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Asem ‐ Hiablie S, Uyeh DD, Adelaja A, Gebremedhin K, Srivastava A, Ileleji K, Gitau M, Ha Y, Park T. An Outlook on Harnessing Technological Innovative Competence in Sustainably Transforming African Agriculture. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2300033. [PMID: 37745824 PMCID: PMC10517289 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202300033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural value chains worldwide provide essential support to livelihoods, ecosystem services, and the growing bioeconomy. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic slowed down or reversed decades of agricultural growth and exposed the vulnerabilities of farmers and the food insecure in Africa, thus reiterating the need to build resilience, agility, and adaptability for a sustainable agriculture. Existing social, political, environmental, and economic challenges demonstrate that a path to faster sustainable growth is increased productivity through improved input quality, of which technical inputs are a part. This work presents a perspective calling for African innovative competence in technological and methodological applications and solutions as part of the most critical area of a holistic organization for social progress. It finds that while performances of previous agricultural transformation efforts offer insights for future directions, novel pathways fitting to the diversity of situations and contexts on the continent are needed. These may include vertical agriculture in land-constrained regions to grow high-value products, ocean or sea farming in coastal regions, development of multiple-harvesting crops, and self-replicating plants. Developing standards that integrate current scientific methodologies and technologies with indigenous knowledge for agricultural growth and disaster management will bring the complementary benefits of both worlds into optimal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senorpe Asem ‐ Hiablie
- Biotechnology DepartmentShell International Exploration and Production Inc.Shell Technology CenterHoustonTX77082USA
| | - Daniel Dooyum Uyeh
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural EngineeringMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Adesoji Adelaja
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource EconomicsMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Kifle Gebremedhin
- Department of Biological and Environmental EngineeringCornell UniversityIthacaNY14850USA
| | - Ajit Srivastava
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural EngineeringMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Klein Ileleji
- Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Margaret Gitau
- Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Yushin Ha
- Department of Bio‐Industrial Machinery EngineeringKyungpook National UniversityDaegu41566Republic of Korea
| | - Tusan Park
- Department of Bio‐Industrial Machinery EngineeringKyungpook National UniversityDaegu41566Republic of Korea
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Lista F, Peragallo MS, Biselli R, De Santis R, Mariotti S, Nisini R, D'Amelio R. Have Diagnostics, Therapies, and Vaccines Made the Difference in the Pandemic Evolution of COVID-19 in Comparison with "Spanish Flu"? Pathogens 2023; 12:868. [PMID: 37513715 PMCID: PMC10384375 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1918 many countries, but not Spain, were fighting World War I. Spanish press could report about the diffusion and severity of a new infection without censorship for the first-time, so that this pandemic is commonly defined as "Spanish flu", even though Spain was not its place of origin. "Spanish flu" was one of the deadliest pandemics in history and has been frequently compared with the coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic. These pandemics share similarities, being both caused by highly variable and transmissible respiratory RNA viruses, and diversity, represented by diagnostics, therapies, and especially vaccines, which were made rapidly available for COVID-19, but not for "Spanish flu". Most comparison studies have been carried out in the first period of COVID-19, when these resources were either not yet available or their use had not long started. Conversely, we wanted to analyze the role that the advanced diagnostics, anti-viral agents, including monoclonal antibodies, and innovative COVID-19 vaccines, may have had in the pandemic containment. Early diagnosis, therapies, and anti-COVID-19 vaccines have markedly reduced the pandemic severity and mortality, thus preventing the collapse of the public health services. However, their influence on the reduction of infections and re-infections, thus on the transition from pandemic to endemic condition, appears to be of minor relevance. The high viral variability of influenza and coronavirus may probably be contained by the development of universal vaccines, which are not easy to be obtained. The only effective weapon still remains the disease prevention, to be achieved with the reduction of promiscuity between the animal reservoirs of these zoonotic diseases and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florigio Lista
- Istituto di Scienze Biomediche della Difesa, Ispettorato Generale della Sanità Militare, Stato Maggiore della Difesa, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Mario Stefano Peragallo
- Centro Studi e Ricerche di Sanità e Veterinaria, Comando Logistico dell'Esercito, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Biselli
- Ispettorato Generale della Sanità Militare, Stato Maggiore della Difesa, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Riccardo De Santis
- Istituto di Scienze Biomediche della Difesa, Ispettorato Generale della Sanità Militare, Stato Maggiore della Difesa, 00184 Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Sabrina Mariotti
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Nisini
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Raffaele D'Amelio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00198 Roma, Italy
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3
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Roberts NJ. The Enigma of Lymphocyte Apoptosis in the Response to Influenza Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030759. [PMID: 36992468 PMCID: PMC10052818 DOI: 10.3390/v15030759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection, lymphocyte apoptosis as a part of the infection and/or the immune response to the virus can be somewhat puzzling. The percentage of human T lymphocytes within the peripheral blood mononuclear cell population that becomes apoptotic greatly exceeds the percentage that are infected after exposure to the virus, consistent with substantial apoptosis of bystander T lymphocytes. Studies reveal an important role of viral neuraminidase expression by co-cultured monocyte/macrophages in induction of apoptosis, including that of uninfected bystander lymphocytes. Despite these observations, it is a reasonable perspective to recognize that the development of lymphocyte apoptosis during the response to infection does not preclude a successful immune response and recovery of the infected host in the great majority of cases. Further investigation is clearly warranted to understand its role in the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection for human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert J. Roberts
