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Haghighat K, Haniloo A, Shemshadi B, Torabi N. Gastrointestinal parasites of dogs and foxes in the Zanjan province of Iran: With an emphasis on Echinococcus species. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 50:101013. [PMID: 38644038 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Canids harbor many zoonotic parasites and play an important role in the spread of parasites in the human environment. Estimation of parasitic infection among canids as definitive hosts may help competent authorities design efficient control programs. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs and foxes with an emphasis on Echinococcus spp. A total of 500 fecal samples of dogs and 30 fecal samples of foxes were studied in the summer, autumn, and winter of 2021 in the Zanjan province using the formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique, followed by multiplex PCR. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasite infection was estimated to be 19.05%. The prevalence was 24.8%, 10.2%, and 26.7% in stray, shelter dogs and foxes, respectively. No parasites were found among pet and guard dog samples. PCR results on Taenidae eggs showed that 2.4% of samples were positive for Echinococcus granulosus and none contained E. multilocularis. Noteworthy is that E. granulosus was identified only in stray dog samples. The higher prevalence of E. granulosus infection in stray dogs in this province emphasizes the importance of monitoring the food sources consumed by these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Haghighat
- Islamic Azad University Sciences and Researches Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Haniloo
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS), Zanjan, Iran
| | - Bahar Shemshadi
- Islamic Azad University Sciences and Researches Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Torabi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS), Zanjan, Iran.
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Bonelli P, Serra E, Dei Giudici S, Peruzzu A, Crotti S, Danesi P, Carvelli A, Piseddu T, Masala G. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato infecting sheep in Italy. Acta Trop 2024; 252:107151. [PMID: 38367944 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Cystic Echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, is a neglected zoonosis still threatening public health worldwide. In Italy different epidemiological scenarios were reported depending on the geographical area and associated socio-economic activities. Although in northern Italy the occurrence of E. granulosus is considered sporadic, in the southern regions and, particularly in Sardinia, CE prevalence reaches high levels. We analysed CE cysts collected from infected sheep from various areas of mainland Italy and the Sardinia island, with the main objective to investigate intergenotypic and intragenotypic variations at national level. CE cysts were collected from slaughtered sheep following post mortem inspection at local abattoirs. Total genomic DNA was extracted and amplification and sequencing of the partial mitochondrial genes nad5 and cox1 were performed. A Bayesian phylogenetic tree was estimated on a nad5 dataset (n = 260) composed of E. granulosus samples from this study (n = 126) and all the nad5 haplotypes available in GenBank (n = 134). In addition, haplotype network, diversity and neutrality analysis were performed on nad5 and cox1 sequences of Italian origin obtained in this study. E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) was found to be the only Echinococcus species infecting sheep in Italy, mainly represented by G1 genotype (76 %) and, to a lower extent, by G3 genotype (24 %). Phylogenetic analyses revealed 40 nad5 and 33 cox 1 haplotypes, and the presence of two founder haplotypes, belonging to G1 and G3 genotype, showing 100 % similarity with DNA sequences from different geographic regions. The lack of geographical segregation, high haplotype and low nucleotide diversity coupled with significant negative values of Tajima's D and Fu's Fs observed in this study indicated high genetic variation and demographic expansion of E. granulosus s.s. in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Bonelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Laboratory of Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Via Vienna 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy.
| | - Elisa Serra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Laboratory of Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Via Vienna 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Silvia Dei Giudici
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, Diagnostica virologica, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Angela Peruzzu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Laboratory of Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Via Vienna 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Silvia Crotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, 06126, Italy
| | - Patrizia Danesi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Venezie, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - Andrea Carvelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio della Toscana, Roma, 00178, Italy
| | - Toni Piseddu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Laboratory of Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Via Vienna 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Laboratory of Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Via Vienna 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
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3
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Santoro A, Santolamazza F, Cacciò SM, La Rosa G, Antolová D, Auer H, Bagrade G, Bandelj P, Basso W, Beck R, Citterio CV, Davidson RK, Deksne G, Frey CF, Fuglei E, Glawischnig W, Gottstein B, Harna J, Huus Petersen H, Karamon J, Jansen F, Jarošová J, Jokelainen P, Lundström-Stadelmann B, Maksimov P, Miljević M, Miterpáková M, Moks E, Origgi F, Ozolina Z, Ryser MP, Romig T, Šarkūnas M, Scorrano N, Saarma U, Šnábel V, Sréter T, Umhang G, Vengušt G, Žele Vengušt D, Casulli A. Mitochondrial genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe. Int J Parasitol 2024; 54:233-245. [PMID: 38246405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The cestode Echinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis, a fatal zoonotic parasitic disease of the northern hemisphere. Red foxes are the main reservoir hosts and, likely, the main drivers of the geographic spread of the disease in Europe. Knowledge of genetic relationships among E. multilocularis isolates at a European scale is key to understanding the dispersal characteristics of E. multilocularis. Hence, the present study aimed to describe the genetic diversity of E. multilocularis isolates obtained from different host species in 19 European countries. Based on the analysis of complete nucleotide sequences of the cob, atp6, nad2, nad1 and cox1 mitochondrial genes (4,968 bp), 43 haplotypes were inferred. Four haplotypes represented 62.56 % of the examined isolates (142/227), and one of these four haplotypes was found in each country investigated, except Svalbard, Norway. While the haplotypes from Svalbard were markedly different from all the others, mainland Europe appeared to be dominated by two main clusters, represented by most western, central and eastern European countries, and the Baltic countries and northeastern Poland, respectively. Moreover, one Asian-like haplotype was identified in Latvia and northeastern Poland. To better elucidate the presence of Asian genetic variants of E. multilocularis in Europe, and to obtain a more comprehensive Europe-wide coverage, further studies, including samples from endemic regions not investigated in the present study, especially some eastern European countries, are needed. Further, the present work proposes historical causes that may have contributed to shaping the current genetic variability of E. multilocularis in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Santoro
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica Santolamazza
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Simone M Cacciò
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe La Rosa
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Antolová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Herbert Auer
- Medical Parasitology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Guna Bagrade
- Latvian State Forest Research Institute "Silava", Wildlife Management Research Group, Salaspils, Rigas Street 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia
| | - Petra Bandelj
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Walter Basso
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Relja Beck
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Laboratory for Parasitology, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Carlo V Citterio
- Centro Specialistico Fauna Selvatica, SCT2-Belluno, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Via Cappellari 44/A, 32100 Belluno, Italy
| | | | - Gunita Deksne
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Street 3, Riga LV-1076, Latvia; Faculty of Biology, University of Lavia, Jelgavas Street 1, Riga LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Caroline F Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eva Fuglei
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Walter Glawischnig
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Innsbruck, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Technikerstraße 70, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jiří Harna
- State Veterinary Institute Olomouc, Jakoubka ze Stribra 1, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Heidi Huus Petersen
- Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries of Denmark, Stationsparken 31-33 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jacek Karamon
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Partyzantow Avenue 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Famke Jansen
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Department of Biomedical Sciences, 155 Nationalestraat, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Júlia Jarošová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Pikka Jokelainen
- Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Britta Lundström-Stadelmann
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pavlo Maksimov
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald‑Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Milan Miljević
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Martina Miterpáková
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Epp Moks
- National Centre for Laboratory Research and Risk Assessment, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 30, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Francesco Origgi
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Längassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zanda Ozolina
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Street 3, Riga LV-1076, Latvia
| | - Marie-Pierre Ryser
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Längassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Romig
- Parasitology Unit, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mindaugas Šarkūnas
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nathalie Scorrano
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urmas Saarma
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, J. Liivi 2, 50409 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Viliam Šnábel
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Tamás Sréter
- National Reference Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, National Public Health Center, Albert Flórián út 2-6, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gèrald Umhang
- Anses, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory Echinococcus spp, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Gorazd Vengušt
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Diana Žele Vengušt
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Adriano Casulli
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Antepli Oğlu T, Yapici TS, Dincel GC, Al-Olayan E, Alshahrani MY, El-Ashram S. Assessment of oxidative stress and tissue damage in Echinococcus granulosus naturally infected bovine liver. Tissue Cell 2024; 87:102333. [PMID: 38422584 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus is a zoonotic parasite infects many livestock species, especially cattle, sheep, goat and buffalo, causing cystic echinococcosis. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the presence of the parasite and parasitic tissue damage histopathologically and to determine the role of oxidative stress in the tissue damage through the immunohistochemical detection of the oxidative damage-marker malondialdehyde (MDA) and the antioxidant response-marker superoxide dismutase (SOD). The material of the study consisted of 20 liver samples with Echinococcus cysts and 10 E.granulosus- negative healthy liver samples obtained from different cattle at various times from slaughterhouses in Kırıkkale province, Turkey. Histopathologically, Echinococcus cysts of various sizes were observed along with the surrounding fibrous connective tissue. Giant cells, mononuclear cells, and eosinophilic leukocytes were found between the fibrous connective tissue and the cyst. In the parenchymal tissue distant from the cyst, inflammatory changes were observed, including vacuolation and necrosis in hepatocytes, congestion and dilation sinusoidal capillaries. Immunohistochemically, MDA immunopositivity was observed in both hepatocytes surrounding the cyst and areas distant from the cyst, while SOD immunopositivity was mainly detected in fibrous connective tissue and hepatocytes surrounding the Echinococcus cysts. A significant increase in MDA immunoreactivity was observed in E.granulosus s.l.-infected livers. Although no statistically significant change was observed in SOD immunopositivity in the liver tissues with cystic echinococcosis, regional variations were noted. Germinal layer (GL) of Echinococcus cyst showed immunopositive staining for MDA, while laminated layer (LL) exhibited immunonegative staining. To the authors' best understanding, this study represents a pioneering effort in showcasing and evaluating the immunoreactivities of MDA and SOD within the liver tissue afflicted with Echinococcus cysts. Simultaneously, the examination extends to encompass tissue damage and the infiltration of inflammatory cells. This study highlights the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) and the need for further investigation of antioxidant defense mechanisms and their regional variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğçe Antepli Oğlu
- Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Tilbe Su Yapici
- Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | | | - Ebtesam Al-Olayan
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Y Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 61413, Abha 9088, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed El-Ashram
- Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt; College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan, Guangdong Province 528231, China.
