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Stewart J, Pavic A. Advances in enteropathogen control throughout the meat chicken production chain. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:2346-2407. [PMID: 37038302 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Enteropathogens, namely Salmonella and Campylobacter, are a concern in global public health and have been attributed in numerous risk assessments to a poultry source. During the last decade, a large body of research addressing this problem has been published. The literature reviewed contains review articles on certain aspects of poultry production chain; however, in the past decade there has not been a review on the entire chain-farm to fork-of poultry production. For this review, a pool of 514 articles were selected for relevance via a systematic screening process (from >7500 original search articles). These studies identified a diversity of management and intervention strategies for the elimination or reduction of enteropathogens in poultry production. Many studies were laboratory or limited field trials with implementation in true commercial operations being problematic. Entities considering using commercial antienteropathogen products and interventions are advised to perform an internal validation and fit-for-purpose trial as Salmonella and Campylobacter serovars and biovars may have regional diversity. Future research should focus on nonchemical application within the processing plant and how a combination of synergisticinterventions through the production chain may contribute to reducing the overall carcass burden of enteropathogens, coupled with increased consumer education on safe handling and cooking of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Stewart
- Birling Laboratories Pty Ltd, Bringelly, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony Pavic
- Birling Laboratories Pty Ltd, Bringelly, New South Wales, Australia
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2
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Dornelas KC, Mascarenhas NMH, Dos Santos da Rocha PA, Ton APS, do Amaral AG, Schneider RM, Dos Santos Lima de Brito AN, Furtado DA, do Nascimento JWB. Chicken bed reuse. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:39537-39545. [PMID: 36787074 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25850-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aviculture is a developed and important industry worldwide. However, it is an industry that produces solid waste such as bedding. As an attempt to reduce environmental impact and productive activity costs, beds are reused by several consecutive lots which can increase microorganism concentration and lead to unsanitary conditions. In this regard, it is essential to adopt a litter pre-treatment during the gap sanitary period between lots to avoid passing problems to the birds from the current flock to the subsequent flock and to guarantee the litter quality. Several factors must be considered to guarantee that there is minimal damage to chicken production. Therefore, this literature review aims to approach the main factors that affect the thermal comfort and chicken litter quality, as well as alternatives used as an alternative biological treatment to guarantee its reuse quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Carvalho Dornelas
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Road Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande, PB, 58429-900, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Avenue Alexandre Ferronato, 1200 - Res. Cidade Jardim, Sinop, MT, 78550-728, Brazil
| | - Nágela Maria Henrique Mascarenhas
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Road Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande, PB, 58429-900, Brazil.
| | - Priscila Almeida Dos Santos da Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Avenue Alexandre Ferronato, 1200 - Res. Cidade Jardim, Sinop, MT, 78550-728, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Silva Ton
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Avenue Alexandre Ferronato, 1200 - Res. Cidade Jardim, Sinop, MT, 78550-728, Brazil
| | - Adriana Garcia do Amaral
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Avenue Alexandre Ferronato, 1200 - Res. Cidade Jardim, Sinop, MT, 78550-728, Brazil
| | - Roselene Maria Schneider
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Avenue Alexandre Ferronato, 1200 - Res. Cidade Jardim, Sinop, MT, 78550-728, Brazil
| | - Alícia Nayana Dos Santos Lima de Brito
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Road Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande, PB, 58429-900, Brazil
| | - Dermeval Araújo Furtado
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Road Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande, PB, 58429-900, Brazil
| | - José Wallace Barbosa do Nascimento
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Road Aprígio Veloso, 882 - Universitário, Campina Grande, PB, 58429-900, Brazil
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Dias TS, Figueira AA, Costa GA, Machado SCA, da Cunha NC, Abreu DLC, Pereira VLA, de Aquino MHC. High frequency of non-susceptibility to ciprofloxacin in nontyphoid Salmonella recovered from Brazilian broiler chicken. Br Poult Sci 2023; 64:137-141. [PMID: 36129037 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2126931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