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Gaveston, TX 77555, USA
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Elkhatib WF, Abdelkareem SS, Khalaf WS, Shahin MI, Elfadil D, Alhazmi A, El-Batal AI, El-Sayyad GS. Narrative review on century of respiratory pandemics from Spanish flu to COVID-19 and impact of nanotechnology on COVID-19 diagnosis and immune system boosting. Virol J 2022; 19:167. [PMID: 36280866 PMCID: PMC9589879 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01902-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of the highly lethal severe acute respiratory syndrome-2 (SARS-2) as corona virus 2019 (COVID-19) reminded us of the history of other pandemics that happened in the last century (Spanish flu) and stayed in the current century, which include Severe-Acute-Respiratory-Syndrome (SARS), Middle-East-Respiratory-Syndrome (MERS), Corona Virus 2019 (COVID-19). We review in this report the newest findings and data on the origin of pandemic respiratory viral diseases, reservoirs, and transmission modes. We analyzed viral adaption needed for host switch and determinants of pathogenicity, causative factors of pandemic viruses, and symptoms and clinical manifestations. After that, we concluded the host factors associated with pandemics morbidity and mortality (immune responses and immunopathology, ages, and effect of pandemics on pregnancy). Additionally, we focused on the burdens of COVID-19, non-pharmaceutical interventions (quarantine, mass gatherings, facemasks, and hygiene), and medical interventions (antiviral therapies and vaccines). Finally, we investigated the nanotechnology between COVID-19 analysis and immune system boosting (Nanoparticles (NPs), antimicrobial NPs as antivirals and immune cytokines). This review presents insights about using nanomaterials to treat COVID-19, improve the bioavailability of the abused drugs, diminish their toxicity, and improve their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid F Elkhatib
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African Union Organization St., Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, New Galala City, Suez, Egypt.
| | - Shereen S Abdelkareem
- Department of Alumni, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Industries, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Entertainment Area, Badr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wafaa S Khalaf
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11751, Egypt
| | - Mona I Shahin
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Tymaa, Tabuk University, Tymaa, 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dounia Elfadil
- Biology and Chemistry Department, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Alaa Alhazmi
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- SMIRES for Consultation in Specialized Medical Laboratories, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed I El-Batal
- Drug Microbiology Laboratory, Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gharieb S El-Sayyad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, New Galala City, Suez, Egypt.
- Drug Microbiology Laboratory, Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt.
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Li Z, Hu Y, Zeng M, Hu Q, Ye F, Liu R, Cai H, Li Q, Wang X. The role transition of radiotherapy for the treatment of liver cancer in the COVID-19 era. Front Oncol 2022; 12:976143. [PMID: 36185295 PMCID: PMC9516283 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.976143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The uncontrollable COVID-19 crises in the SARS-CoV-2 high-prevalence areas have greatly disrupted the routine treatment of liver cancer and triggered a role transformation of radiotherapy for liver cancer. The weight of radiotherapy in the treatment algorithm for liver cancer has been enlarged by the COVID-19 pandemic, which is helpful for the optimal risk-benefit profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Qinyong Hu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruifeng Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongyi Cai
- Department of Radiotherapy, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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Hensen L, Illing PT, Rowntree LC, Davies J, Miller A, Tong SYC, Habel JR, van de Sandt CE, Flanagan K, Purcell AW, Kedzierska K, Clemens EB. T Cell Epitope Discovery in the Context of Distinct and Unique Indigenous HLA Profiles. Front Immunol 2022; 13:812393. [PMID: 35603215 PMCID: PMC9121770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.812393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are a pivotal part of the immune response to viruses, playing a key role in disease outcome and providing long-lasting immunity to conserved pathogen epitopes. Understanding CD8+ T cell immunity in humans is complex due to CD8+ T cell restriction by highly polymorphic Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) proteins, requiring T cell epitopes to be defined for different HLA allotypes across different ethnicities. Here we evaluate strategies that have been developed to facilitate epitope identification and study immunogenic T cell responses. We describe an immunopeptidomics approach to sequence HLA-bound peptides presented on virus-infected cells by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Using antigen presenting cell lines that stably express the HLA alleles characteristic of Indigenous Australians, this approach has been successfully used to comprehensively identify influenza-specific CD8+ T cell epitopes restricted by HLA allotypes predominant in Indigenous Australians, including HLA-A*24:02 and HLA-A*11:01. This is an essential step in ensuring high vaccine coverage and efficacy in Indigenous populations globally, known to be at high risk from influenza disease and other respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Hensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Patricia T. Illing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Louise C. Rowntree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jane Davies
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Adrian Miller
- Indigenous Engagement, CQUniversity, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Steven Y. C. Tong
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, NT, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer R. Habel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Carolien E. van de Sandt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Katie L. Flanagan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tasmanian Vaccine Trial Centre, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- School of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony W. Purcell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Katherine Kedzierska,
| | - E. Bridie Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Roberts NJ, Krilov LR. The Continued Threat of Influenza A Viruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050883. [PMID: 35632626 PMCID: PMC9143665 DOI: 10.3390/v14050883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a major cause of respiratory infections worldwide, with the most severe cases occurring in the very young and in elderly individuals [...]