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Celik F, Selcuk MA, Kilinc SG, Kesik HK, Ahmed H, Wang Y, Simsek S, Cao J. Molecular discrimination of G1 and G3 genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto obtained from human, cattle, and sheep using the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 marker. Acta Trop 2024; 252:107124. [PMID: 38262573 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a common zoonotic disease caused by the larval form of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. This study determined the genotype and haplotype differences using the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 gene in hydatid cyst samples. Human (n = 12), cattle (n = 28), and sheep (n = 31) hydatid cyst isolates were included. Seventy-one genomic DNA samples were successfully extracted, and a 759 bp mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 gene fragment was amplified by PCR. Following the sequence analysis, E. granulosus sensu stricto isolates were identified as G1 (n = 61) and G3 (n = 10). A total of 23 haplotypes were obtained from the 71 E. granulosus s.s. G1 and G3 samples. The main haplotype was Hap01 (60.56 %), which consisted of the G1 genotype. The second largest haplotype was Hap04, which consisted entirely of the G3 genotype. Hap14 acted as a bridge between the G1 and G3 genotypes. This study identifies G1 as the dominant genotype in humans and farm animals in Turkey. High haplotype and nucleotide diversity in genotypes were observed. Additionally, this is the first report on the phylogeography and gene flow models of the E. granulosus s.s. population in Turkey using the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 gene, the best marker distinguishing between G1 and G3 genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Figen Celik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Ahmed Selcuk
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Seyma Gunyakti Kilinc
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Harun Kaya Kesik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ying Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai 200025, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases at Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai 200025, China; World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China; The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Ciccone E, Bosco A, Pepe P, Nocerino M, Lattero N, Umhang G, AbdElkarim L, Lahmar S, Said Y, Saralli G, Piegari G, Alterisio MC, Baka R, Sotiraki S, Boué F, Rinaldi L. Baiting not-owned dogs against Echinococcus granulosus: innovative tools for integrated control. Parasitology 2024; 151:421-428. [PMID: 38576256 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024000258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus, is one of the most widespread zoonoses in Mediterranean countries. Baiting not-owned dogs with praziquantel (PZQ), due to their key role in the maintaining the transmission of CE, currently appears to be the most effective way to limit the transmission of CE, as well as an important aspect to introduce for the control of this parasitic disease. Therefore, this study aims to test 3 types of PZQ-based baits by evaluating different parameters (integrity over time, attractiveness and palatability for dogs, and mechanical resistance after release to different altitudes) and the bait acceptance in field by target animals, i.e. not-owned dogs, by using camera traps. The double PZQ-laced baits (with a double layer of highly palatable chews) showed the greatest resistance in the environment while also preserving the attractiveness and palatability up to 10 days, also withstood heights of 25 m, thus resulting as the most suitable also for drone delivery. The results on the field showed that most of the baits were consumed by not-owned dogs (82.2%), while the remaining were consumed by wild boars (8.9%), foxes (6.7%), badgers (1.1%) and hedgehogs (1.1%), confirming the specific and high attractiveness of the double PZQ-laced baits for the target population and highlights how an anthelmintic baiting programme may be a viable tool for the management of E. granulosus among free-ranging dog populations in endemic rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ciccone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
- Regional Reference Center for Animal Health (CRESAN), Campania Region, Italy
| | - Antonio Bosco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
- Regional Reference Center for Animal Health (CRESAN), Campania Region, Italy
| | - Paola Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Nocerino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Lattero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
- Regional Reference Center for Animal Health (CRESAN), Campania Region, Italy
| | - Gerald Umhang
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife Diseases, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire, BP 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Laatamna AbdElkarim
- Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, Laboratory of Exploration and Valorization of Steppic Ecosystems, University of Djelfa, Moudjbara Road, BP 3117, Djelfa, Algeria
| | - Samia Lahmar
- Parasitology Laboratory, National School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Yousra Said
- Parasitology Laboratory, National School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Manouba, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Giorgio Saralli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Lazio and Tuscany M. Aleandri, Via Appia Nuova, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Piegari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Alterisio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Rania Baka
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Franck Boué
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife Diseases, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire, BP 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
- Regional Reference Center for Animal Health (CRESAN), Campania Region, Italy
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Guo B, Cairen, Wu J, Wang W, Wang B, Ren Y, Aizezi M, Mi R, Zhao L, Wen H. The A2 haplotype of Echinococcus multilocularis is the predominant variant infecting humans and dogs in Yili Prefecture, Xinjiang. Infect Genet Evol 2024; 119:105581. [PMID: 38432594 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by Echinococcus multilocularis, is an important zoonotic disease. Yili Prefecture in Xinjiang is endemic for AE, however the molecular variability of E. multilocularis in this region is poorly understood. In this study, 127 samples were used for haplotypes analysis, including 79 tissues from humans, 43 liver tissues from small rodents, and 5 fecal samples from dogs. Genetic variability in E. multilocularis was studied using complete sequences of the mitochondrial (mt) genes of cytochrome b (cob), NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (nad2), and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), using a total of 3558 bp per sample. The Asia haplotype 2 (A2) was the dominant haplotype, with 72.15% (57/79) prevalence in humans, 2.33% (1/43) in small rodents, and 80.00% (4/5) in dogs, followed by A5, the second most common haplotype, which infected 27.91% (12/43) small rodents. Haplotype network analysis showed that all haplotypes clustered together with the Asian group. Pairwise fixation index (FST) values showed lower level of genetic differentiation between different regions within the country. Compared with the sequences of E. multilocularis from North America and Europe, all concatenated sequences isolated from Yili Prefecture were highly differentiated and formed a single population. The A2 haplotype, analyzed using the cob, nad2, and cox1 genes of E. multilocularis, is the predominant variant in humans and dogs in Yili Prefecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Cairen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Jianyong Wu
- School of public health, Xinjiang Medical University, No. 567 Shangde Road North, Urumqi 830017, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Wenli Wang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Gansu Province, No.41 Hongliutan Road, Chengguan Zone, Lanzhou, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, No. 726, Dongrong Street, Urumqi 830000, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Yuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Mayire Aizezi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Rongsheng Mi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Li Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang, PR China
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Xu S, Dawuti W, Maimaitiaili M, Dou J, Aizezi M, Aimulajiang K, Lü X, Lü G. Rapid and non-invasive detection of cystic echinococcosis in sheep based on serum fluorescence spectrum combined with machine learning algorithms. J Biophotonics 2024; 17:e202300357. [PMID: 38263544 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a grievous zoonotic parasitic disease. Currently, the traditional technology of screening CE is laborious and expensive, developing an innovative technology is urgent. In this study, we combined serum fluorescence spectroscopy with machine learning algorithms to develop an innovative screening technique to diagnose CE in sheep. Serum fluorescence spectra of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto-infected group (n = 63) and uninfected E. granulosus s.s. group (n = 60) under excitation at 405 nm were recorded. The linear support vector machine (Linear SVM), Quadratic SVM, medium radial basis function (RBF) SVM, K-nearest neighbor (KNN), and principal component analysis-linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) were used to analyze the spectra data. The results showed that Quadratic SVM had the great classification capacity, its sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 85.0%, 93.8%, and 88.9%, respectively. In short, serum fluorescence spectroscopy combined with Quadratic SVM algorithm has great potential in the innovative diagnosis of CE in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengke Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wubulitalifu Dawuti
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Maierhaba Maimaitiaili
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jingrui Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Malike Aizezi
- Animal Health Supervision Institute of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaoyi Lü
- College of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Guodong Lü
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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Moudgil AD, Nehra AK, Moudgil P. Understanding the role of pigs in the transmission of zoonotic Echinococcus ortleppi in Haryana, India. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:172. [PMID: 38536510 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The etiological agents of zoonotic cystic echinococcosis comprise the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) species complex. The present study was aimed at investigating the zoonotic genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus s.l. circulating in the pig population of Haryana, India. Out of 253 slaughtered pigs screened, 5 showed the presence of hydatid cysts. The amplification of the partial mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) gene for the molecular confirmation and phylogenetics of the retrieved metacestodes (n = 2) revealed the presence of E. ortleppi. The sequences generated herein exhibited 99.80% homology to the GenBank archived E. ortleppi sequences. Cladistics targeting genetic diversity and haplotype network analysis involved 37 E. granulosus s.l. GenBank archived sequences from India corresponding to different hosts (large and small ruminants and humans) along with the sequences (n = 2) generated in the present study. Overall, 14 haplotypes with high haplotype (0.780 ± 0.059) and low nucleotide (0.033 ± 0.010) diversities were recorded for the overall data set, which evinced a population expansion. The median-joining haplotype network revealed a stellate shape of E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) sequences, which was indicative of rapid population expansion. High genetic differentiation (FST = 0.840 - 0.983) and low gene flow (Nm = 0.003 - 0.047) were recorded between the pig intermediate hosts infected with E. ortleppi and other hosts infected with E. granulosus s.s. The findings are of paramount significance for the formulation of effective control strategies considering the public health and economic impact of cystic echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman D Moudgil
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Anil K Nehra
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Pallavi Moudgil
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India.
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Zhang Y, Wu J, Adili S, Wang S, Zhang H, Shi G, Zhao J. [Surveillance of echinococcosis in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2017 to 2022]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2024; 36:79-82. [PMID: 38604689 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2023169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the echinococcosis surveillance results in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2017 to 2022, so as to provide insights into formulation of echinococcosis control measures in the prefecture. METHODS Villagers were randomly sampled using a multistage sampling method from class I and II echinococcosis endemic counties in Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture from 2017 to 2022 for detection of human echinococcosis, while all patients undergoing ultrasound examinations in medical institutions in class III endemic counties received active echinococcosis screening. In addition, livestock in centralized slaughterhouses or slaughtering sites were screened for echinococcosis using the palpation and necropsy method, and fresh domestic dog feces samples were collected from randomly selected dog owners in each administrative village for detection of Echinococcus copro-antigen in domestic dogs. The trends in detection of human and livestock echinococcosis, detection of newly diagnosed human echinococcosis cases and detection of Echinococcus coproantigen in domestic dogs were analyzed in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture from 2017 to 2022. RESULTS The mean detection rate of human echinococcosis was 0.13% (540/407 803) in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture from 2017 to 2022, which appeared a tendency towards a decline over years (χ2trend = 1 217.21, P < 0.001), and the highest detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases was seen in Hejing County (0.28%, 191/67 865). The detection of livestock echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a decline over years from 2017 to 2022 (χ2trend = 147.02, P < 0.001), with the highest detection rate seen in Hejing County (3.44%, 86/2 500), and the detection of Echinococcus copro-antigen in domestic dogs appeared a tendency towards a decline over years from 2017 to 2022 (χ2trend = 302.46, P < 0.001), with the highest detection rate in Qiemo County (2.74%, 118/4 313). CONCLUSIONS The detection of human and livestock echinococcosis and dog feces antigens Echinococcus copro-antigen in domestic dogs all appeared a tendency towards a decline in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2017 to 2022; however, there is still a high echinococcosis transmission risk in local areas. Sustainable integrated echinococcosis control is required in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - J Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - S Adili
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - S Wang
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - H Zhang
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - G Shi
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - J Zhao
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
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Jesudoss Chelladurai JRJ, Quintana TA, Johnson WL, Schmidt C, Righter D, Howey E. Cystic echinococcosis in cattle and sheep caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto genotypes G1 and G3 in the USA. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:128. [PMID: 38486339 PMCID: PMC10938798 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endemic domestic dog-ruminant cycles and human cystic echinococcosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus have been sporadically reported in the United States. However, there is a paucity of molecular data describing the genotypes and haplotypes of this important cestode in domestic ruminant hosts. METHODS Ninety-four cysts from the lungs and/or livers of slaughtered beef cattle (76 samples), dairy cows (five samples) and sheep (13 samples) were collected from abattoirs in four states of the USA. Samples were genotyped at two mitochondrial loci, cox1 and nad5. Sequences were used to determine species, genotypes and haplotypes using median joining networks and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses. Cyst fertility was assessed in hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections. Additionally, previously reported autochthonous E. granulosus infections in the USA in various hosts were mapped. RESULTS Based on cox1 sequences obtained from 94 cysts, 89 (94.7%) were identified as E. granulosus G1/G3, while five (5.3%) were Taenia hydatigena. Taenia hydatigena were only isolated from sheep. Based on nad5 sequences obtained from 89 hydatid cysts, 96.6% and 3.4% belonged to E. granulosus sensu stricto genotypes G1 and G3 respectively. Two haplotypes were found among E. granulosus cox1 sequences, neither of which was geographically unique. Six haplotypes were found among nad5 sequences in genotype G1, of which five were novel, while one haplotype was found in genotype G3. In the concatenated cox1-nad5 dataset, seven haplotypes were identified, of which six were geographically unique. All cysts from cattle were non-fertile. Four cysts from sheep were fertile. CONCLUSIONS All genotyped samples belonged to E. granulosus s.s. This is the first study to our knowledge to confirm the presence of genotypes G1 and G3 in domestic cattle and sheep intermediate hosts in the USA and provide data for future diagnostic and epidemiological studies. Sequences have been deposited in GenBank (cox1 sequences: OR398494-OR398496, nad5 sequences: OR400695-OR400702).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeba R J Jesudoss Chelladurai
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
| | - Theresa A Quintana
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - William L Johnson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Carrie Schmidt
- Pathology Branch, Eastern Laboratory, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, United State Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Righter
- Pathology Branch, Eastern Laboratory, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, United State Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Erin Howey
- Pathology Branch, Eastern Laboratory, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, United State Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
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12
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González-Porcile MC, Muniz-Lagos AC, Cucher MA, Mourglia-Ettlin G. Mouse model of secondary cystic echinococcosis. Methods Cell Biol 2024; 185:115-136. [PMID: 38556444 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2024.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic zoonosis caused by the larval stage of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s. l.), a genetic complex composed of five species: E. granulosus sensu stricto (s. s.), E. equinus, E. ortleppi, E. canadensis, and E. felidis. The parasite requires two mammalian hosts to complete its life cycle: a definitive host (mainly dogs) harboring the adult parasite in its intestines, and an intermediate host (mostly farm and wild ungulates) where hydatid cysts develop mainly in the liver and lungs. Humans are accidental intermediate hosts, being susceptible to either primary or secondary forms of CE; the first one due to the ingestion of oncospheres, and the second one because of the spillage of protoscoleces (PSC) contained within a primary cyst. Secondary CE is a serious medical problem, and can be modeled in immunocompetent mice (a non-natural intermediate host) through the intraperitoneal inoculation of viable PSC from E. granulosus s. l. This model is useful to study not only the immunobiology of CE, but also to test new chemotherapeutics or therapeutical protocols, to explore novel vaccine candidates, and to evaluate alternative diagnostic and/or follow-up tools. The mouse model of secondary CE involves two sequential stages: an early stage of parasite pre-encystment (PSC develop into hydatid cysts in the peritoneal cavity of mice), and a late or chronic stage of parasite post-encystment (already differentiated cysts slowly grow during the whole host lifespan). This model is a time-consuming infection, whose outcome depends on several factors like the parasite infective dose, the mouse strain, and the parasite species/genotype. Thus, such variables should always be adjusted according to the research objectives. Herein, the general materials and procedures needed to establish secondary CE in mice are described, as well as several useful tips and recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Clara González-Porcile
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Unidad Asociada de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQB), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Higiene "Prof. Arnoldo Berta", Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Clara Muniz-Lagos
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Unidad Asociada de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQB), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Higiene "Prof. Arnoldo Berta", Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcela Alejandra Cucher
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Research on Microbiology and Medical Parasitology (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Mourglia-Ettlin
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Unidad Asociada de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQB), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Higiene "Prof. Arnoldo Berta", Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Kheninef A, Celik F, Aissaoui L, Simsek S. Molecular characterization and haplotypes of hydatid cyst isolates collected from humans and ruminants in Setif Province (northeast of Algeria) based on mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (mt-CO1) gene sequences. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:159. [PMID: 38466451 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans, caused by the metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus. The disease has significant health and economic impacts worldwide, particularly in endemic areas. The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of hydatid cysts in ruminants (cattle and sheep) (n = 2060) from the Setif Province of Algeria using microscopy. The results showed that hydatid cysts were detected in 9.6% (198/2060) of ruminants, with a higher prevalence in cattle (16.8%; 56/333) compared to sheep (8.2%; 142/1727). Molecular techniques were used to analyze a subset of animals consisting of 30 sheep and 4 cattle. Specifically, a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (mt-CO1) gene was sequenced and compared to sequences from seven humans from the same region. The results indicated that all isolates were identified as E. granulosus sensu stricto. Haplotype analysis identified 19 E. granulosus s.s. haplotypes arranged like a star, with the dominant haplotype (Hap04) at the center. Hap04 has been assigned a total of 17 positives, including positives from sheep, cattle, and two humans. This study is noteworthy for being the first to use a molecular approach to human and ruminant echinococcosis in Setif, a significant breeding region in Algeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Kheninef
- Research Laboratory of Improvement and Development of Animal and Plant Production, Department of Biology and Animal Physiology, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
| | - Figen Celik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Lynda Aissaoui
- Research Laboratory of Improvement and Development of Animal and Plant Production, Department of Biology and Animal Physiology, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey.
