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Cui X, Li Y, Yang Y, Tang W, Li Z, Chen H, Li Y, Cui X, Huang Z, Sun X, Xu S, Zhang Y, Li C, Zhang X. Characteristics and Genomic Diversity of Measles Virus From Measles Cases With Known Vaccination Status in Shanghai, China. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:841650. [PMID: 35847814 PMCID: PMC9281471 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.841650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the highly effective measles vaccine has dramatically reduced the incidence of measles, measles, and outbreaks continue to occur in individuals who received the measles vaccine because of immunization failure. In this study, patients who have definite records of immunization were enrolled based on measles surveillance in Shanghai, China, from 2009 to 2017, and genomic characteristics regarding viruses retrieved from these cases provided insights into immunization failure. A total of 147 complete genomes of measles virus (MV) were obtained from the laboratory-confirmed cases through Illumina MiSeq. Epidemiological, and genetic characteristics of the MV were focused on information about age, gender, immunization record, variation, and evolution of the whole genome. Furthermore, systematic genomics using phylogeny and selection pressure approaches were analyzed. Our analysis based on the whole genome of 147 isolates revealed 4 clusters: 2 for the genotype H1 (clusters named H1-A, including 73 isolates; H1-B, including 72 isolates) and the other 2 for D8 and B3, respectively. Estimated nucleotide substitution rates of genotype H1 MV derived using genome and individual genes are lower than other genotypes. Our study contributes to global measles epidemiology and proves that whole-genome sequencing was a useful tool for more refined genomic characterization. The conclusion indicates that vaccination may have an effect on virus evolution. However, no major impact was found on the antigenicity in Shanghai isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxian Cui
- Division of Microbiology, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunyi Li
- Division of Microbiology, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuying Yang
- Division of Microbiology, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Division of Microbiology, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Immunization Program, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyou Chen
- Division of Microbiology, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyi Cui
- Division of Microbiology, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoying Huang
- Department of Immunization Program, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Immunization Program, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Songtao Xu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chongshan Li
- Division of Microbiology, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Chongshan Li,
| | - Xi Zhang
- Division of Microbiology, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Xi Zhang,
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Zhuzzhasarova A, Bayesheva D, Azimbaeva N, Smagul M, Nusupbaeva G, Turdalina B, Seidullayeva A, Abdullaev B, Kushugulova A. Epidemiological and Molecular-Genetic Characteristics of the Measles Outbreak in Kazakhstan. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/11549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Genetic Characterizations and Molecular Evolution of the Measles Virus Genotype B3's Hemagglutinin (H) Gene in the Elimination Era. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101970. [PMID: 34696400 PMCID: PMC8540759 DOI: 10.3390/v13101970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) genotype B3 is one globally significant circulating genotype. Here, we present a systematic description of long-term evolutionary characterizations of the MeV genotype B3's hemagglutinin (H) gene in the elimination era. Our results show that the B3 H gene can be divided into two main sub-genotypes, and the highest intra-genotypic diversity was observed in 2004. MeV genotype B3's H gene diverged in 1976; its overall nucleotide substitution rate is estimated to be 5.697 × 10-4 substitutions/site/year, and is slowing down. The amino acid substitution rate of genotype B3's H gene is also decreasing, and the mean effective population size has been in a downward trend since 2000. Selection pressure analysis only recognized a few sites under positive selection, and the number of positive selection sites is getting smaller. All of these observations may reveal that genotype B3's H gene is not under strong selection pressure, and is becoming increasingly conservative. MeV H-gene or whole-genome sequencing should be routine, so as to better elucidate the molecular epidemiology of MeV in the future.