1. This study evaluated the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin and the presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) mechanisms in 97 nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. isolated from broilers and carcases from three different regions in Brazil. The presence of mutations in quinolone resistance determination regions (QRDRS) was investigated in the ciprofloxacin-resistant strain by DNA sequencing.2. Most of the Salmonella spp. (85.6%) had intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin and only one isolate was resistant. MIC breakpoints ranged from ≤0.03 to 1 µg/ml and 67.0% of the strains had a MIC of 0.25 µg/ml (n=65). Thirteen strains (13.4%) were susceptible to ciprofloxacin with MIC ≤0.06 µg/ml. The qnrB gene was detected in eight isolates with intermediate resistance and in two susceptible strains. The other PMQR genes, qnrA, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS, qnrVC, aac(6')-Ib, qepA, oqxAB and mutations in QRDR were not detected in any strain.3. There was a high frequency of ciprofloxacin intermediate resistant Salmonella from broiler and broiler carcases from Brazil. The presence of these strains in poultry and derived products poses a risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Dias
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Veterinary Hygiene and Processing Technology of Animal Products), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - A A Figueira
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Veterinary Hygiene and Processing Technology of Animal Products), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - G A Costa
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Veterinary Hygiene and Processing Technology of Animal Products), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - S C A Machado
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - N C da Cunha
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - D L C Abreu
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Veterinary Hygiene and Processing Technology of Animal Products), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - V L A Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Veterinary Hygiene and Processing Technology of Animal Products), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - M H C de Aquino
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (Veterinary Hygiene and Processing Technology of Animal Products), Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, Brazil
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Rosa C, Nascimento VP, Pizolotto W, Pasqualotto CV, Rodrigues LB, Daroit L, Pilotto F. Effect of Ammonia Gas in Poultry Litter Contaminated with Salmonella Heidelberg. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2022-1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Rosa
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - L Daroit
- University of Passo Fundo, Brazil
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Santos AFM, Machado SCA, Dias TS, Rodrigues DP, Pereira VLA. High Genetic Similarity Among Salmonella Heidelberg Isolated from Poultry Farms, Wild Animals, Beef, Poultry and Pork Meat, and Humans in Brazil. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2022-1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - TS Dias
- Federal Fluminense University, Brazil
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Lunge VR, De Carli S, Fonseca ASK, Ikuta N. Avian Reoviruses in Poultry Farms from Brazil. Avian Dis 2022; 66:459-464. [PMID: 36715480 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-99998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) is highly disseminated in commercial Brazilian poultry farms, causing arthritis/tenosynovitis, runting-stunting syndrome, and malabsorption syndrome in different meat- and egg-type birds (breeders, broilers, grillers, and layers). In Brazil, ARV infection was first described in broilers in the 1970s but was not considered an important poultry health problem for decades. A more concerning outcome of field infections has been observed in recent years, including condemnations at slaughterhouses because of the unsightly appearance of chicken body parts, mainly the legs. Analyses of the performance of poultry flocks have further evidenced economic losses to farms. Genetic and antigenic characterization of ARV field strains from Brazil demonstrated a high diversity of lineages circulating in the entire country, including four of the five main phylogenetic groups previously described (I, II, III, and V). It is still unclear if all of them are associated with different diseases affecting flocks' performance in Brazilian poultry. ARV infections have been controlled in Brazilian poultry farms by immunization of breeders and young chicks with classical commercial live vaccine strains (S1133, 1733, 2408, and 2177) used elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere. However, genetic and antigenic variations of the field isolates have prevented adequate protection against associated diseases, so killed autogenous vaccines are being produced from isolates obtained on specific farms. In conclusion, ARV field variants are continuously challenging poultry farming in Brazil. Epidemiological surveillance combined with molecular biological analyses from the field samples, as well as the development of vaccine strains directed toward the ARV circulating variants, are necessary to control this economically important poultry pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vagner R Lunge
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, .,Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Silvia De Carli
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Nilo Ikuta
- Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Marchioro T, Stefani LM, Zampar A, Strapazzon JV, Araújo DN, Boiago MM. The Use of A Compound Based on Phyllosilicates and Cinnamon Essential Oil for Chicken Broiler’s Litter. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2022-1652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - LM Stefani
- University of Santa Catarina State, Brazil; UDESC, Brazil
| | - A Zampar
- University of Santa Catarina State, Brazil; UDESC, Brazil
| | | | - DN Araújo
- University of Santa Catarina State, Brazil; UDESC, Brazil
| | - MM Boiago
- University of Santa Catarina State, Brazil; UDESC, Brazil
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8
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Mendonça BS, de Oliveira WR, Pereira RS, Santos LR, Rodrigues LB, Dickel EL, Daroit L, Pilotto F. Research Note: The use of ammonia gas for Salmonella control in poultry litters. Poult Sci 2020; 100:314-318. [PMID: 33357695 PMCID: PMC7772702 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A new poultry litter disinfection methodology against pathogenic Salmonella spp. serovars using gaseous ammonia is proposed in this study. In the laboratory, the poultry litter was disposed into plastic containers and experimentally contaminated with 3 Salmonella spp. serovars separately. Positive and negative control groups were tested. With a system of hoses, 1% gaseous ammonia was injected into the containers in cycles for 48 h. Samples of the poultry litter were collected and submitted to bacteriological analysis. For the second part, we selected a broiler poultry farm with positive litters for Salmonella heidelberg in 2 houses. The littler was treated by gaseous ammonia in a concentration of 2,411 ppm and wrapped with a plastic cover for 48 h during the sanitary break. After the treatment, a new broiler batch was housedand swab samples were collected in the 25-day-old. After the action of the gaseous compound, there was no reisolation of the serovars, and the batches housed on the ammonia-treated litter no longer showed positive results for Salmonella. The total elimination of the pathogenic microorganisms by the new method suggests that the controlled use of ammonia gas in poultry litter may represent a viable disinfection technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno S Mendonça
- Graduate Program in Bioexperimentation, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luciana R Santos
- Graduate Program in Bioexperimentation, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Laura B Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Bioexperimentation, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Elci L Dickel
- Graduate Program in Bioexperimentation, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Luciane Daroit
- University of Passo Fundo, Institute of Exact Sciences and Geosciences, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pilotto
- Graduate Program in Bioexperimentation, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil.
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Gerber PF, Gould N, McGahan E. Potential contaminants and hazards in alternative chicken bedding materials and proposed guidance levels: a review. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6664-6684. [PMID: 33248583 PMCID: PMC7705057 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bedding material or litter is an important requirement of meat chicken production which can influence bird welfare, health, and food safety. A substantial increase in demand and cost of chicken bedding has stimulated interest in alternative bedding sources worldwide. However, risks arising from the use of alternative bedding materials for raising meat chickens are currently unknown. Organic chemicals, elemental, and biological contaminants, as well as physical and management hazards need to be managed in litter to protect the health of chickens and consequently that of human consumers. This requires access to information on the transfer of contaminants from litter to food to inform risk profiles and assessments to guide litter risk management. In this review, contaminants and hazards of known and potential concern in alternative bedding are described and compared with existing standards for feed. The contaminants considered in this review include organic chemical contaminants (e.g., pesticides), elemental contaminants (e.g., arsenic, cadmium, and lead), biological contaminants (phytotoxins, mycotoxins, and microorganisms), physical hazards, and management hazards. Reference is made to scientific literature for acceptable levels of the above contaminants in chicken feed that can be used for guidance by those involved in selecting and using bedding materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla F Gerber
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Nic Gould
- Integrity Ag and Environment, New England Highway, Highfields, QLD 4352, Australia
| | - Eugene McGahan
- Integrity Ag and Environment, New England Highway, Highfields, QLD 4352, Australia
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10
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11