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Borhani M, Mohammadi MA, Entezami M, Baneshi MR, Nasibi S, Prada JM, Fasihi Harandi M. Reinfection of farm dogs following praziquantel treatment in an endemic region of cystic echinococcosis in southeastern Iran. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011939. [PMID: 38536863 PMCID: PMC11020379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) as a prevalent tapeworm infection of human and herbivorous animals worldwide, is caused by accidental ingestion of Echinococcus granulosus eggs excreted from infected dogs. CE is endemic in the Middle East and North Africa, and is considered as an important parasitic zoonosis in Iran. It is transmitted between dogs as the primary definitive host and different livestock species as the intermediate hosts. One of the most important measures for CE control is dog deworming with praziquantel. Due to the frequent reinfection of dogs, intensive deworming campaigns are critical for breaking CE transmission. Dog reinfection rate could be used as an indicator of the intensity of local CE transmission in endemic areas. However, our knowledge on the extent of reinfection in the endemic regions is poor. The purpose of the present study was to determine E. granulosus reinfection rate after praziquantel administration in a population of owned dogs in Kerman, Iran. A cohort of 150 owned dogs was recruited, with stool samples collected before praziquantel administration as a single oral dose of 5 mg/kg. The re-samplings of the owned dogs were performed at 2, 5 and 12 months following initial praziquantel administration. Stool samples were examined microscopically using Willis flotation method. Genomic DNA was extracted, and E. granulosus sensu lato-specific primers were used to PCR-amplify a 133-bp fragment of a repeat unit of the parasite genome. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier method to calculate cumulative survival rates, which is used here to capture reinfection dynamics, and monthly incidence of infection, capturing also the spatial distribution of disease risk. Results of survival analysis showed 8, 12 and 17% total reinfection rates in 2, 5 and 12 months following initial praziquantel administration, respectively, indicating that 92, 88 and 83% of the dogs had no detectable infection in that same time periods. The monthly incidence of reinfection in total owned dog population was estimated at 1.5% (95% CI 1.0-2.1). The results showed that the prevalence of echinococcosis in owned dogs, using copro-PCR assay was 42.6%. However, using conventional microscopy, 8% of fecal samples were positive for taeniid eggs. Our results suggest that regular treatment of the dog population with praziquantel every 60 days is ideal, however the frequency of dog dosing faces major logistics and cost challenges, threatening the sustainability of control programs. Understanding the nature and extent of dog reinfection in the endemic areas is essential for successful implementation of control programs and understanding patterns of CE transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Borhani
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mohammad Ali Mohammadi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahbod Entezami
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Reza Baneshi
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland Faculty of Medicine, Herston, Australia
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeid Nasibi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Joaquin M. Prada
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Reuter A, Wennemuth J. Computed tomographic appearance of canine hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2024; 65:138-144. [PMID: 38282566 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by Echinococcus multilocularis, affecting dogs as accidental intermediate hosts. CT is increasingly used for abdominal imaging in small animals, providing valuable information, particularly for large masses and limited ultrasound accessibility. This study describes CT findings of hepatic lesions in 13 dogs with AE. All cases displayed well-defined cavitary lesions in the liver. Lesions showed minimal to no contrast uptake in the periphery, no uptake centrally, irregular internal walls, and soft tissue septa. Eight of 13 cases exhibited large cavitary masses (mean diameter 18.7 cm) with thick walls and feathery mineralization. Three of 13 cases had multiple smaller cavitary lesions with thin walls and without mineralization (mean diameter 8.4 cm). Two of 13 cases presented with both lesion types. These findings suggest two typical CT appearances correlated with AE: large thick-walled- and smaller thin-walled lesions. These groups may represent different stages of AE, with smaller lesions merging and progressing into larger ones. In conclusion, CT provides valuable information in evaluating hepatic lesions in dogs with AE. Large cavitary, thick-walled liver lesions with feathery wall mineralization, irregular inner margination, septation, and no central contrast uptake strongly indicate hepatic AE in dogs, differentiating it from other masses.
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He W, Yu W, Huang Y, Liao S, Zhang G, Wang Q, Li R, Yang L, Yao R, Zhang Z, Zhong B, Liu Y, Wang Q. [Effectiveness of comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source in Sichuan Province from 2010 to 2022]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2024; 35:614-620. [PMID: 38413022 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2023116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source in Sichuan Province from 2010 to 2022, so as to provide insights into formulation of future control interventions. METHODS Data pertaining to comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source and echinococcosis surveillance in Sichuan Province from 2010 to 2022 were collected. The effectiveness of comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source was evaluated with prevalence of human echinococcosis, detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis patients, prevalence of Echinococcus infection in domestic dogs, prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in livestock, prevalence of alveolar echinococcosis in small mammals and awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge, and Spearman's rank correlation analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of human echinococcosis reduced from 1.08% in 2010 to 0.40% in 2022 in Sichuan Province (χ2 = 1 482.97, P < 0.05), with a reduction from 0.30% to 0.02% in the detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases (χ2 = 2 776.41, P < 0.05), a reduction from 15.87% to 0.46% in the prevalence of Echinococcus infection in domestic dogs (χ2 = 20 823.96, P < 0.05), a reduction from 8.05% to 1.07% in the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in livestock (χ2 = 1 296.02, P < 0.05), and the awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge increased from 50.65% to 95.24% (χ2 = 34 938.63, P < 0.05); in addition, there was a year-specific prevalence rate of alveolar echinococcosis in small mammals (χ2 = 164.07, P < 0.05). Spearman's rank correlation analysis revealed that the detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases correlated positively with the prevalence of Echinococcus infections in domestic dogs (rs = 0.823, P < 0.05) and the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in livestock (rs = 0.795, P < 0.05), and correlated negatively with the awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge (rs = - 0.918, P < 0.05), and the prevalence of Echinococcus infection in domestic dogs correlated positively with the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in livestock (rs = 0.753, P < 0.05) and negatively with the awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge (rs = -0.747, P < 0.05); however, there was no correlation between the prevalence of Echinococcus infections in domestic dogs and the prevalence of alveolar echinococcosis in small mammals (rs = -0.750, P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source had achieved remarkable effectiveness in Sichuan Province; however, the transmission chain of echinococcosis has not been interrupted. Reinforced comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source and sustained tracking evaluation of the effectiveness are recommended in Sichuan Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- W He
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - W Yu
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Y Huang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - S Liao
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - G Zhang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Q Wang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - R Li
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - L Yang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - R Yao
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - B Zhong
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Y Liu
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Q Wang
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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Jeeves SP, Kotwa JD, Stevens B, Shirose L, Cai HY, Peregrine AS, Mubareka S, Jardine CM. Additional diagnoses of Echinococcus multilocularis in eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) from southern Ontario - results from ongoing surveillance for E. multilocularis in intermediate hosts in Ontario, Canada. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 48:100982. [PMID: 38316509 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.100982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis, a cestode with zoonotic potential, is now known to have a high prevalence in wild canid definitive hosts of southern Ontario. The distribution of E. multilocularis across this region in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and coyotes (Canis latrans) is widespread yet heterogenous. In contrast, confirmed diagnoses of E. multilocularis in wild free-ranging intermediate hosts within Ontario are currently limited to a single eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus). These findings prompted ongoing surveillance efforts in intermediate host species, primarily rodents. Our report describes the results of passive surveillance through wildlife carcass submissions to the Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (CWHC) and targeted active sampling of small mammal species from 2018 to 2023; a second and third eastern chipmunk were found to be infected with E. multilocularis. However, these were the only occurrences from surveillance efforts which collectively totaled 510 rodents and other small mammals. Continued surveillance for E. multilocularis in intermediate hosts is of high importance in light of the recent emergence of this parasite in Ontario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Jeeves
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | | | - Brian Stevens
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario-Nunavut, Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Leonard Shirose
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario-Nunavut, Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Hugh Y Cai
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Andrew S Peregrine
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Claire M Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario-Nunavut, Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Hejazi SH, Mirbadie SR, Jafari R, Rezaiemanesh MR, Azizi O, Badmasti F, Kalani H, Cheraghipour K, Heydarian P, Hashemi N, Izadi S, Jabalameli Z, Mohaghegh MA. Echinococcus granulosus sheep strain (G1) as the predominant genotype in definitive host (dogs) isolates in northeastern Iran. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 48:100975. [PMID: 38316501 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (E. granulosus s.l.) is a zoonotic parasite, causing cystic echinococcosis in humans. In the present study, prevalence and genotypes of E. granulosus s.l. was assessed in stools collected from 244 dogs including 138 stray and 106 domestic animals using high resolution melting curve (HRM) method. Initially, to detect taeniid eggs in feces, all samples were examined using the formalin-ether techniques. Genomic DNA was extracted from the positive samples and E. granulosus s.l. was differentiated from other Taeniidae parasites using SSU-rDNA gene and E. granulosus s.l. was analyzed for genotyping using HRM based on the cox1 gene. In total, 12.7% (31/244) of the samples were positive for Taeniidae eggs. In addition, among the positive samples, 77.4% (24/31) were positive for E. granulosus s.l.. In details, 11.3% (12/106) of the domestic dogs and 8.7% (12/138) of the stray dogs were positive for E. granulosus s.l.. The results of HRM analysis showed that all E. granulosus s.l. isolates were G1 strain. Findings of the present study indicated a considerable prevalence of E. granulosus G1 among dogs in the northeast of Iran and imply a serious risk of transmitting to humans and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed-Hossein Hejazi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Rasool Jafari
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Rezaiemanesh
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Omid Azizi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Farzad Badmasti
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Kalani
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Kourosh Cheraghipour
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Peyman Heydarian
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Nooshin Hashemi
- School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Izadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Jabalameli
- Vice Chancellery of Education and Research, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Ali Mohaghegh