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Faneye AO, Motayo BO, Adeniji JA. Molecular characterization and evolutionary dynamics of measles virus sequences isolated from children in Lagos and Ibadan, South Western, Nigeria. J Infect Public Health 2019; 13:309-312. [PMID: 31431423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles infection is endemic in Nigeria, with outbreaks occurring yearly. Genotype B3 is the dominant genotype and the only genotype characterized from Nigeria. The current study investigated the phylogenetic and Bayesian evolutionary dynamics of Nigerian measles virus Nucleoprotein (N) sequences isolated from Lagos and Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 120 throat swab samples were analysed by RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis and Bayesian demographic reconstructions were done using MEGA and BEAST software. Measles RNA positivity was 14.2% (17/120), age range 0-1 recorded the highest rate with 40.83%. Study sequences clustered within clade B3.1. The evolutionary rate of analysed B3 sequences was 1.108×10-3, higher posterior density HPD interval (1.462×10-3 - 7.886×10-4)subs/site/year. The time to most recent common ancestor (TMRC), was 1991. The Bayesian skyride analysis(BSP) of West African MV cladeB3.1, showed a stable, steady state population demography. This study has reemphasised the dominance of clade B3.1 in Nigeria. We have shown that clade B3.1 was recently introduced into circulation and has a slow population expansion. We advocate for the institution of molecular surveillance country wide in order to help monitor strain diversity and genetic evolution of Measles in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Babatunde Olanrewaju Motayo
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medical Microbiology, Federal Medical Center, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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Muñoz-Alía MA, Russell SJ. Probing Morbillivirus Antisera Neutralization Using Functional Chimerism between Measles Virus and Canine Distemper Virus Envelope Glycoproteins. Viruses 2019; 11:E688. [PMID: 31357579 PMCID: PMC6722617 DOI: 10.3390/v11080688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) is monotypic. Live virus challenge provokes a broadly protective humoral immune response that neutralizes all known measles genotypes. The two surface glycoproteins, H and F, mediate virus attachment and entry, respectively, and neutralizing antibodies to H are considered the main correlate of protection. Herein, we made improvements to the MeV reverse genetics system and generated a panel of recombinant MeVs in which the globular head domain or stalk region of the H glycoprotein or the entire F protein, or both, were substituted with the corresponding protein domains from canine distemper virus (CDV), a closely related morbillivirus that resists neutralization by measles-immune sera. The viruses were tested for sensitivity to human or guinea pig neutralizing anti-MeV antisera and to ferret anti-CDV antisera. Virus neutralization was mediated by antibodies to both H and F proteins, with H being immunodominant in the case of MeV and F being so in the case of CDV. Additionally, the globular head domains of both MeV and CDV H proteins were immunodominant over their stalk regions. These data shed further light on the factors constraining the evolution of new morbillivirus serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen J Russell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Ciceri G, Canuti M, Bianchi S, Gori M, Piralla A, Colzani D, Libretti M, Frati ER, Baggieri M, Lai A, Rovida F, Zehender G, Baldanti F, Magurano F, Tanzi E, Amendola A. Genetic variability of the measles virus hemagglutinin gene in B3 genotype strains circulating in Northern Italy. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:103943. [PMID: 31255832 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sequencing the whole measles virus hemagglutinin (H) gene, in conjunction with a 450-nucleotide region of the nucleoprotein gene (N-450), is helpful for the identification of new genotypes and as an auxiliary in outbreak characterization. In addition, it is essential to be able to predict the antigenic changes of the H protein to gain a better monitoring of the response to the vaccine. In this study, we obtained the full-length H gene sequences from 19 measles virus (MV) strains belonging to two B3 genotype variants circulating in Lombardy (Northern Italy) between July 2015 and February 2016 and evaluated the variability of the whole MV-H gene. Furthermore, we compared the obtained H amino acid sequences to all MV sequences available in the GenBank database (n = 1152 in total) and analyzed the amino acid substitutions in the H protein within clades where the Italian strains were included. We identified a higher variability in the H gene compared to the N-450 region and our results support previous studies, highlighting that the H gene is more informative for characterizing the MV B3 genotype than the N-450 sequence. Some of the amino acid substitutions were fixed in the viral population and, remarkably, some of the amino acid substitutions were typically present only in the Italian sequences. Accumulating further molecular information about MV-H gene will be necessary to enable in-depth analyses of the variability of this gene in the vaccinated population.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ciceri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - M Canuti
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Ave., St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - S Bianchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - M Gori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - A Piralla
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, via Taramelli, 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - D Colzani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - M Libretti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - E R Frati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - M Baggieri
- Department of Infectious Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - A Lai
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Milan, Via Gian Battista Grassi, 74, 20157 Milan, Italy.
