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Xu X, Zhao W, Xiang Z, Wang C, Qi M, Zhang S, Geng Y, Zhao Y, Yang K, Zhang Y, Guo A, Chen Y. Prevalence, Molecular Characteristics and Virulence Identification of Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 in China. Viruses 2024; 16:402. [PMID: 38543767 PMCID: PMC10974836 DOI: 10.3390/v16030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV-3) is one of the major pathogens of the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC). BPIV-3 surveillance in China has been quite limited. In this study, we used PCR to test 302 cattle in China, and found that the positive rate was 4.64% and the herd-level positive rate was 13.16%. Six BPIV-3C strains were isolated and confirmed by electron microscopy, and their titers were determined. Three were sequenced by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Phylogenetic analyses showed that all isolates were most closely related to strain NX49 from Ningxia; the genetic diversity of genotype C strains was lower than strains of genotypes A and B; the HN, P, and N genes were more suitable for genotyping and evolutionary analyses of BPIV-3. Protein variation analyses showed that all isolates had mutations at amino acid sites in the proteins HN, M, F, and L. Genetic recombination analyses provided evidence for homologous recombination of BPIV-3 of bovine origin. The virulence experiment indicated that strain Hubei-03 had the highest pathogenicity and could be used as a vaccine candidate. These findings apply an important basis for the precise control of BPIV-3 in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (W.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.W.); (M.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wanyue Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (W.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.W.); (M.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhijie Xiang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (W.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.W.); (M.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (W.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.W.); (M.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mingpu Qi
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (W.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.W.); (M.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (W.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.W.); (M.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuanchen Geng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (W.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.W.); (M.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuhao Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (W.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.W.); (M.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kaihui Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (W.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.W.); (M.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (W.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.W.); (M.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (W.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.W.); (M.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.X.); (W.Z.); (Z.X.); (C.W.); (M.Q.); (S.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.Z.); (K.Y.); (Y.Z.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Zhang J, Zeng J, Yuan Z, Huang X, Wu J, Yu Q, Chen T, Den G, Zhu C, Zhang B. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant adenovirus containing the fusion protein of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 genotype C in mice. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106444. [PMID: 37951410 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3) is a viral respiratory pathogen of cattle that causes substantial economic losses. A replicating-defective recombinant human adenovirus type 5 (HAd5), carrying a fusion protein of BPIV3 genotype C (HAd5-F), was constructed and evaluated for its immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice. After intramuscular injection with the HAd5-F, the IgG titers against F proteins increased to 1:102,400, and virus-neutralizing titers increased to 1:256, significantly higher than those in the group injected with inactivated BPIV3C in mice (p<0.05). The splenic CD4+/CD8+T lymphocytes and IFN-γ+/IL-4+ cytokine percentages were more significant in the HAd5-F group than those in the control group. A BPIV3C challenge in a mouse model was used to assess protective efficacy of the HAd5-F. The viral loads in the lungs and tracheas of mice immunized with the HAd5-F were significantly lower than those in the control group (p<0.0001). There were no significant histopathological alterations in the lungs of mice vaccinated with the HAd5-F. These findings suggested that the HAd5-F elicited excellent immunity against BPIV3C infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zhang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiangyong Zeng
- Tibet Livestock Research Institute, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 850009, China
| | - Zhenjie Yuan
- Tibet Livestock Research Institute, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 850009, China
| | - Xiangyue Huang
- Animal Husbandry Science Institute of ABa Autonomous Prefecture, Hongyuan, China
| | - Jinbo Wu
- Animal Husbandry Science Institute of ABa Autonomous Prefecture, Hongyuan, China
| | - Qisheng Yu
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Taoyun Chen
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Gunan Den
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chenxi Zhu
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Divergent Viruses Discovered in Swine Alter the Understanding of Evolutionary History and Genetic Diversity of the Respirovirus Genus and Related Porcine Parainfluenza Viruses. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0024222. [PMID: 35647875 PMCID: PMC9241844 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00242-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviridae is a rapidly growing family of viruses, whose potential for cross-species transmission makes it difficult to predict the harm of newly emerging viruses to humans and animals. To better understand their diversity, evolutionary history, and co-evolution with their hosts, we analyzed a collection of porcine parainfluenza virus (PPIV) genomes to reconstruct the species classification basis and evolutionary history of the Respirovirus genus. We sequenced 17 complete genomes of porcine respirovirus 1 (also known as porcine parainfluenza virus 1; PPIV-1), thereby nearly tripling the number of currently available PPIV-1 genomes. We found that PPIV-1 was widely prevalent in China with two divergent lineages, PPIV-1a and PPIV-1b. We further provided evidence that a new species, porcine parainfluenza virus 2 (PPIV-2), had recently emerged in China. Our results pointed to a need for revising the current species demarcation criteria of the Respirovirus genus. In addition, we used PPIV-1 as an example to explore recombination and diversity of the Respirovirus genus. Interestingly, we only detected heterosubtypic recombination events between PPIV-1a and PPIV-1b with no intrasubtypic recombination events. The recombination hotspots highlighted a diverse geography-dependent genome structure of paramyxovirus infecting swine in China. Furthermore, we found no evidence of co-evolution between respirovirus and its host, indicating frequent cross-species transmission. In summary, our analyses showed that swine can be infected with a broad range of respiroviruses and recombination may serve as an important evolutionary mechanism for the Respirovirus genus’ greater diversity in genome structure than previously anticipated. IMPORTANCE Livestock have emerged as critically underrecognized sources of paramyxovirus diversity, including pigs serving as the source of Nipah virus (NiV) and swine parainfluenza virus type 3, and goats and bovines harboring highly divergent viral lineages. Here, we identified a new species of Respirovirus genus named PPIV-2 in swine and proposed to revise the species demarcation criteria of the Respirovirus genus. We found heterosubtypic recombination events and high genetic diversity in PPIV-1. Further, we showed that genetic recombination may have occurred in the Respirovirus genus which may be associated with host range expansion. The continued expansion of Respirovirus genus diversity in livestock with relatively high human contact rates requires enhanced surveillance and ongoing evaluation of emerging cross-species transmission threats.
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