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Sunwoo SY, García-Belmonte R, Walczak M, Vigara-Astillero G, Kim DM, Szymankiewicz K, Kochanowski M, Liu L, Tark D, Podgórska K, Revilla Y, Pérez-Núñez D. Deletion of MGF505-2R Gene Activates the cGAS-STING Pathway Leading to Attenuation and Protection against Virulent African Swine Fever Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:407. [PMID: 38675789 PMCID: PMC11054455 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent causing African swine fever (ASF), affecting domestic pigs and wild boar, which is currently the biggest animal epidemic in the world and a major threat to the swine sector. At present, some safety concerns about using LAVs against ASFV still exist despite a commercial vaccine licensed in Vietnam. Therefore, the efforts to identify virulence factors and their mechanisms, as well as to generate new vaccine prototypes, are of major interest. In this work, we have identified the MGF505-2R gene product as an inhibitor of the cGAS/STING pathway, specifically through its interaction with STING protein, controlling IFN-β production. In addition, immunization of a recombinant virus lacking this gene, Arm/07-ΔMGF505-2R, resulted in complete attenuation, demonstrating its involvement in ASFV virulence. Finally, immunization with Arm/07-ΔMGF505-2R induced the generation of antibodies and proved to be partially protective against virulent ASFV strains. These results identify MGF505-2R, as well as its mechanism of action, as a gene contributing to understanding the molecular mechanisms of ASFV virulence, which will be of great value in the design of future vaccine prototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Sunwoo
- Careside Co., Ltd., Sagimakgol-ro 45 Beongil 14, Seongnam-si 13209, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Raquel García-Belmonte
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.-B.); (G.V.-A.)
| | - Marek Walczak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.W.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (K.P.)
| | - Gonzalo Vigara-Astillero
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.-B.); (G.V.-A.)
| | - Dae-Min Kim
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Ma-dong, Iksan 54531, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea; (D.-M.K.); (D.T.)
| | - Krzesimir Szymankiewicz
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.W.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (K.P.)
| | - Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.W.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (K.P.)
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish Veterinary Agency, 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Dongseob Tark
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Ma-dong, Iksan 54531, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea; (D.-M.K.); (D.T.)
| | - Katarzyna Podgórska
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.W.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (K.P.)
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.-B.); (G.V.-A.)
| | - Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.G.-B.); (G.V.-A.)
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Trigos-Peral G, Maák IE, Schmid S, Chudzik P, Czaczkes TJ, Witek M, Casacci LP, Sánchez-García D, Lőrincz Á, Kochanowski M, Heinze J. Urban abiotic stressors drive changes in the foraging activity and colony growth of the black garden ant Lasius niger. Sci Total Environ 2024; 915:170157. [PMID: 38242447 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Changes in habitat characteristics are known to have profound effects on biotic communities and their functional traits. In the context of an urban-rural gradient, urbanisation drastically alters abiotic characteristics, e.g., by increasing environmental temperatures and through light pollution. These abiotic changes significantly impact the functional traits of organisms, particularly insects. Furthermore, changes in habitat characteristics also drive changes in the behavioural traits of animals, allowing them to adapt and thrive in new environments. In our study, we focused on the synanthropic ant species Lasius niger as a model organism. We conducted nocturnal field observations and complemented them with laboratory experiments to investigate the influence of night warming (NW) associated with Urban Heat Islands (UHI), light pollution (ALAN), and habitat type on ant foraging behaviour. In addition, we investigated the influence of elevated temperatures on brood development and worker mortality. Our findings revealed that urban populations of L. niger were generally more active during the night compared to their rural counterparts, although the magnitude of this difference varied with specific city characteristics. In laboratory settings, higher temperatures and continuous illumination were associated with increased activity level in ants, again differing between urban and rural populations. Rural ants exhibited more locomotion compared to their urban counterparts when maintained under identical conditions, which might enable them to forage more effectively in a potentially more challenging environment. High temperatures decreased the developmental time of brood from both habitat types and increased worker mortality, although rural colonies were more strongly affected. Overall, our study provides novel insights into the influence of urban environmental stressors on the foraging activity pattern and colony development of ants. Such stressors can be important for the establishment and spread of synanthropic ant species, including invasive ones, and the biotic homogenization of anthropogenic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Trigos-Peral
- Museum and Institute of Zoology - Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - I E Maák
- Museum and Institute of Zoology - Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - S Schmid
- University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - P Chudzik
- Han University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - M Witek
- Museum and Institute of Zoology - Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - L P Casacci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - D Sánchez-García
- Museum and Institute of Zoology - Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Á Lőrincz
- University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - J Heinze
- University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Walczak M, Szymankiewicz K, Rodriguez F, Argilaguet J, Gavrilov B, Żmudzki J, Kochanowski M, Juszkiewicz M, Szczotka-Bochniarz A. Molecular contamination of an animal facility during and after African swine fever virus infection. J Vet Res 2023; 67:503-508. [PMID: 38130453 PMCID: PMC10730545 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The molecular contamination of an animal facility was investigated during and after an infection with highly pathogenic African swine fever virus (ASFV) among domestic pigs. The investigation evaluated the risk of indirect transmission of the disease and indicated points that may facilitate cleaning and disinfection processes. Material and Methods Six domestic pigs were infected oronasally with the highly pathogenic Georgia 2007 strain. Environmental samples from the floors, walls, rubber floor mats, feeders, drinkers, high-efficiency particulate-absorbing filter covers and doors were collected 7 days post infection (dpi), 7 days later and 24 h after disinfection of the facility. The samples were investigated by real-time PCR and in vitro assays to find genetic traces of ASFV and infectious virus. Results Typical clinical outcomes for ASF (i.e. fever, apathy, recumbency and bloody diarrhoea) were observed, and all animals died or required euthanasia before or at 9 dpi. No infectious virus was found in environmental samples at the sampling time points. Genetic traces of ASFV were found in all locations except the doors. The initial virus load was calculated using real-time PCR threshold cycle values and was the highest at the drain. A statistically significant decrease of virus load over time was found on non-porous surfaces mechanically cleaned by water (the floor and drain). Conclusion The gathered data confirmed different routes of virus excretion (oral and nasal, faeces and urine, and aerosol) and showed virus locations and different initial concentrations in the animal facility. Maintaining the facility with mechanical cleaning and using personal protection (gloves) and hand disinfection may efficiently minimise the risk of further virus spread. Together with the results of previously published studies, the present investigations' failure to isolate infectious virus may suggest that if stable environmental conditions are assured, the time needed before the introduction of new herds into previously ASF-affected farm facilities could be shortened and in this way the economic losses caused by the disease outbreak mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Walczak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | | | - Fernando Rodriguez
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for Emerging and Re-emerging Pig Diseases in Europe, IRTA-CReSA, 08193Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Argilaguet
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for Emerging and Re-emerging Pig Diseases in Europe, IRTA-CReSA, 08193Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jacek Żmudzki
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Juszkiewicz