| | - F Rovida
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, via Taramelli, 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - G Zehender
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Milan, Via Gian Battista Grassi, 74, 20157 Milan, Italy; Coordinated Research Center "EpiSoMI", University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - F Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, via Taramelli, 5, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - F Magurano
- Department of Infectious Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - E Tanzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; Coordinated Research Center "EpiSoMI", University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - A Amendola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy; Coordinated Research Center "EpiSoMI", University of Milan, via Carlo Pascal, 36, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Muñoz-Alía MÁ, Muller CP, Russell SJ. Hemagglutinin-specific neutralization of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis viruses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192245. [PMID: 29466428 PMCID: PMC5821319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive, lethal complication of measles caused by particular mutants of measles virus (MeV) that persist in the brain despite high levels of neutralizing antibodies. We addressed the hypothesis that antigenic drift is involved in the pathogenetic mechanism of SSPE by analyzing antigenic alterations in the MeV envelope hemagglutinin protein (MeV-H) found in patients with SSPE in relation to major circulating MeV genotypes. To this aim, we obtained cDNA for the MeV-H gene from tissue taken at brain autopsy from 3 deceased persons with SSPE who had short (3-4 months, SMa79), average (3.5 years, SMa84), and long (18 years, SMa94) disease courses. Recombinant MeVs with a substituted MeV-H gene were generated by a reverse genetic system. Virus neutralization assays with a panel of anti-MeV-H murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or vaccine-immunized mouse anti-MeV-H polyclonal sera were performed to determine the antigenic relatedness. Functional and receptor-binding analysis of the SSPE MeV-H showed activity in a SLAM/nectin-4-dependent manner. Similar to our panel of wild-type viruses, our SSPE viruses showed an altered antigenic profile. Genotypes A, G3, and F (SSPE case SMa79) were the exception, with an intact antigenic structure. Genotypes D7 and F (SSPE SMa79) showed enhanced neutralization by mAbs targeting antigenic site IIa. Genotypes H1 and the recently reported D4.2 were the most antigenically altered genotypes. Epitope mapping of neutralizing mAbs BH015 and BH130 reveal a new antigenic site on MeV-H, which we designated Φ for its intermediate position between previously defined antigenic sites Ia and Ib. We conclude that SSPE-causing viruses show similar antigenic properties to currently circulating MeV genotypes. The absence of a direct correlation between antigenic changes and predisposition of a certain genotype to cause SSPE does not lend support to the proposed antigenic drift as a pathogenetic mechanism in SSPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Muñoz-Alía
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Claude P. Muller
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-Sur-Alzette (Grand Duchy of Luxembourg), Luxembourg
- Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Stephen J. Russell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
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Baron MD, Diop B, Njeumi F, Willett BJ, Bailey D. Future research to underpin successful peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) eradication. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2635-2644. [PMID: 29022862 PMCID: PMC5845661 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a significant pathogen of small ruminants and is prevalent in much of Africa, the Near and Middle East and Asia. Despite the availability of an efficacious and cheap live-attenuated vaccine, the virus has continued to spread, with its range stretching from Morocco in the west to China and Mongolia in the east. Some of the world's poorest communities rely on small ruminant farming for subsistence and the continued endemicity of PPRV is a constant threat to their livelihoods. Moreover, PPRV's effects on the world's population are felt broadly across many economic, agricultural and social situations. This far-reaching impact has prompted the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) to develop a global strategy for the eradication of this virus and its disease. PPRV is a morbillivirus and, given the experience of these organizations in eradicating the related rinderpest virus, the eradication of PPRV should be feasible. However, there are many critical areas where basic and applied virological research concerning PPRV is lacking. The purpose of this review is to highlight areas where new research could be performed in order to guide and facilitate the eradication programme. These areas include studies on disease transmission and epidemiology, the existence of wildlife reservoirs and the development of next-generation vaccines and diagnostics. With the support of the international virology community, the successful eradication of PPRV can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Baron
