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First Molecular Identification of Trypanosomes and Absence of Babesia sp. DNA in Faeces of Non-Human Primates in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121490. [PMID: 36558823 PMCID: PMC9785249 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomes are a group of pathogens distributed in the continents of Africa, America, Asia and Europe, and they affect all vertebrates including the neotropical primate group. Information about the trypanosome's diversity, phylogeny, ecology and pathology in non-human primates (NHPs) from the neotropical region is scarce. The objective of the study was to identify Trypanosoma and Babesia molecularly in NHPs under the phylogenetic species concept. We extracted DNA from a total of 76 faecal samples collected between 2019 and 2021, from a total of 11 non-human primate species of which 46 are from captive NHPs and 30 are free-living NHPs in the Western Amazon region of Ecuador. We did not detect DNA of Babesia sp. by polymerase chain reaction test in any of the faecal samples. However, the nested-PCR-based method revealed Trypanosoma parasites by ITS gene amplification in two faecal samples; one for the species Leontocebus lagonotus (from the captive population) and a second one for Cebus albifrons (from the free-ranging population). Maximum parsimony and likelihood methods with the Kimura2+G+I model inferred the evolutionary history of the two records, which showed an evolutionary relationship with the genus Trypanosoma. Two sequences are monophyletic with Trypanosoma. However, the number of sequences available in GenBank for their species identification is limited. The two samples present different molecular identifications and evolutionary origins in the tree topology. We are most likely referring to two different species, and two different localities of infection. We suggest that health management protocols should be implemented to prevent the transmission of blood-borne pathogens such as Trypanosoma sp. among captive populations. In addition, these protocols also protect the personnel of wildlife rehabilitation centers working in close proximity to NHPs and vice versa.
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Hardgrove E, Zimmerman DM, von Fricken ME, Deem S. A scoping review of rodent-borne pathogen presence, exposure, and transmission at zoological institutions. Prev Vet Med 2021; 193:105345. [PMID: 34090722 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rodents are one of the major taxa most likely to carry zoonotic diseases, harboring more than 85 unique zoonotic pathogens. While the significance of rodents' capacity to carry and transmit disease has been characterized in urban settings, the zoo environment is particularly unique given the overlap of collection, free-living, and feeder rodents as well as non-rodent collection animals, staff, and visitors. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA This scoping review examines reports of rodent-borne pathogen detection or transmission in zoo settings extracted from the literature. Papers were included in the final analysis if there was evidence of presence or exposure to a pathogen in a rodent at a zoological institution. SOURCES OF EVIDENCE Publications were included from PubMed, CAB Abstracts and Biological Abstracts searched in August 2019. CHARTING METHODS Data extracted from publications on pathogen presence/exposure included publication identifiers, study identifiers, infectious agent identifiers, rodent identifiers, and non-rodent collection animal identifiers. Extraction from papers with evidence of disease transmission included number of rodents involved in transmission, non-rodent collection animal species and numbers, and job title of humans involved, diagnostic tests performed, and clinical outcomes. RESULTS Aggregate literature examined included 207 publications presenting evidence of pathogen presence and/or exposure in rodents across 43 countries in over 140 zoological institutions. A total of 143 infectious agent genera were identified, comprising 14 viral genera, 31 bacterial genera, 83 parasitic genera, and 15 fungal genera. Of these infectious agents, over 75 % were potentially zoonotic. The most common disease-causing agent genera identified were Leptospira, Toxoplasma, Salmonella, and Yersinia. Additional screening for evidence of pathogen transmission across species yielded 30 publications, indicating an area for future investigation to better inform surveillance and management priorities in order to reduce exposure, infection, and transmission. CONCLUSIONS Analyzing the breadth of rodent species and pathogens identified at zoos highlights the unique opportunity zoos have to be at the forefront of the early detection and identification of novel hosts and geographic ranges of rodent-borne pathogens with high impact on both endangered species and people. The overlap of these populations at zoos exemplifies the importance of considering One Health when prioritizing surveillance and risk mitigation of rodent reservoirs at zoos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hardgrove
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA.