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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Rivers S, Kochanowski M, Stolarek A, Ziętek-Barszcz A, Horigan V, Kent AJ, Dewar R. A framework for the design, implementation, and evaluation of output-based surveillance systems against zoonotic threats. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1129776. [PMID: 37151595 PMCID: PMC10157289 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1129776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Output-based standards set a prescribed target to be achieved by a surveillance system, but they leave the selection of surveillance parameters, such as test type and population to be sampled, to the responsible party in the surveillance area. This allows proportionate legislative surveillance specifications to be imposed over a range of unique geographies. This flexibility makes output-based standards useful in the context of zoonotic threat surveillance, particularly where animal pathogens act as risk indicators for human health or where multiple surveillance streams cover human, animal, and food safety sectors. Yet, these systems are also heavily reliant on the appropriate choice of surveillance options to fit the disease context and the constraints of the organization implementing the surveillance system. Here we describe a framework to assist with designing, implementing, and evaluating output-based surveillance systems showing the effectiveness of a diverse range of activities through a case study example. Despite not all activities being relevant to practitioners in every context, this framework aims to provide a useful toolbox to encourage holistic and stakeholder-focused approaches to the establishment and maintenance of productive output-based surveillance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Rivers
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Samantha Rivers,
| | - Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Stolarek
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Ziętek-Barszcz
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Verity Horigan
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. Kent
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, York, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Dewar
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
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Różycki M, Korpysa-Dzirba W, Bełcik A, Bilska-Zając E, Gontarczyk A, Kochanowski M, Samorek-Pieróg M, Karamon J, Rubiola S, Chiesa F, Cencek T. Validation Parameters of the Magnetic Stirrer Method for Pooled Sample Digestion for Trichinella spp. in Horse Meat Based on Proficiency Tests Results. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:14356. [PMID: 36361233 PMCID: PMC9655762 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Meat of horses may be infested with nematodes of the genus Trichinella spp. and can cause serious disease in humans. Rules for the carcasses sampling of species susceptible to Trichinella spp. infection and examination are laid down in Commission Regulation 1375/2015, where the magnetic stirrer method for pooled-sample digestion is recommended (Commission Regulation 1478/2020). All personnel involved in the examination should be properly trained and participate in quality control programs. Proficiency tests (PTs) play a key role in the quality verification process. This paper presents the results of PTs organized for 68 Polish laboratories in 2014-2019. Results were assessed qualitatively at three levels of sample contamination (0, 3, 5 larvae) and quantitatively at one level (5 larvae). The laboratories have achieved the average correct qualitative results 100%, 96.2% and 96.8% for the samples contaminated with 0, 3 and 5 larvae, respectively. In the quantitative evaluation, an average 94.1% of the reported results were correct. The data from PTs enabled us to define, for the first time, validation parameters of the digestion method for the horse meat matrix in a large-scale experiment including: specificity (100%), sensitivity (95.6%), accuracy (97.1%), the limit of detection (LOD) (1.14 ≈ 1) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) (3.42 ≈ 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław Różycki
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznań University of Life Science, ul. Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
| | - Weronika Korpysa-Dzirba
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Aneta Bełcik
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Ewa Bilska-Zając
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Aneta Gontarczyk
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Samorek-Pieróg
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Selene Rubiola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Turin, Italy
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Różycki M, Korpysa-Dzirba W, Bełcik A, Bilska-Zając E, Kochanowski M, Karamon J, Sroka J, Cencek T. Validation of the Magnetic Stirrer Method for the Detection of Trichinella Larvae in Muscle Samples Based on Proficiency Tests Result. Foods 2022; 11:foods11040525. [PMID: 35206002 PMCID: PMC8871259 DOI: 10.3390/foods11040525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the nematodes of the genus Trichinella. Infection takes place through the consumption of infected meat containing live larvae. The only way to prevent the disease is to break its epizootic chain. To ensure effective control of Trichinella spp., a range of preventive and control measures have been undertaken. These efforts have been focused on controlling Trichinella in domestic pigs, the main source of the disease. Artificial digestion is also the reference point for other methods for Trichinella risk control. Descriptive data validation of the digestion assay was presented in 1998 based on results published by scientific laboratories. Herein, we supplement those data by characterizing the method’s performance in inter-laboratory comparisons. The source of data was the results of Proficiency Testing conducted in 2015–2019. Samples were contaminated by 0, 1, 3, and 5 larvae. In total, 7580 samples were examined by the laboratories. Based on Proficiency Testing results, the main parameters characterizing the method performance in field conditions were established as follows: specificity, 97.3%; sensitivity, 86.5%; accuracy, 89.2%; uncertainty, 0.3; limit of detection (LOD), 1 larva; and limit of quantification (LOQ), 3 larvae.
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Bełcik A, Różycki M, Korpysa-Dzirba W, Marucci G, Fafiński Z, Fafińska P, Karamon J, Kochanowski M, Cencek T, Bilska-Zając E. Grass Snakes (Natrix natrix) as a Reservoir of Alaria alata and Other Parasites. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020156. [PMID: 35215100 PMCID: PMC8878953 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the occurrence of Alaria alata (Goeze, 1782) in fifty-one grass snakes (Natrix natrix) collected in Gostynińsko-Włocławski Landscape Park. Each snake was tested for the presence of A. alata mesocercariae using the AMT and MSM methods. 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA), cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) and 28S ribosomal RNA (28S rRNA) genes were amplified by PCR and sequenced for the purpose of species identification. Fifty grass snakes were infected with helminths. The molecular characterization of trematodes allowed us to identify A. alata in 30 snakes (58.8%), Conodiplostomum spathula (Dubois, 1937) in 16 snakes (31.3%), Strigea falconis (Szidat, 1928) in 12 snakes (23.5%), and Neodiplostomum attenuatum (Linstow, 1906) in 2 snakes (3.9%), while, in 4 snakes (7.8%), the trematodes species could not be identified. Based on the analysis of 18S and COI sequences, Crenosoma vulpis (Dujardin, 1845) was identified in four snakes (7.8%), while nematodes collected from three snakes remained unidentified. The tapeworm sample was identified as Ophiotaenia. The obtained results indicate that grass snakes are an excellent vector of A. alata and may be a potential source of infection for mammals, e.g., wild boars and foxes, which results in an increased risk of alariosis for consumers of raw or undercooked game meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Bełcik
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.R.); (W.K.-D.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (T.C.); (E.B.-Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-889-3313
| | - Mirosław Różycki
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.R.); (W.K.-D.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (T.C.); (E.B.-Z.)
| | - Weronika Korpysa-Dzirba
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.R.); (W.K.-D.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (T.C.); (E.B.-Z.)
| | - Gianluca Marucci
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Zbigniew Fafiński
- Wetlab, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Piękna Avenue 6, 09-402 Płock, Poland; (Z.F.); (P.F.)
| | - Patrycja Fafińska
- Wetlab, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Piękna Avenue 6, 09-402 Płock, Poland; (Z.F.); (P.F.)
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.R.); (W.K.-D.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (T.C.); (E.B.-Z.)
| | - Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.R.); (W.K.-D.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (T.C.); (E.B.-Z.)
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.R.); (W.K.-D.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (T.C.); (E.B.-Z.)
| | - Ewa Bilska-Zając
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (M.R.); (W.K.-D.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (T.C.); (E.B.-Z.)
