalisation, Institute of Botany, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dukelská 135, Třeboň CZ-379 82, Czech Republic Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague CZ-128 01, Czech Republic Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, Slezská Ostrava CZ-710 00, Czech RepublicAlgological Centre and Centre for Bioindication and Revitalisation, Institute of Botany, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dukelská 135, Třeboň CZ-379 82, Czech RepublicEcoFuel Laboratories Ltd., Sázavská 17, Prague CZ-120 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Lukavský
- Algological Centre and Centre for Bioindication and Revitalisation, Institute of Botany, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dukelská 135, Třeboň CZ-379 82, Czech Republic Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague CZ-128 01, Czech Republic Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, Slezská Ostrava CZ-710 00, Czech RepublicAlgological Centre and Centre for Bioindication and Revitalisation, Institute of Botany, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dukelská 135, Třeboň CZ-379 82, Czech RepublicEcoFuel Laboratories Ltd., Sázavská 17, Prague CZ-120 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kaštánek
- Algological Centre and Centre for Bioindication and Revitalisation, Institute of Botany, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dukelská 135, Třeboň CZ-379 82, Czech Republic Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague CZ-128 01, Czech Republic Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, Slezská Ostrava CZ-710 00, Czech RepublicAlgological Centre and Centre for Bioindication and Revitalisation, Institute of Botany, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dukelská 135, Třeboň CZ-379 82, Czech RepublicEcoFuel Laboratories Ltd., Sázavská 17, Prague CZ-120 00, Czech Republic
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Curlango-Rivera G, Hawes MC. Root tips moving through soil: an intrinsic vulnerability. Plant Signal Behav 2011; 6:726-7. [PMID: 21455030 PMCID: PMC3172849 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.5.15107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Root elongation occurs by the generation of new cells from meristematic tissue within the apical 1-2 mm region of root tips. Therefore penetration of the soil environment is carried out by newly synthesized plant tissue, whose cells are inherently vulnerable to invasion by pathogens. This conundrum, on its face, would seem to reflect an intolerable risk to the successful establishment of root systems needed for plant life. Yet root tip regions housing the meristematic tissues repeatedly have been found to be free of microbial infection and colonization. Even when spore germination, chemotaxis, and/or growth of pathogens are stimulated by signals from the root tip, the underlying root tissue can escape invasion. Recent insights into the functions of root border cells, and the regulation of their production by transient exposure to external signals, may shed light on long-standing observations.
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25
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Abstract
Ecologically successful algae that colonize natural and artificial substrates in the marine environment have distinct strategies for opportunistic dispersal and settlement. The objective of this research was to visualize molecular architecture of zoospores from Enteromorpha (=Ulva) flexuosa (Wulfen) J. Agardh and Ulva fasciata Delile that coexist but alternate in dominance on an intertidal bench. Multiple fluorescent lectins were used to stabilize and probe for diverse zoospore glycoconjugates (GC) that could be involved in cell and substrate interactions. Results from epifluorescence microscopy showed distinct cellular and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) domains of GC relative to settlement morphologies. Glycoconjugates were similar for both species with (1) α-d mannose and/or glucose moieties localized on flagella, the anterior domes and anterior regions, the plasma membranes, and EPS; (2) α-fucose localized on flagella and anterior regions; (3) N or α,ß-N acetylglucosamine localized on flagella, the anterior regions, and EPS; and (4) varied N-acetylgalactosamine and/or galactose moieties localized on each domain for both species excluding the plasma membranes. Some differences in lectin binding were observed for each species at the flagella, the anterior domes, and the plasma membranes. Glycoconjugate distributions shifted with morphological changes that followed initial adhesion. TEM of E. flexuosa zoospore stages following carbohydrate-stabilizing fixations and gold-conjugated lectin probes resolved GC with α-d mannose and/or glucose, and/or N-acetylglucosamine at the plasma membrane, ER and diverse vesicles of the anterior pole, EPS, and discontinuous regions or knobs associated with flagellar surfaces. The distinct distribution and diversity of zoospore GC may be central to recognition and attachment on diverse substrata by these algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teena Shen Michael
- Department of Biology, Chaminade University of Honolulu, 3140 Waialae Ave, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96816, USA
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26
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Francia D, Demaria D, Calderini O, Ferraris L, Valentino D, Arcioni S, Tamietti G, Cardinale F. Do pathogen-specific defense mechanisms contribute to wound-induced resistance in tomato? Plant Signal Behav 2008; 3:340-1. [PMID: 19841665 PMCID: PMC2634277 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.5.5351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A network of shared intermediates/components and/or common molecular outputs in biotic and abiotic stress signaling has long been known, but the possibility of effective influence between differently triggered stresses (co-protection) is less studied. Recent observations show that wounding induces transient protection in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to four pathogens with a range of lifestyles, locally and systemically. The contribution of ethylene (ET) in basal but also in wound-induced resistance to each pathogen, although dispensable, is demonstrated to be positive (Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora capsici) or negative (Fusarium oxysporum, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato). Furthermore, the expression of several defense markers is influenced locally and/or systemically by wounding and ET, and might be part of that core of conserved molecular responses whereby an abiotic stress such as wounding imparts co-resistance to biotic stress. In this addendum, we speculate on some of the physiological responses to wounding that might contribute to the modulation of resistance in a more pathogen-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doriana Francia
- University of Turin; DiVaPRA—Plant Pathology; Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Daniele Demaria
- University of Turin; DiVaPRA—Plant Pathology; Grugliasco, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Ferraris
- University of Turin; DiVaPRA—Plant Pathology; Grugliasco, Italy
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