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert J. Roberts
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(409)-771-3358; Fax: +1-(212)-263-3206
| | - Leonard R. Krilov
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA;
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Di Gennaro F, Petrosillo N. New endemic and pandemic pathologies with interhuman airborne transmission through ear, nose and throat anatomical sites. ACTA OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGICA ITALICA : ORGANO UFFICIALE DELLA SOCIETA ITALIANA DI OTORINOLARINGOLOGIA E CHIRURGIA CERVICO-FACCIALE 2022; 42:S5-S13. [PMID: 35763270 PMCID: PMC9137375 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-suppl.1-42-2022-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has once again stigmatised the importance of airborne pathogens and their clinical, social and public health impact. Respiratory viruses are transmitted between individuals when the pathogen is released from the upper airways or from the lower respiratory tract of an infected individual. Airborne transmission is defined as the inhalation of the infectious aerosol, named droplet nuclei which size is smaller than 5 mm and that can be inhaled at a distance up to 2 metres. This route of transmission is relevant for viral respiratory pathogens, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, influenza virus, human rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and other respiratory virus families that differ in viral and genomic structures, susceptibility of a population to the infection, severity, transmissibility, ways of transmission and seasonal recurrence. Human respiratory viruses generally infect cells of the upper respiratory tract, eliciting respiratory signs and symptoms, sometimes without the possibility to differentiate them clinically. As seen by the current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, human respiratory viruses can substantially contribute to increased morbidity and mortality, economic losses and, eventually, social disruption. In this article, we describe the structural, clinical and transmission aspects of the main respiratory viruses responsible for endemic, epidemic and pandemic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Petrosillo
- Infection Control & Infectious Disease Service, University Hospital Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
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Koziol JA, Schnitzer JE. Déjà vu all over again: racial, ethnic and age disparities in mortality from influenza 1918-19 and COVID-19 in the United States. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09299. [PMID: 35464697 PMCID: PMC9013692 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Examination of the mortality patterns in the United States among racial, ethnic, and age groups attributed to the 1918–19 influenza pandemic revealed stark disparities, causes for which could have been addressed and rectified this past century. However, these disparities have been amplified during the current COVID-19 pandemic. We have ignored the lessons of the past, and were destined to repeat its failings. Objectives Compare and contrast mortality patterns by age, race, and ethnicity attributable to the 1918–19 influenza pandemic in the United States with corresponding patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This is a retrospective study, establishing mortality rates according to age, race and ethnicity attributable to the 1918–19 influenza pandemic in the United States and to the current COVID-19 pandemic, using mortality data published by the U.S. Public Health Service and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Negative binomial regression models were used to establish rate ratios, that is, ratios of mortality rates across the various racial/ethnic groups, and associated 95% confidence intervals. Results Mortality patterns by age differ significantly between the 1918–19 influenza pandemic and the COVID-19 pandemic: with infant and young adult (25–40 years old) mortality substantially higher in the former. Disparities in mortality between racial and ethnic groups are amplified in the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the 1918–19 experience. Conclusions As we evaluate our nation's response to COVID-19 and design public policy to prepare better for coming pandemics, we cannot ignore the stark disparities in mortality rates experienced by different racial and ethnic groups. This will require a sustained resolve by society and government to delineate and remedy the causative factors, through science devoid of political interpretation and exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Koziol
- Proteogenomics Research Institute for Systems Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Jan E Schnitzer
- Proteogenomics Research Institute for Systems Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States
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Gandhi M. Immunity Against the Omicron Variant From Vaccination, Recovery, or Both. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:e672-e674. [PMID: 35234857 PMCID: PMC9402702 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gandhi