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Karamon J, Samorek-Pieróg M, Sroka J, Bilska-Zając E, Dąbrowska J, Kochanowski M, Różycki M, Zdybel J, Cencek T. The First Record of Echinococcus ortleppi (G5) Tapeworms in Grey Wolf ( Canis lupus). Pathogens 2021; 10:853. [PMID: 34358003 PMCID: PMC8308913 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to confirm the presence and molecular identification of Echinococcus tapeworms in wolves from south-eastern Poland. An investigation was carried out on the intestines of 13 wolves from south-eastern Poland. The small intestines were divided into three equal segments. Each segment was separately examined using the sedimentation and counting technique (SCT). The detected Echinococcus tapeworms were isolated and identified by PCRs and sequencing (nad1 and cox1 genes). Additionally, DNA isolated from the feces of wolves positive for Echinococcus tapeworms was examined with two diagnostic PCRs. The intestines of one wolf were positive for E. granulosus s.l. when assessed by SCT; the intestine was from a six-year-old male wolf killed in a communication accident. We detected 61 adult tapeworms: 42 in the anterior, 14 in the middle, and 5 in the posterior parts of the small intestine. The PCRs conducted for cox1 and nad1 produced specific products. A sequence comparison with the GenBank database showed similarity to the deposited E. ortleppi (G5) sequences. An analysis of the available phylogenetic sequences showed very little variation within the species of E. ortleppi (G5), and identity ranged from 99.10% to 100.00% in the case of cox1 and from 99.04% to 100.00% in the case of nad1. One of the two diagnostic PCRs used and performed on the feces of Echinococcus-positive animals showed product specific for E. granulosus. This study showed the presence of adult E. ortleppi tapeworms in wolves for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.S.-P.); (J.S.); (E.B.-Z.); (J.D.); (M.K.); (M.R.); (J.Z.); (T.C.)
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Dąbrowska J, Karamon J, Kochanowski M, Sroka J, Cencek T. Unexpected Cross-Reaction with Honigbergiella-Like DNA in a PCR for Detection of Bovine Tritrichomonas foetus. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040441. [PMID: 33917664 PMCID: PMC8067958 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of bovine Tritrichomonas foetus infection has decreased almost to zero in most European countries, such as Poland, which has been Tritrichomonas foetus-free since 1997. However, trichomonosis is a notifiable disease and there is a duty to examine samples from cattle. In this study, we present an unexpected cross-reaction with Honigbergiella-like DNA in a specimen from a bull. The bovine sample was submitted to the Department of Parasitology National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy (NVRI) for confirmatory testing after having been examined at the Regional Veterinary Laboratory, during a routine T. foetus diagnosis. Positive results from microscopic observation and cultures were confirmed. Noteworthily, parasites grew on Diamond’s medium only after seven days of incubation, while optimal growth of trichomonads is generally observed after two to four days for this medium. Moreover, by using PCR we obtained positive results for the presence of T. foetus. However, sequencing of the amplification product revealed 99.62% identity with Honigbergiella sp. Our data suggest that false-positive results may occur in commonly used PCR tests. Thus, unexpected results should be carefully interpreted.
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Kochanowski M, Dąbrowska J, Różycki M, Karamon J, Sroka J, Cencek T. Proteomic Profiling Reveals New Insights into the Allergomes of Anisakis simplex, Pseudoterranova decipiens, and Contracaecum osculatum. J Parasitol 2021; 106:572-588. [PMID: 32906150 DOI: 10.1645/19-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Anisakis simplex, Pseudoterranova decipiens, and Contracaecum osculatum third-stage larvae (L3) are fish-borne nematodes that can cause human anisakidosis. Although A. simplex is a known source of allergens, knowledge about the allergic potential of P. decipiens and C. osculatum is limited. Therefore, we performed comparative proteomic profiling of A. simplex, P. decipiens, and C. osculatum L3 larvae using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In total, 645, 397, and 261 proteins were detected in A. simplex, P. decipiens, and C. osculatum L3 larvae, respectively. Western blot analysis confirmed the cross-reactivity of anti-A. simplex immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibodies with protein extracts from P. decipiens and C. osculatum L3 larvae. The identified proteins of the Anisakidae proteomes were characterized by label-free quantification and functional analysis, and proteins involved in many essential biological mechanisms, such as parasite survival, were identified. In the proteome of A. simplex 14, the following allergens were identified: Ani s 1, Ani s 2 (2 isomers), Ani s 3 (2 isomers), Ani s 4, Ani s 8, Ani s 9, Ani s 10, Ani s 11-like, Ani s 13, Ani s fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase, Ani s phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein (PEPB), and Thu a 3.0101. The following 8 allergens were detected in P. decipiens: Ani s 2, Ani s 3 (2 isomers), Ani s 5, Ani s 8, Ani s 9, Ani s PEPB, and Ani s troponin. In C. osculatum 4, the following allergens were identified: Ani s 2, Ani s 5, Ani s 13, and Asc l 3. Furthermore, 28 probable allergens were predicted in A. simplex and P. decipiens, whereas in C. osculatum, 25 possible allergens were identified. Among the putative allergens, heat shock proteins were most frequently detected, followed by paramyosin, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, enolase, and tropomyosin. We provide a new proteomic data set that could be beneficial for the discovery of biomarkers or drug target candidates. Furthermore, our findings showed that in addition to A. simplex, P. decipiens and C. osculatum should also be considered as potential sources of allergens that could lead to IgE-mediated hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Joanna Dąbrowska
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Mirosław Różycki
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Jacek Sroka
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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Skrzypek K, Karamon J, Samorek-Pieróg M, Dąbrowska J, Kochanowski M, Sroka J, Bilska-Zając E, Cencek T. Comparison of Two DNA Extraction Methods and Two PCRs for Detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in the Stool Samples of Naturally Infected Red Foxes. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122381. [PMID: 33322623 PMCID: PMC7763229 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The goal of the study was to compare the efficiency of two commercial DNA extraction kits together with two different Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) protocols in the detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in the feces of naturally infected foxes. Stool samples from red foxes were collected in a highly endemic area in Poland. Sedimentation and counting technique (SCT) was used as a reference method. From 48 samples, 35 were positive in SCT. Further investigations showed that 40.0% of samples (from those with SCT positive result) after Z—DNA extraction and 45.7% after Q—DNA extraction gave positive results in nested PCR. In multiplex PCR, positive results were obtained in 54.3% of samples after Z isolation and 48.6% of samples after Q. Additionally, one sample negative in SCT gave a positive result in PCR. The number of worms detected in the intestines had no influence on the PCR results. Both of the extraction methods showed similar efficiency in DNA isolation and dealing with inhibitors; however, they showed relatively low sensitivity. Abstract (1) Background: Due to the increasing distribution of Echinococcus multilocularis infections in final hosts, epidemiological investigations are important for recognizing the spreading pattern of this parasite and also to estimate risk infection for humans. (2) Methods: Investigations were conducted with two commercial kits dedicated for DNA extraction from feces: ZR Fecal DNA Mini Prep (Zymo Research, Freiburg, Germany) and QIAamp FAST DNA Stool Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) (marked as Z and Q), together with two common PCR protocols (nested PCR and multiplex PCR). The goal was to compare their efficiency in detecting the genetic material of E. multilocularis in the samples of feces. Stool samples from red foxes were collected in a highly endemic area in Poland. Sedimentation and counting technique (SCT) was used as a reference method. (3) Results: From 48 samples, 35 were positive in SCT. Further investigations showed that 40.0% of samples (from those with SCT positive result) after Z-DNA extraction and 45.7% after Q-DNA extraction gave positive results in nested PCR. In multiplex PCR, positive results were obtained in 54.3% of samples after Z isolation and 48.6% of samples after Q. Additionally, one sample that resulted in being negative in SCT gave a positive result in PCR. The number of worms detected in the intestines had no influence on PCR results. (4) Conclusions: Both of the extraction methods showed similar efficiency in DNA isolation and dealing with inhibitors; however, they showed relatively low sensitivity. This was probably caused by degradation of genetic material in the field-collected samples.
