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Doboși AA, Bel LV, Paștiu AI, Pusta DL. A Review of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in Domestic Rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus)-Biology, Clinical Signs, Diagnostic Techniques, Treatment, and Prevention. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121486. [PMID: 36558820 PMCID: PMC9785705 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a eukaryote, unicellular, spore-forming, obligate intracellular microorganism of the phylum Microsporidia, with domestic rabbits as its main host. Another important species in which this pathogen has been identified are humans, the infection being therefore called a "zoonosis". The transmission takes place via the horizontal route or the vertical route, and cell-mediated immunity plays the biggest role in the infected hosts' protection. Encephalitozoonosis can manifest itself as an acute infection, with neurological signs, renal signs, and ocular lesions, or as a chronic or subclinical infection, which is usually the case for asymptomatic carriers. The diagnostic techniques usually carried out are histological examination, serological tests, and molecular genetic techniques. The treatment of encephalitozoonosis is usually symptomatic, with unrewarding results, and prevention methods include periodical serological screening, prophylactic administration of fenbendazole, and maintenance of a clean environment. The purpose of this article is to review the current data regarding the pathogenesis, host immunity, clinical signs, diagnostic methods, treatment, and prevention methods of encephalitozoonosis in the domestic rabbit, as well as to analyze the prevalence of this disease in different countries of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca-Alexandra Doboși
- Department of Genetics and Hereditary Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- New Companion Animals Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucia-Victoria Bel
- New Companion Animals Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anamaria Ioana Paștiu
- Department of Genetics and Hereditary Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Dana Liana Pusta
- Department of Genetics and Hereditary Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Magalhães TR, Pinto FF, Queiroga FL. A multidisciplinary review about Encephalitozoon cuniculi in a One Health perspective. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2463-2479. [PMID: 35840730 PMCID: PMC9286959 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07562-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a microsporidian parasite mostly associated with its natural host, the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). However, other animals can be infected, like other mammals, birds, and even humans. Although it usually causes subclinical infection, it can also lead to encephalitozoonosis, a clinical disease characterized by neurological, ocular, and/or renal signs that can be even fatal, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Therefore, this multidisciplinary review contributes with updated information about the E. cuniculi, deepening in its molecular and genetic characterization, its mechanisms of infection and transmission, and its prevalence among different species and geographic locations, in a One Health perspective. Recent information about the diagnostic and therapeutic approach in the main host species and the prophylaxis and infection control measures currently suggested are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Rodrigues Magalhães
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta dos Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Filipe Fontes Pinto
- HIPRA, Malveira, Portugal
- Cytology Diagnostic Services, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Felisbina Luisa Queiroga
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta dos Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Center for the Study of Animal Sciences, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Wang Y, Qin X, Diao X, Liu Y, Liu J. Serological survey for antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Toxoplasma gondii in pet rabbits in eastern coastal areas of China. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:777-783. [PMID: 35491103 PMCID: PMC9246676 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Encephalitozoon cuniculi (E. cuniculi) is a
microsporidian parasite commonly detected in rabbits and can infect humans and cause
encephalitozoonosis. And Toxoplasma gondii is a prevalent parasite
distributed worldwide and can infect almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans.
The aim of the current study was to investigate the seroprevalence of E.