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Health Sciences Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Li Y, Zhang P, Sun C, Xiao N, Yang Y, Zhong B, Fang C, Kui G, Liu Z, Li F, Yang S, Feng Y. [Effectiveness of the central government-funded echinococcosis control programme in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2007 to 2022]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2024; 35:626-632. [PMID: 38413024 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2023179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of the central government-funded echinococcosis control programme in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2007 to 2022, so as to provide insights into echinococcosis control. METHODS Administrative villages were sampled using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method from Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2007 to 2022, and all residents at ages of 12 years and older in the sampled villages were screened for echinococcosis, and schools were sampled using a cluster sampling method, and all children at ages of 12 years and older in the sampled schools were screened for echinococcosis. Domestic dogs were sampled using a systematic random sampling method, and one domestic dog stool sample was collected from each household. Stray dog stool samples were collected outside the villages, and Echinococcus coproantigens were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in domestic and stray dogs. In addition, echinococcosis was screened in sheep and cattle in designated slaughterhouses in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County. The trends in the prevalence of echinococcosis in humans and livestock and the positive rate of Echinococcus coproantigens in dogs were examined with the Cochran-Armitage trend test. In addition, individuals screened for echinococcosis were randomly sampled from 2007 to 2022 for survey on the awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge. RESULTS A total of 290 356 person-times were screened for echinococcosis among residents at ages of 12 years and older in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2007 to 2022, with 1 094 residents detected with cystic echinococcosis, and the detection of echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a gradual decline over years (χ2 = 358.602, P < 0.001). A total of 32 931 person-times were screened for echinococcosis among children at ages of 12 years and older in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2007 to 2022, with 296 children detected with echinococcosis, and the detection of echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a gradual decline over years (χ2 = 267.673, P < 0.001). A total of 33 230 domestic dog stool samples were tested for Echinococcus coproantigens in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2007 to 2022, with 1 777 Echinococcus coproantigens-positive samples tested, and the positive rate of Echinococcus coproantigens appeared a tendency towards a decline in domestic dogs over years (χ2 = 2 210.428, P < 0.001), while the positive rate of Echinococcus coproantigens showed a tendency towards a rise in domestic animals from 2016 to 2022 (χ2 = 37.745, P < 0.001). The positive rate of Echinococcus coproantigens remained relatively stable in stray dogs in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2019 to 2022 (χ2 = 0.315, P = 0.575). A total of 10 973 sheep were screened for echinococcosis in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County from 2007 to 2022, with 334 sheep detected with echinococcosis, and the detection of echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a decline in sheep over years (χ2 = 53.579, P < 0.001); however, there was no significant change in the detection of echinococcosis during the period from 2015 through 2022 (χ2 = 1.520, P = 0.218). A total of 2 400 cattle were screened for echinococcosis in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County from 2017 to 2022, with 231 cattle detected with echinococcosis, and the detection of echinococcosis showed a tendency towards a decline over years (χ2 = 5.579, P < 0.05). The awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge increased from 44.37% in 2007 to 94.00% in 2022 among residents at ages of 12 years and older and from 52.50% in 2007 to 92.50% in 2022 among children at ages of 12 years and older in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, respectively. CONCLUSIONS There has been a reduction in the detection of echinococcosis in humans and domestic animals and the positive rate of Echinococcus coproantigens in dogs and a rise in the awareness of the echinococcosis control knowledge following the implementation of the central government-funded echinococcosis control programme in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province; however, integrated echinococcosis control measures are still required for further control of the prevalence of echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuwei, Gansu 733200, China
| | - P Zhang
- Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuwei, Gansu 733200, China
| | - C Sun
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Health Commission Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - N Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Health Commission Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Y Yang
- Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuwei, Gansu 733200, China
| | - B Zhong
- Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuwei, Gansu 733200, China
| | - C Fang
- Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuwei, Gansu 733200, China
| | - G Kui
- Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuwei, Gansu 733200, China
| | - Z Liu
- Gansu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - F Li
- Gansu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - S Yang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Health Commission Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Y Feng
- Gansu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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Aregawi WG, Levecke B, Ashenafi H, Byaruhanga C, Kebede N, Mulinge E, Wassermann M, Romig T, Dorny P, Dermauw V. Epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in the Greater Horn of Africa: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011894. [PMID: 38271288 PMCID: PMC10810510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected zoonotic disease that is caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.), the life cycle of which involves multiple hosts. We conducted a systematic review (SR) on E. granulosus s.l. in the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA), to provide a picture of its recent epidemiology across all hosts. METHODS For this SR, conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, five electronic databases, as well experts in the region were consulted to retrieve records published between 2000 and 2022, reporting the presence of E. granulosus s.l. infections in any natural host in the GHA (Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A total of 247 records were retained, describing the presence of E. granulosus s.l. throughout the GHA, except for Djibouti. Only few population surveys on human CE were conducted in the area, with the prevalence ranging between 0.3 and 11.3%. In animals, the reported prevalence ranged up to 61.6% in camels, 88.4% in cattle; 65.2% in goats, 9.9% in pigs, 67.8% in sheep and 94.5% in dogs. In addition, E. granulosus s.l. was also reported in wildlife. A total of five species were reported in the different hosts, namely E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1, G3, GOmo), E. canadensis (G6/7), E. ortleppi (G5), E. felidis, and E. equinus (G4). CONCLUSIONS We confirm that E. granulosus s.l. is prevalent throughout the GHA. Nevertheless, despite our efforts to screen grey literature, an accurate assessment of the epidemiology in GHA remains challenging, due to the lack of combined host, in-depth risk factor and behavioural studies, as well as the wide diversity in subpopulations studied and diagnostic tools used. Interdisciplinary and transboundary partnerships would be essential for the design of effective control strategies, tuned to the GHA setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weldegebrial G. Aregawi
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bruno Levecke
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hagos Ashenafi
- Unit of Animal Health and Zoonotic Diseases Research, Addis Ababa University, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Charles Byaruhanga
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nigatu Kebede
- Unit of Animal Health and Zoonotic Diseases Research, Addis Ababa University, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Thomas Romig
- Parasitology Unit, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Veronique Dermauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Omadang L, Chamai M, Ejobi F, Erume J, Oba P, Ocaido M. Prevalence of cystic echinococcosis among livestock in pastoral and agro-pastoral areas in Uganda. Parasitology 2024; 151:68-76. [PMID: 38012850 PMCID: PMC10941043 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023001154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) remains a significant challenge in Uganda with precise status largely undocumented in most communities. To determine CE prevalence, post-mortem examination was done on 14 937 livestock (5873 goats, 1377 sheep, 3726 zebu cattle and 3054 Ankole cattle) slaughtered in abattoirs in the districts of Moroto in Karamoja region, Kumi in Teso region and Nakasongola and Luwero in Buganda region. The overall CE prevalence was 21.9% in sheep, 15.2% in zebu cattle, 5.5% in goats and 2.1% in Ankole cattle. Moroto district had a higher prevalence of CE than other districts with 31.3% in zebu cattle, sheep 28%, goats 29.1% and (0%) in Ankole cattle. On organ locations, the lungs were the most affected in all livestock in all the study areas. Considering cyst fertility, 33.9, 1.7 and 6.4% of Ankole cattle, sheep and zebu cattle respectively had fertile cysts in the liver while 4.5% of goats and 4% Ankole cattle had fertile cysts in the lungs. In conclusion, CE is widespread and occurs among cattle, sheep and goats in pastoral and agro-pastoral areas in Uganda. Therefore, there is an urgent need to create awareness among the communities on role of livestock in CE epidemiology and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Omadang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Production and Management, Busitema University, Arapai Campus, Soroti, Uganda
| | - Martin Chamai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Francis Ejobi
- Directorate of Research and Innovations, Faculty of Health Sciences, Soroti University, Soroti, Uganda
| | - Joseph Erume
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Peter Oba
- National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), Abi Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute (Abi ZARDI), Arua, Uganda
| | - Michael Ocaido
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Lounis M, Belabbas Z, Telha T, Bencherit D, Chebbah O, Laoues K, Abdelhadi S. Knowledge, awareness and practice regarding cystic echinococcosis in Algeria: A cross-sectional survey among the general population. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 47:100956. [PMID: 38199698 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic zoonotic disease with a widespread occurrence, particularly in developing countries. Known as a neglected disease, it is highly prevalent in Algeria with a significant public health concern and substantial financial losses. The objectives of this study was to explore knowledge and awareness and practice of the Algerian population regarding this disease. A cross-sectional online-based survey was conducted between July 15 and September 25, 2022 using a self-administered questionnaire targeting all Algerian people of more than 18 years of age. Out of the total respondents, 87.7% have ever heard of CE with livestock rearing connection (OR:2.550, CI 95% OR: 1.108-5.870) and educational level (OR:3.826, CI 95% OR: 1.599-9.156) as the main factors associated with the level of awareness. Regarding their knowledge, results showed dispersing notions about the disease. The majority (84.8%) were aware of the zonnotic nature of the disease while only 49.6% knew that CE is caused by parasitic disease. Also, 83.3% were knowledgeable of the role of contaminated offal in the contamination of dogs which are considered as the main source of contamination of humans (65.19%). Regarding their practices, even home slaughtering was common (92.96%), some positive attitudes were prevalent where most of the participants declared washing vegetable before consumption (97.41%) and washing their hands after touching a dog (91.11%). Also, 68.29% among the dog owners declared that deworming their pets. This study has revealed that despite the high level of awareness and some positive attitudes, the level of knowledge about CE among the Algerian public has shown some gaps related to the epidemiology of the disease. These results could be helpful for the awareness campaigns programmers in their missions through focusing their efforts on raising the level of knowledge for the items that have shown a lack of understand which will be of great importance in the strategy of CE elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Lounis
- Department of Agro-veterinary sciences, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Ziane Achour, BP 3117, Road of Moudjbara, Djelfa 17000, Algeria; Laboratoire d'Exploration et Valorisation des Écosystèmes Steppiques, University of Ziane Achour, BP 3117, Road of Moudjbara, Djelfa 17000, Algeria.
| | - Zoubir Belabbas
- Department of Agro-veterinary sciences, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Ziane Achour, BP 3117, Road of Moudjbara, Djelfa 17000, Algeria
| | - Telha Telha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Ziane Achour, Djelfa 17000, Algeria
| | - Djihad Bencherit
- Laboratoire d'Exploration et Valorisation des Écosystèmes Steppiques, University of Ziane Achour, BP 3117, Road of Moudjbara, Djelfa 17000, Algeria; Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Ziane Achour, Djelfa 17000, Algeria
| | - Ourida Chebbah
- Laboratoire d'Exploration et Valorisation des Écosystèmes Steppiques, University of Ziane Achour, BP 3117, Road of Moudjbara, Djelfa 17000, Algeria
| | - Kheira Laoues
- Department of Agro-veterinary sciences, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Ziane Achour, BP 3117, Road of Moudjbara, Djelfa 17000, Algeria
| | - Samir Abdelhadi
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Frères Mentouri University, Constantine 25000, Algeria
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Al-Ardi MH. G1 the common Echinococcus granulosus genotype infected domestic cat ( Felis catus) in Iraq. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e7. [PMID: 38311322 PMCID: PMC10839169 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.22218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections of cats with Echinococcus granulosus is uncommon because the cat is not part of the parasite life cycle that a carnivorous and another herbivore represent. Nevertheless, it occurs incidentally when eating food or drinking water contaminated with the worm's larva, especially with the presence of the definitive host (dogs), in this case, the infections are concentrated in stray or outside cats. For this reason, this study examined the possibility of cat infection with E. granulosus and diagnosed the common genotype of this infection. OBJECTIVE This study examined the possibility of cat infection with E. granulosus and diagnosed the common genotype of this infection. METHODS Four of the 37 cats that had died in different accidents developed cystic echinococcosis (CE). The cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX1) gene was initially amplified and sequenced to determine if these cysts belonged to E. granulosus, in beginning. The DNA fragments resulting from sequencing were then compared and aligned with other sequences using the Gene Bank database. Finally, a phylogenetic tree was drawn according to the sequence data obtained from cox1 genes sequencing, and the MEGA 7.0 phylogenetic analysis program was utilized. RESULTS Four different sequences were deposited in the Gen Bank with accession numbers (ON795961 to ON795964), all of which belong to the G1 genotype. Approximately 84% and 100% of these sequences aligned with G1 (AB622277.1) and G1 (MG722980.1), respectively. CONCLUSIONS G1 is the dominant genotype that causes cat infections, even though the cat's EC infection was incidental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musafer H Al-Ardi
- Al-Qadisiyah General Director for Education, Ministry of Education, Al-Qadisiyah 001, Iraq.