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Kochanowski M, Różycki M, Dąbrowska J, Karamon J, Sroka J, Antolak E, Bełcik A, Cencek T. Development and Application of Novel Chemiluminescence Immunoassays for Highly Sensitive Detection of Anisakis simplex Proteins in Thermally Processed Seafood. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100777. [PMID: 32977528 PMCID: PMC7598195 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The third-stage larvae (L3) of Anisakis simplex are the most important source of hidden allergens in seafood products. However, there exist no commercial methods for detecting Anisakis proteins in food. Furthermore, only a few methods have been validated for the detection of A. simplex in thermally processed food. The aims of our study are (i) the development and validation of high-sensitivity chemiluminescent (CL) immunoassays for the detection of A. simplex proteins in processed seafood, (ii) and A. simplex antigen detection in common seafood products from Polish markets. We developed and validated CL sandwich ELISA (S-ELISA) and CL competitive ELISA (C-ELISA) methods for A. simplex proteins detection in food, with respective detection limits of 0.5 and 5 ng/mL. The usefulness of the assays for detecting A. simplex proteins in highly processed food was evaluated by examination of autoclaved canned fish spiked with A. simplex larvae (1–8 larvae/200 g). Commercial real-time PCR was unable to detect A. simplex in autoclaved samples at all levels of enrichment with Anisakis larvae. CL-S-ELISA was used to test various types of seafood products from Polish markets. Among all tested products (n = 259), 28% were positive. A. simplex antigens were found mostly (n = 39) in smoked fish products: mackerel, herring, cod, and hake. Other positive samples were found in marinated herrings, canned cod livers, canned mackerels, and surimi sticks. In tuna, Atlantic argentine, anchovy, sardine, sprat, and squid products, A. simplex antigens were not detected. This study provides novel effective tools for the detection of A. simplex proteins in processed food and highlights the potential allergic hazards for Anisakis-sensitized Polish consumers of seafood.
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Kochanowski M, Różycki M, Dąbrowska J, Bełcik A, Karamon J, Sroka J, Cencek T. Proteomic and Bioinformatic Investigations of Heat-Treated Anisakis simplex Third-Stage Larvae. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1066. [PMID: 32708775 PMCID: PMC7407331 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anisakis simplex third-stage larvae are the main source of hidden allergens in marine fish products. Some Anisakis allergens are thermostable and, even highly processed, could cause hypersensitivity reactions. However, Anisakis proteome has not been studied under autoclaving conditions of 121 °C for 60 min, which is an important process in the food industry. The aim of the study was the identification and characterization of allergens, potential allergens, and other proteins of heat-treated A. simplex larvae. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to identify 470 proteins, including allergens-Ani s 1, Ani s 2, Ani s 3, Ani s 4, Ani s 5-and 13 potential allergens that were mainly homologs of Anisakis spp., Ascaris spp., and Acari allergens. Ani s 2, Ani s 3, Ani s 5, and three possible allergens were found among the top 25 most abundant proteins. The computational analysis allowed us to detect allergen epitopes, assign protein families, and domains as well as to annotate the localization of proteins. The predicted 3D models of proteins revealed similarities between potential allergens and homologous allergens. Despite the partial degradation of heated A. simplex antigens, their immunoreactivity with anti-A. simplex IgG antibodies was confirmed using a Western blot. In conclusion, identified epitopes of allergenic peptides highlighted that the occurrence of Anisakis proteins in thermally processed fish products could be a potential allergic hazard. Further studies are necessary to confirm the IgE immunoreactivity and thermostability of identified proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.R.); (J.D.); (A.B.); (J.K.); (J.S.); (T.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (M.R.); (J.D.); (A.B.); (J.K.); (J.S.); (T.C.)
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Sroka J, Karamon J, Wójcik-Fatla A, Piotrowska W, Dutkiewicz J, Bilska-Zając E, Zając V, Kochanowski M, Dąbrowska J, Cencek T. Toxoplasma gondii infection in slaughtered pigs and cattle in Poland: seroprevalence, molecular detection and characterization of parasites in meat. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:223. [PMID: 32366276 PMCID: PMC7199313 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasma gondii infection may pose a severe medical problem especially in a congenital form and as an acquired infection in immunocompromised persons. Raw and undercooked meat of slaughtered animals is regarded as an important source of parasite infection; however, data concerning this issue in Poland are still insufficient. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of T. gondii infection in pigs and cattle slaughtered for human consumption in Poland using serological and molecular methods. Methods Sera of 3111 pigs and 2411 cattle from 16 regions (voivodeships) of the country were examined for the presence of anti-T. gondii IgG using the direct agglutination test (DAT). Pepsin-digested samples of diaphragm and heart of seropositive animals were examined for the presence of T. gondii DNA (B1 gene) by nested PCR and real-time PCR, while non-digested samples were only examined by nested PCR. The B1 gene DNA samples were genotyped at 11 genetic markers using multilocus nested PCR-RFLP (Mn-PCR-RFLP) and sequencing. Results Seropositive DAT results were found in 11.9% of pigs and 13.0% of cattle. The highest seroprevalence was found in pigs from Podkarpackie (32.6%) and in cattle from Mazowieckie (44.6%). Data analysis showed that cattle > 5–10 years-old, as well as cattle and pigs from small farms, and pigs from farms with open production systems, had higher odds of testing seropositive (P < 0.05). Among the examined tissue samples, positive PCR results were found in samples from 12.2% and 10.2% of seropositive pigs and cattle, respectively. Among the samples successfully genotyped by Mn-PCR-RFLP and sequenced, four samples were identified as T. gondii type II and one sample as type I. Conclusions The presence of T. gondii antibodies in a substantial proportion of examined pigs and cattle as well as the detection of parasite DNA in their tissues highlight a potential health risk to the consumers in Poland.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Sroka
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland.
