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Zhou W, Niu D, Gao S, Zhong Q, Liu C, Liao X, Cao X, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Shen H. Prevalence, biofilm formation, and mass spectrometric characterization of linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus capitis isolated from a tertiary hospital in China. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2023; 33:155-163. [PMID: 36724854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus capitis (LRSC) has become a new challenge for clinical anti-infective therapy. The present study aimed to investigate the trends of LRSC prevalence in a tertiary hospital of China 2017-2020. The resistance mechanisms, virulence genes, biofilm formation, and mass spectrometric characteristics of LRSC isolates were also analysed. METHODS This study retrospectively analysed the antibiotic resistance trends of coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from clinical samples collected between 2017-2020. Antimicrobial resistance profiles were tested by micro-broth dilution and the E-test method. Antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction, and dru-typing sequences were obtained by Sanger sequencing. Crystal violet staining in 96-well plates was used to detect biofilm formation ability. Mass spectrometric characterization of LRSC was analysed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) coupled with ClinProTools. RESULTS The linezolid resistance rate in 3575 CoNS clinical strains was 1.6%, wherein the great majority of was LRSC (91.1%, n = 51/56), with a resistant rate of 15.5% (n = 51/328) in all S. capitis isolates. In this study, 48 out of the 51 LRSC strains and 54 of 277 linezolid-susceptible S. capitis (LSSC) strains were enrolled. G2576T, C2104T, T2130A, C2163T, and T2319C mutations in the 23S rRNA V region and acquisition of cfr were the main linezolid resistant mechanisms in LRSC. The biofilm-forming ability of LRSC was more potent than LSSC, with a higher detection rate of bap (P < 0.05). Eleven mass spectrometric peaks of interest were identified by using MALDI-TOF MS and ClinProTools, which were differently distributed between LRSC and LSSC strains, with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of more than 0.8, especially for 5465.37 m/z. CONCLUSIONS Linezolid resistance was mediated by mutations in the 23S rRNA V region and presence of the cfr gene in LRSC strains. LRSC strains have stronger biofilm-forming ability than LSSC strains, which maybe associated with the adhesion-related gene of bap. Further, linezolid-resistant and linezolid-susceptible S. capitis could be rapidly identified with mass spectrometric characterization. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to document the biofilm formation ability of LRSC and the potential usefulness of MALDI-TOF MS for the discrimination of LRSC and LSSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongmei Niu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuo Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiao Zhong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gusu School, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiwei Liao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoli Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Naing SY, Duim B, Broens EM, Schweitzer V, Zomer A, van der Graaf-van Bloois L, van der Meer C, Stellingwerff L, Fluit AC, Wagenaar JA. Molecular Characterization and Clinical Relevance of Taxonomic Reassignment of Staphylococcus schleiferi Subspecies into Two Separate Species, Staphylococcus schleiferi and Staphylococcus coagulans. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0467022. [PMID: 36853031 PMCID: PMC10101015 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04670-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus schleiferi is an opportunistic pathogen in humans and dogs. Recent taxonomic reassignment of its subspecies (S. schleiferi subsp. schleiferi and S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans) into two separate species (S. schleiferi and S. coagulans) lacks supporting data for diagnostic implications and clinical relevance. We aimed to confirm the reclassification of S. schleiferi by using genomic and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) data for a large set of isolates from humans and animals to investigate their molecular epidemiology and clinical relevance. Routine MALDI-TOF analysis and Illumina sequencing were performed on 165 S. schleiferi isolates from the Netherlands. With 33 publicly available genomes, the study included 198 genomes from 149 dogs, 34 humans, and 15 other sources. The Type Strain Genome Server was used to identify species in the genomes, and the MALDI-TOF MS database was extended to improve species differentiation. MALDI-TOF did not discriminate between S. schleiferi and S. coagulans. Genome phylogeny distinguished the two species in two monophyletic clusters. S. schleiferi isolates originated from humans, while S. coagulans isolates were found in animals and three human isolates clustering with the animal isolates. The sialidase B gene (nanB) was a unique marker gene for S. schleiferi, whereas the chrA gene was exclusive for S. coagulans. The mecA gene was exclusively detected in S. coagulans, as were the lnu(A), blaZ, erm(B/C), tet(O/M), and aac(6')-aph(2'') genes. The MALDI-TOF database extension did not improve differentiation between the two species. Even though our whole-genome sequencing-based approach showed clear differentiation between these two species, it remains critical to identify S. schleiferi and S. coagulans correctly in routine diagnostics. IMPORTANCE This study clearly shows that S. schleiferi is a concern in human hospital settings, whereas S. coagulans predominantly causes infections in animals. S. coagulans is more resistant to antibiotics and can sometimes transmit to humans via exposure to infected dogs. Even though genome-based methods can clearly differentiate the two species, current diagnostic methods used routinely in clinical microbiology laboratories cannot distinguish the two bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soe Yu Naing
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Els M. Broens
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Valentijn Schweitzer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aldert Zomer
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Linda van der Graaf-van Bloois
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Coby van der Meer
- Certe Medical Microbiology Friesland and Noordoostpolder, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - Luutsen Stellingwerff
- Certe Medical Microbiology Friesland and Noordoostpolder, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - Ad C. Fluit
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap A. Wagenaar
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Foster G, Robb A, Paterson GK. Isolation and genome sequencing of Staphylococcus schleiferi subspecies coagulans from Antarctic and North Sea seals. Access Microbiol 2020; 2:acmi000162. [PMID: 33195976 PMCID: PMC7660238 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports on the commensal organism and opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus schleiferi have largely considered isolates from humans and companion dogs. Two subspecies are recognized: the coagulase-negative S. schleiferi ssp. schleiferi, typically seen in humans, and the coagulase-positive S. schleiferi ssp. coagulans, typically seen in dogs. In this study, we report the isolation, genome sequencing and comparative genomics of three S. schleiferi ssp. coagulans isolates from mouth samples from two species of healthy, free-living Antarctic seals, southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina) and Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella), in the South Orkney Islands, Antarctica, and three isolates from post-mortem samples from grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) in Scotland, UK. This is the first report of S. schleiferi ssp. coagulans isolation from Antarctic fur seal and grey seal. The Antarctic fur seal represents the first isolation of S. schleiferi ssp. coagulans from the family Otariidae, while the grey seal represents the first isolation from a pinniped in the Northern Hemisphere. We compare seal, dog and human isolates from both S. schleiferi subspecies in the first genome-based phylogenetic analysis of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Robb
- Scottish MRSA Reference Laboratory, Glasgow RG6 6BZ, UK
| | - Gavin K Paterson
- Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
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