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Caron Y, Bory S, Pluot M, Nheb M, Chan S, Prum SH, Lim SBH, Sim M, Sengdoeurn Y, Sovann L, Khieu V, Vallée I, Yera H. Human Outbreak of Trichinellosis Caused by Trichinella papuae Nematodes, Central Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:1759-1766. [PMID: 32687022 PMCID: PMC7392432 DOI: 10.3201/eid2608.191497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In September 2017, a severe trichinellosis outbreak occurred in Cambodia after persons consumed raw wild pig meat; 33 persons were infected and 8 died. We collected and analyzed the medical records for 25 patients. Clinical signs and symptoms included myalgia, facial or peripheral edema, asthenia, and fever. We observed increased levels of creatine phosphokinase and aspartate aminotransferase-, as well as eosinophilia. Histopathologic examination of muscle biopsy specimens showed nonencapsulated Trichinella larvae. A Trichinella excretory/secretory antigen ELISA identified Trichinella IgM and IgG. Biopsy samples were digested and larvae were isolated and counted. PCR for the 5S rDNA intergenic spacer region and a multiplex PCR, followed by sequencing identified the parasite as Trichinella papuae. This species was identified in Papua New Guinea during 1999 and in several outbreaks in humans in Thailand. Thus, we identified T. papuae nematodes in humans in Cambodia.
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Madani M, Ward L, Vierstraete A, De Boer SH, Moens M. The ribosomal intergenic spacer (IGS) in the potato and tobacco cyst nematodes, Globodera pallida, G. rostochiensis and G. tabacum. Mol Cell Probes 2019; 48:101441. [PMID: 31470078 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2019.101441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The potato cyst nematodes Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis (PCN), and tobacco cyst nematode (TCN), G. tabacum, are the most important parasitic nematodes of potato and tobacco worldwide. Ribosomal DNA provides useful molecular data for diagnostics, the study of polymorphisms and for evolutionary research in eukaryotic organisms including nematodes. Here we present data on the structure and organization of a rarely studied part of the intergenic spacer (IGS) region of the PCN and TCN genome of cyst nematodes. This region has shown potential for diagnostic purposes and population studies in other organisms including nematodes. In nematodes, the ribosomal RNA gene cluster comprises three genes: 5.8S, 18S and 28S rRNA, which are separated by spacer regions: the intergenic spacer (IGS), non-transcribed spacer (NTS), externally transcribed spacer (EST) and the internally transcribed spacer (ITS). The intergenic spacer (IGS) region consists of an external transcribed spacer (ETS) and a non-transcribed spacer (NTS) which is located between the 28S of one repeat and the 18S gene of the next repeat within the rRNA genes cluster. In this study, the first flanking portion of the IGS was amplified, cloned and sequenced from PCN and TCN. Primers were then designed to amplify the whole IGS sequence. PCR amplification of IGS from G. tabacum, G. pallida, and G. rostochiensis yielded respectively: a single amplicon of 3 kb, three amplicons sized 2.5, 2.6 and 2.9 kb, and two amplicons sized 2.8 and 2.9 kb. Results showed that Globodera spp. has more than one variant copy of the IGS, with both long and short repetitive DNA elements. An approximately 400 bp long region without any internal repetitive elements, were identified in a position between the two repetitive regions suggesting that there is a 5S gene in the IGS of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Madani
- Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 93 Mount Edward Road, Charlottetown Laboratory, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.
