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Unterköfler MS, Dengg P, Niederbacher M, Lindorfer S, Eberle A, Huck A, Staufer K, Zittra C, Wortha LN, Hodžić A, Duscher GG, Harl J, Schlüsslmayr G, Bezerra-Santos MA, Otranto D, Silbermayr K, Fuehrer HP. Occurrence of Thelazia callipaeda and its vector Phortica variegata in Austria and South Tyrol, Italy, and a global comparison by phylogenetic network analysis. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:294. [PMID: 37620902 PMCID: PMC10464191 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05913-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic nematode Thelazia callipaeda infects the eyes of domestic and wild animals and uses canids as primary hosts. It was originally described in Asia, but in the last 20 years it has been reported in many European countries, where it is mainly transmitted by the drosophilid fruit fly Phortica variegata. We report the autochthonous occurrence of T. callipaeda and its vector P. variegata in Austria. Nematodes were collected from clinical cases and fruit flies were caught using traps, netting, and from the conjunctival sac of one dog. Fruit flies and nematodes were morphologically identified and a section of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) was analysed. A DNA haplotype network was calculated to visualize the relation of the obtained COI sequences to published sequences. Additionally, Phortica spp. were screened for the presence of DNA of T. callipaeda by polymerase chain reaction. Thelazia callipaeda and P. variegata were identified in Burgenland, Lower Austria, and Styria. Thelazia callipaeda was also documented in Vienna and P. variegata in Upper Austria and South Tyrol, Italy. All T. callipaeda corresponded to haplotype 1. Twenty-two different haplotypes of P. variegata were identified in the fruit flies. One sequence was distinctly different from those of Phortica variegata and was more closely related to those of Phortica chi and Phortica okadai. Thelazia callipaeda could not be detected in any of the Phortica specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Dengg
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miriam Niederbacher
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Lindorfer
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonia Eberle
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Huck
- Small Animal Practice Dr. Alexandra Huck, Güttenbach, Austria
| | - Katalina Staufer
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carina Zittra
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Licha Natalia Wortha
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adnan Hodžić
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Gerhard Duscher
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Harl
- Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | | | - Hans-Peter Fuehrer
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Wild carnivores and Thelazia callipaeda zoonotic eyeworms: A focus on wolves. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 17:239-243. [PMID: 35309037 PMCID: PMC8924507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thelazia callipaeda is a zoonotic parasite causing ocular disease in domestic dogs, cats, several wild carnivores, hares, and humans. This nematode is widely distributed in Europe, where it is transmitted by the drosophilid fly Phortica variegata. Since the first report of infection in grey wolves (Canis lupus) from southern Italy, other cases of thelaziosis have been recorded in this animal species throughout Europe, raising questions about their role in spreading T. callipaeda. Indeed, for their wandering behavior through long distances and living in woody areas where the vectors thrive, wolves may act as reservoirs and spreaders of thelaziosis. In this study we reviewed the literature about wolves acting as reservoirs of T. callipaeda in Europe. In addition, we report the first detection of T. callipaeda eyeworms in grey wolves in the Italian Alps, discussing its possible implications in the epidemiology of thelaziosis in the Alpine landscape. Animals (n = 3) included in this study were originated from the Italian Alps, one juvenile male wolf was found dead, and the other two were seven-year-old males translocated from Piedmont region to a Zoological Garden, in Tuscany. All animals were infected with eyeworms, which were morphologically and molecularly identified as T. callipaeda. Data herein presented confirm those available in the literature about the circulation of a unique cox1 haplotype in Europe. In addition, the report of T. callipaeda in wolves from the Alps suggests an ecological continuity of habitats which are suitable for the distribution of T. callipaeda from the southern to northern Italy through the Apennine backbone. Retrospectively, it could also explain the spreading of the oriental eyeworm infection in Europe over the last 20 years with many wild carnivores, such as foxes and possibly wolves, playing a pivotal role as reservoirs of the infection for dogs, cats and humans. Wolves may play important role in the transmission cycle of Thelazia callipaeda. There is a need of passive-surveillance programs of this zoonotic nematode in wild carnivores. This is the first report of Thelazia callipaeda in wolves from the Italian Alps.
