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Różycki M, Korpysa-Dzirba W, Bełcik A, Bilska-Zając E, Gontarczyk A, Kochanowski M, Samorek-Pieróg M, Karamon J, Rubiola S, Chiesa F, Cencek T. Validation Parameters of the Magnetic Stirrer Method for Pooled Sample Digestion for Trichinella spp. in Horse Meat Based on Proficiency Tests Results. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14356. [PMID: 36361233 PMCID: PMC9655762 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Meat of horses may be infested with nematodes of the genus Trichinella spp. and can cause serious disease in humans. Rules for the carcasses sampling of species susceptible to Trichinella spp. infection and examination are laid down in Commission Regulation 1375/2015, where the magnetic stirrer method for pooled-sample digestion is recommended (Commission Regulation 1478/2020). All personnel involved in the examination should be properly trained and participate in quality control programs. Proficiency tests (PTs) play a key role in the quality verification process. This paper presents the results of PTs organized for 68 Polish laboratories in 2014-2019. Results were assessed qualitatively at three levels of sample contamination (0, 3, 5 larvae) and quantitatively at one level (5 larvae). The laboratories have achieved the average correct qualitative results 100%, 96.2% and 96.8% for the samples contaminated with 0, 3 and 5 larvae, respectively. In the quantitative evaluation, an average 94.1% of the reported results were correct. The data from PTs enabled us to define, for the first time, validation parameters of the digestion method for the horse meat matrix in a large-scale experiment including: specificity (100%), sensitivity (95.6%), accuracy (97.1%), the limit of detection (LOD) (1.14 ≈ 1) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) (3.42 ≈ 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław Różycki
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznań University of Life Science, ul. Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Weronika Korpysa-Dzirba
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Aneta Bełcik
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Ewa Bilska-Zając
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Aneta Gontarczyk
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Samorek-Pieróg
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Selene Rubiola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Turin, Italy
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Różycki M, Korpysa-Dzirba W, Bełcik A, Bilska-Zając E, Kochanowski M, Karamon J, Sroka J, Cencek T. Validation of the Magnetic Stirrer Method for the Detection of Trichinella Larvae in Muscle Samples Based on Proficiency Tests Result. Foods 2022; 11:foods11040525. [PMID: 35206002 PMCID: PMC8871259 DOI: 10.3390/foods11040525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the nematodes of the genus Trichinella. Infection takes place through the consumption of infected meat containing live larvae. The only way to prevent the disease is to break its epizootic chain. To ensure effective control of Trichinella spp., a range of preventive and control measures have been undertaken. These efforts have been focused on controlling Trichinella in domestic pigs, the main source of the disease. Artificial digestion is also the reference point for other methods for Trichinella risk control. Descriptive data validation of the digestion assay was presented in 1998 based on results published by scientific laboratories. Herein, we supplement those data by characterizing the method’s performance in inter-laboratory comparisons. The source of data was the results of Proficiency Testing conducted in 2015–2019. Samples were contaminated by 0, 1, 3, and 5 larvae. In total, 7580 samples were examined by the laboratories. Based on Proficiency Testing results, the main parameters characterizing the method performance in field conditions were established as follows: specificity, 97.3%; sensitivity, 86.5%; accuracy, 89.2%; uncertainty, 0.3; limit of detection (LOD), 1 larva; and limit of quantification (LOQ), 3 larvae.