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24
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Wassermann M, Addy F, Kokolova L, Okhlopkov I, Leibrock S, Oberle J, Oksanen A, Romig T. High genetic diversity of Echinococcus canadensis G10 in northeastern Asia: is it the region of origin? Parasitology 2024; 151:93-101. [PMID: 38018122 PMCID: PMC10941046 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023001191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus canadensis consists of 4 genotypes: G6, G7, G8 and G10. While the first 2 predominantly infect domestic animals, the latter are sylvatic in nature involving mainly wolves and cervids as hosts and can be found in the northern temperate to Arctic latitudes. This circumstance makes the acquisition of sample material difficult, and little information is known about their genetic structure. The majority of specimens analysed to date have been from the European region, comparatively few from northeast Asia and Alaska. In the current study, Echinococcus spp. from wolves and intermediate hosts from the Republic of Sakha in eastern Russia were examined. Echinococcus canadensis G10 was identified in 15 wolves and 4 cervid intermediate hosts. Complete mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) sequences were obtained from 42 worm and cyst specimens from Sakha and, for comparison, from an additional 13 G10 cysts from Finland. For comparative analyses of the genetic diversity of G10 of European and Asian origin, all available cox1 sequences from GenBank were included, increasing the number of sequences to 99. The diversity found in northeast Asia was by far higher than in Europe, suggesting that the geographic origin of E. canadensis (at least of G10) might be northeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Wassermann
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Francis Addy
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Ludmila Kokolova
- Yakut Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Innokentiy Okhlopkov
- Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Sarah Leibrock
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jenny Oberle
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Antti Oksanen
- Finnish Food Authority, Animal Health Diagnostic Unit (FINPAR), Oulu, Finland
| | - Thomas Romig
- Department of Parasitology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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25
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Adebudo LI, Ndiaye S, Ajayi I, Olugasa BO, Bonelli P, Awosanya EJ. Seroprevalence and determinants of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato infection among owned dogs in Ibadan, Nigeria. J Infect Dev Ctries 2023; 17:1814-1820. [PMID: 38252735 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.18518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Humans acquire cystic echinococcosis through accidental ingestion of Echinococcus granulosus (EG) eggs released into the environment by infected dogs. This study aimed to determine the presence of EG antibodies and their determinants in owned dogs in Ibadan, Nigeria. METHODOLOGY Sera from 185 dogs on routine visits to veterinary clinics were analysed by indirect ELISA. A questionnaire was administered to dog owners to obtain data on demographics, management, and environmental factors. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, univariate analysis, and logistic regression at α0.05. RESULTS The median age of the dogs was 20 months (range 2 - 96). The seroprevalence of EG infection was 33.51% (95% CI: 26.71, 40.32%). Low educational level of dog owners (OR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.3, 5.8); local dog breeds (OR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.7, 6.0); confinement (OR: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2, 0.8); interaction with other dogs (OR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.4, 7.3); self-dewormed dogs (OR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.2, 5.9) and never dewormed dogs (OR: 4.39; CI: 1.9, 10.0) were significantly associated with EG seropositivity. Our results suggest also that local breed of dog (AOR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.2, 4.9), self-deworming of dogs (AOR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.1, 5.9) and the absence of any dog deworming treatment (AOR: 2.9; 95% CI: 1.2, 7.1) might be predictive of EG seropositivity. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence of EG infection in owned dogs, especially in those medicated by owners. Deworming practices should be based on the recommendations of a veterinarian to effectively prevent EG transmission from dogs to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucky Icomiare Adebudo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Sirin Ndiaye
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Ikeoluwapo Ajayi
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Babasola Oluseyi Olugasa
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Piero Bonelli
- National Reference Laboratory for Cystic Echinococcosis (CeNRE), WOAH Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna (IZS), Sassari, Italy
| | - Emmanuel Jolaoluwa Awosanya
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Yan L, Li Y, Li R, Liu M, He X, Yang X, Cho WC, Ayaz M, Kandil OM, Yang Y, Song H, Zheng Y. Comparative characterization of microRNA-71 of Echinococcus granulosus exosomes. Parasite 2023; 30:55. [PMID: 38084936 PMCID: PMC10714675 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a global zoonotic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus, posing a great threat to human and animal health. MiRNAs are small regulatory noncoding RNA involved in the pathogenesis of parasitic diseases, possibly via exosomes. Egr-miR-71 has been identified as one of the miRNAs in the blood of CE patients, but its secretory characteristics and functions remains unclear. Herein, we studied the secretory and biological activity of exosomal egr-miR-71 and its immunoregulatory functions in sheep peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Our results showed that egr-miR-71 was enriched in the exosome secreted by protoscoleces with biological activity. These egr-miR-71-containing exosomes were easily internalized and then induced the dysregulation of cytokines (IL-10 and TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO) and key components (CD14 and IRF5) in the LPS/TLR4 pathway in the coincubated sheep PBMCs. Similarly, egr-miR-71 overexpression also altered the immune functions but exhibited obvious differences in regulation of the cytokines and key components, preferably inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β and TNF-α). These results demonstrate that exosomal egr-miR-71 is bioactive and capacity of immunomodulation of PBMCs, potentially being involved in immune responses during E. granulosus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou 311300 China
| | - Yating Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou 311300 China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou 311300 China
| | - Mengqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou 311300 China
| | - Xuedong He
- College of Animal sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian-Taiwan Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Xing Yang
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Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Dali University Dali 671000 Yunnan China
| | - William C. Cho
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Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Mazhar Ayaz
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Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Bahawalpur 73000 Pakistan
| | - Omnia M. Kandil
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Depterment of Parasitology and Animal Disease, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - Yongchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou 311300 China
| | - Houhui Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou 311300 China
| | - Yadong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou 311300 China
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THARWAT M, EL MOGHAZY HM, OIKAWA S. Ultrasonographic verification of hepatic hydatidosis in a female dromedary camel: a case report. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:1286-1290. [PMID: 37880080 PMCID: PMC10788162 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This report describes for the first time, the antemortem diagnosis of hydatidosis in dromedary camel based on the WHO informal working groups on echinococcosis guidelines of echinococcosis classification. The case was admitted at the University Veterinary Hospital, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia, with a history of progressive weight loss and decreased appetite for the past 4 months. Alterations in hematobiochemical parameters included leukopenia, neutropenia, decreased hematocrit percent, red blood cells count and hemoglobin concentration, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, hyperglycemia and azotemia. Ultrasonographically, multiple cysts were imaged within the hepatic tissue containing anechoic fluid and fibrin tags. Ultrasound-guided aspiration of a cyst revealed a clear non-turbid fluid. Ultrasonographic diagnostic is recommended for the work-up of cystic lesions of camel liver suspected to be due to Echinococcus granulosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed THARWAT
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture
and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hazem M EL MOGHAZY
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Shin OIKAWA
- Department of Veterinary Herd Health, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Khan H, Celik F, Simsek S, Harandi MF, Ahmed H. Genetic diversity and haplotypes of Echinococcus granulosus isolated from cattle and buffaloes and first report of E. ortleppi (G5) in buffaloes in Pakistan based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit-1 gene (mt-CO1) markers. Exp Parasitol 2023; 255:108648. [PMID: 37944659 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic disease that is caused by larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm, one of the most important and neglected zoonotic disease. Although the echinococcosis is endemic in the neighboring countries, information regarding circulating genotypes of E. granulosus sensu lato is scarce in Pakistan. Therefore, the main purpose of this report was to contribute in molecular epidemiology and to find genetic variation and haplotypes of E. granulosus s.l. in cattle and buffalo isolates. To identify species circulating in country, parasite samples were collected from different slaughterhouses and butcher shops of two major cities, Rawalpindi and Peshawar located in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) provinces, Pakistan, respectively. A total of 100 CE cyst samples were investigated from buffalo (n = 61), and cattle (n = 39) hosts. After genomic DNA extraction from individual cyst materials, mt-CO1 (875 bp) gene was amplified by PCR. After that, PCR products were electrophoresed on the agarose gel then purified and sequenced using forward primer. The sequences were trimmed (779 bp), aligned and matched with NCBI published sequences. E. granulosus s.s. (G1, G3) (71.4%; n = 20/28) was confirmed as the dominant species in buffalo and cattle. E. ortleppi (G5) (28.6%; n = 8/28) was recorded for the first time in both buffalo and cattle isolates from Rawalpindi. E. granulosus s.l. haplotype network showed single predominant haplotype, which comprised 40% of population. Tajima's D and Fu's Fs were negative and significant for E. ortleppi (G5), suggesting population expansion in Pakistan. Therefore, more studies using isolates of E. granulosus s.l. from various locations and intermediate hosts across Pakistan will add new data on molecular epidemiology and genotyping for effective control strategies of CE in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huma Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Figen Celik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey.
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey.
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Department of Medical Parasitology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Chakh Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Yang L, Yang Y, Yu W, Wang Q, Zhong B, Hua K, Liu Y, Huang Y. [Prevalence of Echinococcus infections in wild carnivores based on copro - DNA tests in Serthar County of Sichuan Province]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2023; 35:492-496. [PMID: 38148538 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2023063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of Echinococcus infections in wild carnivores in Serthar County, Sichuan Province, so as to provide insights into echinococcosis control in local areas. METHODS Stool samples were collected from wild carnivores in Serthar County, Sichuan Province in May 2021, and the host sources of stool samples and Echinococcus infections were identified using PCR assays. The prevalence of E. multilocularis, E. granulosus and E. shiquicus infections was estimated in different hosts. RESULTS A total of 583 stool samples were collected from wild carnivores, including 147 stool samples from fox, 154 from wolf, 227 from wild dogs and 11 from lynx. The overall prevalence of E. multilocularis, E. granulosus and E. shiquicus infections was 5.68%, 0.19% and 14.20% in canine stool samples, and no E. granulosus infection was detected in fox stool samples, while the prevalence of E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus infections was 0.68% and 47.62% in fox stool samples (χ2 = 88.41, P < 0.001). No E. granulosus or E. shiquicus infection was detected in wolf stool samples, and the prevalence of E. multilocularis infection was 10.39% in wolf stool samples. The prevalence of E. multilocularis, E. granulosus and E. shiquicus infections was 5.73%, 0.44% and 2.20% in canine stool samples (χ2 = 12.13, P < 0.01). In addition, the prevalence of E. multilocularis infections was significantly higher in wolf stool samples than in canine and fox stool samples (χ2 = 13.23, P < 0.01), and the prevalence of E. shiquicus infections was significantly higher in fox stool samples than in canine and wolf stool samples (χ2 = 187.01, P < 0.001). No Echinococcus infection was identified in 11 lynx stool samples. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of Echinococcus infections is high in wild canines in Serthar County, Sichuan Province. Wolf, wild dog and fox all participate in the wild life cycle of E. multilocularis in Serthar County, and wolf and wild dogs may play a more important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuang 610041, China
| | - Y Yang
- Serthar County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China
| | - W Yu
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuang 610041, China
| | - Q Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuang 610041, China
| | - B Zhong
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuang 610041, China
| | - K Hua
- Serthar County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Y Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuang 610041, China
| | - Y Huang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, Sichuang 610041, China
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30
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Moudgil AD, Nehra AK, Vohra S, Kumari A, Moudgil P. Cladistics of Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Stricto Genotypes Infecting the Slaughtered Pigs. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:754-761. [PMID: 37592063 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00709-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s. s.) consists of the most widespread genotypes (G1, G3) implicated in human cystic echinococcosis worldwide. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of pigs in the transmission dynamics of E. granulosus s. s. genotypes, including the phylogenetics, evolutionary divergence and haplotype network analyses of north Indian pig isolates along with GenBank™ archived sequences. METHODS In totality, 223 slaughtered pigs were thoroughly screened for the presence of hydatid cysts. The amplification of the partial mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 gene was performed for the molecular confirmation and phylogenetics of the retrieved metacestodes. RESULTS The molecularly confirmed and sequenced present study isolates (n = 2) clustered with the E. granulosus genotype G3. The very low evolutionary divergence values (< 0.0027) of the present study isolates with E. ganulosus genotype G3 indicated the absence of diverged lineages. The significantly negative values of Tajima's D (- 2.598) and Fu and Li's D (- 4.054) of the overall dataset and for the Asian sequences signified an expansion of population size. The overall dataset exhibited low nucleotide (0.067 ± 0.055) and high haplotype (0.574 ± 0.015) diversities, also alluding to demographic expansion. The haplotype network showed that the pig isolates from South America and Europe constituted the predominant haplotype, Hap_2 along with Hap_3 and Hap_6, primarily associated to E. granulosus genotype G1; whereas, the Indian isolates formed different haplotypes (Hap_1 and Hap_5) belonging to genotype G3. CONCLUSIONS The present study highlighted the important role of pigs in the transmission of E. granulosus s. s., which is of paramount significance given the public health and economic impact of cystic echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman D Moudgil
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Anil K Nehra
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Sukhdeep Vohra
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Ansu Kumari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Pallavi Moudgil
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India.