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González MA, Bravo-Barriga D, Alarcón-Elbal PM, Álvarez-Calero JM, Quero C, Ferraguti M, López S. Development of Novel Management Tools for Phortica variegata (Diptera: Drosophilidae), Vector of the Oriental Eyeworm, Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida: Thelaziidae), in Europe. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:328-336. [PMID: 34748016 PMCID: PMC8755994 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lachryphagous males of Phortica variegata (Fallén, 1823) are gaining increasing attention in Europe, as they act as vectors of the nematode Thelazia callipaeda Railliet & Henry, 1910, causal agent of thelaziosis, an emergent zoonotic disease. Currently, there are no effective control strategies against the vector, and surveillance and monitoring rely on time-consuming and nonselective sampling methods. Our aim was to improve the knowledge about the population dynamics and the chemical ecology of the species. A total of 5,726 P. variegata flies (96.4% males and 3.6% females, mostly gravid) were collected in field experiments during June-September of 2020 in an oak forest in northern Spain. Our results indicate that 1) by means of sweep netting a significantly higher number of captures were found both around the collector´s body and in the air than at ground level; 2) a positive relationship was detected between the abundance of Phortica flies and temperature, with two significant peaks of abundance at 24 and 33°C; 3) the blend of red wine and cider vinegar was the most attractive bait; 4) yellow traps captured fewer flies compared to black and transparent traps; and 5) a significant reduction toward vinegar and wine was detected in presence of the phenolic monoterpenoid carvacrol. In addition, all the males (n = 690) analyzed by both molecular detection and dissection resulted negative for the presence of T. callipaeda larvae. Overall, these findings provide a better understanding of the vector in terms of monitoring and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A González
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and Global Health (IMTSAG), Universidad Iberoamericana (UNIBE), Avenida Francia 129, 10203, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - D Bravo-Barriga
- Universidad de Extremadura, Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Parasitología, Avda. Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, España
| | - P M Alarcón-Elbal
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Universidad Agroforestal Fernando Arturo de Meriño (UAFAM), 41000, Jarabacoa, Dominican Republic
| | - J M Álvarez-Calero
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Quero
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Ferraguti
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Ecology (TCE), Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S López
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Spain as a dispersion model for Thelazia callipaeda eyeworm in dogs in Europe. Prev Vet Med 2020; 175:104883. [PMID: 31935667 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) causes ocular infection in carnivorous animals and humans. While growing numbers of companion dogs and sometimes cats are being diagnosed with thelaziosis, little is known about its real spread. As it has been also diagnosed in wild animals and human beings, it is considered a potential emerging zoonotic disease. This study provides information about the spread of the parasite in dogs in Spain since its initial description in 2010 until 2018. The first detection of T. callipaeda in the Principality of Andorra in 2017 is also reported. Two different studies were conducted: a) a survey in which clinical cases from veterinary practices were collected and b) a prevalence study in two endemic areas in western and central Spain (Site 1 La Vera region, Cáceres, and Site 2 El Escorial municipality, Madrid). In total, 1114 cases of thelaziosis were detected in 121 municipalities of Spain and 6 municipalities of Andorra. In 92 out these 127 municipalities, reports were of autochthonous cases. Six hundred twenty-three out of 1114 presented data collection sheet and were included in the statistical analysis: 510 cases identified by veterinarians in Spain and Andorra in Study 1, and 113 cases detected among the 234 dogs (48.3 %) examined in the prevalence study (Study 2). Prevalences were 61.3 % (84/137) for Cáceres and 29.9 % (29/97) for Madrid, being Site 1 significantly more risky (P < 0.0001, odds ratio: 3.72, CI: 2.14-4.47 %) compared to Site 2. Our study updates data for canine thelaziosis reported in the last decade in Spain and Andorra. Results highlight the urgent need for prevention strategies to control the spread of this potential zoonotic disease.