- Correspondence: M. Gandhi, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94112 ()
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11
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Smith RG. Clinical data to be used as a foundation to combat Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy. JOURNAL OF INTERPROFESSIONAL EDUCATION & PRACTICE 2022; 26:100483. [PMID: 34926837 PMCID: PMC8664723 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjep.2021.100483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus has become the paramount subject in peoples' lives, affecting and disrupting virtually every aspect of society, as the pandemic casts a shadow over the world. The facts, myths, and conspiracy theories centered on the Covid-19 pandemic have dominated social media accounts, local and national newspapers, as well as television programs. Strategies need to be evolved to counter Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy and mitigate health disparities in at-risk populations. Overcoming misinformation and distrust will require an interdisciplinary approach to deal with Covid-19. The purpose of this review is to offer a factual basis to all healthcare providers to assist in framing strategies to mitigate vaccine hesitancy and achieve herd immunity to combat the deadly Covid-19 pandemic. First an overview of the discovery of the viruses and their molecular structures will be presented. Secondly, a historical perspective is offered, comparing the differences between the 1918 flu pandemic and the current covid-19 pandemic. Lastly, an overview for proposed techniques and methods to counter and or mitigate covid-19 vaccine misinformation that may be used by an interdisciplinary team will be offered narratively and graphically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Smith
- Studying Opioid Harm 501.3(c), 723 Lucerne Circle, Ormond Beach, Florida, 32174, USA
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Appajigol J, Poddar A, Gogate A, Francis Kumbar A, Francis Cordeiro K, Javali S. Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding COVID-19 among general population. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF DR. D.Y. PATIL VIDYAPEETH 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/mjdrdypu.mjdrdypu_257_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Deep R, Ganesh R. Impact of 1918 influenza pandemic on mental asylums in India: An analysis of asylum reports. Indian J Psychiatry 2022; 64:84-88. [PMID: 35400751 PMCID: PMC8992748 DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_479_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Not much is known about impact of 1918 Influenza on patients confined inside mental asylums of that period. AIM AND METHODS The study aimed to assess impact of Influenza pandemic on mentally ill patients in asylums, based on data extracted from provincial asylum reports (1915-1923) from British India. RESULTS The asylum population in most provinces was impacted both in terms of direct mortality (1918) as well as all-cause morbidity and mortality (1918; 1918-1920). Agra and Oudh lost 9.5% of average daily asylum strength directly due to influenza in 1918. All-cause mortality (1918) was highest for mental asylum/s in provinces of Agra and Oudh (16.83%), Punjab (14.83%), and Bombay (14.4%). Isolated outbreaks continued till 1923. Another peculiar finding was markedly reduced sickness and death rates in 1921-1923 compared to 1915-1917, across asylums of all provinces. CONCLUSION Findings point to a significant impact of Influenza pandemic in mental asylums across several provinces, and provide historical insights with implications for the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Deep
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ragul Ganesh
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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14
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Chung DR. Responses against infectious disease pandemics: a narrative review on COVID-19. PRECISION AND FUTURE MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.23838/pfm.2021.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the world is facing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. With this, an emerging infectious disease pandemic in the absence of effective antiviral agents and vaccines for a novel virus is no different from the 1918 influenza pandemic, which became a great disaster for humankind. We also experienced a global lockdown with a stringent implementation of social distancing, which is a first for mankind living in the present day, and has led to enormous economic damage and restrictions on individual freedom. The microorganism that will cause the next pandemic may be a highly fatal avian influenza virus, another coronavirus, or a completely different microorganism. This COVID-19 pandemic is an enormous lesson for humankind and is tantamount to a vaccine in preparation for the next pandemic. Important and urgent undertakings were given to each country in terms of complementing laws and regulations for a stronger and more resilient healthcare system, such as investment in research and development for new rapid diagnostic technologies, vaccines, new therapeutic agents, among others.