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Celik F, Tektemur A, Simsek S. miRNA based biomarkers for the early diagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus in experimentally infected dogs. Vet Parasitol 2023; 324:110075. [PMID: 38000178 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis, which is caused by the Echinococcus granulosus. Carnivores, as final hosts, contain adult tapeworms in the small intestine, and a variety of mammals, including humans, harbor the metacestod. This study was designed to investigate the miRNA-based biomarkers for early and accurate diagnosis of E. granulosus in experimentally infected dogs. A liver with an obvious hydatid cyst was obtained from a slaughterhouse and then protoscoleces were collected. Following, viable protoscoleces were administred to three experimental dogs (ED1, ED2 and ED3) and another uninfected control dog (UCD) was kept as control without infection. Stool samples of all groups were collected during 50 days from the beginning of the experimental infection and stored at - 80 °C till work. Total miRNA was isolated from all individual stool samples. The qRT-PCR method was used to determine the differences in the expression levels of E. granulosus specific miRNAs which were egr-let-7-5p, egr-miR-2b-5p, egr-miR-71-5p and egr-miR-125-5p. All miRNAs were found to be expressed from the first day in all infected dogs. In the stool samples of the UCD, the egr-miR-71-5p was detected, while the other miRNAs (egr-let-7-5p, egr-miR-2b-5p, egr-miR-125-5p) were not expressed. The expression of egr-let-7-5p and egr-miR-125-5p was significantly increased in ED1 compared to UCD on all days. In particular, for the first time, the expression levels of egr-let-7-5p and egr-miR-125-5p increased significantly between days 15 and 19. Similarly, the increase in let-7-5p and miR-125-5p expression was statistically significant in ED2. In ED3, egr-let-7-5p, egr-miR2b-5p and egr-miR-125-5p expressions were significantly increased on all days. In particular, egr-let-7-5p expression levels increased significantly for the first time between days 15 and 19. In addition, egr-mir-125-5p expression levels were found to increase at a high level for the first time on day 16. In conclusion, especially egr-let-7-5p and egr-miR-125-5p can be used as early diagnostic biomarkers in dogs infected with E. granulosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Figen Celik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Tektemur
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Firat, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119 Elazig, Turkey.
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Moloi S, Tari T, Halász T, Gallai B, Nagy G, Csivincsik Á. Global and local drivers of Echinococcus multilocularis infection in the western Balkan region. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21176. [PMID: 38040783 PMCID: PMC10692075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The cestode, Echinococcus multilocularis, is one of the most threatening parasitic challenges in the European Union. Despite the warming climate, the parasite intensively spread in Europe's colder and warmer regions. Little is known about the expansion of E. multilocularis in the Balkan region. Ordinary least squares, geographically weighted and multi-scale geographically weighted regressions were used to detect global and local drivers that influenced the prevalence in red foxes and golden jackals in the southwestern part of Hungary. Based on the study of 391 animals, the overall prevalence exceeded 18% (in fox 15.2%, in jackal 21.1%). The regression models revealed that the wetland had a global effect (β = 0.391, p = 0.006). In contrast, on the local scale, the mean annual precipitation (β = 0.285, p = 0.008) and the precipitation seasonality (β = - 0.211, p = 0.014) had statistically significant effects on the infection level. The geospatial models suggested that microclimatic effects might compensate for the disadvantages of a warmer Mediterranean climate. This study calls attention to fine-scale analysis and locally acting environmental factors, which can delay the expected epidemic fade-out. The findings of our study are suggested to consider in surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibusiso Moloi
- One Health Working Group, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba S. U. 40., Kaposvár, 7400, Hungary
| | - Tamás Tari
- Institute of Wildlife Biology and Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of Sopron, Sopron, 9400, Hungary
| | - Tibor Halász
- Zselic Wildlife Estate, Somogy County Forest Management and Wood Industry Share Co. Ltd., Kaposvár, 7400, Hungary
| | - Bence Gallai
- Institute of Geomatics and Civil Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, University of Sopron, Sopron, 9400, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nagy
- One Health Working Group, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba S. U. 40., Kaposvár, 7400, Hungary.
| | - Ágnes Csivincsik
- One Health Working Group, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Kaposvár Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba S. U. 40., Kaposvár, 7400, Hungary
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Schneider C, Kratzer W, Binzberger A, Schlingeloff P, Baumann S, Romig T, Schmidberger J. Echinococcus multilocularis and other zoonotic helminths in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from a southern German hotspot for human alveolar echinococcosis. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:425. [PMID: 37980538 PMCID: PMC10657614 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We describe the spatial distribution of Echinococcus multilocularis in its main definitive host, the red fox, and the distribution of human cases of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) within a highly endemic focus in southern Germany (13.7-19.9/100,000 in 1992-2018). Human cases were unequally distributed within the endemicity focus. The purpose of the study was to test whether this is reflected in the small-scale distribution of E. multilocularis in foxes. METHODS Three areas with contrasting numbers of human cases were selected within the counties of Ravensburg and Alb-Donau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. From 2018 to 2020, a total of 240 fox carcasses were obtained from traditional hunters in these areas. Carcasses were necropsied and examined for the presence of intestinal helminths. The statistical analysis was performed with SAS version 9.4, and the geo-mapping with QGIS version 3.16.0 Hannover. RESULTS The prevalence of E. multilocularis in foxes was 44/106 (41.5%) in area I (commune Leutkirch and environs), 30/59 (50.8%) in area II (commune Isny and environs), and 31/75 (41.3%) in area III (commune Ehingen and environs). From 1992 to 2018, a total of nine human cases of alveolar echinococcosis were recorded in area I, five cases were recorded in study area III, and no cases were recorded in area II. No statistically significant differences between the areas were observed (P > 0.05) for intestinal infections with E. multilocularis, and no apparent spatial correlation with the small-scale distribution of human cases was found. Concerning other zoonotic helminths, Toxocara spp. were equally common, with prevalence of 38.7%, 47.4% and 48.0%, respectively, while the frequency of Alaria alata varied among the study areas (0.0-9.4%), probably reflecting the specific habitat requirements for the establishment of its complex life cycle. CONCLUSIONS Echinococcus multilocularis is highly prevalent in foxes in all the studied areas. The varying number of human AE cases within these areas should therefore be caused by factors other than the intensity of parasite transmission in foxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Schneider
- Department of Parasitology, Hohenheim University, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kratzer
- Klinik Für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Andreas Binzberger
- Klinik Für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrycja Schlingeloff
- Klinik Für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sven Baumann
- Klinik Für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Romig
- Department of Parasitology, Hohenheim University, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julian Schmidberger
- Klinik Für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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Ritossa L, Viozzi G, Lazzarini L, Pierangeli N, Flores V. Canine parasitoses in north Patagonia (Argentina): comparison between different social and environmental factors. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e77. [PMID: 37855089 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
In many countries, urban areas are commonly contaminated with canine feces that spread parasites, a situation related to the natural and social environment. Dogs having free access to public areas therefore constitutes a health risk. Because in Patagonia there are no records of city comparisons that consider the number of free-roaming dogs and the local environmental and socioeconomic characteristics, in this study we analyse and compare canine parasitoses in two cities of Rio Negro province, Argentina. Canine feces were collected from public areas of El Bolsón and Cipolletti cities and examined using enrichment methods, Kinyoun stain and immunoassay (Copro-Elisa). The total percentage of positive feces in El Bolsón was 68.95% and 16 parasite taxa being identified, whereas in Cipolletti the total positive feces was 41.1%, with 11 taxa. Both cities presented more helminth species than protozoans. The variables that explained the occurrence of all parasites were rainfall and socioeconomic stratum with the highest values being found in low-income areas.Soil moisture is conditioned by rainfall. This study highlights the presence of the zoonotic Echinococcus sp. in dogs in urban areas of the Rio Negro province. The occurrence of this parasite in Cipolletti is unexpected, given that this city is not considered an endemic zone for this disease, which is not included in local monitoring and control plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Ritossa
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo), Quintral 1250, 8400Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Quintral 1250, 8400Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Viozzi
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo), Quintral 1250, 8400Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Quintral 1250, 8400Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Lorena Lazzarini
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Yrigoyen 2000, 8324Cipolletti, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Nora Pierangeli
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Yrigoyen 2000, 8324Cipolletti, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Verónica Flores
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo), Quintral 1250, 8400Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Quintral 1250, 8400Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
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Hadipour M, Darani HY, Talebzadeh H, Eslamian M, Aboutalebian S, Harandi MF, Mirhendi H. Sensitive detection of specific cell-free DNA in serum samples from sheep with cystic echinococcosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011715. [PMID: 37856565 PMCID: PMC10617735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing more sensitive methods for the diagnosis of echinococcosis is essential. In this study PCR assay for sensitive detection of specific cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in the sera of the sheep naturally infected with echinococcosis was investigated. METHODS To extract cfDNA from 35 infected sheep, the modified phenol-chloroform method was used for two different volumes (0.5 and 2 ml) of serum samples. From each extracted sample, two DNA volumes (5 and 10 μl) were amplified using both standard PCR and semi-nested PCR targeting NADH dehydrogenase subunit I. RESULTS Standard and semi-nested PCR on 0.5 ml of serum samples detected Echinococcus DNA in 8 and 12 out of 35 sheep, respectively; however, using 2 ml of serum samples, they detected 24 and 27 samples. By increasing the volume of template DNA, the PCRs could detect 29 and 33 out of 35 samples. The results were confirmed by sequencing of randomly selected PCR amplicons and comparing them with GenBank databases. CONCLUSIONS Larger volumes of serum for DNA extraction, greater volumes of DNA template for PCR, and employing a semi-nested PCR protocol, increased the sensitivity of PCR to 95%. This approach can also be applied to the diagnosis of echinococcosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Hadipour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Yousofi Darani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Talebzadeh
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Eslamian
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shima Aboutalebian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran; Dept. of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Shao G, Hua R, Song H, Chen Y, Zhu X, Hou W, Li S, Yang A, Yang G. Protective efficacy of six recombinant proteins as vaccine candidates against Echinococcus granulosus in dogs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011709. [PMID: 37871121 PMCID: PMC10621941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by the infection of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (E. granulosus s.l.), one of the most harmful zoonotic helminths worldwide. Infected dogs are the major source of CE transmission. While praziquantel-based deworming is a main measure employed to control dog infections, its efficacy is at times compromised by the persistent high rate of dog re-infection and the copious discharge of E. granulosus eggs into the environment. Therefore, the dog vaccine is a welcome development, as it offers a substantial reduction in the biomass of E. granulosus. This study aimed to use previous insights into E. granulosus functional genes to further assess the protective efficacy of six recombinant proteins in dogs using a two-time injection vaccination strategy. METHODS We expressed and combined recombinant E. granulosus triosephosphate isomerase (rEgTIM) with annexin B3 (rEgANXB3), adenylate kinase 1 (rEgADK1) with Echinococcus protoscolex calcium binding protein 1 (rEgEPC1), and fatty acid-binding protein (rEgFABP) with paramyosin (rEgA31). Beagle dogs received two subcutaneous vaccinations mixed with Quil-A adjuvant, and subsequently orally challenged with protoscoleces two weeks after booster vaccination. All dogs were sacrificed for counting and measuring E. granulosus tapeworms at 28 days post-infection, and the level of serum IgG was detected by ELISA. RESULTS Dogs vaccinated with rEgTIM&rEgANXB3, rEgADK1&rEgEPC1, and rEgFABP-EgA31 protein groups exhibited significant protectiveness, with a worm reduction rate of 71%, 57%, and 67%, respectively, compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, the vaccinated groups exhibited an inhibition of worm growth, as evidenced by a reduction in body length and width (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the level of IgG in the vaccinated dogs was significantly higher than that of the control dogs (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These verified candidates may be promising vaccines for the prevention of E. granulosus infection in dogs following two injections. The rEgTIM&rEgANXB3 co-administrated vaccine underscored the potential for the highest protective efficacy and superior protection stability for controlling E. granulosus infections in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Shao
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Ruiqi Hua
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Song
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Yanxin Chen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Wei Hou
- Sichuan Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Shengqiong Li
- Sichuan Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Sichuan Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