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do Vale B, Lopes AP, da Conceição Fontes M, Silvestre M, Cardoso L, Coelho AC. Thelaziosis due to Thelazia callipaeda in Europe in the 21st century-A review. Vet Parasitol 2019; 275:108957. [PMID: 31630050 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thelazia callipaeda was first described at the beginning of the 20th century in Asia, but this eyeworm is now frequently reported in Europe in the 21st century. To date, thelaziosis has been described in the following European countries (in order of appearance): Italy, France, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Greece, Bulgaria, Hungary, Slovakia, the United Kingdom, Turkey and Austria. The infected vertebrate host species include domestic carnivores (dogs and cats), wild carnivores (red foxes, wolves, beech martens, wildcats and golden jackals), lagomorphs (brown hares and wild European rabbits) and humans. In Europe, 11 cases of human thelaziosis have been reported, the majority of which are autochthonous. However, some of them have been imported, a fact which highlights the importance of surveillance policies to restrict cross-border spread of the parasite. The objectives of this article are to review key aspects of the epidemiology of T. callipaeda, summarise animal and human cases in Europe and emphasise the importance of education and awareness among veterinarians, physicians (particularly ophthalmologists) and animal, in order to owners to tackle this zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz do Vale
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Patrícia Lopes
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria da Conceição Fontes
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mário Silvestre
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Zootechnics, ECAV, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Ana Cláudia Coelho
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal; Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
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Palfreyman J, Graham-Brown J, Caminade C, Gilmore P, Otranto D, Williams DJL. Predicting the distribution of Phortica variegata and potential for Thelazia callipaeda transmission in Europe and the United Kingdom. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:272. [PMID: 29703231 PMCID: PMC5924467 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2842-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male fruitflies Phortica variegata (Drosophilidae, Steganinae) are the intermediate host of the zoonotic nematode Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae). More than 10 years ago, when T. callipaeda was confined to remote regions of southern Italy, ecological niche models were used to predict the potential distribution of P. variegata across Europe and the likely risk of the nematode spreading through infected dogs travelling to/from endemic regions. As predicted, over the last 10 years T. callipaeda has spread rapidly across Europe. Recently, we identified the potential for its introduction to the UK through infected dogs travelling to/from endemic regions of mainland Europe. METHODS Here updated information is used to re-evaluate the model-predicted European, and specifically, UK distribution to determine the likelihood of T. callipaeda becoming established. Additionally, the UK distribution of P. variegata was further investigated through snapshot fly trapping at model-predicted locations. RESULTS Ecological niche modelling using Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Prediction (GARP) analysis suggests a European range similar to that described previously, with some indication of potential spread further eastward. Finer scale UK mapping suggested that P. variegata presence was limited mostly to southern England, but highlighted regions where P. variegata has not been documented previously. The arbitrary fly trapping identified activity of P. variegata at two locations where the species has been found previously late in the season. No specimens were collected at model-predicted locations, although habitat suitable for the species was identified. CONCLUSIONS GARP-model prediction of P. variegata distribution suggests presence of suitable conditions in previously undocumented regions of the UK and Europe and highlight the possibility for further spread of T. callipaeda across Europe, including the UK. Further work to validate the P. variegata UK model with field data will help improve its accuracy in predicting suitable areas, whilst surveillance of sylvatic definitive host species in such locations is advised to monitor for evidence of autochthonous T. callipaeda transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Graham-Brown
- Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Cyril Caminade
- Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- NIHR, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul Gilmore
- Liverpool Veterinary Parasitology Diagnostics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Diana J. L. Williams
- Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Liverpool Veterinary Parasitology Diagnostics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Marino V, Gálvez R, Colella V, Sarquis J, Checa R, Montoya A, Barrera JP, Domínguez S, Lia RP, Otranto D, Miró G. Detection of Thelazia callipaeda in Phortica variegata and spread of canine thelaziosis to new areas in Spain. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:195. [PMID: 29558995 PMCID: PMC5859453 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fruit fly Phortica variegata (Drosophilidae: Steganinae) feeds on the ocular secretions of animals and humans, and has been described as an intermediate host of the eye worm Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida: Thelaziidae) in Italy. Despite the increased detection of T. callipaeda in many European countries, information about its vector role in natural conditions is still limited. In the Iberian Peninsula, thelaziosis caused by T. callipaeda has been reported in dogs, cats, red foxes, wild rabbits and humans. Methods In the last seven years, we have detected increased numbers of cases of canine thelaziosis at three locations in mainland Spain: Site 1, La Vera region (Cáceres Province, central-western Spain; 51 cases); Site 2, El Escorial municipality (Madrid Community, central Spain; 23 cases); and Site 3, Miraflores de la Sierra municipality (Madrid Community, central Spain; 41 cases). Site 1 is considered endemic for T. callipaeda while the other two sites have been recently recognised as risk zones for T. callipaeda infection. Results From June 2016 to September 2017, 2162 flies were collected and morphologically identified as Phortica spp. (Site 1, n = 395; Site 2, n = 1544; and Site 3, n = 223). Upon dissection, third-stage T. callipaeda larvae were found in two out of 155 flies examined from Site 1, and both these larvae tested molecularly positive for the eye worm. Of the 395 flies collected from Site 1, 371 were molecularly processed for arthropod species identification and T. callipaeda detection. All 371 flies were identified as P. variegata and 28 (7.5%; 95% CI: 4.8–10%) tested positive for T. callipaeda DNA haplotype 1. Conclusions Our findings indicate that T. callipaeda circulates among dogs and P. variegata in Spain, where zoonotic cases have been also reported. The co-existence of canine thelaziosis and Phortica spp. in geographical areas previously considered free of the eye worm indicates a risk of infection for both animals and humans living in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Marino
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Gálvez
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vito Colella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Juliana Sarquis
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Checa
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Montoya
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan P Barrera
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Domínguez
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Riccardo Paolo Lia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Roy HE, Hesketh H, Purse BV, Eilenberg J, Santini A, Scalera R, Stentiford GD, Adriaens T, Bacela‐Spychalska K, Bass D, Beckmann KM, Bessell P, Bojko J, Booy O, Cardoso AC, Essl F, Groom Q, Harrower C, Kleespies R, Martinou AF, Oers MM, Peeler EJ, Pergl J, Rabitsch W, Roques A, Schaffner F, Schindler S, Schmidt BR, Schönrogge K, Smith J, Solarz W, Stewart A, Stroo A, Tricarico E, Turvey KM, Vannini A, Vilà M, Woodward S, Wynns AA, Dunn AM. Alien Pathogens on the Horizon: Opportunities for Predicting their Threat to Wildlife. Conserv Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Helen E. Roy
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson LaneCrowmarsh Gifford Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8BB UK
| | - Helen Hesketh
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson LaneCrowmarsh Gifford Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8BB UK
| | - Bethan V. Purse
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson LaneCrowmarsh Gifford Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8BB UK
| | - Jørgen Eilenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Alberto Santini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection ‐ C.N.R Via Madonna del Piano, 10 I‐50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Riccardo Scalera
- IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group Via Valentino Mazzola 38 T2 B 10 I‐00142 Roma Italy
| | - Grant D. Stentiford
- Centre for EnvironmentFisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) Barrack Road Weymouth Dorset DT4 8UB UK
| | - Tim Adriaens
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO) Kliniekstraat 25 B‐1070 Brussels Belgium
| | | | - David Bass
- Centre for EnvironmentFisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) Barrack Road Weymouth Dorset DT4 8UB UK
- Department of Life SciencesThe Natural History Museum Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD UK
| | - Katie M. Beckmann
- Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT) Slimbridge Gloucestershire GL2 7BT UK
| | - Paul Bessell
- The Roslin InstituteUniversity of Edinburgh Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG Scotland UK
| | - Jamie Bojko
- Centre for EnvironmentFisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) Barrack Road Weymouth Dorset DT4 8UB UK
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Olaf Booy
- Animal and Plant Health Agency Sand Hutton York YO41 1LZ UK
- Centre for Wildlife Management, School of BiologyNewcastle University Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Ana Cristina Cardoso
- European Commission, DG Joint Research CentreDirectorate D‐ Sustainable Resources 21027 Italy
| | - Franz Essl
- Environment Agency AustriaDepartment of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Spittelauer Lände 5 1090 Vienna Austria
