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Reichard MV, Sanders TL, Prentiss NL, Cotey SR, Koch RW, Fairbanks WS, Interisano M, La Rosa G, Pozio E. Detection of Trichinella murrelli and Trichinella pseudospiralis in bobcats (Lynx rufus) from Oklahoma. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2021; 25:100609. [PMID: 34474802 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Trichinella spp. infect wild carnivores throughout the world. We determined the prevalence and mean infection intensity of Trichinella spp. in bobcats (Lynx rufus) from 41 counties in Oklahoma (USA). Tongues from 306 bobcats were examined using artificial tissue digestion. The prevalence (95% confidence interval) of Trichinella spp. was 5.9% (3.7%-9.2%) in which 18 of the 301 bobcats were infected. Bobcats infected with Trichinella spp. were detected in 10 of the 41 (24.4%; 13.7%-39.5%) counties sampled. Although variable, a statistically significant difference was not detected in the prevalence of Trichinella spp. among counties where bobcats were collected. The mean (standard deviation) and median (range) infection intensity of Trichinella sp. larvae were 30.9 (39.8) and 9.6 (0.6-119.9) larvae per gram of tissue examined. Genotyping results demonstrated that 17 bobcats were infected with T. murrelliand one bobcat was infected with T. pseudospiralis. This is the first report of T. pseudospiralis in bobcats and in Oklahoma. These data suggest the bobcat, as an obligate carnivore, is likely an important host in maintaining T. murrelli sylvatic cycles in Oklahoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason V Reichard
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
| | - Tiana L Sanders
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Natasha L Prentiss
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Stacy R Cotey
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Tech University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Ryan W Koch
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - W Sue Fairbanks
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Division of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Maria Interisano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe La Rosa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pozio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Diaz JH, Warren RJ, Oster MJ. The Disease Ecology, Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Management of Trichinellosis Linked to Consumption of Wild Animal Meat. Wilderness Environ Med 2020; 31:235-244. [PMID: 32169338 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Historically, human trichinellosis was caused by Trichinella spiralis and transmitted to humans by consumption of undercooked domestic pork. Today, most cases of trichinellosis are caused by other Trichinella species and transmitted by consumption of raw or undercooked wild game meats. Given the increasing global prevalence of wild animal meat-linked trichinellosis, the objectives of this review are: 1) to describe the life cycle and global distribution of Trichinella worms; 2) to describe the changing epidemiology of trichinellosis; 3) to describe the clinical phases of trichinellosis; 4) to recommend the latest diagnostic tests; and 5) to recommend treatment and prevention strategies. Internet search engines were queried with keywords as subject headings to meet the objectives of this review. Although trichinellosis surveillance systems and laws regulating commercial pork production have limited T spiralis-caused trichinellosis in Europe and the United States, trichinellosis due to consumption of raw and undercooked wild boar and feral hog meat continues to occur throughout Southeast Asia. Trichinellosis due to consumption of raw or undercooked meats of other infected game, such as bear, deer, moose, and walrus, continues to occur worldwide. Only adherence to hygienic practices when preparing wild game meats and cooking wild game meats to recommended internal temperatures can prevent transmission of trichinellosis to humans. Wilderness medicine clinicians should be prepared to advise hunters and the public on the risks of game meat-linked trichinellosis and on how to diagnose and treat trichinellosis to prevent fatal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Diaz
- Program in Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (LSUHSC), New Orleans, LA.
| | - Rebecca J Warren
- Program in Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (LSUHSC), New Orleans, LA
| | - Marissa J Oster
- Program in Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (LSUHSC), New Orleans, LA; Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA
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Karadjian G, Heckmann A, Rosa GL, Pozio E, Boireau P, Vallée I. Molecular identification of Trichinella species by multiplex PCR: new insight for Trichinella murrelli. Parasite 2017; 24:52. [PMID: 29219110 PMCID: PMC5721686 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to identify Trichinella at the species level, the commonly used test is a multiplex PCR, allowing the discrimination of nine out of the twelve taxa described so far. This test is based on five primer pairs amplifying fragments of the large subunit rDNA. Each taxon produces one or two bands of different sizes, resulting in a specific band pattern. By multiplex PCR, Trichinella murrelli shows two bands of 127 bp and 316 bp. However, a third band of 256 bp can occur. This band can lead to misidentification, since it is similar to the 253 bp band displayed by Trichinella britovi. BLAST analysis confirmed that the 256 bp band is from T. murrelli. The aim of this short note is to inform analysts that T. murrelli larvae may display either two- or three-band patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Karadjian
- JRU BIPAR, ANSES, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, INRA, OIE Collaborating Centre for Foodborne Zoonotic Parasites, Laboratory for Animal Health,
14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie,
94701
Maisons-Alfort Cedex France
| | - Aurélie Heckmann
- JRU BIPAR, ANSES, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, INRA, OIE Collaborating Centre for Foodborne Zoonotic Parasites, Laboratory for Animal Health,