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Angelina Wójcik-Fatla
- Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Weronika Piotrowska
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Jacek Dutkiewicz
- Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Bilska-Zając
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Violetta Zając
- Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Joanna Dąbrowska
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
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Dąbrowska J, Karamon J, Kochanowski M, Sroka J, Skrzypek K, Zdybel J, Różycki M, Jabłoński A, Cencek T. Tritrichomonas Foetus: A Study of Prevalence in Animal Hosts in Poland. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030203. [PMID: 32164185 PMCID: PMC7157684 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is described as a pathogen of cattle and cats and also exhibits commensalism with pigs. In order to estimate the prevalence and determine the risk factors for parasite infection, specimens from animal hosts (cat, pigs, and cattle) from Poland were investigated. To our best knowledge, this is the first such study to examine samples from wild boars (Sus scrofa) for the presence of T. foetus. Data were collected from 117 cats, 172 pigs, 236 wild boars, and 180 cattle. The sensitivity of T. foetus identification was increased by using two molecular assays: PCR and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). The prevalence of feline tritrichomonosis was 20.51%, and statistically significant differences were obtained between groups of animals regarding age, breed, number of cats, diarrhea, and place of living. Positive PCR and LAMP results for T. foetus were estimated for 16.28% of pigs, and the obtained data were significantly correlated with age. Conversely, no significant differences were observed concerning the farm size factor. In our survey, no cases of bovine tritrichomonosis were found, which is consistent with the data from the other countries of the European Union. Similarly, all wild boar samples were also T. foetus-negative according to LAMP and PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dąbrowska
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (J.K.); (M.K.); (J.S.); (K.S.); (J.Z.); (M.R.); (T.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-889-30-25; Fax: +48-81-886-25-95
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (J.K.); (M.K.); (J.S.); (K.S.); (J.Z.); (M.R.); (T.C.)
| | - Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (J.K.); (M.K.); (J.S.); (K.S.); (J.Z.); (M.R.); (T.C.)
| | - Jacek Sroka
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (J.K.); (M.K.); (J.S.); (K.S.); (J.Z.); (M.R.); (T.C.)
| | - Katarzyna Skrzypek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (J.K.); (M.K.); (J.S.); (K.S.); (J.Z.); (M.R.); (T.C.)
| | - Jolanta Zdybel
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (J.K.); (M.K.); (J.S.); (K.S.); (J.Z.); (M.R.); (T.C.)
| | - Mirosław Różycki
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (J.K.); (M.K.); (J.S.); (K.S.); (J.Z.); (M.R.); (T.C.)
| | - Artur Jabłoński
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Warsaw University Of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska Street 100, 02-797 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (J.K.); (M.K.); (J.S.); (K.S.); (J.Z.); (M.R.); (T.C.)
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Dąbrowska J, Keller I, Karamon J, Kochanowski M, Gottstein B, Cencek T, Frey CF, Müller N. Whole genome sequencing of a feline strain of Tritrichomonas foetus reveals massive genetic differences to bovine and porcine isolates. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:227-233. [PMID: 32109482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is a protozoan parasite that colonizes the reproductive tract of cattle as well as the gastrointestinal tract of cats. Bovine tritrichomonosis is a sexually transmitted disease whereas feline tritrichomonosis is thought to be transmitted by the fecal-oral route. Furthermore, T. foetus is known as an essentially apathogenic commensal located in the nasal cavity of pigs. Transmission of T. foetus between the different hosts has to be considered a realistic scenario that may have important implications for the epidemiology of infections and disease. In our study, we generated whole genome sequencing (WGS) data from bovine, feline and porcine T. foetus strains to investigate the genetic (dis)similarities among these diverse strains. As a reference, we used a previously released draft assembly from a bovine T. foetus strain K isolated from an infected bull in Brazil. In particular, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the insertion-deletion (indel) variations within the genomes of the different strains. Interestingly, only a low degree of polymorphism (68 SNPs and indels) was found between the bovine and the porcine strains in terms of variants with a predicted impact of moderate or high and where one species is homozygous for one allele and the other homozygous for the other allele. Conversely, however, a 964 times higher number of such differences was detected by comparing the feline with either the bovine (65,569) or the porcine (65,615) strain. These data clearly indicated a close phylogenetic relationship between bovine and porcine T. foetus but a remarkable genetic distinctness of these two strains from the feline strain. The latter observation was confirmed by PCR-based sequencing of 20 in silico-selected indel markers and five in silico-selected SNP markers that uniformly demonstrated a relatively distant phylogenetic relationship of three independent feline T. foetus isolates in comparison to the bovine and porcine strains investigated. In summary, our comparative genome sequencing approach provided further insights into the genetic diversity of T. foetus in relation to the different host origins of the parasite. Furthermore, our study identified a large number of SNP- and indel-containing sequences that may be useful molecular markers for future epidemiological studies aimed at the elucidation of the transmission patterns of T. foetus within different host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dąbrowska
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Irene Keller
- Department for BioMedical Research and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Caroline F Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Różycki M, Bilska-Zając E, Kochanowski M, Grądziel-Krukowska K, Zdybel J, Karamon J, Wiśniewski J, Cencek T. First case of Trichinella spiralis infection in beavers ( Castor fiber) in Poland and Europe. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2019; 11:46-49. [PMID: 31890563 PMCID: PMC6928267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background This is the first report of the finding of Trichinella spiralis in beaver meat (Castor fiber) in Poland and Europe. In Poland, the beaver is a strictly protected animal species, except the few regions where high population density leads to economic losses. In these areas, the reduction culling of the animals was introduced. This uncommon hunting game animal is consumed and treated as a delicacy by hunters. However, currently, there is a lack of knowledge on possible risk factors for humans associated with the consumption of beaver meat. This paper presents the result of the study on the occurrence of nematodes of the genus Trichinella in beavers. Methods In total, 69 beavers were examined for the presence of Trichinella spp. The 50g samples were taken from each animal and digested separately, according to a procedure based on the EU reference method. The larva DNA was examined by PCR and sequencing. Results One of the 69 examined beavers was infected. Only one Trichinella larva was detected by the digestion method. The result of PCR confirms the presence of T. spiralis in beaver meat. Conclusions This case further confirms the ability of these typical herbivores to be infected with Trichinella spp. This is the second confirmed case of Trichinella spp. infection in beavers in Europe and the first of T. spiralis. First report of the presence of Trichinella spiralis larva in beaver meat. Detection of Trichinella spiralis by digestion method and confirmed by PCR and sequencing. New parasitic risks factor for humans associated with consumption of beaver meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław Różycki
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Ewa Bilska-Zając
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Grądziel-Krukowska
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jolanta Zdybel
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jan Wiśniewski
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
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Dąbrowska J, Karamon J, Kochanowski M, Sroka J, Zdybel J, Cencek T. Tritrichomonas Foetus as a Causative Agent of Tritrichomonosis in Different Animal Hosts. J Vet Res 2019; 63:533-541. [PMID: 31934664 PMCID: PMC6950439 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is a protozoan parasite that has been traditionally identified as a cause of reproductive tract disease in cattle and gastrointestinal tract infection in cats. Moreover, T. foetus is also well known as a commensal of the nasal cavity, intestines, and stomach in swine. In this review we describe T. foetus as a pathogen dangerous to more than one animal host, diagnostic and taxonomic aspects of this infection, and the extent to which isolates from different hosts share genetic identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dąbrowska
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Jacek Sroka