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Basso W, Marreros N, Hofmann L, Salvisberg C, Lundström-Stadelmann B, Frey CF. Evaluation of the PrioCHECK™ Trichinella AAD kit to detect Trichinella spiralis, T. britovi, and T. pseudospiralis larvae in pork using the automated digestion method Trichomatic-35. Parasitol Int 2021; 86:102449. [PMID: 34481946 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a potentially deadly parasitic zoonosis that is contracted by consuming undercooked infected meat. Reliable detection of infectious Trichinella spp. larvae in meat is therefore pivotal to ensure consumer's safety. The recently authorised PrioCHECK™ Trichinella Alternative Artificial Digestion (AAD) test kit appears promising when used with the standard magnetic stirrer method, but evaluation with other apparatus types is lacking. In this study, the performance of the AAD kit in an adapted Trichomatic-35 (TM35) instrument was evaluated, first, at the Swiss National Reference Laboratory for trichinellosis (NRL); second, in a ring trial involving four Swiss official laboratories. Proficiency pork samples spiked with larvae of Trichinella spiralis, T. britovi, or T. pseudospiralis were tested with the AAD kit and with the reference pepsin-HCl digestion method in TM35 instruments. At the NRL, both methods yielded identical qualitative and similar quantitative results independently of the Trichinella species. In the ring trial, satisfactory results were obtained for 47/50 (94.0%) (AAD) and 62/67 (92.5%) (reference method) of the analysed samples. Technical problems impairing analysis were more frequently observed with the AAD kit (n = 22) than with the reference method (n = 5) and were mainly (16/22) reported by one of the external labs. When no technical issues were recorded, the performance of both methods was comparable, in agreement with the observations at the NRL; however, these results suggest a need for further training with the kit and standardisation of the adapted TM35 instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Basso
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Nelson Marreros
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences HAFL, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Länggasse 85, CH-3052 Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - Larissa Hofmann
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christine Salvisberg
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Britta Lundström-Stadelmann
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Caroline F Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Barlow A, Roy K, Hawkins K, Ankarah AA, Rosenthal B. A review of testing and assurance methods for Trichinella surveillance programs. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2021; 24:e00129. [PMID: 34458599 PMCID: PMC8379475 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2021.e00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
While global cases of trichinellosis have fallen since pork regulation began, the disease remains a danger to pork and animal game consumers as well as a liability to producers. Managing food safety risk and supporting agricultural trade requires cost-effective and sensitive diagnostic methods. Several means exist to inspect pork for parasitic infections. Here, we review literature concerning the sensitivity, specificity, and cost of these methods. We found that artificial digestion coupled with optical microscopy to be the best method for verification of Trichinella larva free pork due to its cost efficiency, high specificity, and reliability. Serological techniques such as ELISA are useful for epidemiological surveillance of swine. While current PCR techniques are quick and useful for diagnosing species-specific infections, they are not cost efficient for large-scale testing. However, as PCR techniques, including Lateral Flow- Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (LF-RPA), improve and continue to reduce cost, such methods may ultimately succeed artificial digestion. We compared cost, sensitivity, and specificity of available and foreseeable tools. The magnetic stir bar method remains the gold standard for Trichinella surveillance. Serological methods miss early infections but offer promise for use in surveillance. Isothermal methods offer future promise given their speed, accuracy, and ease of use. Genetic methods are uneconomical but advances have promise to reduce cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Barlow
- USDA, ARS, NEA, BARC, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Kayla Roy
- USDA, ARS, NEA, BARC, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Kristopher Hawkins
- USDA, ARS, NEA, BARC, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Ako A Ankarah
- USDA, ARS, NEA, BARC, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Rosenthal
- USDA, ARS, NEA, BARC, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
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de Souza Rosés T, Andreolla AP, de Figueiredo Soveral L, Vieira MIB, Kich JD, Frandoloso R, Kreutz LC. Synthetic gene as target to assess the sensitivity of PCR to detect Trichinella spp. larvae in meat from a non-endemic region. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 52:619-623. [PMID: 31444664 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease exotic in Brazil but commonly found worldwide including South American countries like Argentina. International trading of swine meat needs an official Trichinella-free diagnosis commonly carried out by pepsin-HCl digestion of diaphragm tissue fragments followed by microscopic examination for the presence or absence of Trichinella larvae. The easiness of this diagnostic method allows it to be performed at slaughtering plants but, in contrast, it lacks sensitivity and does not allow species differentiation, which is fundamental for determining geographical and species distribution of different genotypes. In our study, we aimed to evaluate a highly sensitive diagnostic method based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that would allow us to detect and classify different species of Trichinella. Thus, we designed a synthetic gene and selected five sets of primers targeting specific regions of the Trichinella genome. The synthetic gene was cloned into a plasmid and then used to optimize PCR conditions. Using our PCR, we were able to detect 0.001 pg of the synthetic gene, which corresponded to 0.01 larvae. Then, we collected 175 samples of Suidae (domestic and wild boars) diaphragm fragments that were pooled into groups, digested with pepsin-HCl, and had the DNA extracted for analysis by PCR. The clinical samples evaluated were negative by PCR. Our results indicate that the PCR-based method might be a useful diagnostic method complementary to the pepsin-HCl digestion method currently in use, mostly in non-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago de Souza Rosés
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária (FAMV), Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada - Programa de Mestrado em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Campus I, Bairro São José, BR 285, km 292, Passo Fundo, RS, CEP 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Andreolla
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária (FAMV), Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada - Programa de Mestrado em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Campus I, Bairro São José, BR 285, km 292, Passo Fundo, RS, CEP 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Figueiredo Soveral
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária (FAMV), Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada - Programa de Mestrado em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Campus I, Bairro São José, BR 285, km 292, Passo Fundo, RS, CEP 99052-900, Brazil
| | | | - Jalusa Deon Kich
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) -Suínos e Aves, Rodovia BR-153, Concórdia, SC, Brazil
| | - Rafael Frandoloso
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária (FAMV), Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada - Programa de Mestrado em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Campus I, Bairro São José, BR 285, km 292, Passo Fundo, RS, CEP 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Kreutz
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária (FAMV), Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Avançada - Programa de Mestrado em Bioexperimentação, Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), Campus I, Bairro São José, BR 285, km 292, Passo Fundo, RS, CEP 99052-900, Brazil.