cuniculi and Toxoplasma gondii, and risk factors of infection
in pet rabbits reared in eastern coastal areas of China (Tianjin, Shandong, Jiangsu,
Zhejiang, Shanghai and Fujian). Total 222 blood samples of pet rabbits were collected from
local veterinary hospitals. The seropositivity rates of E. cuniculi were
16.22% (36/222) according to an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Female pet
rabbits was significantly higher than that in males (P=0.002), Zhejiang
were markedly higher than those in Jiangsu and Shanghai (P=0.017,
P=0.022), and cross-breed rabbits were dramatically higher than those
in Chinchilla, New Zealand white, Rex (P=0.02, P=0.006,
P=0.008). The seroprevalence of T. gondii was 13.06%
(29/222) by the method of ELISA. The seroprevalence in Zhejiang was significantly higher
than that in Shanghai (P=0.017). No difference in seroprevalence was
detected with respect to the gender, age, species, health status, or season. These
findings show that E. cuniculi and T. gondii are present
and spread in pet rabbits. Therefore, pet rabbits should be considered as an important
reservoir of encephalitozoonosis for humans and maybe important implication for public
health in eastern coastal areas of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Breeding, Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University
| | - Xuling Qin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Liaocheng University
| | | | - Yongxia Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University
| | - Jianzhu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University
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Javadzade R, Rostami A, Arabkhazaeli F, Bahonar A, Mohammad Rahimi H, Mirjalali H. Molecular detection and genotype identification of E. cuniculi from pet rabbits. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 75:101616. [PMID: 33524813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a microsporidian which is frequently reported from rabbits. This microorganism can either ravage rabbit farms or transmit to humans from pet rabbits. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and the genotype distribution of E. cuniculi among pet rabbits. In this study urine samples were collected from 50 pet rabbits, aged 2 months to 3 years, admitted to teaching veterinary hospital. Four races Lop, Dutch, Mix, and Angora were screened for E. cuniculi. The clinical symptoms were recorded and total DNA was extracted from urine samples. E. cuniculi was identified using amplification of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (ssu rRNA) gene and its genotypes were characterized using PCR/sequencing of the polar tube protein (PTP) gene. Phylogenetic tree was drawn to confirm the characterized genotypes. Out of 50 samples, 41 (82 %) of rabbits were asymptomatic, while nine (18 %) had at least one of symptoms including head-tilt, circling, and ataxia. A statistical correlation was seen between mean age + SD and symptoms (P-value = 0.039). The presence of E. cuniculi was confirmed in 16/50 (32 %) rabbits and all of them were identified as the genotype I. Our findings represented no consistency between E. cuniculi PCR - positive and the presence of symptoms (P-value = 0.318). Our results showed positive correlation between symptoms and age; however, the lack of correlation between PCR results with age may signify the latent infection in younger rabbits. All identified E. cuniculi were the genotype I, which is reported from rabbits and humans, highlighting the zoonotic concern for this genotype, particularly among subjects who keep pet rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Javadzade
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1419963111, Iran
| | - Amir Rostami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1419963111, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Arabkhazaeli
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1419963111, Iran
| | - Alireza Bahonar
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1419963111, Iran
| | - Hanieh Mohammad Rahimi
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Deng L, Chai Y, Xiang L, Wang W, Zhou Z, Liu H, Zhong Z, Fu H, Peng G. First identification and genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. in pet rabbits in China. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:212. [PMID: 32571322 PMCID: PMC7310219 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02434-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microsporidia are common opportunistic parasites in humans and animals, including rabbits. However, only limited epidemiology data concern about the prevalence and molecular characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. in rabbits. This study is the first detection and genotyping of Microsporidia in pet rabbits in China. Results A total of 584 faecal specimens were collected from rabbits in pet shops from four cities in Sichuan province, China. The overall prevalence of microsporidia infection was 24.8% by nested PCR targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of E. bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. respectively. E. bieneusi was the most common species (n = 90, 15.4%), followed by Encephalitozoon cuniculi (n = 34, 5.8%) and Encephalitozoon intestinalis (n = 16, 2.7%). Mixed infections (E. bieneusi and E. cuniculi) were detected in five another rabbits (0.9%). Statistically significant differences in the prevalence of microsporidia were observed among different cities (χ2 = 38.376, df = 3, P < 0.01) and the rabbits older than 1 year were more likely to harbour microsporidia infections (χ2 = 9.018, df = 2, P < 0.05). Eleven distinct genotypes of E. bieneusi were obtained, including five known (SC02, I, N, J, CHY1) and six novel genotypes (SCR01, SCR02, SCR04 to SCR07). SC02 was the most prevalent genotype in all tested cities (43.3%, 39/90). Phylogenetic analysis showed that these genotypes were clustered into group 1–3 and group 10. Meanwhile, two genotypes (I and II) were identified by sequence analysis of the ITS region of E. cuniculi. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of microsporidia infection in pet rabbits in China. Genotype SC02 and four novel genotypes were classified into potential zoonotic group 1, suggesting that pet rabbits may cause microsporidiosis in humans through zoonotic transmissions. These findings provide preliminary reference data for monitoring microsporidia infections in pet rabbits and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yijun Chai