| | - Dawn M Zimmerman
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 3001 Connecticut Ave NW, Washington, DC, 20008, USA; Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Michael E von Fricken
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA.
| | - Sharon Deem
- Institute for Conservation Medicine, Saint Louis Zoo, One Government Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Carrillo Bilbao GA, Navarro JC, Garigliany MM, Martin-Solano S, Minda E, Benítez-Ortiz W, Saegerman C. Molecular Identification of Plasmodium falciparum from Captive Non-Human Primates in the Western Amazon Ecuador. Pathogens 2021; 10:791. [PMID: 34206700 PMCID: PMC8308908 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Malaria is a disease caused by hemoparasites of the Plasmodium genus. Non-human primates (NHP) are hosts of Plasmodium sp. around the world. Several studies have demonstrated that Plasmodium sp. emerged from Africa. However, little information is currently available about Plasmodium falciparum in the neotropical NHP and even less in Ecuador. Indeed, the objective of our study was to identify by molecular phylogenetic analyses the Plasmodium species associated with NHP from the Western Amazon region of Ecuador, and to design a molecular taxonomy protocol to use in the NHP disease ecology. Methods: We extracted DNA from faecal samples (n = 26) from nine species of captive (n = 19) and free-ranging (n = 7) NHP, collected from 2011 to 2019 in the Western Amazon region of Ecuador. Results: Using a pan-Plasmodium PCR, we obtained one positive sample from an adult female Leontocebus lagonotus. A maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis showed that this sequence unequivocally clustered with Plasmodium falciparum. Conclusions: The identification of Plasmodium sp. in NHP of the Ecuadorian Amazon would be essential to identify their role as potential zoonotic reservoirs, and it is also important to identify their origin in wildlife and their transmission in captive NHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Alberto Carrillo Bilbao
- Instituto de Salud Pública y Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (G.A.C.B.); (S.M.-S.); (E.M.); (W.B.-O.)
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infections and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Juan-Carlos Navarro
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Emergentes, Ecoepidemiología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional SEK, Quito 170107, Ecuador;
| | - Mutien-Marie Garigliany
- Department of Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
- Department of Animal Pathology, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Sarah Martin-Solano
- Instituto de Salud Pública y Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (G.A.C.B.); (S.M.-S.); (E.M.); (W.B.-O.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Carrera Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas—ESPE, Sangolquí 171103, Ecuador
| | - Elizabeth Minda
- Instituto de Salud Pública y Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (G.A.C.B.); (S.M.-S.); (E.M.); (W.B.-O.)
| | - Washington Benítez-Ortiz
- Instituto de Salud Pública y Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (G.A.C.B.); (S.M.-S.); (E.M.); (W.B.-O.)
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infections and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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Ribeiro de Castro Duarte AM, Fernandes LN, Silva FS, Sicchi IL, Mucci LF, Curado I, Fernandes A, Medeiros-Sousa AR, Ceretti-Junior W, Marrelli MT, Evangelista E, Teixeira R, Summa JL, Nardi MS, Garnica MR, Loss AC, Buery JC, Cerutti Jr. C, Pacheco MA, Escalante AA, Mureb Sallum MA, Laporta GZ. Complexity of malaria transmission dynamics in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2021; 1:100032. [PMID: 35284897 PMCID: PMC8906072 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium vivax are protozoan parasites that can cause malaria in humans. They are genetically indistinguishable from, respectively, Plasmodium brasilianum and Plasmodium simium, i.e. parasites infecting New World non-human primates in South America. In the tropical rainforests of the Brazilian Atlantic coast, it has long been hypothesized that P. brasilianum and P. simium in platyrrhine primates originated from P. malariae and P. vivax in humans. A recent hypothesis proposed the inclusion of Plasmodium falciparum into the transmission dynamics between humans and non-human primates in the Brazilian Atlantic tropical rainforest. Herein, we assess the occurrence of human malaria in simians and sylvatic anophelines using field-collected samples in the Capivari-Monos Environmental Protection Area from 2015 to 2017. We first tested simian blood and anopheline samples. Two simian (Aloutta) blood samples (18%, n = 11) showed Plasmodium cytb DNA sequences, one for P. vivax and another for P. malariae. From a total of 9,416 anopheline females, we found 17 pools positive for Plasmodium species with a 18S qPCR assay. Only three showed P. cytb DNA sequence, one for P. vivax and the others for rodent malaria species (similar to Plasmodium chabaudi and Plasmodium berghei). Based on these results, we tested 25 rodent liver samples for the presence of Plasmodium and obtained P. falciparum cytb DNA sequence in a rodent (Oligoryzomys sp.) liver. The findings of this study indicate complex malaria transmission dynamics composed by parallel spillover-spillback of human malaria parasites, i.e. P. malariae, P. vivax, and P. falciparum, in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Human malaria parasites circulate in sylvatic cycles in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae identified in simian blood samples. Plasmodium falciparum detected in a rodent liver sample. Anopheline vectors found to carry human and rodent malaria parasites. Local vector ecology and biology are key to the spillover-spillback of human malaria parasites.