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Abd El-Hamid HS, Shafi ME, Albaqami NM, Ellakany HF, Abdelaziz NM, Abdelaziz MN, Abd El-Hack ME, Taha AE, Alanazi KM, Elbestawy AR. Sequence analysis and pathogenicity of Avian Orthoavulavirus 1 strains isolated from poultry flocks during 2015-2019. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:253. [PMID: 32698866 PMCID: PMC7374864 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Newcastle disease (ND) causes severe economic losses in poultry industry worldwide. Egyptian poultry industry suffered from severe economic losses since the isolation of Velogenic Newcastle disease virus (vNDV) genotype VIId in 2011 and up till now despite the use of different vaccination programs. So, this study aimed to isolate and characterize the vNDV from a total of 120 poultry flocks from ten provinces in the Egyptian Delta region with a history of respiratory manifestation, high mortalities or a decrease in egg production between 2015 and 2019. Seventy-three samples’ allantoic fluid (73/120, 60.8%) were positive for hemagglutination with chicken RBCs. These samples were submitted to molecular examination using qRT-PCR specific primers for AOAV-1, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI-H5), low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI-H9) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Results Fifty samples (50/120: 41.6%) were confirmed positive for AOAV-1, based on genetic analysis of matrix and fusion protein. The co-infection rate of other respiratory viral diseases examined was 1.6, 14.1, and 4.1%, for HPAI-H5, LPAI-H9, and IBV, respectively. Biologically, the intracerebral pathogenicity index of ten selected AOAV-1 isolates ranged from 1.70 to 1.98, which indicated the velogenic nature of these isolates. All the sixteen sequenced isolates were AOAV-1 genotype VII.1.1. The full F gene sequence of six examined AOAV-1 VII.1.1 isolates contained the seven neutralizing epitopes, and the glycosylation motif of six-potential sites for N linked glycosylation at residues 85, 191, 366, 447, 471, and 541. Conclusion It could be concluded that the high prevalence of AOAV-1 genotype VII.1.1 in the Egyptian chicken flocks despite the intensive vaccination with live and killed ND vaccines, as all the 16 isolates tested were belonged to this genotype. Homologous vaccination is badly needed to control and reduce the spread of AOAV-1 genotype VII.1.1infection in Egyptian poultry flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem S Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, El Beheira, 22511, Egypt
| | - Manal E Shafi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Zoology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najah M Albaqami
- Department of Biological Sciences, Zoology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany F Ellakany
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, El Beheira, 22511, Egypt.
| | - Naglaa M Abdelaziz
- Reference Laboratory for veterinary Quality control on Poultry production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, ARC, El Dokky, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed N Abdelaziz
- Reference Laboratory for veterinary Quality control on Poultry production (RLQP), Animal Health Research Institute, ARC, El Dokky, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Ayman E Taha
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Egypt
| | - Khalid M Alanazi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed R Elbestawy
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, El Beheira, 22511, Egypt
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Bucher MG, Zwirzitz B, Oladeinde A, Cook K, Plymel C, Zock G, Lakin S, Aggrey SE, Ritz C, Looft T, Lipp E, Agga GE, Abdo Z, Sistani KR. Reused poultry litter microbiome with competitive exclusion potential against Salmonella Heidelberg. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2020; 49:869-881. [PMID: 33016484 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The success of poultry litter reuse in U.S. poultry production can be attributed to the efficient treatment methods used by producers during downtimes (the time lapse between consecutive flocks, during which the broiler house is empty). During this period, reused litter may be decaked, tilled/windrowed, or treated with acid-based amendments to reduce ammonia and bacteria levels. Competitive exclusion, pH, and temperature are proposed factors that influence the level of pathogens and the overall litter microbiome during downtimes. We previously reported on the bacterial genetic factors associated with the fitness of two strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg (SH) incubated for 14 d in reused litter. Here, we investigated the physicochemical parameters and the microbiome of the litter correlating with SH abundance during this period. We used 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing to determine the litter microbiome and whole genome sequencing to characterize bacteria with competitive exclusion potential against SH. The β diversity of the litter microbiome was significantly affected by the duration of incubation, microcosm, and microcosm plus Heidelberg strain combinations. In addition, β diversity was significantly affected by litter parameters, including NH4 , pH, moisture, water activity, and aluminum. The major phyla observed in the reused litter throughout the 14-d incubation experiment were Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, although their abundance differed by microcosm and time. Amplicon-specific variants homologous to the members of the genera Nocardiopsis and Lentibacillus and the family Bacillaceae_2 were found to significantly correlate with the abundance of Salmonella. A consortium of Bacillus subtilis strains isolated from the litter microcosms reduced the growth of SH in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Zwirzitz
- Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Univ. of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, 1210, Austria
- Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation FFoQSI GmbH, Tulln, 3430, Austria
| | | | - Kimberly Cook
- USDA-ARS, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Caroline Plymel
- Environmental Health Sciences Dep., Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Gregory Zock
- USDA-ARS, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Steven Lakin
- Dep. of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Samuel E Aggrey
- Dep. of Poultry Science, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Casey Ritz
- Dep. of Poultry Science, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Torey Looft
- USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Erin Lipp
- Environmental Health Sciences Dep., Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Getahun E Agga
- USDA-ARS, Food Animal Environmental Systems Research, Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA
| | - Zaid Abdo
- Dep. of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Karamat R Sistani
- USDA-ARS, Food Animal Environmental Systems Research, Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA
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13
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Gehring VS, Santos ED, Mendonça BS, Santos LR, Rodrigues LB, Dickel EL, Daroit L, Pilotto F. Alphitobiusdiaperinus control and physicochemical study of poultry litters treated with quicklime and shallow fermentation. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2120-2124. [PMID: 32241497 PMCID: PMC7587788 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry litter reuse in Brazil is a common practice to reduce broiler production costs. Quicklime and shallow fermentation treatments are methods used to reduce microbial contamination and infestation of insects such as Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer). The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical parameters of reused poultry litter to better characterize the effects of quicklime and shallow fermentation on Salmonella and A. diaperinus control. Ammonia and humidity concentrations significantly increased on the litter treated with shallow fermentation and pH when treated with virgin and hydrated quicklime. For A. diaperinus control, shallow fermentation with 2 and 3 L of water and 3 L plus 600g of quicklime/m2 eliminated 100% of the insects. Results of assessed physicochemical parameters indicated that the treatments with quicklime and shallow fermentation are inefficient to control Salmonella spp. because they do not reach the indexes required for this pathogen elimination, mainly ammonia and pH. Ammonia index produced by microbial fermentation in shallow fermentation treatment eliminates A. diaperinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandreice S Gehring
- Post-Graduation Program in Bioexperimentation, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ezequiel D Santos
- Post-Graduation Program in Bioexperimentation, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bruno S Mendonça
- Post-Graduation Program in Bioexperimentation, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciana R Santos
- Post-Graduation Program in Bioexperimentation, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Laura B Rodrigues
- Post-Graduation Program in Bioexperimentation, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Elci L Dickel
- Post-Graduation Program in Bioexperimentation, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luciana Daroit
- University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pilotto
- Post-Graduation Program in Bioexperimentation, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Longitudinal study reveals persistent environmental Salmonella Heidelberg in Brazilian broiler farms. Vet Microbiol 2019; 233:118-123. [PMID: 31176397 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The vast capacity for maintenance and dissemination in the environment are major challenges for the control of Salmonella spp. in poultry farms. The aim of this study was to assess environmental contamination by non-typhoidal Salmonella in successive broiler flocks in nine commercial broiler farms integrated with three companies in the south of Brazil, for a twelve-month production period. Recycled broiler litter, feed and swabs from the evaporative cooling system pads were analyzed, and the total enterobacteria count in the litter samples was ascertained. Positive broiler houses were identified in two of the three broiler companies studied, in which non-typhoidal Salmonella were detected for the first time in the first or second flock, and recurred in the recycled litter of subsequent flocks. Feed and evaporative cooling pad swab samples were also positive in at least one of the assessed flocks. The majority of the isolates (87.5%) originating from different flocks, broiler houses and companies that were sampled were identified as S. Heidelberg, with the prevalence of one single genotype. The total enterobacteria levels in the litter diminished as the flocks progressed, but the presence of Salmonella spp. was constant over the course of time, indicating that the litter management procedures were not capable of interrupting the cycle of residual contamination. The predominance of S. Heidelberg highlights its emergence and dissemination in this region, as well as its resistance and maintenance in the environment, and reinforces the need to improve prevention and recycled litter management measures.