| | - Len Ward
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 93 Mount Edward Road, Charlottetown Laboratory, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Andy Vierstraete
- Biology Department, Gent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat, 35, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Solke H De Boer
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 93 Mount Edward Road, Charlottetown Laboratory, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Maurice Moens
- Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9280, Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium
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Mayer-Scholl A, Broglia A, Reckinger S, Nöckler K. Polymerase chain reaction – Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for the differentiation of Trichinella nativa and Trichinella britovi. Vet Parasitol 2014; 203:247-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Davidson RK, Mermer A, Øines Ø. Toxocara cati larva migrans in domestic pigs--detected at slaughterhouse control in Norway. Acta Vet Scand 2012; 54:66. [PMID: 23171732 PMCID: PMC3537544 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine Trichinella meat inspection at the slaughterhouse detected one larva in a pooled batch of 100 pig samples. The larva was sent to the Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI) for species identification. Morphological examination revealed that the larva was not Trichinella spp. Molecular analysis was performed. PCR and sequencing of 5S/ITS identified the larva as Toxocara cati. A second round of digests was carried out at the meat inspection laboratory, in smaller batches to try to identify the infected animal. No further larvae were detected and it was not possible to identify which of the 100 animals the larva had come from. This is the first time that Toxocara cati has been reported in slaughterhouse pigs in Norway. Although the infected individual could not be identified, the meat originated from one of six potential farms. A small survey regarding rodent control and cats was sent to each of these farms. Cats had restricted access to food storage areas (two farms reported that cats had access) whilst none of the farms allowed cats into the production housing. Cats were, however, present on all the farms (mostly stray cats of unknown health status). Half of the farms also reported seeing rodents in the pig housing during the previous six months and half reported finding rodents in the feed and straw storage areas. We were unable to narrow down the source of infection – however contamination of food or bedding material, with cat faeces or infected rodents, in addition to the presence of infected rodents in pig housing remain potential routes of infection.
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Franco Sandoval LO, Caballero García MDL, Hernández GR, Moreno García MA, Jiménez Cardoso E. Molecular similarities and differences between Trichinella spp., isolated from canine skeletal muscle in Zacatecas, Mexico. Exp Parasitol 2012; 131:148-52. [PMID: 22446011 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Four different isolates of Trichinella spp. (Z1, Z2, Z3, and Z4) obtained from the skeletal muscle of street dogs in the state of Zacatecas, Mexico were serial passaged in Wistar rats; infective larvae from the skeletal muscle of the rats were collected and frozen in liquid nitrogen. After centrifugation, DNA was extracted and the 5SRNAr and IsRNAr genes were amplified. The isolates were identified by the size of the amplified products from the 5SRNAr and IsRNAr genes (750 and 290 bp, respectively). The amplicons obtained by PCR were sequenced, aligned, and compared to the reference strain Trichinella spiralis MSUS/MEX/91//EM isolated from pigs. Based on our results, we determined that the Trichinella isolates from canine (Z1-Z4) belonged to the T. spiralis species and had 83% identity with the reference strain. The phylogenetic tree constructed from the sequences showed differences between the isolates from pig and dog. These genetic differences may be related to the immune response of the host or the pathogenicity of the isolates. Therefore, these findings have important epidemiological and public health implications.