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Dos Santos LC, de Oliveira Guimarães L, Grazziotin AL, de Morais W, Cubas ZS, de Oliveira MJ, da Costa Vieira RF, Biondo AW, Kirchgatter K. First molecular screening of Plasmodium species in ungulates from Southern Brazil. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:536. [PMID: 30064496 PMCID: PMC6069856 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3638-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite malaria epidemiology has been extensively studied in primates, few studies were conducted in ungulates. After half a century without descriptions of Plasmodium spp. in deer since its first identification, recent research has rediscovered Plasmodium on ungulates in Africa, Asia, North America and South America, including Central Brazil. Here, a captive herd was evaluated in southern Brazil using light microscopy and PCR. DNA samples were tested for fragment amplification of two Plasmodium spp. genes: mitochondrial cytochrome b and small subunit ribosomal RNA. RESULTS All analyses were negative. However, the tests were performed on samples that were collected at a single time point, and parasitemia may fluctuate over the parasite's life cycle. Thus, the possibility of occult infection cannot be ruled out. Despite the negative results of all of the methods applied, it cannot be categorically stated that these animals are free from Plasmodium sp. infection. Further monitoring and/or multiple sequential sampling may improve the success rate of detecting parasites. Moreover, although this survey of Plasmodium represents the first molecular study on ungulate malaria parasites from Southern Brazil, further analysis of samples from different ungulate species is important for characterizing the epidemiology of Plasmodium of these mammals in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonilda Correia Dos Santos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.,Engineering and Exact Sciences Center, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Foz Do Iguaçu, PR, 85870-650, Brazil
| | - Lilian de Oliveira Guimarães
- Malaria Research Center, Superintendence for Endemic Disease Control, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura Grazziotin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Wanderlei de Morais
- Bela Vista Biological Sanctuary, Itaipu Binational Hydroelectric Power Plant, Foz Do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil
| | - Zalmir Silvino Cubas
- Bela Vista Biological Sanctuary, Itaipu Binational Hydroelectric Power Plant, Foz Do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcos José de Oliveira
- Bela Vista Biological Sanctuary, Itaipu Binational Hydroelectric Power Plant, Foz Do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Karin Kirchgatter
- Malaria Research Center, Superintendence for Endemic Disease Control, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Figueiredo MAP, Di Santi SM, Manrique WG, André MR, Machado RZ. Serological and molecular techniques applied for identification of Plasmodium spp. in blood samples from nonhuman primates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 27:363-376. [PMID: 30066720 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120180043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify Plasmodium spp. in blood samples from nonhuman primates (NHPs) in the state of Maranhão, using classical and alternative techniques for examination of human malaria. A total of 161 blood samples from NHPs were analyzed: 141 from captive animals at a Wildlife Screening Center (CETAS) and 20 from free-living animals in a private reserve. The techniques used were microscopy, rapid diagnostic test (RDT), Indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and molecular techniques (semi-nested PCR, quantitative real-time PCR and LAMP). Two serological methods (dot-ELISA