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Bouna Diop
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation, FAO, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Felix Njeumi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation, FAO, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Brian J Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Dalan Bailey
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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Antigenic Drift Defines a New D4 Subgenotype of Measles Virus. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00209-17. [PMID: 28356529 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00209-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The measles virus hemagglutinin (MeV-H) protein is the main target of protective neutralizing antibodies. Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that recognize known major antigenic sites in MeV-H, we identified a D4 genotype variant that escapes neutralization by MAbs targeting the neutralizing epitope (NE) antigenic site. By site-directed mutagenesis, L249P was identified as the critical mutation disrupting the NE in this genotype D4 variant. Forty-two available D4 genotype gene sequences were subsequently analyzed and divided into 2 groups according to the presence or absence of the L249P MeV-H mutation. Further analysis of the MeV-N gene sequences of these 2 groups confirmed that they represent clearly definable, sequence-divergent D4 subgenotypes, which we named subgenotypes D4.1 and D4.2. The subgenotype D4.1 MeVs were isolated predominantly in Kenya and Ethiopia, whereas the MAb-resistant subgenotype D4.2 MeVs were isolated predominantly in France and Great Britain, countries with higher vaccine coverage rates. Interestingly, D4.2 subgenotype viruses showed a trend toward diminished susceptibility to neutralization by human sera pooled from approximately 60 to 80 North American donors. Escape from MAb neutralization may be a powerful epidemiological surveillance tool to monitor the evolution of new MeV subgenotypes.IMPORTANCE Measles virus is a paradigmatic RNA virus, as the antigenic composition of the vaccination has not needed to be updated since its discovery. The vaccine confers protection by inducing neutralizing antibodies that interfere with the function of the hemagglutinin protein. Viral strains are indistinguishable serologically, although characteristic nucleotide sequences differentiate 24 genotypes. In this work, we describe a distant evolutionary branch within genotype D4. Designated subgenotype D4.2, this virus is distinguishable by neutralization with vaccine-induced monoclonal antibodies that target the neutralizing epitope (NE). The subgenotype D4.2 viruses have a higher predominance in countries with intermediary levels of vaccine coverage. Our studies demonstrate that subgenotype D4.2 lacks epitopes associated with half of the known antigenic sites, which significantly impacts our understanding of measles virus evolution.
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Muñoz-Alía MA, Casasnovas JM, Celma ML, Carabaña J, Liton PB, Fernandez-Muñoz R. Measles Virus Hemagglutinin epitopes immunogenic in natural infection and vaccination are targeted by broad or genotype-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Virus Res 2017; 236:30-43. [PMID: 28465158 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) remains a leading cause of vaccine-preventable deaths in children. Protection against MV is associated with neutralizing antibodies that preferentially recognize the viral hemagglutinin (MV-H), and to a lesser extent, the fusion protein (MV-F). Although MV is serologically monotypic, 24 genotypes have been identified. Here we report three neutralization epitopes conserved in the more prevalent circulating MV genotypes, two located in the MV-H receptor binding site (RBS) (antigenic site III) and a third in MV-H/MV-F interphase (antigenic site Ia) which are essential for MV multiplication. In contrast, two MV-H neutralization epitopes, showed a genotype-specific neutralization escape due to a single amino acid change, that we mapped in the "noose" antigenic site, or an enhanced neutralization epitope (antigenic site IIa). The monoclonal antibody (mAb) neutralization potency correlated with its binding affinity and was mainly driven by kinetic dissociation rate (koff). We developed an immunoassay for mAb binding to MV-H in its native hetero-oligomeric structure with MV-F on the surface of a MV productive steady-state persistently infected (p.i.) human cell lines, and a competitive-binding assay with serum from individuals with past infection by different MV genotypes. Binding assays revealed that a broad neutralization epitope, in RBS antigenic site, a genotype specific neutralization epitopes, in noose and IIa sites, were immunogenic in natural infection and vaccination and may elicit long-lasting humoral immunity that might contribute to explain MV immunogenic stability. These results support the design of improved measles vaccines, broad-spectrum prophylactic or therapeutic antibodies and MV-used in oncolytic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Juan Carabaña