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15
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Simba H, Ngcobo S. Are Pandemics Gender Neutral? Women's Health and COVID-19. Front Glob Womens Health 2021; 1:570666. [PMID: 34816154 PMCID: PMC8594011 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2020.570666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged as a health crisis in Wuhan, China, and was later declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. As it spread and its death toll increased, on the 11th of March 2020 it was declared a pandemic at 4,369 deaths worldwide, and cases and deaths have since surged. With gender disparities already known to leave women and their health at the margins of society during outbreaks, it is important to understand how COVID-19 affects women's health. In this article, we discuss how the COVID-19 pandemic can create vulnerabilities for women and their health and further exacerbate long-existing inequalities and social disparities. These include gender-based roles, economic and food security, violence, work pressure, and access to health and healthcare facilities. These issues have significant repercussions on the physical and mental health of women. To focus our lenses on these issues, we draw lessons from three specific examples of past outbreaks: 1918 Flu pandemic, Zika virus disease, and Ebola virus disease. We conclude by stating how public health responses and strategies for COVID-19 can be inclusive to women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Simba
- Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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16
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Yin Y, Wang J, Xu X, Zhou B, Chen S, Qin T, Peng D. Riboflavin as a Mucosal Adjuvant for Nasal Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111296. [PMID: 34835227 PMCID: PMC8617635 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Intranasal immunization with whole inactivated virus (WIV) is an important strategy used for influenza prevention and control. However, a powerful mucosal adjuvant is required to improve nasal vaccine efficacy. Riboflavin, as a food additive with the advantages of being safe and low-cost, widely exists in living organisms. In this paper, the mucosal adjuvant function of riboflavin was studied. After intranasal immunization with H1N1 WIV plus riboflavin in mice, we found that the mucosal immunity based on the secretory IgA (sIgA) levels in the nasal cavity, trachea, and lung were strongly enhanced compared with H1N1 WIV alone. Meanwhile, the IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a levels in serum also showed a high upregulation and a decreased ratio of IgG1/IgG2a, which implied a bias in the cellular immune response. Moreover, riboflavin strongly improved the protection level of H1N1 inactivated vaccine from a lethal influenza challenge. Furthermore, riboflavin was found to possess the capacity to induce dendritic cell (DC) phenotypic (MHCII, CD40, CD80, and CD86) and functional maturation, including cytokine secretion (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12p70, and IL-10) and the proliferation of allogeneic T cells. Lastly, we found that the DC maturation induced by riboflavin was dependent on the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, which plays an important role in immune regulation. Therefore, riboflavin is expected to be developed as an alternative mucosal adjuvant for influenza nasal vaccine application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyan Yin
- College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Y.); (B.Z.)
| | - Jinyuan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.W.); (X.X.); (S.C.); (T.Q.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xing Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.W.); (X.X.); (S.C.); (T.Q.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bangyue Zhou
- College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Y.); (B.Z.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.W.); (X.X.); (S.C.); (T.Q.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.W.); (X.X.); (S.C.); (T.Q.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.W.); (X.X.); (S.C.); (T.Q.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
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17
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Jedwab R, Khan AM, Russ J, Zaveri ED. Epidemics, pandemics, and social conflict: Lessons from the past and possible scenarios for COVID-19. WORLD DEVELOPMENT 2021; 147:105629. [PMID: 34866756 PMCID: PMC8633882 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Since COVID-19 broke out, there has been renewed interest in understanding the economic and social dynamics of historical and more recent epidemics and pandemics, from the plagues of Antiquity to modern-day outbreaks like Ebola. These events can have significant impacts on the interplay between poverty and social cohesion, i.e. how different groups in society interact and cooperate to survive and prosper. To that effect, this paper provides a theory-driven overview of how social responses to past epidemics and pandemics were determined by the epidemiological and non-epidemiological characteristics of these outbreaks, with a particular focus on the conditions giving rise to scapegoating and persecution of minority groups, including migrants. We discuss existing theories as well as historical and quantitative studies, and highlight the cases where epidemics and pandemics may lead to milder or more severe forms of scapegoating. Finally, we conclude with a summary of priorities for future research on epidemics, pandemics and social conflict and discuss the possible effects and policy implications of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Jedwab
- George Washington University, Elliott School of International Affairs, 603 North Henry St, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA
| | - Amjad M Khan
- George Washington University, Elliott School of International Affairs, 603 North Henry St, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA
| | - Jason Russ
- George Washington University, Elliott School of International Affairs, 603 North Henry St, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA
| | - Esha D Zaveri
- George Washington University, Elliott School of International Affairs, 603 North Henry St, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA
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18
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Nuwarda RF, Alharbi AA, Kayser V. An Overview of Influenza Viruses and Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1032. [PMID: 34579269 PMCID: PMC8473132 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza remains one of the major public health concerns because it causes annual epidemics and can potentially instigate a global pandemic. Numerous countermeasures, including vaccines and antiviral treatments, are in use against seasonal influenza infection; however, their effectiveness has always been discussed due to the ongoing resistance to antivirals and relatively low and unpredictable efficiency of influenza vaccines compared to other vaccines. The growing interest in vaccines as a promising approach to prevent and control influenza may provide alternative vaccine development options with potentially increased efficiency. In addition to currently available inactivated, live-attenuated, and recombinant influenza vaccines on the market, novel platforms such as virus-like particles (VLPs) and nanoparticles, and new vaccine formulations are presently being explored. These platforms provide the opportunity to design influenza vaccines with improved properties to maximize quality, efficacy, and safety. The influenza vaccine manufacturing process is also moving forward with advancements relating to egg- and cell-based production, purification processes, and studies into the physicochemical attributes and vaccine degradation pathways. These will contribute to the design of more stable, optimized vaccine formulations guided by contemporary analytical testing methods and via the implementation of the latest advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veysel Kayser
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (R.F.N.); (A.A.A.)