14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie,
94701
Maisons-Alfort Cedex France
| | - Giuseppe La Rosa
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità,
Viale Regina Elena 299,
00161
Rome Italy
| | - Edoardo Pozio
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità,
Viale Regina Elena 299,
00161
Rome Italy
| | - Pascal Boireau
- JRU BIPAR, ANSES, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, INRA, OIE Collaborating Centre for Foodborne Zoonotic Parasites, Laboratory for Animal Health,
14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie,
94701
Maisons-Alfort Cedex France
| | - Isabelle Vallée
- JRU BIPAR, ANSES, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, INRA, OIE Collaborating Centre for Foodborne Zoonotic Parasites, Laboratory for Animal Health,
14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie,
94701
Maisons-Alfort Cedex France
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Meat sources of infection for outbreaks of human trichinellosis. Food Microbiol 2017; 64:65-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gómez-Morales MA, Selmi M, Ludovisi A, Amati M, Fiorentino E, Breviglieri L, Poglayen G, Pozio E. Hunting dogs as sentinel animals for monitoring infections with Trichinella spp. in wildlife. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:154. [PMID: 26984402 PMCID: PMC4793736 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nematode parasites of the genus Trichinella are important foodborne pathogens transmitted by ingestion of striated muscles harbouring infective larvae. Wild carnivorous and omnivorous animals are the most important reservoirs of these parasites. Hunting activities play an important role in Trichinella spp. epidemiology. The aim of the present work was to assess if serological detection of anti-Trichinella IgG in hunting dogs can be a tool to indirectly monitor Trichinella spp. infections in wildlife. Methods An ELISA and a Western blot (Wb) were developed and validated. To validate the assays, serum samples were collected from 598 dogs considered to be Trichinella-free, 15 naturally infected dogs, and six experimentally infected foxes. Sera were tested by ELISA with Trichinella spiralis excretory/secretory antigens. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of ELISA were 100 % (95 % CI: 83.89–100 %) and 95.65 % (95 % CI: 93.69–97.14 %), respectively. Sera from Trichinella-infected dogs/foxes tested by Wb showed a three-band pattern ranging from 48 to 72 kDa. Since the prevalence of Toxocara canis is very high in dogs, the specificity of the ELISA and Wb was further assessed by testing sera for anti-T. canis IgG using T. canis excretory/secretory antigens. No cross-reactivity was observed. To evaluate the test’s reliability in the field, serum samples were collected from wild boar hunting dogs from Central Italy where Trichinella britovi was circulating among wildlife. Results Out of 384 hunting dog sera, 189 (49.2 %) tested positive by ELISA and of these, 56 (29.6 %) tested positive by Wb, showing an overall prevalence of 14.6 % (56/384) in the wild boar hunting dog population of the investigated area. The serological prevalence in hunting dogs was significantly (P < 0.001) associated with the hunting district’s altitude. This is in agreement with previous investigations, which had shown that the prevalence of T. britovi in wildlife was higher in mountainous areas than in lowland areas of Italy. Conclusion The results suggest that the circulation of Trichinella spp. among wildlife can be monitored by testing sera from hunting dogs, which could act as sentinel animals of Trichinella spp. circulation in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Selmi
- U.F. Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, ASL 2, Lucca, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ludovisi
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Amati
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fiorentino
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Breviglieri
- School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Poglayen
- School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Pozio
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Hall RL, Lindsay A, Hammond C, Montgomery SP, Wilkins PP, da Silva AJ, McAuliffe I, de Almeida M, Bishop H, Mathison B, Sun B, Largusa R, Jones JL. Outbreak of human trichinellosis in Northern California caused by Trichinella murrelli. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 87:297-302. [PMID: 22855761 PMCID: PMC3414567 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In October of 2008, an outbreak of trichinellosis occurred in northern California that sickened 30 of 38 attendees of an event at which meat from a black bear was served. Morphologic and molecular testing of muscle from the leftover portion of bear meat revealed that the bear was infected with Trichinella murrelli, a sylvatic species of Trichinella found in temperate North America. Clinical records revealed a high attack rate for this outbreak: 78% for persons consuming any bear meat and 100% for persons consuming raw or undercooked bear meat. To our knowledge, this report is the first published report of a human trichinellosis outbreak in the United States attributed to T. murrelli, and it is the second such outbreak reported worldwide.
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The first occurrence of Trichinella murrelli in wild boar in Iran and a review of Iranian trichinellosis. J Helminthol 2009; 83:399-402. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x09990319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTrichinella larvae isolated from the thigh muscle of a wild boar, Sus scrofa, captured from Gilan Province, northern Iran, was processed for DNA analysis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplification of the 5S rDNA fragment demonstrated a 700 bp band on agarose gel. Analysis of DNA sequencing by BLAST confirmed the isolate as T. murrelli. This report constitutes the first recorded occurrence of T. murrelli in Asia, and also the first occurrence in a wild boar host.
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