- Virology Unit, Ramón y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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Davoodian P, Atashabparvar A, Dadvand H, Hosseinpour M, Daryanavard A, Safari R, Rastegar A, Khajeh E, Mahboobi H. A report of outbreaks of measles on the southern coast of Iran from 2009 to 2015. Electron Physician 2017; 9:3997-4002. [PMID: 28461876 PMCID: PMC5407234 DOI: 10.19082/3997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immunogenicity assessment figures of the measles vaccine is approximately 90%, and decreases over time. Therefore, the immunity level of measles vaccine is variable which can result in outbreaks of measles in a population. The aim of current study was to report the outbreaks of measles in Hormozgan province from 2009 to 2015. Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out in Hormozgan Province on the southern coast of Iran. The documented data of all cases suspected of measles are included in this study. We used a checklist including gender, age, area, place of residence, contact history, and vaccination status to extract required data. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics software version 21.0. Results Eight hundred fifty-one suspicious cases of measles were determined from 2006 to 2015. Of those, 135 infected cases were reported. Among patients, 49% were male, 79% were Iranian, 18% were Afghans, and 3 % were Indians or Pakistanis. Also, 31% of cases were reported from Bandar Abbas, 25% were reported from Minab, 18% from Qeshm, 17 % from Jask and other cases were reported from other areas of the Hormozgan Province. Thirty percent of the cases were reported from urban areas. Conclusion A high percentage of cases with measles in rural areas were reported in the areas which were covered by complete vaccination. This shows interruption of cold continuum. Also, increasing the number of under one-years-old cases reported, could be due to poor nutritional status of the children and insufficient immunization of mothers. Further studies are required for identifying the causes of cold continuum interruption. Further studies are required for the assessment of immunization in children and mothers and various vaccination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parivash Davoodian
- M.D., Assistant Professor of Infectious Diseases, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ali Atashabparvar
- M.D., Anatomical and Clinical Pathology, Fellowship of Molecular Pathology and Cytogenetic, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Habib Dadvand
- M.D., General Physician, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseinpour
- M.D., General Physician, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ali Daryanavard
- M.D., Cardiology Resident, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Reza Safari
- M.D., General Physician, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Abdolsalam Rastegar
- B.Sc., in Health Sciences, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Khajeh
- M.D., General Physician, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Mahboobi
- M.D., Internal Medicine Resident, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Assessment of the Utility of Whole Genome Sequencing of Measles Virus in the Characterisation of Outbreaks. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143081. [PMID: 26569100 PMCID: PMC4646484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Measles is a highly infectious disease caused by measles virus (MeV). Despite the availability of a safe and cost-effective vaccine, measles is one of the world-leading causes of death in young children. Within Europe, there is a target for eliminating endemic measles in 2015, with molecular epidemiology required on 80% of cases for inclusion/exclusion of outbreak transmission chains. Currently, MeV is genotyped on the basis of a 450 nucleotide region of the nucleoprotein gene (N-450) and the hemagglutinin gene (H). However, this is not sufficiently informative for distinguishing endemic from imported MeV. We have developed an amplicon-based method for obtaining whole genome sequences (WGS) using NGS or Sanger methodologies from cell culture isolates or oral fluid specimens, and have sequenced over 60 samples, including 42 from the 2012 outbreak in the UK. Results Overall, NGS coverage was over 90% for approximately 71% of the samples tested. Analysis of 32 WGS excluding 3’ and 5’ termini (WGS-t) obtained from the outbreak indicates that the single nucleotide difference found between the two major groups of N-450 sequences detected during the outbreak is most likely a result of stochastic viral mutation during endemic transmission rather than of multiple importation events: earlier strains appear to have evolved into two distinct strain clusters in 2013, one containing strains with both outbreak-associated N-450 sequences. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis of each genomic region of MeV for the strains in this study suggests that the most information is acquired from the non-coding region located between the matrix and fusion protein genes (M/F NCR) and the N-450 genotyping sequence, an observation supported by entropy analysis across genotypes. Conclusions We suggest that both M/F NCR and WGS-t could be used to complement the information from classical epidemiology and N-450 sequencing to address specific questions in the context of measles elimination.