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Jolanta Zdybel
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
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Dąbrowska J, Karamon J, Kochanowski M, Gottstein B, Cencek T, Frey CF, Müller N. Development and comparative evaluation of different LAMP and PCR assays for coprological diagnosis of feline tritrichomonosis. Vet Parasitol 2019; 273:17-23. [PMID: 31442888 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Tritrichomonas foetus may cause severe diarrhea in cats all over the world. In order to evaluate the methodology in coprological molecular diagnosis of feline tritrichomonosis, we compared previously published ("old") and newly developed ("novel") loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) (targeted to the T. foetus β-tubulin and the elf1α 1 gene, respectively) as well as an old conventional and an old and novel real-time PCR (all targeted to overlapping regions of T. foetus rDNA) assays regarding their diagnostic sensitivities and specificities. Here, the novel real-time PCR yielded the best methodical performance in that a sensitivity with a detection limit of <0.1 trophozoites (corresponding to ca.<0.13 trophozoites per mg feces) and a maximal specificity for diagnosis of Tritrichomonas spp. was achieved. The other test systems exhibited either an approximately 10-times lower sensitivity (<1 trophozoite corresponding to ca.<1.3 trophozoites per mg feces) (conventional PCR and both LAMP assays) or a lower specificity (old real-time PCR). Conversely, the diagnostic performance assessed with clinical fecal samples from cats demonstrated identical sensitivities (8 of 20 samples tested were positive) for the novel PCR and both LAMP assays. Diagnostic sensitivities were significantly higher than those found for the old real-time (5 positive samples) and conventional PCR (6 positive samples), respectively. Accordingly, our data suggested the novel PCR and both LAMP assays to be well suited molecular tools for direct (i.e. without including an in vitro cultivation step) coprological diagnosis of tritrichomonosis in cats. Interestingly, relative high (novel LAMP, 7 positive samples) to at least moderate (old LAMP, 6 positive samples and 1 sample with equivocal score) diagnostic sensitivities were also achieved by testing clinical samples upon simple visual inspection of colorimetric changes during the LAMP amplification reactions. Accordingly, both LAMP assays may serve as practical molecular tools to perform epidemiological studies on feline (and bovine as well as porcine) tritrichomonosis under simple laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dąbrowska
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Caroline F Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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Karamon J, Sroka J, Dąbrowska J, Bilska-Zając E, Zdybel J, Kochanowski M, Różycki M, Cencek T. First report of Echinococcus multilocularis in cats in Poland: a monitoring study in cats and dogs from a rural area and animal shelter in a highly endemic region. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:313. [PMID: 31234884 PMCID: PMC6591820 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar echinococcosis is a dangerous zoonotic disease caused by larval forms of Echinococcus multilocularis. In its life-cycle, the principal definitive host is the red fox; however, domesticated carnivorous animals (dogs and cats) can also act as definitive hosts. Until now, there were no data concerning this infection in cats in Poland. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of E. multilocularis in cats and dogs originating from rural areas and animal shelters in a region characterised by a high prevalence of E. multilocularis in red foxes. METHODS Samples of faeces were collected from 67 cats and 268 dogs from a rural area (villages and animal shelters) of a highly endemic region in southeastern Poland. Samples were examined using nested PCR (E. multilocularis), multiplex PCR (E. multilocularis, Taenia spp.) and PCR [E. granulosus (s.l.)]. Additionally, faeces were examined microscopically (flotation). Moreover, intestines from 110 red foxes shot in the investigated area were examined (sedimentation and counting technique). RESULTS Positive PCR results for E. multilocularis were obtained in 4 cats (6.0%) and 4 dogs (1.5%). There were no significant differences between groups of animals (from a shelter and with an owner) concerning the prevalence of E. multilocularis in both cats and dogs. Taenia spp. were found in 10 cats (14.9%) (Taenia taeniaeformis and T. hydatigena) and 26 dogs (9.7%) (T. hydatigena, T. serialis, T. taeniaeformis, T. crassiceps, T. pisiformis and T. ovis) and Mesocestoides litteratus was found in 4 cats (6.0%) and 3 dogs (1.1%). All samples were negative for E. granulosus by PCR. Taking into consideration PCR and flotation results, 29 cats (43.3%) and 73 dogs (27.2%) were infected with helminths (26.9 and 11.9%, respectively, were infected with tapeworms). The highly endemic status of the investigated area was confirmed by examination of red foxes: 48.2% of examined red foxes were infected with E. multilocularis. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this study reports the presence of E. multilocularis in cats for the first time in Poland and confirms the role of dogs in this infection in highly endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Karamon
- National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jacek Sroka
- National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Joanna Dąbrowska
- National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Ewa Bilska-Zając
- National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jolanta Zdybel
- National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Maciej Kochanowski
- National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Mirosław Różycki
- National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Kochanowski M, González-Muñoz M, Gómez-Morales MÁ, Gottstein B, Dąbrowska J, Różycki M, Cencek T, Müller N, Boubaker G. Comparative analysis of excretory-secretory antigens of Anisakis simplex, Pseudoterranova decipiens and Contracaecum osculatum regarding their applicability for specific serodiagnosis of human anisakidosis based on IgG-ELISA. Exp Parasitol 2018; 197:9-15. [PMID: 30584924 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Serodiagnosis of human anisakidosis is presently hampered by the current lack of standardised serological assays that allow sensitive and specific detection of Anisakidae-specific antibodies in human patients. In the present study, we comparatively evaluated the diagnostic value (by IgG-ELISA) of excretory-secretory antigens (ESAgs) of Anisakis simplex, Pseudoterranova decipiens and Contracaecum osculatum, representing the most frequently found genera responsible for human infection. In addition, we tested also a mix of the three ES preparations (Mix-ESAgs) as well as two recombinant allergens of A. simplex, rAni s 1 and rAni s 7. ES antigen from C. osculatum yielded the best diagnostic performance in IgG-ELISA-based serodiagnosis of the Spanish anisakidosis patients investigated in this study (relative serodiagnostic sensitivity 100%; specificity 89%) as compared to A. simplex ES-antigen (93% versus 57%) and P. decipiens (67% versus 93%) or a mix of the three ES antigens (100% versus 44%), respectively. Cross-reactions of C. osculatum ES antigen with serum-antibodies from patients suffering from other helminth infections were rare and were exclusively found with few sera from toxocariasis, ascariasis, and filariasis patients. The two recombinant allergens rAni s 1 and rAni s 7 did not prove sufficiently sensitive and specific in order to justify a further evaluation of these antigens regarding their suitability in IgG-ELISA-based serodiagnosis of human anisakidosis. In conclusion, the C. osculatum-ESAg-ELISA remains as key candidate to be further assessed for the serodiagnosis of symptomatic anisakidosis in different endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | | | | | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joanna Dąbrowska
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Mirosław Różycki
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Norbert Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Ghalia Boubaker