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Wang ZQ, Li LZ, Jiang P, Liu LN, Cui J. Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of Trichinella isolates from different provinces in mainland China. Parasitol Res 2011; 110:753-7. [PMID: 21773771 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2549-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing are useful for species identification of Trichinella spp., especially when their morphological characteristics useful for identifying taxa are lacking. In the present study, nine Trichinella isolates from different provinces in mainland China were identified by the PCR-based method using the 5S ribosomal DNA intergene spacer region (5S ISR) and the mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal DNA genes as molecular markers. The results indicated that eight isolates originating from domestic pigs and one isolate originating from civet cat (Paguma larvata) showed identical DNA banding pattern to Trichinella spiralis. Sequence analysis of the 5S ISR gene further confirmed that the nine Trichinella isolates were T. spiralis and revealed the intraspecies genetic variation within T. spiralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Since 1977, >2000 research papers described attempts to detect, identify and/or quantify parasites, or disease organisms carried by ecto-parasites, using DNA-based tests and 148 reviews of the topic were published. Despite this, only a few DNA-based tests for parasitic diseases are routinely available, and most of these are optional tests used occasionally in disease diagnosis. Malaria, trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis and cryptosporidiosis diagnosis may be assisted by DNA-based testing in some countries, but there are very few cases where the detection of veterinary parasites is assisted by DNA-based tests. The diagnoses of some bacterial (e.g. lyme disease) and viral diseases (e.g. tick borne encephalitis) which are transmitted by ecto-parasites more commonly use DNA-based tests, and research developing tests for these species makes up almost 20% of the literature. Other important uses of DNA-based tests are for epidemiological and risk assessment, quality control for food and water, forensic diagnosis and in parasite biology research. Some DNA-based tests for water-borne parasites, including Cryptosporidium and Giardia, are used in routine checks of water treatment, but forensic and food-testing applications have not been adopted in routine practice. Biological research, including epidemiological research, makes the widest use of DNA-based diagnostics, delivering enhanced understanding of parasites and guidelines for managing parasitic diseases. Despite the limited uptake of DNA-based tests to date, there is little doubt that they offer great potential to not only detect, identify and quantify parasites, but also to provide further information important for the implementation of parasite control strategies. For example, variant sequences within species of parasites and other organisms can be differentiated by tests in a manner similar to genetic testing in medicine or livestock breeding. If an association between DNA sequence and phenotype has been demonstrated, then qualities such as drug resistance, strain divergence, virulence, and origin of isolates could be inferred by DNA-based tests. No such tests are in clinical or commercial use in parasitology and few tests are available for other organisms. Why have DNA-based tests not had a bigger impact in veterinary and human medicine? To explore this question, technological, biological, economic and sociological factors must be considered. Additionally, a realistic expectation of research progress is needed. DNA-based tests could enhance parasite management in many ways, but patience, persistence and dedication will be needed to achieve this goal.
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The first occurrence of Trichinella murrelli in wild boar in Iran and a review of Iranian trichinellosis. J Helminthol 2009; 83:399-402. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x09990319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTrichinella larvae isolated from the thigh muscle of a wild boar, Sus scrofa, captured from Gilan Province, northern Iran, was processed for DNA analysis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplification of the 5S rDNA fragment demonstrated a 700 bp band on agarose gel. Analysis of DNA sequencing by BLAST confirmed the isolate as T. murrelli. This report constitutes the first recorded occurrence of T. murrelli in Asia, and also the first occurrence in a wild boar host.
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Use of mitochondrial RNA genes for the differentiation of four Trichinella species by multiplex PCR amplification. J Helminthol 2009; 83:121-8. [PMID: 19389269 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x09359830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Until now, four species of the Trichinella genus have been identified in Europe: Trichinella spiralis, T. nativa, T. britovi and T. pseudospiralis. The aim of this work was to establish a sound polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method to differentiate these four species using mitochondrial rDNA as a reliable genetic marker and to evaluate the sensitivity of this method. Full-length DNA sequences coding for the small and large mitochondrial rRNA (mt-rrnS and mt-rrnL) of the four species are described. A multiplex PCR was designed and successfully tested on 24 European isolates. As few as one larva, or 100 pg of genomic DNA was detected, providing equivalent sensitivity to previously described PCR methods. The PCR-based method of mitochondrial rDNA amplification was thereby established as a sensitive and reproductive diagnostic method for the four European Trichinella species.
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Fu B, Liu M, Yao C, Li W, Li Y, Wang Y, Wu X, Zhang D, Cai X, Blaga R, Boireau P. Species identification of Trichinella isolates from China. Vet Parasitol 2009; 159:214-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Krivokapich SJ, Prous CLG, Gatti GM, Confalonieri V, Molina V, Matarasso H, Guarnera E. Molecular evidence for a novel encapsulated genotype of Trichinella from Patagonia, Argentina. Vet Parasitol 2008; 156:234-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Analysis of cytochrome c-oxidase (COI) gene of mitochondrial DNA from the Trichinella spp. in China. Parasitol Res 2008; 103:1355-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1141-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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