and indirect ELISA) were also standardized with rhoptry protein-soluble antigen of P. falciparum and P. berghei. Trophozoite forms of Plasmodium sp. were identified on slides from five different animals. No samples were positive through RDT and LAMP. Four samples were seropositive for P. malariae through IFAT. The samples showed low reactivity to ELISA. Plasmodium sp. was detected in 34.16% (55/161) of the samples using qPCR based on the 18S rRNA gene. After sequencing, two samples showed 100% identityl to P. malariae, one showed 97% identity to Plasmodium sp. ZOOBH and one showed 99% identity to P. falciparum . PCR was shown to be the most sensitive technique for diagnosing Plasmodium in NHP samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Araguaia Pereira Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Animal, Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Rondônia - UNIR, Rolim de Moura, RO, Brasil
| | - Silvia Maria Di Santi
- Centro de Estudos da Malária, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias - SUCEN, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Departamento de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo - IMTSP, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Wilson Gómez Manrique
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Rondônia - UNIR, Rolim de Moura, RO, Brasil
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
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Influence of polymorphisms in toll-like receptors (TLRs) on malaria susceptibility in low-endemic area of the Atlantic Forest, São Paulo, Brazil. Acta Trop 2018; 182:309-316. [PMID: 29551393 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In low-endemic areas for malaria transmission, asymptomatic individuals play an important role as reservoirs for malarial infection. Understanding the dynamics of asymptomatic malaria is crucial for its efficient control in these regions. Genetic host factors such as Toll-like receptor (TLR) polymorphisms may play a role in the maintenance or elimination of infection. In this study, the effect of TLR polymorphisms on the susceptibility to malaria was investigated among individuals living in the Atlantic Forest of São Paulo, Southern Brazil. A hundred and ninety-five Brazilian individuals were enrolled and actively followed up for malaria for three years. Twenty-four polymorphisms in five toll-like receptor (TLR) genes were genotyped by RFLP, direct sequencing or fragment analysis. The genotypes were analyzed for the risk of malaria. Ongoing Plasmodium vivax or P. malariae infection, was identified by the positive results in PCR tests and previous P. vivax malaria, was assumed when antiplasmodial antibodies against PvMSP119 were detected by ELISA. An evaluation of genomic ancestry was conducted using biallelic ancestry informative markers and the results were used as correction in the statistical analysis. Nine SNPs and one microsatellite were found polymorphic and three variant alleles in TLR genes were associated to malaria susceptibility. The regression coefficient estimated for SNP TLR9.-1237.T/C indicated that the presence of at least one allele C increased, on average, 2.3 times the malaria odds, compared to individuals with no allele C in this SNP. However, for individuals with the same sex, age and household, the presence of at least one allele C in SNP TLR9.-1486.T/C reduced, on average, 1.9 times the malaria odds, compared to individuals with no allele C. Moreover, this allele C plus an S allele in TLR6.P249S in individuals with same sex, age and ancestry, reduced, on average, 4.4 times the malaria odds. Our findings indicate a significant association of TLR9.-1237.T/C gene polymorphism with malarial infection and contribute to a better knowledge of the role of TLRs in malaria susceptibility in an epidemiological setting different from other settings.