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Leiqiong Xiang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Wuyou Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Hualin Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Cray C, Liebl MP, Arheart K, Peschke R, Künzel F, Joachim A. Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence test for determination of anti-Encephalitozoon cuniculi antibodies in sera from rabbits with different clinical and histopathological presentations. J Exot Pet Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Künzel F, Fisher PG. Clinical Signs, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Encephalitozoon cuniculi Infection in Rabbits. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2018; 21:69-82. [PMID: 29146032 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Central vestibular dysfunction caused by Encephalitozoon cuniculi frequently mimics the condition of a peripheral disorder. A negative antibody titer rules out E cuniculi as the cause of present clinical signs. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis including polymerase chain reaction is considered an inappropriate diagnostic method for in vivo diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis. The usefulness of glucocorticoid anti-inflammatories in the treatment of encephalitozoonosis is called into question. Encouraging activity early in the course of disease and adding in therapeutic exercise may represent the most important part of therapy in rabbits with vestibular dysfunction associated with encephalitozoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Künzel
- Clinical Department of Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Peter G Fisher
- Pet Care Veterinary Hospital, 5201 Virginia Beach Boulevard, Virginia Beach, VA 23462, USA
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Meng QF, Wang WL, Ni XT, Li HB, Yao GZ, Sun XL, Wang WL, Cong W. Seroprevalence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Toxoplasma gondii in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in China. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2015; 53:759-63. [PMID: 26797446 PMCID: PMC4725227 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The breeding of domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) for human consumption has a long tradition in China. Infections that can affect the production of meat or even be transmitted from animals to humans are important to monitor, especially for public health reasons as well as for their impact on animal health. Thus, a total of 1,132 domestic rabbit sera from 4 regions in China were collected for serological screening for Encephalitozoon cuniculi and for Toxoplasma gondii by ELISA and modified agglutination test (MAT), respectively. Antibodies to E. cuniculi were detected in 248/1,132 (21.9%) sera tested while antibodies against T. gondii revealed a seroprevalence of 51/1,132 (4.5%). We believe that the present results are of epidemiological implications and public health importance due to the acknowledged susceptibility of humans to E. cuniculi and T. gondii infections. Therefore, routine screening tests of domestic rabbits are proposed considering the zoonotic potential of these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Feng Meng
- Jilin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, ChangChun, Jilin Province 130000, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Lin Wang
- Jilin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, ChangChun, Jilin Province 130000, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ting Ni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730030, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Bin Li
- Jilin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, ChangChun, Jilin Province 130000, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Zhe Yao
- Jilin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, ChangChun, Jilin Province 130000, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Lin Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730030, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Li Wang
- Jilin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, ChangChun, Jilin Province 130000, P. R. China
| | - Wei Cong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, P. R. China
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Berger Baldotto S, Cray C, Giannico AT, Reifur L, Montiani-Ferreira F. Seroprevalence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi Infection in Pet Rabbits in Brazil. J Exot Pet Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Latney LV, Bradley CW, Wyre NR. Encephalitozoon cuniculi in pet rabbits: diagnosis and optimal management. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2014; 5:169-180. [PMID: 32670857 PMCID: PMC7337189 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s49842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Encephalitozoonosis is a significant microsporidial disease of captive pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). This article overviews the life cycle, pathogenesis, and host immune response to the parasite. Clinical presentation, differential diagnoses, antemortem diagnostics, and postmortem diagnosis will be discussed. International seroprevalence data and histologic prevalence estimates in the US are presented. A review of current treatment and control recommendations are discussed based on extensive review of controlled studies, which have found fenbendazole to be effective for limiting spread of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles W Bradley
