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Folimonova SY, Sun YD. Citrus Tristeza Virus: From Pathogen to Panacea. Annu Rev Virol 2022; 9:417-435. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-100520-114412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is the most destructive viral pathogen of citrus. During the past century, CTV induced grave epidemics in citrus-growing areas worldwide that have resulted in a loss of more than 100 million trees. At present, the virus continues to threaten citrus production in many different countries. Research on CTV is accompanied by distinctive challenges stemming from the large size of its RNA genome, the narrow host range limited to slow-growing Citrus species and relatives, and the complexity of CTV populations. Despite these hurdles, remarkable progress has been made in understanding the CTV-host interactions and in converting the virus into a tool for crop protection and improvement. This review focuses on recent advances that have shed light on the mechanisms underlying CTV infection. Understanding these mechanisms is pivotal for the development of means to control CTV diseases and, ultimately, turn this virus into an ally. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 9 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Y. Folimonova
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yong-Duo Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Kang SH, Aknadibossian V, Kharel L, Mudiyanselage SDD, Wang Y, Folimonova SY. The Intriguing Conundrum of a Nonconserved Multifunctional Protein of Citrus Tristeza Virus That Interacts with a Viral Long Non-Coding RNA. Viruses 2021; 13:2129. [PMID: 34834936 PMCID: PMC8625556 DOI: 10.3390/v13112129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), the largest non-segmented plant RNA virus, has several peculiar features, among which is the production of a 5'-terminal long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) termed low-molecular-weight tristeza 1 (LMT1). In this study, we found that p33, a unique viral protein that performs multiple functions in the virus infection cycle, specifically binds LMT1, both in vivo and in vitro. These results were obtained through the expression of p33 under the context of the wild type virus infection or along with a mutant CTV variant that does not produce LMT1 as well as via ectopic co-expression of p33 with LMT1 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves followed by RNA immunoprecipitation and rapid amplification of cDNA ends assays. Further experiments in which a recombinant p33 protein and an in vitro transcribed full-length LMT1 RNA or its truncated fragments were subjected to an electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated that p33 binds to at least two distinct regions within LMT1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a plant virus protein binding to a lncRNA produced by the same virus. The biological significance of the interaction between these two viral factors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hwan Kang
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (S.-H.K.); (V.A.)
| | - Vicken Aknadibossian
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (S.-H.K.); (V.A.)
| | - Laxmi Kharel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (L.K.); (S.D.D.M.); (Y.W.)
| | | | - Ying Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; (L.K.); (S.D.D.M.); (Y.W.)
| | - Svetlana Y. Folimonova
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (S.-H.K.); (V.A.)
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Sun Y, Zhang L, Folimonova SY. Citrus miraculin-like protein hijacks a viral movement-related p33 protein and induces cellular oxidative stress in defence against Citrus tristeza virus. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:977-991. [PMID: 33283396 PMCID: PMC8131049 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
To defend against pathogens, plants have developed a complex immune system, which recognizes the pathogen effectors and mounts defence responses. In this study, the p33 protein of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), a viral membrane-associated effector, was used as a molecular bait to explore virus interactions with host immunity. We discovered that Citrus macrophylla miraculin-like protein 2 (CmMLP2), a member of the soybean Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor family, targets the viral p33 protein. The expression of CmMLP2 was up-regulated by p33 in the citrus phloem-associated cells. Knock-down of the MLP2 expression in citrus plants resulted in a higher virus accumulation, while the overexpression of CmMLP2 reduced the infectivity of CTV in the plant hosts. Further investigation revealed that, on the one hand, binding of CmMLP2 interrupts the cellular distribution of p33 whose proper function is necessary for the effective virus movement throughout the host. On the other hand, the ability of CmMLP2 to reorganize the endomembrane system, amalgamating the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, induces cellular stress and accumulation of the reactive oxygen species, which inhibits the replication of CTV. Altogether, our data suggest that CmMLP2 employs a two-way strategy in defence against CTV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong‐Duo Sun
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology ProgramUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Present address:
College of Horticulture and Plant ProtectionInner Mongolia Agricultural UniversityHohhot010018China
| | - Svetlana Y. Folimonova
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology ProgramUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
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Dao TNM, Kang SH, Bak A, Folimonova SY. A Non-Conserved p33 Protein of Citrus Tristeza Virus Interacts with Multiple Viral Partners. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:859-870. [PMID: 32141354 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-19-0328-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The RNA genome of citrus tristeza virus (CTV), one of the most damaging viral pathogens of citrus, contains 12 open reading frames resulting in production of at least 19 proteins. Previous studies on the intraviral interactome of CTV revealed self-interaction of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, the major coat protein (CP), p20, p23, and p33 proteins, while heterologous interactions between the CTV proteins have not been characterized. In this work, we examined interactions between the p33 protein, a nonconserved protein of CTV, which performs multiple functions in the virus infection cycle and is needed for virus ability to infect the extended host range, with other CTV proteins shown to mediate virus interactions with its plant hosts. Using yeast two-hybrid, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and coimmunoprecipitation assays, we demonstrated that p33 interacts with three viral proteins, i.e., CP, p20, and p23, in vivo and in planta. Coexpression of p33, which is an integral membrane protein, resulted in a shift in the localization of the p20 and p23 proteins toward the subcellular crude-membrane fraction. Upon CTV infection, the four proteins colocalized in the CTV replication factories. In addition, three of them, CP, p20, and p23, were found in the p33-formed membranous structures. Using bioinformatic analyses and mutagenesis, we found that the N-terminus of p33 is involved in the interactions with all three protein partners. A potential role of these interactions in virus ability to infect the extended host range is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Nguyet Minh Dao
- University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Sung-Hwan Kang
- University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Aurélie Bak
- University of Florida, Plant Pathology Department, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