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Bueno MG, Catão-Dias JL, de Oliveira Laroque P, Arruda Vasconcellos S, Ferreira Neto JS, Gennari SM, Ferreira F, Laurenti MD, Umezawa ES, Kesper N, Kirchgatter K, Oliveira Guimarães L, Pavanato HJ, Valença-Montenegro MM. Infectious Diseases in Free-Ranging Blonde Capuchins, Sapajus flavius, in Brazil. INT J PRIMATOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-017-9994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Figueiredo MAP, Di Santi SM, Manrique WG, André MR, Machado RZ. Identification of Plasmodium spp. in Neotropical primates of Maranhense Amazon in Northeast Brazil. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182905. [PMID: 28796820 PMCID: PMC5552124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Brazilian Amazon region, malaria caused by Plasmodium malariae is considered to be a zoonosis because of cross-transfer of the parasite between humans and Neotropical primates. To contribute information on this issue, we investigated occurrences of natural infection with Plasmodium sp. among Neotropical primates in the Maranhense Amazon (Amazon region of the state of Maranhão), in the northeastern region of Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 161 Neotropical primates of six species that were caught in an environmental reserve (Sítio Aguahy) and from captive primates (CETAS-Wildlife Screening Center, municipality of São Luís), in Maranhão. Plasmodium sp. was diagnosed based on light microscopy, PCR, qPCR and LAMP for amplification of the 18S rRNA gene. Serum samples were also assayed by means of indirect immunofluorescence for IgG antibodies against P. malariae/P. brasilianum, P. falciparum and P. berghei. Parasites were detected through light microscopy on five slides from captive primates (four Sapajus spp. and one Callithrix jacchus). In the molecular tests, 34.16% (55/161) and 29.81% (48/161) of the animals sampled were positive in the qPCR and PCR assays, respectively. In the PCR, 47/48 animals were positive for P. malariae/P. brasilianum; of these, eight were free-living primates and 39 from CETAS, São Luís. One sample showed a band in the genus-specific reaction, but not in the second PCR reaction. Anti-P. malariae/P. brasilianum IgG antibodies were detected in four serum samples from Sapajus spp. in captivity. In this study, circulation of P. malariae/P. brasilianum in Neotropical primates was confirmed, with low levels of parasitemia and low levels of antibodies. The importance of these animals as reservoirs of human malaria in the region studied is still unknown. This scenario has an impact on control and elimination of malaria in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Araguaia Pereira Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV), UNESP, Jaboticabal Campus, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Maria Di Santi
- Center for Malaria Studies, Superintendency for Endemic Disease Control (SUCEN), Department of Health of the State of São Paulo/ Institute of Tropical Medicine of Sao Paulo (IMTSP), USP, Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilson Gómez Manrique
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Brazil University, Descalvado Campus, Descalvado, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV), UNESP, Jaboticabal Campus, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV), UNESP, Jaboticabal Campus, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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Figueiredo MAP, Di Santi SM, Manrique WG, Gonçalves LR, André MR, Machado RZ. Molecular identification of Plasmodium spp. and blood meal sources of anophelines in environmental reserves on São Luís Island, state of Maranhão, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:203. [PMID: 28441969 PMCID: PMC5405462 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering the diversity of feeding habits that females of some species of anophelines present, it is important to understand which vertebrates are part of blood food sources and how important is the role of each in the ecoepidemiology of malaria. There are many vector species for Plasmodium spp. in the State of Maranhão, Brazil. In São Luís Island, Anopheles aquasalis is the main vector for human malaria; this species is abundant in areas with primates that are positive for Plasmodium. Anopheles aquasalis has natural exophilic and zoophilic feeding behavior, but in cases of high density and absence of animals, presents quite varied behavior, and feeds on human blood. In this context, the objective of the present study was to identify Plasmodium spp. and the blood meal sources of anophelines in two environmental reserves on São Luís Island, state of Maranhão, using molecular methods. METHODS Between June and July 2013, female anophelines were collected in the Sítio Aguahy Private Reserve, in the municipality of São José de Ribamar, and in the Sítio Mangalho Reserve, located within the Maracanã Environmental Protection Area, in the municipality of São Luís. CDC-type light traps, Shannon traps and protected human bait were used during three consecutive hours in peridomestic and wooded areas. Pools of anophelines were formed using mosquitoes of the same species that had been caught at the same site on the same date. A genus-specific amplification