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19
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Sampath S, Khedr A, Qamar S, Tekin A, Singh R, Green R, Kashyap R. Pandemics Throughout the History. Cureus 2021; 13:e18136. [PMID: 34692344 PMCID: PMC8525686 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As we move amidst the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, we have witnessed tremendous distress, death, and turmoil of everyday life for more than one year now. However, they are not modern phenomena; deadly pandemics have happened throughout recorded history. Pandemics such as the plague, Spanish Flu, HIV, and Ebola caused deaths, destruction of political regimes, as well as financial and psychosocial burdens. However, they sometimes resulted in scientific discoveries. Understanding the mechanism of the emergence of these pandemics is crucial to control any spreading pandemic and prevent the emergence of a potential new one. Public health agencies need to work on improving the countries' pandemic preparedness to prevent any future pandemics. The review article aims to shed light on some of the deadliest pandemics throughout history, information of critical importance for clinicians and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anwar Khedr
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Mankato, USA
- Internal Medicine, Tanta University Faculty of Medicine, Tanta, EGY
| | - Shahraz Qamar
- Post-Baccalaureate Research Education Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Aysun Tekin
- Anesthesia Clinical Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Romil Singh
- Anesthesia Clinical Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
- Neurology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Ronya Green
- Family Medicine, Southern Hills Medical Center, TriStar Division, Hospital Corporation of America (HCA) Healthcare, Nashville, USA
| | - Rahul Kashyap
- Family Medicine, Southern Hills Medical Center, TriStar Division, Hospital Corporation of America (HCA) Healthcare, Nashville, USA
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20
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Ingrole RSJ, Tao W, Joshi G, Gill HS. M2e conjugated gold nanoparticle influenza vaccine displays thermal stability at elevated temperatures and confers protection to ferrets. Vaccine 2021; 39:4800-4809. [PMID: 34301431 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Currently approved influenza vaccines are not only limited in breadth of protection but also have a limited shelf-life of 12-18 months when stored under appropriate conditions (2-8 °C). Inadvertent alteration in storage temperatures during manufacturing, transportation, distribution until delivery to patient, can damage the vaccine thus reducing its efficacy. A thermally stable vaccine can decrease the economic burden by reducing reliance on refrigeration system and can also enhance outreach of the vaccination program by allowing transportation to remote areas of the world where refrigerated conditions are scarce. We have previously developed a broadly protective influenza A vaccine by coupling the highly conserved extracellular region of the matrix 2 protein (M2e) of influenza A virus to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and upon subsequent addition of toll-like receptor 9 agonist - CpG, as an adjuvant, have shown its breadth of protection in a mouse model. In this study, we show that the vaccine is thermally stable when stored at 4 °C for 3 months, 37 °C for 3 months and 50 °C for 2 weeks in its lyophilized form, and later it was possible to readily reconstitute it in water without aggregation. Intranasal vaccination of mice using reconstituted vaccine induced M2e-specific IgG and IgG subtypes in serum similar to the freshly formulated vaccine, and fully protected mice against lethal influenza A challenge. Immunization of ferrets intranasally or intramuscularly with the vaccine induced M2e-specific IgG and there was reduced virus level in nasal wash of ferrets immunized through intranasal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan S J Ingrole
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, 8th street and Canton Ave, Mail Stop 3121, Lubbock TX 79409-3121, USA
| | - Wenqian Tao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, 8th street and Canton Ave, Mail Stop 3121, Lubbock TX 79409-3121, USA
| | - Gaurav Joshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, 8th street and Canton Ave, Mail Stop 3121, Lubbock TX 79409-3121, USA
| | - Harvinder Singh Gill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, 8th street and Canton Ave, Mail Stop 3121, Lubbock TX 79409-3121, USA.