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Absalón AE, Cortés-Espinosa DV, Lucio E, Miller PJ, Afonso CL. Epidemiology, control, and prevention of Newcastle disease in endemic regions: Latin America. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:1033-1048. [PMID: 30877525 PMCID: PMC6520322 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) infects wild birds and poultry species worldwide, severely impacting the economics of the poultry industry. ND is especially problematic in Latin America (Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, and Peru) where it is either endemic or re-emerging. The disease is caused by infections with one of the different strains of virulent avian Newcastle disease virus (NDV), recently renamed Avian avulavirus 1. Here, we describe the molecular epidemiology of Latin American NDVs, current control and prevention methods, including vaccines and vaccination protocols, as well as future strategies for control of ND. Because the productive, cultural, economic, social, and ecological conditions that facilitate poultry endemicity in South America are similar to those in the developing world, most of the problems and control strategies described here are applicable to other continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Absalón
- Vaxbiotek, S.C. San Lorenzo 122-7, 72700, Cuautlancingo, Puebla, Mexico.
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIBA-Tlaxcala, Carr. Est. Santa Ines Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km. 1.5, 90700, Tepetitla, Tlaxcala, Mexico.
| | | | - E Lucio
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, PO Drawer 2497, Gainesville, GA, 30503-2497, USA
| | - P J Miller
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - C L Afonso
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Disease Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, USDA/ARS, Athens, GA, 30605, USA.
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Oladeinde A, Cook K, Orlek A, Zock G, Herrington K, Cox N, Plumblee Lawrence J, Hall C. Hotspot mutations and ColE1 plasmids contribute to the fitness of Salmonella Heidelberg in poultry litter. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202286. [PMID: 30169497 PMCID: PMC6118388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Heidelberg (S. Heidelberg) is a clinically-important serovar linked to food-borne illness, and commonly isolated from poultry. Investigations of a large, multistate outbreak in the USA in 2013 identified poultry litter (PL) as an important extra-intestinal environment that may have selected for specific S. Heidelberg strains. Poultry litter is a mixture of bedding materials and chicken excreta that contains chicken gastrointestinal (GI) bacteria, undigested feed, feathers, and other materials of chicken origin. In this study, we performed a series of controlled laboratory experiments which assessed the microevolution of two S. Heidelberg strains (SH-2813 and SH-116) in PL previously used to raise 3 flocks of broiler chickens. The strains are closely related at the chromosome level, differing from the reference genome by 109 and 89 single nucleotide polymorphisms/InDels, respectively. Whole genome sequencing was performed on 86 isolates recovered after 0, 1, 7 and 14 days of microevolution in PL. Only strains carrying an IncX1 (37kb), 2 ColE1 (4 and 6kb) and 1 ColpVC (2kb) plasmids survived more than 7 days in PL. Competition experiments showed that carriage of these plasmids was associated with increased fitness. This increased fitness was associated with an increased copy number of IncX1 and ColE1 plasmids. Further, all Col plasmid-bearing strains had hotspot mutations in 37 loci on the chromosome and in 3 loci on the IncX1 plasmid. Additionally, we observed a decrease in susceptibility to tobramycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, neomycin and fosfomycin for Col plasmid-bearing strains. Our study demonstrates how positive selection from poultry litter can change the evolutionary path of S. Heidelberg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelumola Oladeinde
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Cook
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Alex Orlek
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Greg Zock
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Kyler Herrington
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Nelson Cox
- Poultry Microbiological Safety and Processing Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Jodie Plumblee Lawrence
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Carolina Hall
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States of America
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