protocol based on the 18S rRNA gene was used for qPCR and cPCR. RESULTS A total of 416 anophelines were collected, of the following species: An. aquasalis (399), An. mediopunctatus (3), An. shannoni (1), An. nuneztovari (sensu lato) (1), An. goeldii (1), An. evansae (2) and An. (Nyssorhynchus) sp. (9), comprising 54 pools. Two pools were positive for Plasmodium (2/54) based on the 18S rRNA gene. In the phylogenetic analysis using the maximum likelihood method, based on a 240 bp fragment of the 18S rRNA gene, it was found that the sequences of Plasmodium sp. amplified from pools of An. aquasalis (pool 2) and An. nuneztovari (s.l.) (pool 10) were phylogenetically related to a clade of P. falciparum isolates from India, and to a clade of Plasmodium sp. isolates from psittacines in Brazil, respectively. Cat, dog and human DNA were identified in the blood meals of the anophelines sampled. CONCLUSION The species An. aquasalis was the most abundant anopheline species in São Luís Island. Plasmodium spp. DNA was detected, thus confirming the importance of this species as the main vector on São Luís Island, Brazil. In addition, the presence of An. nuneztovari (s.l.) with DNA positive for Plasmodium spp. confirms its importance as a secondary vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Araguaia Pereira Figueiredo
- Immunoparasitology Laboratory, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Jaboticabal Campus, Jaboticabal, SP Brazil
| | - Silvia Maria Di Santi
- Center for Malaria Studies, Superintendence of Control of Endemic Diseases, State Secretariat of Health of São Paulo/Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo (IMT-SP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Wilson Gómez Manrique
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, Brazil University, Descalvado Campus, Descalvado, SP Brazil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Gonçalves
- Immunoparasitology Laboratory, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Jaboticabal Campus, Jaboticabal, SP Brazil
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Immunoparasitology Laboratory, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Jaboticabal Campus, Jaboticabal, SP Brazil
| | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Immunoparasitology Laboratory, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Jaboticabal Campus, Jaboticabal, SP Brazil
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Aitken EH, Bueno MG, Dos Santos Ortolan L, Alvaréz JM, Pissinatti A, Kierulff MCM, Catão-Dias JL, Epiphanio S. Survey of Plasmodium in the golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) living in urban Atlantic forest in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Malar J 2016; 15:93. [PMID: 26883507 PMCID: PMC4756513 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Communicating the presence of potential zoonotic pathogens such as Plasmodium spp. in wild animals is important for developing both animal and human health policies. Methods The translocation of an exotic and invasive population of Leontopithecus chrysomelas (golden-headed lion tamarins) required the screening of these animals for specific pathogens. This studies objective was to investigate Plasmodium spp. infection in the L. chrysomelas, both to know its prevalence in these animals in the local area and to minimize the risk of pathogens being translocated to the destination site. To investigate Plasmodium spp. infection, blood samples from 268 animals were assessed for the presence of Plasmodium spp. by genus-specific PCR and stained thick and thin blood smears were examined by light microscopy. Data of human malaria infection in the studied region was also assembled from SINAN (Diseases Information System Notification—Ministry of Health of Brazil). Results Results from the PCR and microscopy were all negative and suggested that no L. chrysomelas was infected with Plasmodium spp. Analysis of SINAN data showed that malaria transmission is present among the human population in the studied region. Conclusions This study is the first to provide information on Plasmodium spp. infection in L. chrysomelas.Plasmodium spp. infection of this species is rare or absent though malaria parasites circulate in the region. In addition, there is minimal risk of translocating Plasmodium spp. infected animals to the destination site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Helen Aitken
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Department of Medicine, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Marina Galvão Bueno
- Instituto Pri-Matas para Conservação da Biodiversidade (Pri-Matas), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá (IDSM/MCTI), Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil. .,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Programa Institucional Biodiversidade & Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Luana Dos Santos Ortolan
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - José M Alvaréz
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Maria Cecília Martins Kierulff
- Instituto Pri-Matas para Conservação da Biodiversidade (Pri-Matas), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Centro Universitário Norte do Espírito Santo, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, São Mateus, Brazil.