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21
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Lin S, Hu X, Lin J, Wang S, Xu J, Cai F, Lin J. Sensitive pH-responsive point-of-care electrochemical immunoassay for influenza A (H1N1) virus using glucose oxidase-functionalized Ti 3C 2-MXene nanosheets. Analyst 2021; 146:4391-4399. [PMID: 34132713 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00606a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A (H1N1) virus is a serious health threat and potential leading cause of death around the world during the processes of immunity and inflammation. Herein a sensitive pH-responsive point-of-care (POC) electrochemical immunoassay was designed for the quantitative monitoring of H1N1 influenza virus using glucose oxidase (GOx) and secondary antibody-functionalized Ti3C2-MXene nanosheets. The assay was carried out on the basis of the sandwich-type immunoreaction in the capture antibody-coated microplate. Two-dimensional (2D) Ti3C2-MXene nanosheets with a large surface area could efficiently enhance the loading amount of GOx molecules, thereby resulting in the signal amplification. Accompanying the formed immunocomplexes, labeled GOx molecules catalyzed glucose into gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The generated gluconic acid caused a pH change of the detection solution, which was quantitatively determined on a handheld pH meter. Two labeling strategies with and without Ti3C2-MXene nanosheets were investigated to determine the target H1N1 influenza virus, and improved properties were acquired with the Ti3C2-MXene-labeled system. Under optimum conditions, the Ti3C2-MXene-based immunoassay gave good dynamic responses toward the target H1N1 influenza virus from 0.01 μg mL-1 to 100 μg mL-1 with a detection limit of 1.3 ng mL-1. Good reproducibility, high specificity, and acceptable stability were also achieved in the analysis of the target H1N1 influenza virus. Significantly, measurements of the H1N1 influenza virus from clinical human samples were demonstrated to further confirm the method reliability and accuracy of the Ti3C2-MXene-based electrochemical immunoassay. Importantly, such a pH-meter-based immunoassay can be suitable for use in point-of-care applications and opens new opportunities for diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Xiamen (Children's Hospital of Fudan University at Xiamen), Xiamen 361006, China.
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22
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Colvin CL, McLaughlin E. Death, demography and the denominator: Age-adjusted Influenza-18 mortality in Ireland. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2021; 41:100984. [PMID: 33578363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2021.100984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Using the Irish experience of the 1918-1919 Spanish flu pandemic ("Influenza-18"), we demonstrate how pandemic mortality statistics can be sensitive to the demographic composition of a country. We build a new spatially disaggregated population database for Ireland's 32 counties for 1911-1920 with vital statistics on births, ageing, migration and deaths. Our principal contribution is to show why, and how, age-at-death data should be used to construct the age-standardised statistics necessary to make meaningful comparisons of mortality rates across time and space. We conclude that studies of the economic consequences of pandemics must better control for demographic factors if they are to yield useful policy-relevant insights. For example, while Northern Ireland had a higher crude death rate during the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic, it also has an older population; age-adjusted mortality paints a very different picture.
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23
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Lai Y, Han T, Zhan S, Jiang Y, Liu X, Li G. Antiviral Activity of Isoimperatorin Against Influenza A Virus in vitro and its Inhibition of Neuraminidase. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:657826. [PMID: 33927632 PMCID: PMC8077232 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.657826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) poses a severe threat to human health and is a major public health problem worldwide. As global anti-influenza virus drug resistance has increased significantly, there is an urgent need to develop new antiviral drugs, especially drugs from natural products. Isoimperatorin, an active natural furanocoumarin, exhibits a broad range of pharmacologic activities including anticoagulant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-tumor, and other pharmacological effects, so it has attracted more and more attention. In this study, the antiviral and mechanistic effects of isoimperatorin on influenza A virus in vitro were studied. Isoimperatorin illustrated a broad-spectrum antiviral effect, especially against the A/FM/1/47 (H1N1), A/WSN/33 (H1N1, S31N, amantadine resistant), A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1), and A/Chicken/Guangdong/1996 (H9N2) virus strains. The experimental results of different administration modes showed that isoimperatorin had the best antiviral activity under the treatment mode. Further time-of-addition experiment results indicated that when isoimperatorin was added at the later stage of the virus replication cycle (6–8 h, 8–10 h), it exhibited an effective antiviral effect, and the virus yield was reduced by 81.4 and 84.6%, respectively. In addition, isoimperatorin had no effect on the expression of the three viral RNAs (mRNA, vRNA, and cRNA). Both the neuraminidase (NA) inhibition assay and CETSA demonstrated that isoimperatorin exerts an inhibitory effect on NA-mediated progeny virus release. The molecular docking experiment simulated the direct interaction between isoimperatorin and NA protein amino acid residues. In summary, isoimperatorin can be used as a potential agent for the prevention and treatment of influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Lai
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Han
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaofeng Zhan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Geng Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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24
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Ullah W, Yahya A, Samikannu R, Tlale T. Robust and secured telehealth system for COVID-19 patients. DATA SCIENCE FOR COVID-19 2021. [PMCID: PMC8138116 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824536-1.00022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The demand for Telehealth is rapidly increasing worldwide. Digital solutions in the current epidemic are revealing the powers and flaws of current Telehealth infrastructures. Telehealth brings remote access to medical facilities and covering the extent of physicians and health services. The outbreak of COVID-19 emphasizes the necessity for timely tracking of persons who are infected, and preferably, their connections. Telehealth facilities are speedily becoming a frontline force in the struggle to lessen healthcare-linked COVID-19 spreads, and eventually shielding healthcare professional. Whereas telehealth can substitute competence and accessibility, its dependence on real-time communication of medical records over the cloud also generates danger. At each phase of the practice, hostile measures may happen, together with diagnostic blunders, technical problems, and patient confidentiality and safety defilements. This paper developed a highly secure and robust decoder for the Telehealth model to monitor the patients' vital signs and psychological signals. The proposed Telehealth system reduced the transmission power and congestion on the database and ensured secured reliable data at the receiving end.