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Rasmussen LD, Fonager J, Knudsen LK, Andersen PHS, Rønn J, Poulsen MW, Franck KT, Fischer TK. Phylogenetic and epidemiological analysis of measles outbreaks in Denmark, 2013 to 2014. Euro Surveill 2015; 20:30027. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2015.20.39.30027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the introduction of safe, effective vaccines decades ago and joint global public health efforts to eliminate measles, this vaccine-preventable disease continues to pose threats to children’s health worldwide. During 2013 and 2014, measles virus was introduced into Denmark through several independent importations. This resulted in a number of secondary cases (n = 7), with two clusters in 2013 and one in 2014. In total, there were 44 cases of measles. Most cases (n = 41) were laboratory confirmed by detection of measles virus genome by real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and IgM antibodies. The viruses from confirmed cases were genotyped by sequencing. Only one genotype circulated each year, i.e. D8 and B3, respectively. Sequencing of measles virus from different clinical specimens from the same patients revealed that sequence variants of measles viruses might co-exist and co-transmit during an outbreak. The majority of the cases were unvaccinated (n = 27) or recipients of one dose of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine (n = 7). In addition, two fully vaccinated adult cases were reported in 2014. We demonstrate the transmission of measles virus in a population in which the two-dose MMR vaccination coverage rate was 80% and how even vaccinated individuals may be at risk of contracting measles once transmission has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Dam Rasmussen
- Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jannik Fonager
- Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisbet Krause Knudsen
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jesper Rønn
- Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Thea Kølsen Fischer
- Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for Global Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Gardy JL, Naus M, Amlani A, Chung W, Kim H, Tan M, Severini A, Krajden M, Puddicombe D, Sahni V, Hayden AS, Gustafson R, Henry B, Tang P. Whole-Genome Sequencing of Measles Virus Genotypes H1 and D8 During Outbreaks of Infection Following the 2010 Olympic Winter Games Reveals Viral Transmission Routes. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1574-8. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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15
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Kimura H, Saitoh M, Kobayashi M, Ishii H, Saraya T, Kurai D, Tsukagoshi H, Shirabe K, Nishina A, Kozawa K, Kuroda M, Takeuchi F, Sekizuka T, Minakami H, Ryo A, Takeda M. Molecular evolution of haemagglutinin (H) gene in measles virus. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11648. [PMID: 26130388 PMCID: PMC4486977 DOI: 10.1038/srep11648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the molecular evolution of the haemagglutinin (H) gene (full length) in all genotypes (24 genotypes, 297 strains) of measles virus (MeV). The gene’s evolutionary timescale was estimated by the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. We also analysed positive selection sites. The MCMC tree indicated that the MeV H gene diverged from the rinderpest virus (same genus) about 250 years ago and that 24 MeV genotypes formed 3 lineages dating back to a 1915 ancestor (95% highest posterior density [HPD] 1882–1941) with relatively rapid evolution (mean rate: 9.02 × 10−4 substitutions/site/year). The 3 lineages diverged in 1915 (lineage 1, 95% HPD 1882–1941), 1954 (lineage 2, 95% HPD 1937–1969), and 1940 (lineage 3, 95% HPD 1927–1952). These 24 genotypes may have diverged and emerged between the 1940s and 1990s. Selective pressure analysis identified many negative selection sites on the H protein but only a few positive selection sites, suggesting strongly operated structural and/or functional constraint of changes on the H protein. Based on the molecular evolution of H gene, an ancestor MeV of the 24 genotypes emerged about 100 years ago and the structure of H protein has been well conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kimura
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.,Department of Molecular Biodefence Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Mika Saitoh
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Miho Kobayashi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Ishii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-0004, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saraya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-0004, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kurai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-0004, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Komei Shirabe
- Yamaguchi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, Yamaguchi-shi, Yamaguchi 753-0821, Japan
| | - Atsuyoshi Nishina
- College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8308, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Kozawa