| | - José Luiz Catão-Dias
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sabrina Epiphanio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Butantã, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
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12
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Guimarães LO, Wunderlich G, Alves JMP, Bueno MG, Röhe F, Catão-Dias JL, Neves A, Malafronte RS, Curado I, Domingues W, Kirchgatter K. Merozoite surface protein-1 genetic diversity in Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium brasilianum from Brazil. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:529. [PMID: 26572971 PMCID: PMC4647813 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) gene encodes the major surface antigen of invasive forms of the Plasmodium erythrocytic stages and is considered a candidate vaccine antigen against malaria. Due to its polymorphisms, MSP1 is also useful for strain discrimination and consists of a good genetic marker. Sequence diversity in MSP1 has been analyzed in field isolates of three human parasites: P. falciparum, P. vivax, and P. ovale. However, the extent of variation in another human parasite, P. malariae, remains unknown. This parasite shows widespread, uneven distribution in tropical and subtropical regions throughout South America, Asia, and Africa. Interestingly, it is genetically indistinguishable from P. brasilianum, a parasite known to infect New World monkeys in Central and South America. Methods Specific fragments (1 to 5) covering 60 % of the MSP1 gene (mainly the putatively polymorphic regions), were amplified by PCR in isolates of P. malariae and P. brasilianum from different geographic origin and hosts. Sequencing of the PCR-amplified products or cloned PCR fragments was performed and the sequences were used to construct a phylogenetic tree by the maximum likelihood method. Data were computed to give insights into the evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships of these parasites. Results Except for fragment 4, sequences from all other fragments consisted of unpublished sequences. The most polymorphic gene region was fragment 2, and in samples where this region lacks polymorphism, all other regions are also identical. The low variability of the P. malariae msp1 sequences of these isolates and the identification of the same haplotype in those collected many years apart at different locations is compatible with a low transmission rate. We also found greater diversity among P. brasilianum isolates compared with P. malariae ones. Lastly, the sequences were segregated according to their geographic origins and hosts, showing a strong genetic and geographic structure. Conclusions Our data show that there is a low level of sequence diversity and a possible absence of allelic dimorphism of MSP1 in these parasites as opposed to other Plasmodium species. P. brasilianum strains apparently show greater divergence in comparison to P. malariae, thus P. malariae could derive from P. brasilianum, as it has been proposed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1238-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian O Guimarães
- Núcleo de Estudos em Malária, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias/Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil.
| | - Gerhard Wunderlich
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - João M P Alves
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Marina G Bueno
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil.
| | - Fabio Röhe
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22461-000, Brazil.
| | - José L Catão-Dias
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Neves
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil.
| | - Rosely S Malafronte
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil. .,Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Izilda Curado
- Laboratório de Imunoepidemiologia, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, São Paulo, SP, 01027-000, Brazil.
| | - Wilson Domingues
- Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil.
| | - Karin Kirchgatter
- Núcleo de Estudos em Malária, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias/Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil.
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Malaria in Pregnancy Interacts with and Alters the Angiogenic Profiles of the Placenta. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003824. [PMID: 26090803 PMCID: PMC4475015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria in pregnancy remains a substantial public health problem in malaria-endemic areas with detrimental outcomes for both the mother and the foetus. The placental changes that lead to some of these detrimental outcomes have been studied, but the mechanisms that lead to these changes are still not fully elucidated. There is some indication that imbalances in cytokine cascades, complement activation and angiogenic dysregulation might be involved in the placental changes observed. Nevertheless, the majority of studies on malaria in pregnancy (MiP) have come from areas where malaria transmission is high and usually restricted to Plasmodium falciparum, the most pathogenic of the malaria parasite species. We conducted a cross-sectional study in Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre state, Brazil, an area of low transmission and where both P. vivax and P. falciparum circulate. We collected peripheral and placental blood and placental biopsies, at delivery from 137 primigravid women and measured levels of the angiogenic factors angiopoietin (Ang)-1, Ang-2, their receptor Tie-2, and several cytokines and chemokines. We measured 4 placental parameters (placental weight, syncytial knots, placental barrier thickness and mononuclear cells) and associated these with the levels of angiogenic factors and cytokines. In this study, MiP was not associated with severe outcomes. An increased ratio of peripheral Tie-2:Ang-1 was associated with the occurrence of MiP. Both Ang-1 and Ang-2 had similar magnitudes but inverse associations with placental barrier thickness. Malaria in pregnancy is an effect modifier of the association between Ang-1 and placental barrier thickness.