- Division of Conservation, Vegetation and Landscape EcologyDepartment of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity Vienna Rennweg 14 1030 Vienna Austria
| | - Quentin Groom
- Botanic Garden MeiseDomein van Bouchout B‐1860 Meise Belgium
| | - Colin Harrower
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson LaneCrowmarsh Gifford Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8BB UK
| | - Regina Kleespies
- Julius Kühn‐Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated PlantsInstitute for Biological Control Heinrichstrasse 243 Darmstadt D‐64287 Germany
| | | | - Monique M. Oers
- Laboratory of VirologyWageningen University Droevendaalsesteeg 1 6708 PB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Edmund J. Peeler
- Centre for EnvironmentFisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) Barrack Road Weymouth Dorset DT4 8UB UK
| | - Jan Pergl
- Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of BotanyThe Czech Academy of Sciences CZ‐252 43 Průhonice Czech Republic
| | - Wolfgang Rabitsch
- Environment Agency AustriaDepartment of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Spittelauer Lände 5 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Alain Roques
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique INRA UR0633, Zoologie Forestière, 45075 Orléans France
| | | | - Stefan Schindler
- Environment Agency AustriaDepartment of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Spittelauer Lände 5 1090 Vienna Austria
- Division of Conservation, Vegetation and Landscape EcologyDepartment of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity Vienna Rennweg 14 1030 Vienna Austria
| | - Benedikt R. Schmidt
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
- KARCH Passage Maximilien‐de‐Meuron 6 2000 Neuchâtel Switzerland
| | - Karsten Schönrogge
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson LaneCrowmarsh Gifford Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8BB UK
| | - Jonathan Smith
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)Exotics and Risk Team Area 5A, Nobel House, 17 Smith Square London SW1P 3JR UK
| | - Wojciech Solarz
- Institute of Nature ConservationPolish Academy of Sciences Al. Mickiewicza 33 31–120 Kraków Poland
| | - Alan Stewart
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Sussex Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG UK
| | - Arjan Stroo
- Centre for Monitoring of VectorsNetherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority P.O. Box 9102 6700 HC Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Elena Tricarico
- Università degli Studi di Firenze via Romana 17 I‐50125 Firenze Italy
| | - Katharine M.A. Turvey
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson LaneCrowmarsh Gifford Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8BB UK
| | - Andrea Vannini
- DIBAF‐University of Tuscia Via S. Camillo de Lellis 01100 Viterbo Italy
| | - Montserrat Vilà
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD‐CSIC), AvdaAmérico Vespucio s/n, Isla de la Cartuja 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - Stephen Woodward
- Department of Plant and Soil ScienceUniversity of Aberdeen, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences Cruickshank Building, Aberdeen AB24 3UU Scotland UK
| | - Anja Amtoft Wynns
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Alison M. Dunn
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
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Motta B, Nägeli F, Nägeli C, Solari-Basano F, Schiessl B, Deplazes P, Schnyder M. Epidemiology of the eye worm Thelazia callipaeda in cats from southern Switzerland. Vet Parasitol 2014; 203:287-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F, Brianti E, Traversa D, Petrić D, Genchi C, Capelli G. Vector-borne helminths of dogs and humans in Europe. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:16. [PMID: 23324440 PMCID: PMC3564894 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Presently, 45% of the total human population of Europe, as well as their domestic and companion animals, are exposed to the risk of vector-borne helminths (VBH) causing diseases. A plethora of intrinsic biological and extrinsic factors affect the relationship among helminths, vectors and animal hosts, in a constantly changing environment. Although canine dirofilarioses by Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens are key examples of the success of VBH spreading into non-endemic areas, another example is represented by Thelazia callipaeda eyeworm, an emergent pathogen of dogs, cats and humans in several regions of Europe. The recent finding of Onchocerca lupi causing canine and human infestation in Europe and overseas renders the picture of VBH even more complicated. Similarly, tick-transmitted filarioids of the genus Cercopithifilaria infesting the skin of dogs were recently shown to be widespread in Europe. Although for most of the VBH above there is an increasing accumulation of research data on their distribution at national level, the overall impact of the diseases they cause in dogs and humans is not fully recognised in many aspects. This review investigates the reasons underlying the increasing trend in distribution of VBH in Europe and discusses the diagnostic and control strategies currently available. In addition, this article provides the authors' opinion on some topics related to VBH that would deserve further scientific investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
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