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Jenkins EJ, Kolapo TU, Jarque MP, Ruschkowski C, Frey C. Intestinal infection with Echinococcus multilocularis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2023; 261:1-3. [PMID: 37179049 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.02.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To raise veterinary awareness of a newly recognized parasitic threat to canine and human health, highlight the increasing availability of molecular parasitological diagnostics and the need to implement best practices of cestocidal use in high-risk dogs. ANIMAL A young Boxer dog with vomiting and bloody diarrhea, suspected diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, PROGRESSION, AND PROCEDURES Bloodwork revealed inflammation, dehydration, and protein loss, addressed with supportive therapy. Fecal culture revealed only Escherichia coli. On centrifugal flotation, tapeworm eggs (which could be Taenia or Echinococcus spp) and, unusually, adult cestodes of Echinococcus were observed. The referring veterinarian was contacted to initiate immediate treatment with a cestocide due to zoonotic potential. Diagnosis was confirmed with a coproPCR which has higher sensitivity for Echinococcus spp than fecal flotation alone. DNA was identical to an introduced European strain of E multilocularis currently emerging in dogs, people, and wildlife. Since dogs can also self-infect and develop hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (severe and often fatal), this was ruled out using serology and abdominal ultrasound. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Following cestocidal treatment, fecal flotation and coproPCR were negative for eggs and DNA of E multilocularis; however, coccidia were detected and diarrhea resolved following treatment with sulfa-based antibiotics. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This dog was serendipitously diagnosed with E multilocularis, acquired through ingestion of a rodent intermediate host likely infected from foxes and coyotes. Therefore, as a dog at high risk of reexposure from eating rodents, regular (ideally monthly) treatment with a labeled cestocide is indicated going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Jenkins
- 1Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Temitope U Kolapo
- 1Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Maria P Jarque
- 1Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Caroline Frey
- 3Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Zanini F, Di Salvo V, Pierangeli N, Lazzarini L, Curto E. Presence of Echinococcus granulosussensulato in the endoparasitic fauna of feral dogs in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 44:100916. [PMID: 37652635 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The feral dog population from Tierra del Fuego (Argentina) has affected provincial sheep production, and is responsible for the decrease of 43% of the sheep stock. In addition, feral dogs preys on the native fauna, especially the guanaco (Lama guanicoe), a species protected by law. Except for some data on the aforementioned impact, very little is known about feral dogs features in this region, such as distribution, abundance, diet, reproduction, health status, among others. Therefore, a descriptive observational study was carried out in the period 2018-2021 in Tierra del Fuego, with the aim to recognize the endoparasitic fauna of these dogs, with emphasis on Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.). Feces samples were collected from 83 feral dogs captured in 15 farms, which were evaluated using flotation and sedimentation coproparasitological techniques, and optical microscope observation. These qualitative methods showed that 66.3% of the samples were positive. Nine parasitic forms were found, including eggs of taenids, Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina, and Sarcocystis spp. oocysts and Giardia spp. cysts. Samples with more than one parasitic form were also observed, among which the Taenia/Sarcocystis spp. association was the most frequent. For the diagnosis of canine echinococcosis, the detection of Echinococcus spp. antigens by Copro-ELISA and the molecular confirmation by Copro-PCR were performed. The Copro-ELISA test was positive in 10/80 (12.5%) of the samples processed, while 11 samples (13.8%) were positive by Copro-PCR. Their distribution showed that 9 (81.8%) corresponded to farms with sheep farming, and 2 (18.2%) with cattle farming. The presence of E. granulosus s.l. in feral dogs from Tierra del Fuego is the most relevant finding in this study. These results confirm that feral dogs have access to viscera infected with hydatid cysts. However, the intermediate hosts involved (sheep, cattle or guanacos) should be investigated. Its impact on the transmission of cystic echinococcosis in this region should be evaluated, as well as the adequacy of the disease prevention and control actions implemented in Tierra del Fuego should be considered. Finally, the existence of a wild cycle of the disease should be evaluated, in which feral dogs would act as a source of infection for other animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Zanini
- Private Activity in Veterinary Medicine, Berta Weber 79 (9420) Rio Grande, Provincia de Tierra del Fuego, AeIAS, Argentina
| | - Vilma Di Salvo
- Laboratorio de Sanidad Animal Provincial "Dr. Raúl Chifflet", Ministerio de Producción y Ambiente, Gobierno de Tierra del Fuego, AeIAS, El Esquiador 138 (9420) Río Grande, Provincia de Tierra del Fuego, AeIAS, Argentina
| | - Nora Pierangeli
- Cátedra de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Irigoyen 2000 (8324) Cipolletti, Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - Lorena Lazzarini
- Cátedra de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Irigoyen 2000 (8324) Cipolletti, Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Erio Curto
- Secretaría de Ambiente, Desarrollo Sostenible y Cambio Climático de la Provincia de Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur. San Martín 1401 (V9410BGB) Ushuaia, Provincia de Tierra del Fuego, AeIAS, Argentina
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Sugden S, Steckler DK, Sanderson D, Abercrombie B, Abercrombie D, Seguin MA, Ford K, St. Clair CC. Age-dependent relationships among diet, body condition, and Echinococcus multilocularis infection in urban coyotes. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290755. [PMID: 37647321 PMCID: PMC10468061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Urban coyotes (Canis latrans) in North America increasingly exhibit a high prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis, a cestode of recent and rising public health concern that uses rodents as intermediate hosts and canids as definitive hosts. However, little is known about the factors that drive the high urban prevalence of this parasite. We hypothesized that the diet of urban coyotes may contribute to their higher E. multilocularis infection prevalence via either (a) greater exposure to the parasite from increased rodent consumption or (b) increased susceptibility to infection due to the negative health effects of consuming anthropogenic food. We tested these hypotheses by comparing the presence and intensity of E. multilocularis infection to physiological data (age, sex, body condition, and spleen mass), short-term diet (stomach contents), and long-term diet (δ13C and δ15N stable isotopes) in 112 coyote carcasses collected for reasons other than this study from Edmonton, Alberta and the surrounding area. Overall, the best predictor of infection status in this population was young age, where the likelihood of infection decreased with age in rural coyotes but not urban ones. Neither short- nor long-term measures of diet could predict infection across our entire sample, but we found support for our initial hypotheses in young, urban coyotes: both rodent and anthropogenic food consumption effectively predicted E. multilocularis infection in this population. The effects of these predictors were more variable in rural coyotes and older coyotes. We suggest that limiting coyote access to areas in which anthropogenic food and rodent habitat overlap (e.g., compost piles or garbage sites) may effectively reduce the risk of infection, deposition, and transmission of this emerging zoonotic parasite in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Sugden
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Deanna K. Steckler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dana Sanderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bill Abercrombie
- Animal Damage Control, Bushman Inc., Sherwood Park, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - M. Alexis Seguin
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, Maine, United States of America
| | - Kyra Ford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Peralta RDC, Cuntó RAC, Moreta CY, Lapo GEG, Sierra RLV, Villalba LRL, Gómez BJP, Landires EAG, Ramallo G. Zoonotic Transmission of Hepatic Hydatid Cyst from Domestic Dogs: A Case Report from an Urban-Marginal Area in Ecuador. Am J Case Rep 2023; 24:e940647. [PMID: 37574793 PMCID: PMC10437080 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.940647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic hydatidosis, or echinococcosis, is a zoonosis with worldwide prevalence and is potentially lethal in humans. This report presents a case of hydatidosis in a 40-year-old woman that was associated with a zoonotic transmission of Echinococcus granulosus from domestic dogs in an urban-marginal area of the city of Guayaquil, Ecuador. This report shows how early diagnosis and awareness favored the correct treatment of the disease. CASE REPORT A 40-year-old woman from the aforementioned sector presented the following symptoms: malaise, pain in the upper right hypochondrium, palpable mass, jaundice, and fever. Next, the patient's fecal samples were analyzed by direct coproparasitic methods, flotation, and sedimentation with centrifugation using saline solution, whereby the presence of Entamoeba histolytica eggs was determined. Likewise, she underwent an ultrasound, in which hepatic hydatid cysts were observed. Subsequently, the cysts were treated and surgically removed, and parasitic forms of E. granulosus were identified. Later, coproparasitic analysis of her 2 domestic dogs for coproantigen ELISA were performed, by which the presence of this cestode was also identified and confirmed. CONCLUSIONS Hydatidosis is a zoonosis that can affect the population, especially in endemic areas of developed and underdeveloped countries. In this case, hepatic hydatidosis was identified in a 40-year-old woman. Additionally, the presence of E. granulosus eggs was determined in the fecal matter of her dogs, which indicated that the patient's relatives and other people around them were exposed to this zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Darwin Coello Peralta
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Rafael Antonio Coello Cuntó
- Anatomy Laboratory, Medical Career, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Carmen Yancha Moreta
- Faculty of Health and Social Services, Universidad Estatal de Milagro (UNEMI), Milagro, Ecuador
| | | | | | - Luís Renato León Villalba
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology and Tropical Medicine LEMMT, College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Cumbayá, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | - Geraldine Ramallo
- Instituto de Invertebrados, Fundación Miguel Lillo, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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He Y, Cui Q, Hu Z. Modeling and analysis of the transmission dynamics of cystic echinococcosis: Effects of increasing the number of sheep. Math Biosci Eng 2023; 20:14596-14615. [PMID: 37679150 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
A transmission dynamics model with the logistic growth of cystic echinococcus in sheep was formulated and analyzed. The basic reproduction number was derived and the results showed that the global dynamical behaviors were determined by its value. The disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable when the value of the basic reproduction number is less than one; otherwise, there exists a unique endemic equilibrium and it is globally asymptotically stable. Sensitivity analysis and uncertainty analysis of the basic reproduction number were also performed to screen the important factors that influence the spread of cystic echinococcosis. Contour plots of the basic reproduction number versus these important factors are presented, too. The results showed that the higher the deworming rate of dogs, the lower the prevalence of echinococcosis in sheep and dogs. Similarly, the higher the slaughter rate of sheep, the lower the prevalence of echinococcosis in sheep and dogs. It also showed that the spread of echinococcosis has a close relationship with the maximum environmental capacity of sheep, and that they have a remarkable negative correlation. This reminds us that the risk of cystic echinococcosis may be underestimated if we ignore the increasing number of sheep in reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei He
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Qianqian Cui
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Zengyun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
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Williams LBA, Walzthoni N. Diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of four dogs with alveolar echinococcosis in the northwestern United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2023; 261:1-6. [PMID: 36800299 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.12.0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical disease, diagnostic findings, medical management, and outcome in dogs with alveolar echinococcosis (AE). ANIMALS 4 dogs with naturally occurring AE. PROCEDURES Medical records were retrospectively reviewed from 2020 to 2022 to identify dogs diagnosed with AE. Signalment, case history, clinical signs, imaging and pathological laboratory findings, treatment, and clinical outcome were reported. RESULTS All dogs developed systemic clinical illness and weight loss. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed multifocal to coalescent cystic masses of variable size distributed throughout the liver in all cases. Evaluation of aspirated hepatic cyst contents included membranous parasite structures and calcareous corpuscles. Echinococcus multilocularis was confirmed via PCR from hepatic cyst fluid in 3 of 4 cases. Treatment included systemic benzimidazole and praziquantel administration, 1 or more instances of ultrasound-guided cyst drainage in all cases, with ethanol ablation (percutaneous aspiration-injection-reaspiration) in 2 cases, and surgical resection in 1 case. Two of 4 dogs were euthanized within 5 months of diagnosis. One of these dogs was necropsied and had nearly complete obliteration of the hepatic parenchyma by multilocular cystic masses. One dog is still alive, and 1 dog has been lost to follow-up. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This series of cases highlighted the diagnostic findings and therapeutic intervention in 4 dogs with AE. This was the first report of medical management incorporating the percutaneous aspiration-injection-reaspiration method used in humans. Reports of canine AE are rare in the US, so this series serves to help raise awareness of hepatic AE in the northwestern US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B A Williams
- 1Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
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SASAKI R, OKUMA I, ASARI Y. Response of wild rodents to red fox feces: implication for the echinococcus infection. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:565-570. [PMID: 36990791 PMCID: PMC10209468 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis causes zoonotic disease, alveolar echinococcosis. The life cycle of E. multilocularis is maintained by the predator-prey relationship between red foxes and rodents. Infection to red fox (Vulpes vulpes) of E. multilocularis is considered that rodents take eggs of E. multilocularis, then red fox forage the rodents. However, it has been not known how to take eggs by rodents. On infection process of E. multilocularis from red foxes to rodents, we predicted that rodents would forage or touch with feces of red fox to use undigested materials within the feces. We monitored rodent's response to fox feces and their distance to the feces by using camera trap from May to October 2020. Myodes spp. and Apodemus spp. touched fox feces, and touch rate of Apodemus spp. was significantly higher than that of Myodes spp. We found smelling and passing as contact behaviors to fox feces by Myodes spp., while Apodemus spp. showed behaviors which oral directly contacted feces. There was no significant difference on the shortest distance between Apodemus spp. and Myodes spp. The distance between 0 cm and 5 cm was mostly observed for both rodents. The results that Myodes spp. did not forage feces and their contact to feces was low frequency suggested that the infection from red foxes to Myodes spp., the main intermediate host, was to be other pathways. The approach to feces and the act near feces might increase the probability attached with eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina SASAKI
- Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Isao OKUMA
- Green and Flower Center, Zoukei Inc., Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yushin ASARI
- Laboratory of Wildlife Ecology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
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AlSalman A, Mathewson A, Martin IW, Mahatanan R, Talbot EA. Cystic Echinococcosis in Northern New Hampshire, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1057-1058. [PMID: 37044131 PMCID: PMC10124641 DOI: 10.3201/eid2905.221828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In April 2022 and December 2022, the New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services confirmed 2 cases of locally acquired human pulmonary cystic echinococcosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus tapeworms. Both patients reported dressing locally hunted moose and exposure to dogs.