- Departments of Pathobiology, Matthew J Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Shin JC, Kim DG, Kim SH, Kim S, Song KH. Seroprevalence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in pet rabbits in Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2014; 52:321-3. [PMID: 25031476 PMCID: PMC4096647 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Encephalitozoon cuniculi is a microsporidian parasite commonly found in rabbits that can infect humans, causing encephalitozoonosis. The prevalence of encephalitozoonosis is not well documented, even when many clinics suspect pet rabbits as being highly infected. This study investigated the seropositivity of E. cuniculi using ELISA. The examination of 186 rabbits using ELISA showed that 22.6% (42/186) were seropositive against E. cuniculi. In analysis with healthy status, all 42 seropositive sera were collected from clinically normal rabbits. Moreover, the gender and age of pet rabbits did not have anysignificant effect on E. cuniculi infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the seroprevalence of E. cuniculi in pet rabbits and suggests that pet rabbits could act as an important reservoir of encephalitozoonosis for both pet animals and humans in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Dae-Geun Kim
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Kun-Ho Song
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
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Cray C, Perritt E, Hughes C, Belgrave RL. Serological survey for antibody to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in horses in the USA. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:2757-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3930-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits from different farming systems. Vet Parasitol 2014; 204:184-90. [PMID: 24877785 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The breeding of domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) for human consumption has a long tradition mainly in European and Asian countries. Infections that can affect the production of meat or even be transmitted from animals to humans are important to monitor, especially for public health reasons as well as for their impact on animals health. This study aimed to collect sera from rabbits bred in different conditions and test the presence of Toxoplasma gondii and Encephalitozoon cuniculi antibodies. Whether infections were active or latent was assessed by determining the occurrence of IgM or IgM together with IgG antibodies which indicated active infection whereas latent infection was characterized by finding IgG antibodies only. An ELISA test was performed with 1883 sera samples collected throughout the Czech and Slovak Republics. The seroprevalence of T. gondii in 902 samples from 6 commercial farms (CF) was very low with only 4 rabbits (0.4%) being positive. In total 99 (10.1%) individuals out of 981 samples from 29 household farms (HF) were positive for T. gondii antibodies. Only 2 (50%) of the T. gondii positive CF rabbits had active infections while the rest were latently infected. The serological results showed that 35 (35.4%) rabbits from the T. gondii positive HF group suffered from active infection. Out of CF samples 185 (20.5%) were positive for E. cuniculi. Antibodies of E. cuniculi were detected in 497 (50.7%) HF rabbits. Active E. cuniculi infections were determined in 85.9% of CF and 56.3% of HF rabbits; respectively. Interestingly, the E. cuniculi positive rabbits were significantly more often positive for anti-T. gondii antibodies in comparison to E. cuniculi negative individuals. Prevalence of T. gondii in CF rabbits was negligible. According to our results meat of HF rabbits still poses a risk of T. gondii infection. Nevertheless, the risk is on its lowest level in 20 years which is apparently caused due to changes in feeding practices. The occurrence of E. cuniculi antibodies was significantly lower in rabbits from commercial farms, apparently because of better hygiene conditions.
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Hein J, Flock U, Sauter-Louis C, Hartmann K. Encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits in Germany: prevalence and sensitivity of antibody testing. Vet Rec 2014; 174:350. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.102126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Hein
- Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine; Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine; LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13 Munich D-80539 Germany
| | - U. Flock
- Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine; Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine; LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13 Munich D-80539 Germany
| | - C. Sauter-Louis
- Clinic for Ruminants; Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine; LMU Munich, Sonnenstr. 16 Oberschleißheim D-85764 Germany
| | - K. Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine; Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine; LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13 Munich D-80539 Germany
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15
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Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from farmed game. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Serological survey of Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in commercially reared rabbit does in Northern Italy. Res Vet Sci 2013; 94:295-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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