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25
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Latifi R, Doarn CR. Perspective on COVID-19: Finally, Telemedicine at Center Stage. Telemed J E Health 2020; 26:1106-1109. [DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2020.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Latifi
- New York Medical College, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York, USA
- International Virtual e-Hospital Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Charles R. Doarn
- International Virtual e-Hospital Foundation, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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26
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Jefferson M. COVID-19: The Lessons We Should Have Learned from Existing Literature. BIOPHYSICAL ECONOMICS AND SUSTAINABILITY 2020; 5:13. [PMID: 38624441 PMCID: PMC7459093 DOI: 10.1007/s41247-020-00079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The linkages between natural resources and human well-being lie at the heart of biophysical economics. Huge disruptions to human well-being which can occur as a result of the impact of particular natural resources or species are, or should be, an obvious focus of interest for the biophysical economist whose focus is on flows between the natural world and human society. The causes and consequences of such disruptions, such as emanate from pandemics and epidemics, are a clear example of this. There is a need for better understanding of these causes and consequences. As an example, twelve books on epidemics and pandemics are considered here as providing the core for what guidance they might, and should, have provided on the sources, spreaders, and responses to COVID-19. A substantial amount of guidance is given in these and other sources referenced, which if followed would have reduced spread and mortality, but in far too many countries preparedness and speed of responses were inadequate. An effective global network and funding are required, as long advocated, but still not implemented. The economic and resource costs of this failure are huge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jefferson
- ESCP Europe Business School, London UK Campus, 527 Finchley Road, London, NW3 7BG UK
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27
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Nicholson PJ. Johann Rudolf Feyerabend, The dance of death at Basel, 1806. Occup Med (Lond) 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqaa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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28
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Latifi R. Surgical Critical Care at the Epicenter of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am Surg 2020; 86:736-740. [PMID: 32683948 DOI: 10.1177/0003134820933246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The number of deaths and infected people by Corona-19 virusin 2020 around the world is alarming and numbing at the same time. It almostdifficult to remember when the world was normal, although it just started fewmonths ago. Our world and everything around have changed, our surgical practicehas changed, our life has changed, but Intensive Care Units (ICU)in WestchesterMedical center in Valhalla, NY, continue to care for the sickest of thesickest. But this time, different disease with different prognosis. Everycritical care specialist, every surgery resident and surgical critical carefellow, are COVID-19 doctors. As I round in the ICU, I imagine myself in one ofthose beds that I could have been few weeks ago. Now, fully recovered fromCOVID-19, and coming back to work is a real treat. Yet, I still have morequestions than answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Latifi
- Department of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center Health and New York Medical College, School of Medicine, Valhalla, NY, USA
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29
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Temel MK. The 1918 "Spanish Flu" Pandemic in the Ottoman Capital, Istanbul. CANADIAN BULLETIN OF MEDICAL HISTORY = BULLETIN CANADIEN D'HISTOIRE DE LA MEDECINE 2020; 37:195-231. [PMID: 32208113 DOI: 10.3138/cbmh.356-052019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although the general course, possible transmission routes, and actual sociodemographic destruction of the 1918 influenza pandemic in the Western world are well documented, the literature lacks similar data about the Middle East. On the calamity's centenary, this article aims to contribute to filling this gap, investigating the presence and effects of the pandemic in Istanbul, the city bridging the West and East, then as the capital of the Ottoman Empire. After the retrieval of the most relevant articles in Vakit, a daily Istanbul newspaper active throughout the pandemic, a variety of items, including articles with firsthand pronouncements from contemporaneous medical authorities and a clinical account of supportive autopsy findings, are scrutinized and interpreted. The reviewed data are concluded to indicate no epidemiological or factual exception, showing significant parallelism with the Western experience of the pandemic in terms of increased influenza mortality and morbidity, severe clinical presentation, common misinformation and misdiagnosis, and failure to provide effective prevention and medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kemal Temel
- Department of Medical History and Ethics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University
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30
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Education and training in microbial forensics. MICROBIAL FORENSICS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7153755 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-815379-6.00032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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