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Santa MA, Umhang G, Klein C, Grant DM, Ruckstuhl KE, Musiani M, Gilleard JS, Massolo A. It's a small world for parasites: evidence supporting the North American invasion of European Echinococcus multilocularis. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230128. [PMID: 36883278 PMCID: PMC9993045 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis (Em), the causative agent of human alveolar echinococcosis (AE), is present in the Holarctic region, and several genetic variants deem to have differential infectivity and pathogenicity. An unprecedented outbreak of human AE cases in Western Canada infected with a European-like strain circulating in wild hosts warranted assessment of whether this strain was derived from a recent invasion or was endemic but undetected. Using nuclear and mitochondrial markers, we investigated the genetic diversity of Em in wild coyotes and red foxes from Western Canada, compared the genetic variants identified to global isolates and assessed their spatial distribution to infer possible invasion dynamics. Genetic variants from Western Canada were closely related to the original European clade, with lesser genetic diversity than that expected for a long-established strain and spatial genetic discontinuities within the study area, supporting the hypothesis of a relatively recent invasion with various founder events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Santa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gerald Umhang
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, ANSES, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, Malzéville, France
| | - Claudia Klein
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Danielle M. Grant
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- NORCE Climate, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kathreen E. Ruckstuhl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marco Musiani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - John S. Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Host-Parasite Interactions (HPI) program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alessandro Massolo
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Wei Y, Li W, Shao C, Zhao H, Hu Y, Liu H, Cao J. The polymorphic analysis of cox1 and cob genes of Echinococcus granulosus in the Ngari region of Tibet in China. Acta Trop 2023; 239:106803. [PMID: 36566892 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an important zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus). CE seriously threatens human health and the development of animal husbandry. The Ngari region is one of the world's highest endemic regions for CE, while genetic polymorphisms of E. granulosus were unclear. Paraffin slices of liver Cyst were collected from seventy-nine surgical patients with echinococcosis in the Ngari region. DNA was extracted from samples. The cox1 and cob genes of mitochondrial DNA of E. granulosus were simultaneously amplified and sequenced. The sequencing results were compared with the standard sequence (KU925397.1and HF947574.1). Phylogenetic trees and the haplotype network of cob and cox1 genes were constructed and analyzed genotypes of E. granulosus isolated from humans in the Ngari Region of Tibet. Out of 79 hydatid cyst samples collected from surgery patients, 60 isolates were identified as G1/ G3, and two isolates were identified as G6/ G7. Analysis of the cob/ cox1 genes revealed 9/7 mutations resulting in 8/6 haplotypes, respectively. The cob and cox1 neutrality indices computed by Tajima's D and Fu's Fs tests showed high negative values in Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (E. granulosus s. s.). The result suggested that E. granulosus in the Ngari region experienced population expansion or a negative selection. We found that G1/ G3 was still the main genotype, and G6/ G7 was found occasionally in humans of the Ngari region. Therefore, we recommend future surveys and control efforts to investigate G1/ G3 and G6/ G7 transmission in the Ngari region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Wei
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of People's Republic of China, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Nutrition, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wujun Li
- First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xian 710077, China
| | - Chunhai Shao
- Department of Nutrition, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hai Zhao
- Clinical Laboratory Department of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xian 710068, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of People's Republic of China, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Hua Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of People's Republic of China, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of People's Republic of China, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
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47
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Sabeeh E, Thamer NK, Alsaady HAM. Histopathological Study to Evaluate the Effect of Aqueous Extract of Portunuspelagicus and Mebendazole on Hydatid Cysts in Mice. Arch Razi Inst 2023; 78:87-94. [PMID: 37312708 PMCID: PMC10258261 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2022.358490.2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydatid disease is a parasitic infestation by a tapeworm of the genus Echinococcus sp., which has a global distribution. The current study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the crustacean aqueous extract of Portunuspelagicus for 2 weeks of treatment compared to mebendazole on hydatid cyst in laboratory mice male Balb / C strain. Mice were infected intraperitoneally with 2000 protoscolices. After 12 weeks of infection, each mouse was treated with mebendazole (50mg/kg) and the hot aqueous extract of p. pelagicus (8, 16 g/kg). Samples of infected organs (liver, spleen, and lungs) were examined under a microscope to evaluate the morphological and histopathological changes of hydatid cysts and tissues. The study confirmed macroscopically that there were a number of hydatid cysts of different sizes in the liver, spleen, and lungs, splenomegaly, and congestion of the lungs of the positive control group. The histological changes in the organs of the group treated with the crustacean extract were represented by the vacuolation of hepatocytes in the centrilobular area of the liver. At the same time, the lungs show intensive peri-bronchiolar inflammation, pulmonary vascular congestion, and in the spleen, the deposition of amyloid-like material in the white pulp, extramedullary hematopoiesis, While the histopathological changes in the organs of mice treated with mebendazole, were represented by the presence in the mild liver vacuolation of the centrilobular area. In contrast, the lungs show mild pulmonary vascular congestion and emphysema, and the spleen shows normal white pulp, the normal red pulp of mice. The aqueous extract Portunuspelagicus and mebendazole are effective in controlling the contamination in the intermediate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sabeeh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
- College of Pharmacy, University of Misan, Amarah, Iraq
| | - N K Thamer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
| | - H A M Alsaady
- Biology Department, Science College, University of Misan, Amarah, Iraq
- College of Dentistry, University of Misan, Amarah, Iraq
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48
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Thiele T, Morf N, Grimm F, Kipar A, Hetzel U. A Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) with alveolar echinococcosis bitten to death by a dog - a challenge for the forensic pathologist as an expert witness. J Comp Pathol 2023; 200:12-17. [PMID: 36610082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a case that illustrates the complex contexts in which forensic veterinary pathology examinations may be carried out. A wild muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) had died after a putative bite attack from a domestic dog. Bite attacks by privately owned dogs on wild animals in Switzerland violate the Swiss civil (and/or hunting) laws, and dog owners are generally punished with a monetary fine; hence, this case appeared to be straightforward. However, the results of the subsequent post-mortem examination of the muskrat not only confirmed the presence of injuries related to the bite attack, but also detected alveolar echinococcosis (ie, infestation with Echinococcus multilocularis). Therefore, as an intermediate host of the parasite, the muskrat could have contributed to further spread of a severe helminthic zoonosis had it not been killed by the dog. It was probably an easy prey for the dog as it probably had been weakened by the disease. Furthermore, muskrats are considered as pests and invasive species, and are non-indigenous huntable game in Switzerland and other European countries in which programmes for the prevention of their further spread and endangerment of native wildlife are established. The role of the forensic veterinary pathologist in such a complex scenario is to adopt an unbiased approach and establish the facts, which in this case was to determine the cause of death and suspected perpetrator, identify any concomitant and/or underlying diseases and consider potential animal welfare issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Thiele
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadja Morf
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Grimm
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Udo Hetzel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
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Getachew Bitew B, Munganga JMW, Shitu Hassan A. Mathematical modelling of echinococcosis in human, dogs and sheep with intervention. J Biol Dyn 2022; 16:439-463. [PMID: 35635312 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2022.2081368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a model for the spread of cyst echinococcosis with interventions is formulated. The disease-free and endemic equilibrium points of the model are calculated. The control reproduction number Rc for the model is derived, and the global dynamics are established by the values of Rc. The disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable if and only if Rc<1. For Rc>1, using Volterra-Lyapunov stable matrices, it is proven that the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable. Sensitivity analysis to identify the most influential parameters in the dynamics of CE is carried out. To establish the long-term behaviour of the disease, numerical simulations are performed. The impact of control strategies is investigated. It is shown that, whenever vaccination of sheep is carried out solely or in combination with cleaning or disinfecting of the environment, cyst echinococcosis can be wiped out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birhan Getachew Bitew
- Department of Mathematical Science, University of South Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Mathematics, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Adamu Shitu Hassan
- Department of Mathematical Science, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
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50
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Azimi A, Afshar S, Matini M, Fallah M. Deciphering the role of miR-71 and let-7 in the fertility of cystic echinococcosis cysts: a preliminary assessment. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:3619-3625. [PMID: 36266590 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected helminthic zoonosis in many parts of the world. Some CE cysts in the intermediate host are non-fertile. Considering the function of microRNAs in many biological processes such as embryonic development, cell proliferation, and apoptosis, this study investigated the function and comparison of miR-71 and let-7 in fertile and non-fertile CE cysts. Here, we determined the expression level of the miRNAs for 33 animal cysts and 16 human cysts (Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1). The quantitative real-time PCR method was conducted for the expression evaluation of miR-71 and let-7. The expression of both miRNAs in all samples was determined using the following formula: [ΔCT = CT (target) - CT (internal control)]. A comparison of Δct of miR-71 and let-7 in fertile and non-fertile cysts did not show a significant difference (P = 0.911 and 0.354). In cattle, sheep, and humans, Δct of miR-71, and let-7 were higher, respectively. Therefore, the mean expression of miR-71 and let-7 indicates an increase in humans compared to other intermediate hosts. Also, statistical results show a significant difference in the expression of these miRNAs in sheep, cattle, and human cysts (P = 0.025 and 0.01). The lower expression of these miRNAs in cattle cysts and their common infertility might be associated with the hypothesis and function of miRNAs in the fertility of CE cysts. So we should not ignore the function and role of miRNAs in this subject due to the importance of infertility in E. granulosus epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Azimi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saeid Afshar
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Matini
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Fallah
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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