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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Karamon J, Dąbrowska J, Kochanowski M, Samorek-Pieróg M, Sroka J, Różycki M, Bilska-Zając E, Zdybel J, Cencek T. Prevalence of intestinal helminths of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in central Europe (Poland): a significant zoonotic threat. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:436. [PMID: 30055657 PMCID: PMC6064108 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is widely distributed in the world; in central Europe, it is the most numerous wild species of the family Canidae. It can play the role of a definitive host for many intestinal parasites, including zoonotic helminths. Poland, with its geographical location (central Europe), is an interesting area for parasitological investigations of this species. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the prevalence of intestinal helminths in red foxes in different regions of Poland. METHODS Intestines of 473 red foxes from four different regions were examined using the sedimentation and counting technique (SCT). In addition, 344 samples of faeces were examined using flotation. RESULTS Overall, intestinal helminths were found in 98.9% of red foxes. The average prevalence of detected parasites was as follows: Mesocestoides spp. (84.1%); hookworms (67.9%); Alaria alata (61.5%); Toxocara/Toxascaris (49.5%); Taenia spp. (42.5%); Echinococcus multilocularis (25.6%); and Trichuris vulpis (2.3%). The prevalence of the majority of parasite species was similar in each region. Significant differences between regions were observed in the case of E. multilocularis: a low prevalence in the south-western and northern regions (0% and 0.9%, respectively) and a high prevalence in the south-east and northeast (39.3% and 42.7%, respectively). In the case of A. alata, important differences were found between northern (96.5% and 93.7% in northern and northeast regions, respectively) and southern regions (15.2% and 24.7% for south-western and south-east regions, respectively). The percentage of positive samples obtained with coproscopic examination (except for Trichuris) was significantly lower than that obtained with SCT. Analysis of the prevalence estimated in individual regions with the use of both methods (flotation and SCT) showed a high correlation for all parasite species (except for Mesocestoides spp.). The flotation method also allowed us to detect the eggs of the lung nematode Eucoleus aerophilus (syn. Capillaria aerophila) (76.2% of positive foxes). CONCLUSIONS This study showed a very high percentage of red foxes infected with intestinal helminths in different parts of Poland. Depending on the location, some differences were observed regarding the prevalence of dangerous zoonotic parasites, which should be considered in the assessment of infection risk for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Karamon
- National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Joanna Dąbrowska
- National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Maciej Kochanowski
- National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | | | - Jacek Sroka
- National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Mirosław Różycki
- National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Ewa Bilska-Zając
- National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jolanta Zdybel
- National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- National Veterinary Research Institute, al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
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Kochanowski M, Karamon J, Dąbrowska J, Dors A, Czyżewska-Dors E, Cencek T. Occurrence of Intestinal Parasites in Pigs in Poland - the Influence of Factors Related to the Production System. J Vet Res 2017; 61:459-466. [PMID: 29978110 PMCID: PMC5937345 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of study was to estimate the prevalence and intensity of intestinal parasite infections in pigs in Poland and evaluate the influence of factors related to the production system on the infection intensity. Material and Methods A total of 70 pig farms of all Polish provinces, differing in the herd size and production system, were selected for the study. Fresh faecal samples were collected from all age groups: suckling piglets, weaners, fatteners, and lactating sows. Moreover, data were obtained regarding the size of the herd, the use of paddock and all-in/all-out system, the presence of diarrhoea, and the type of flooring. Results Parasite eggs or oocysts were detected in 57 of the 70 examined pig farms. Oesphagostomum spp. eggs were found in the largest number of farms (68.6%). Moreover, coccidia (42.9%), Ascaris suum(28.6%), Trichuris suis (21.4%), and Strongyloides spp. (11.4%) were detected. The highest prevalence of coccidia and Strongyloides spp. was found in suckling piglets, A. suum and T. suis in fatteners, and Oesphagostomum spp. in sows. Higher prevalence of parasites was detected in small farms than in medium and large farms, except the prevalence of coccidia, which was the highest in medium farms. Simultaneous infection with several parasites was more often detected than with one parasite. Odds ratio of parasites occurrence was higher in farms with paddock and litter floor and in farms which do not use all-in/all-out system. Conclusion Relatively high prevalence of intestinal parasites was found in pigs in Poland. Moreover, specific distribution of parasites in different age groups and farms of different size was observed. Influence of breeding factors on parasite prevalence was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, 24-100Pulawy, Poland
| | - Joanna Dąbrowska
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, 24-100Pulawy, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Dors
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Pulawy, Poland
| | - Ewelina Czyżewska-Dors
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Pulawy, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, 24-100Pulawy, Poland
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Karamon J, Samorek-Pierog M, Kochanowski M, Dabrowska J, Sroka J, Golab E, Umhang G, Cencek T. First detection of Echinococcus multilocularis in dogs in a highly endemic area of Poland. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2016; 63. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2016.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dąbrowska J, Karamon J, Kochanowski M, Jędryczko R, Cencek T. Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cat - first detection in Poland. Acta Parasitol 2015; 60:605-8. [PMID: 26408578 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2015-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus, a parasite of cattle reproductive system, has been recently discovered as a cause of disease in cats in many countries. T. foetus infects and colonizes cat's ileum, caecum, colon and can lead to enteritis. This paper presents the first clinical case of cat intestinal trichomonosis caused by T. foetus in Poland. The material for this study was a smear collected from a 6-month-old male British Shorthair cat. The presence of parasitic protozoan was determined via microscopic examination and confirmed by amplification of T. foetus rDNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. In the first PCR reaction, a DNA of Trichomonadidae was identified and in the second PCR, T. foetus was detected. The T. foetus positive products from the second PCR reaction were sequenced. Interpretation of the sequencing results of obtained amplicons by comparing them with the GenBank database proved that the causative agent, in this case, was T. foetus.
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Sroka J, Giżejewski Z, Wójcik-Fatla A, Stojecki K, Bilska-Zając E, Dutkiewicz J, Cencek T, Karamon J, Zając V, Kusyk P, Dąbrowska J, Kochanowski M. Potential role of beavers (Castor fiber) in contamination of water in the Masurian Lake District (north-eastern Poland) with protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/bvip-2015-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the possible influence of beavers on the contamination of lake water with zoonotic parasites Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp., with respect to the risk to human health. A total of 79 water samples were taken around the habitats of beavers from 14 localities situated in the recreational Masurian Lake District (north-eastern Poland). Water was sampled in the spring and autumn seasons, at different distances from beavers’ lodges (0-2, 10, 30, and 50 m). The samples were examined for the presence of (oo)cysts of zoonotic protozoa Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. by direct fluorescence assay (DFA) and by nested and real time PCR. By DFA, the presence of Giardia cysts was found in 36 samples (45.6%) and the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in 26 samples (32.9%). Numbers of Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts, and summarised (oo)cysts of both parasites showed a significant variation depending on locality. The numbers of Giardia cysts significantly decreased with the distance from beavers’ lodges while the numbers of Cryptosporidium oocysts did not show such dependence. The amount of Giardia cysts in samples collected in spring was approximately 3 times higher than in autumn. Conversely, a larger number of Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in samples collected in autumn than in spring. By PCR, Giardia DNA was found in 38 samples (48.1%) whereas DNA of Cryptosporidium was found in only 7 samples (8.9%). Eleven Giardia isolates were subjected to phylogenetic analysis by restriction fragment length polymorphism PCR or sequencing which evidenced their belonging to zoonotic assemblages: A (3 isolates) and B (8 isolates). In conclusion, water in the vicinity of beavers’ lodges in the tested region was markedly contaminated with (oo)cysts of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp., which confirms the potential role of beavers as a reservoir of these parasites and indicates a need for implementation of appropriate preventive measures to protect tourists’ health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Sroka
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
- Department of Biological Health Hazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Giżejewski
- 2Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-243 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Angelina Wójcik-Fatla
- Department of Biological Health Hazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Stojecki
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Ewa Bilska-Zając
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jacek Dutkiewicz
- Department of Biological Health Hazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Violetta Zając
- Department of Biological Health Hazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Kusyk