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Takeuchi
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hisanori Minakami
- Department of Obstetrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Molecular Biodefence Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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Centeno R, Fuji N, Okamoto M, Dapat C, Saito M, Tandoc A, Lupisan S, Oshitani H. Genetic characterization of measles virus in the Philippines, 2008-2011. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:211. [PMID: 26036942 PMCID: PMC4467837 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Large outbreaks of measles occurred in the Philippines in 2010 and 2011. Genetic analysis was performed to identify the genotype of measles virus (MeV) that was responsible for the large outbreaks. Methods A total of 114 representative MeVs that were detected in the Philippines from 2008 to 2011 were analyzed by sequencing the C-terminal region of nucleocapsid (N) gene and partial hemagglutinin (H) gene and by inferring the phylogenetic trees. Results Genetic analysis showed that genotype D9 was the predominant circulating strain during the 4-year study period. Genotype D9 was detected in 23 samples (92%) by N gene sequencing and 93 samples (94%) by H gene analysis. Sporadic cases of genotype G3 MeV were identified in 2 samples (8%) by N gene sequencing and 6 samples (6%) by H gene analysis. Genotype G3 MeV was detected mainly in Panay Island in 2009 and 2010. Molecular clock analysis of N gene showed that the recent genotype D9 viruses that caused the big outbreaks in 2010 and 2011 diverged from a common ancestor in 2005 in one of the neighboring Southeast Asian countries, where D9 was endemic. These big outbreaks of measles resulted in a spillover and were associated with genotype D9 MeV importation to Japan and the USA. Conclusion Genotype D9 MeV became endemic and caused two big outbreaks in the Philippines in 2010 and 2011. Genotype G3 MeV was detected sporadically with limited geographic distribution. This study highlights the importance of genetic analysis not only in helping with the assessment of measles elimination program in the country but also in elucidating the transmission dynamics of measles virus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1201-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex Centeno
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM), Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines.
| | - Naoko Fuji
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Michiko Okamoto
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Clyde Dapat
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Mariko Saito
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, 980-8575, Japan. .,Tohoku-RITM Collaborating Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines.
| | - Amado Tandoc
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM), Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines.
| | - Socorro Lupisan
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM), Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines.
| | - Hitoshi Oshitani
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, 980-8575, Japan. .,Tohoku-RITM Collaborating Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines.
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Bose S, Jardetzky TS, Lamb RA. Timing is everything: Fine-tuned molecular machines orchestrate paramyxovirus entry. Virology 2015; 479-480:518-31. [PMID: 25771804 PMCID: PMC4424121 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Paramyxoviridae include some of the great and ubiquitous disease-causing viruses of humans and animals. In most paramyxoviruses, two viral membrane glycoproteins, fusion protein (F) and receptor binding protein (HN, H or G) mediate a concerted process of recognition of host cell surface molecules followed by fusion of viral and cellular membranes, resulting in viral nucleocapsid entry into the cytoplasm. The interactions between the F and HN, H or G viral glycoproteins and host molecules are critical in determining host range, virulence and spread of these viruses. Recently, atomic structures, together with biochemical and biophysical studies, have provided major insights into how these two viral glycoproteins successfully interact with host receptors on cellular membranes and initiate the membrane fusion process to gain entry into cells. These studies highlight the conserved core mechanisms of paramyxovirus entry that provide the fundamental basis for rational anti-viral drug design and vaccine development. New structural and functional insights into paramyxovirus entry mechanisms. Current data on paramyxovirus glycoproteins suggest a core conserved entry mechanism. Diverse mechanisms preventing premature fusion activation exist in these viruses. Precise spacio-temporal interplay between paramyxovirus glycoproteins initiate entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Bose
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, United States.
| | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology and Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Robert A Lamb
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, United States.
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