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Franssen F, Johne A, van der Giessen J, Nöckler K, Mayer-Scholl A. Test sensitivity of a commercial serine protease digestion kit for the detection of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis larvae in pig muscle. Food Microbiol 2019; 78:99-103. [PMID: 30497613 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reference method for Trichinella detection at meat inspection is the magnetic stirrer method (MSM) utilising HCl-pepsin for pooled sample digestion. Due to availability and quality issues with pepsin, alternative digestion methods are being offered, such as the Priocheck Trichinella AAD kit (T-AAD), based on serine endopeptidase digestion. In this study the T-AAD kit was compared to the reference method. Minced pork samples were spiked with T. spiralis muscle larvae (ML) with- and without capsule or T. pseudospiralis ML, and analysed with both tests. Test results of individually spiked test samples were analysed by generalised linear modelling. The T-AAD test kit was comparable to the reference method for the qualitative detection of T. spiralis in pigs, but not quantitatively. Overall, 94% of spiked T. spiralis were recovered using MSM against 75.2% when using T-AAD (p < 0.0001). Using the MSM 80.0% of spiked T. pseudospiralis were recovered against 20% with the T-AAD (p < 0.0001). Based on our experience with the T-AAD kit, we strongly recommend validating the method on site prior to introduction into routine diagnostic laboratories, but this will not alleviate the poor test sensitivity of the T-AAD for the detection of T. pseudospiralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Franssen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - A Johne
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany.
| | - J van der Giessen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - K Nöckler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany.
| | - A Mayer-Scholl
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany.
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Gajadhar A, Konecsni K, Scandrett B, Buholzer P. Validation of a new commercial serine protease artificial digestion assay for the detection of Trichinella larvae in pork. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2018; 10:6-13. [PMID: 32095596 PMCID: PMC7034012 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinella is a zoonotic nematode parasite transmitted by the ingestion of raw or under-cooked meat. Control of the parasite is essential to facilitate public health and trade in products from susceptible food animals, including pork and horse meat. The standard method for detecting Trichinella muscle larvae uses pepsin enzyme and hydrochloric acid (HCl) in an artificial digestion procedure. A new artificial digestion assay using serine protease was recently developed and commercialized (PrioCHECK™ Trichinella AAD) for the detection of Trichinella larvae in the muscle of infected animals. The assay uses no hazardous substances such as HCl or pepsin. Activation of the enzyme requires an elevated digestion temperature of 60 °C which kills the parasite and reduces the risk of contaminating the environment with Trichinella. Compared to the pepsin/HCl method, digestion time for the PrioCHECK Trichinella AAD assay is reduced by a third. A recent study demonstrated these features of the new assay and its suitability for digesting various muscles from domestic and wild animals. To further validate the assay's performance relative to the conventional pepsin/HCl digestion method several comparative studies were conducted using samples from different muscle sites spiked with low levels of encapsulated first stage Trichinella larvae (L1). Multiple muscle samples were collected from diaphragm, tongue, masseter, and loin of 3-4 month old pigs. Samples were spiked with 3, 4, 5, or 25 Trichinella spiralis L1. A total of 320 meat samples of 100 g each were used to compare the diagnostic proficiency of the PrioCHECK Trichinella AAD assay with the pepsin/HCl digestion method. Comparative and validation data produced from these studies showed that both methods are capable of consistently detecting Trichinella in 100 g samples which contained as few as 3 L1 or 0.03 larvae per gram of meat. Overall, the PrioCHECK Trichinella AAD assay performed satisfactorily according to international guidelines of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), European Union (EU) and International Commission on Trichinellosis (ICT) for the detection of Trichinella infection in pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Gajadhar
- Parasitix Lab Services, Innovation Place, Saskatoon, Sask. S7N 3R2, Canada
| | - Kelly Konecsni
- Centre for Foodborne and Animal Parasitology, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 116 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Sask. S7N 2R3, Canada
| | - Brad Scandrett
- Centre for Foodborne and Animal Parasitology, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 116 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Sask. S7N 2R3, Canada
| | - Patrik Buholzer
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Wagistrasse 27A, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
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