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Joanna Dąbrowska
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Abstract
The FLOTAC technique is a quantitative coproscopic method for the diagnosis of parasitic infection that is based on the centrifugation of a fecal sample to levitate helminth eggs with a flotation solution in a proprietary apparatus. Determination of the efficacy of the FLOTAC method and multiplication factors for calculation of the number of Toxocara, Trichuris, and Ascaris eggs in 1 g of feces on the basis of the number of detected eggs is presented. An investigation was conducted using feces samples enriched with a known number of parasite eggs: 3, 15, 50, or 100 parasite eggs of 3 nematode genera (Toxocara, Trichuris, and Ascaris) per 1 g (EPG) of feces. In addition, 80 samples of dog feces were prepared consisting of 20 repetitions for each level of contamination. The samples were analyzed using the FLOTAC basic technique. The limit of detection was calculated as the lowest level of egg content at which at least 50% of repetitions were positive. Multiplication factors for estimating the true number of parasite eggs in the samples were derived from regression coefficients that illustrated the linear relationship between the number of detected eggs and the number of eggs added to the sample. The percentages of recovered eggs for 1 chamber and for the whole apparatus ranged from 11.67 to 21.90% and from 21.33 to 40.10%, respectively, depending on dose enrichment and genus of parasite. The limit of detection calculated for the whole FLOTAC device was 3 EPG and was 15 EPG for 1 chamber for each of the 3 parasite genera. The limit of quantification calculated for whole FLOTAC was 15 EPG for each of 3 kinds of eggs. For 1 chamber, the limit of quantification was 15 EPG for Ascaris and Toxocara eggs and 50 EPG for Trichuris eggs. Multiplication factors for calculation of the number of eggs in 1 g of feces calculated for whole FLOTAC were 3 (for Toxocara and Ascaris eggs) and 4 (for Trichuris eggs). Experimentally calculated parameters of the method differ significantly from the theoretical assumptions of the authors of the FLOTAC technique and can significantly affect the reliability of the results. This does not alter the fact that the FLOTAC technique is the most effective parasitological quantitative method, which can be used to detect parasitic forms in feces. However, the results of our study emphasized the need for validation of the method before using it in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Kochanowski
- The National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Puławy, Poland. Correspondence should be sent to:
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Dąbrowska J, Zdybel J, Karamon J, Kochanowski M, Stojecki K, Cencek T, Kłapeć T. Assessment of viability of the nematode eggs (Ascaris, Toxocara, Trichuris) in sewage sludge with the use of LIVE/DEAD Bacterial Viability Kit. Ann Agric Environ Med 2014; 21:35-41. [PMID: 24742037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludges from wastewater treatment plants may contain live parasite eggs, which can be a source of humans and animals infection. According to the current rules, parasitological examination includes detection of the Ascaris spp., Trichuris spp. and Toxocara spp. eggs and estimation of their viability. The viability assessment based only on the incubation and observation of isolated egg is long and imprecise. The aim of this study was to develop sensitive and less labour-intensive methods for assessing viability of Ascaris spp., Toxocara spp. and Trichuris spp. eggs in sewage sludge. For this purpose, LIVE/DEAD Kit was used. Firstly, the possibility of distinguishing between live and dead eggs in water was assessed. Secondly, an appropriate amount of dyeing mixture needed to distinguish the live and dead eggs in the sewage sludge was determined using experimentally enriched samples and naturally contaminated samples of sludge. Eggs were isolated from the samples by own method which was a combination of flotation and sedimentation, preceded by a long mixing. After the last stage of the procedure, sediment containing the eggs of parasites was stained by LIVE/DEAD kit according to the manufacturer instructions, but with the use of different variants of dyes mixture concentration. The investigation showed that live and dead eggs of these three parasites could be differed by this method with the use of proper concentration of dyes. Live eggs were stained in green (Ascaris and Trichuris) and green-blue (Toxocara). However, all types of dead eggs were red coloured. The study demonstrated that after some modifications (resulted from the nature of the samples) the LIVE/DEAD kit is useful for assessing the viability of Toxocara, Ascaris and Trichuris eggs occurring in the sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dąbrowska
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jolanta Zdybel
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Poland
| | - Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Stojecki
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Poland
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Poland
| | - Teresa Kłapeć
- Department of Water and Soil Safety, Institute of Rural Health in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Kochanowski M, Dabrowska J, Karamon J, Cencek T, Osiński Z. Analysis of the accuracy and precision of the McMaster method in detection of the eggs of Toxocara and Trichuris species (Nematoda) in dog faeces. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2013; 60:264-72. [PMID: 23951934 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2013.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy and precision of McMaster method with Raynaud's modification in the detection of the eggs of the nematodes Toxocara canis (Werner, 1782) and Trichuris ovis (Abildgaard, 1795) in faeces of dogs. Four variants of McMaster method were used for counting: in one grid, two grids, the whole McMaster chamber and flotation in the tube. One hundred sixty samples were prepared from dog faeces (20 repetitions for each egg quantity) containing 15, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 eggs of T. canis and T. ovis in 1 g of faeces. To compare the influence of kind of faeces on the results, samples of dog faeces were enriched at the same levels with the eggs of another nematode, Ascaris suum Goeze, 1782. In addition, 160 samples of pig faeces were prepared and enriched only with A. suum eggs in the same way. The highest limit of detection (the lowest level of eggs that were detected in at least 50% of repetitions) in all McMaster chamber variants were obtained for T. canis eggs (25-250 eggs/g faeces). In the variant with flotation in the tube, the highest limit of detection was obtained for T. ovis eggs (100 eggs/g). The best results of the limit of detection, sensitivity and the lowest coefficients of variation were obtained with the use of the whole McMaster chamber variant. There was no significant impact of properties of faeces on the obtained results. Multiplication factors for the whole chamber were calculated on the basis of the transformed equation of the regression line, illustrating the relationship between the number of detected eggs and that of the eggs added to the'sample. Multiplication factors calculated for T. canis and T. ovis eggs were higher than those expected using McMaster method with Raynaud modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Pulawy, Poland
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Kochanowski M, Kała M. Tetrahydrocannabinols in clinical and forensic toxicology. Przegl Lek 2005; 62:576-80. [PMID: 16225128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids are the natural constituents of marihuana (cannabis). The main of them are delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (9THC)--psychoactive agent, cannabinol (CBN) and cannabidiol (CBD). Cannabis is administered either by smoking or orally. 9THC potency and duration of action as well as its and two of its major metabolites concentrations in organism highly depend on the route of administration. A single active dose of 9THC is estimated on 520 mg. 9THC is rapidly metabolised. It is hydroxylated to an active metabolite, I1 -hydroxy-delta9-tetrahydro-cannabinol (11-OH-THC), then oxidised to an inactive 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH), which is conjugated with glucuronic acid and predominantly excreted in the urine. The maximum psychological effect persists for 4-6 h after administration despite of very low 9THC blood concentrations. 9THC plasma concentration declined to values of 2-3 ng/ml during 3-4 h after smoking. Such a low concentration of the active compound in human organism create a demand for use of sensitive analytical methods for detection and determination of 9THC and its metabolites. The most effective techniques for 9THC and related compounds determination in biological material are chromatographic ones (gas and liquid) with mass spectrometric detection and different ionization modes. 9THC and its two metabolites (11-OH-THC and THCCOOH) are present in blood and hair, 9THC in saliva, and THCCOOH in urine. 9THC and related compounds are determined in autopsy material, although deaths by overdose of cannabis are exceptionally rare. Fatalities happen most often after intravenous injection of hashish oil. 9THC and its metabolites determination in different biological materials gives the basis for a wide interpretation of analytical results for clinical and forensic toxicology purposes.
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