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Bueno MG, Rohe F, Kirchgatter K, Di Santi SMF, Guimarães LO, Witte CL, Costa-Nascimento MJ, Toniolo CRC, Catão-Dias JL. Survey of Plasmodium spp. in free-ranging neotropical primates from the Brazilian Amazon region impacted by anthropogenic actions. ECOHEALTH 2013; 10:48-53. [PMID: 23404035 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-012-0809-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated Plasmodium spp. infection in free-ranging neotropical primates from Brazilian Amazon regions under the impact of major anthropogenic actions. Blood samples from 19 new world primates were collected and analyzed with microscopic and molecular procedures. The prevalence of Plasmodium infection was 21.0% (4/19) and PCR positive samples were identified as P. brasilianum. Considering the social-economic changes that the Amazon is facing, the prevalence of P. brasilianum infection highlights the necessity to closely monitor the movement of both human and non-human primate populations, in order to mitigate pathogen exposure and the introduction of new agents into previously naïve areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina G Bueno
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508 270, Brazil.
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Guimarães LO, Bajay MM, Wunderlich G, Bueno MG, Röhe F, Catão-Dias JL, Neves A, Malafronte RS, Curado I, Kirchgatter K. The genetic diversity of Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium brasilianum from human, simian and mosquito hosts in Brazil. Acta Trop 2012; 124:27-32. [PMID: 22705349 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium malariae is a protozoan parasite that causes malaria in humans and is genetically indistinguishable from Plasmodium brasilianum, a parasite infecting New World monkeys in Central and South America. P. malariae has a wide and patchy global distribution in tropical and subtropical regions, being found in South America, Asia, and Africa. However, little is known regarding the genetics of these parasites and the similarity between them could be because until now there are only a very few genomic sequences available from simian Plasmodium species. This study presents the first molecular epidemiological data for P. malariae and P. brasilianum from Brazil obtained from different hosts and uses them to explore the genetic diversity in relation to geographical origin and hosts. By using microsatellite genotyping, we discovered that of the 14 human samples obtained from areas of the Atlantic forest, 5 different multilocus genotypes were recorded, while in a sample from an infected mosquito from the same region a different haplotype was found. We also analyzed the longitudinal change of circulating plasmodial genetic profile in two untreated non-symptomatic patients during a 12-months interval. The circulating genotypes in the two samples from the same patient presented nearly identical multilocus haplotypes (differing by a single locus). The more frequent haplotype persisted for almost 3 years in the human population. The allele Pm09-299 described previously as a genetic marker for South American P. malariae was not found in our samples. Of the 3 non-human primate samples from the Amazon Region, 3 different multilocus genotypes were recorded indicating a greater diversity among isolates of P. brasilianum compared to P. malariae and thus, P. malariae might in fact derive from P. brasilianum as has been proposed in recent studies. Taken together, our data show that based on the microsatellite data there is a relatively restricted polymorphism of P. malariae parasites as opposed to other geographic locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O Guimarães
- Núcleo de Estudos em Malária, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias/Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Bueno MG, Lopez RPG, de Menezes RMT, Costa-Nascimento MDJ, Lima GFMDC, Araújo RADS, Guida FJV, Kirchgatter K. Identification of Plasmodium relictum causing mortality in penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) from São Paulo Zoo, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2010; 173:123-7. [PMID: 20638795 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study reports avian malaria caused by Plasmodium relictum in Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) from São Paulo Zoo. The disease was highly infective among the birds and was clinically characterized by its acute course and high mortality. The penguins of São Paulo Zoo were housed for at least 2 years without malaria; however, they had always been maintained in an enclosure protected from mosquito exposure during the night period. When they presented pododermatitis, they were freed at night for a short period. São Paulo Zoo is located in one of the last forest remnants of the city, an area of original Atlantic forest. In the winter, the space destined for Zoo birds is shared with migratory species. Hence the possibility exists that the disease was transmitted to the penguins by mosquitoes that had previously bitten infected wild birds. Avian malaria parasites are transmitted mainly by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Culex, common vectors in the Atlantic forest. In this study, one Culex (Cux.) sp. was found, infected with P. relictum. There are diverse problems in housing distinct species of animals in captivity, principally when occupying the same enclosure, since it facilitates the transmission of diseases with indirect cycles, as is the case of Plasmodium spp., because certain species that cause discrete infections in some bird species can become a serious danger for others, especially penguins, which do not possess natural resistance. Thus, serious implications exist for periodically testing and administrating malaria therapy in captive penguins potentially exposed to mosquitoes during the night period, as well as other captive birds from São Paulo Zoo.
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