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Cattoglio C, Pustova I, Darzacq X, Tjian R, Hansen AS. Assessing Self-interaction of Mammalian Nuclear Proteins by Co-immunoprecipitation. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3526. [PMID: 33654750 PMCID: PMC7842838 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions constitute the molecular foundations of virtually all biological processes. Co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP) experiments are probably the most widely used method to probe both heterotypic and homotypic protein-protein interactions. Recent advances in super-resolution microscopy have revealed that several nuclear proteins such as transcription factors are spatially distributed into local high-concentration clusters in mammalian cells, suggesting that many nuclear proteins self-interact. These observations have further underscored the need for orthogonal biochemical approaches for testing if self-association occurs, and if so, what the mechanisms are. Here, we describe a CoIP protocol specifically optimized to test self-association of endogenously tagged nuclear proteins (self-CoIP), and to evaluate the role of nucleic acids in such self-interaction. This protocol has proven reliable and robust in our hands, and it can be used to test both homotypic and heterotypic (CoIP) protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cattoglio
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, Berkeley, CA, USA
- CIRM Center of Excellence, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Iryna Pustova
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, Berkeley, CA, USA
- CIRM Center of Excellence, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xavier Darzacq
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, Berkeley, CA, USA
- CIRM Center of Excellence, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert Tjian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, Berkeley, CA, USA
- CIRM Center of Excellence, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Anders S. Hansen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences, Berkeley, CA, USA
- CIRM Center of Excellence, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Mei Y, Ma Z, Wang Y, Zhou X. Geminivirus C4 antagonizes the HIR1-mediated hypersensitive response by inhibiting the HIR1 self-interaction and promoting degradation of the protein. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1311-1326. [PMID: 31537050 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus (TLCYnV)-encoded C4 protein induces the upregulation of the hypersensitive induced reaction 1 (HIR1) gene but interferes with the HIR1-mediated hypersensitive response (HR). HIR1 self-interaction is essential for the HIR1-induced HR. TLCYnV C4 impairs the HIR1 self-interaction and concomitantly increases the amount of Leucine-Rich Repeat protein 1 (LRR1), a modulator of HIR1, which binds to HIR1. LRR1 promotes the degradation of HIR1, compromising the HIR1-mediated HR. This study provides new insights into the mechanisms employed by a viral protein to counter host resistance through the cooption of the host regulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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Acanda Y, Wang C, Levy A. Gene Expression in Citrus Plant Cells Using Helios ® Gene Gun System for Particle Bombardment. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2015:219-228. [PMID: 31222707 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9558-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To understand how Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) replicates and moves inside the plant, it is critical to study the cellular interactions and localization of its encoded proteins. However, due to technical limitations, so far these studies have been limited to the nonnatural host Nicotiana benthamiana.Particle bombardment is a physical method to deliver nucleic acid and other biomolecules into the cells directly. The Helios® gene gun (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) is a handheld device that uses a low-pressure helium pulse to accelerate high-density, subcellular-sized particles into a wide variety of targets for in vivo and in vitro applications. Here, we describe a detail protocol for either transient or stable gene expression in citrus leaf cells using this gene gun. This protocol can be used to study protein-protein interactions and subcellular localization in different kinds of plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosvanis Acanda
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Amit Levy
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA.
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Ruiz-Ruiz S, Spanò R, Navarro L, Moreno P, Peña L, Flores R. Citrus tristeza virus co-opts glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase for its infectious cycle by interacting with the viral-encoded protein p23. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 98:363-373. [PMID: 30392159 PMCID: PMC7088584 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Citrus tristeza virus encodes a unique protein, p23, with multiple functional roles that include co-option of the cytoplasmic glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase to facilitate the viral infectious cycle. The genome of citrus tristeza virus (CTV), genus Closterovirus family Closteroviridae, is a single-stranded (+) RNA potentially encoding at least 17 proteins. One (p23), an RNA-binding protein of 209 amino acids with a putative Zn-finger and some basic motifs, displays singular features: (i) it has no homologues in other closteroviruses, (ii) it accumulates mainly in the nucleolus and Cajal bodies, and in plasmodesmata, and (iii) it mediates asymmetric accumulation of CTV RNA strands, intracellular suppression of RNA silencing, induction of some CTV syndromes and enhancement of systemic infection when expressed as a transgene ectopically or in phloem-associated cells in several Citrus spp. Here, a yeast two-hybrid screening of an expression library of Nicotiana benthamiana (a symptomatic experimental host for CTV), identified a transducin/WD40 domain protein and the cytosolic glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as potential host interactors with p23. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation corroborated the p23-GAPDH interaction in planta and showed that p23 interacts with itself in the nucleolus, Cajal bodies and plasmodesmata, and with GAPDH in the cytoplasm (forming aggregates) and in plasmodesmata. The latter interaction was preserved in a p23 deletion mutant affecting the C-terminal domain, but not in two others affecting the Zn-finger and one internal basic motif. Virus-induced gene silencing of GAPDH mRNA resulted in a decrease of CTV titer as revealed by real-time RT-quantitative PCR and RNA gel-blot hybridization. Thus, like other viruses, CTV seems to co-opt GAPDH, via interaction with p23, to facilitate its infectious cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Ruiz-Ruiz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Roberta Spanò
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia, Spain
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo della Pianta e degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Luis Navarro
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro Moreno
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Leandro Peña
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Ricardo Flores
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia, Spain.
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Folimonova SY, Tilsner J. Hitchhikers, highway tolls and roadworks: the interactions of plant viruses with the phloem. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 43:82-88. [PMID: 29476981 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The phloem is of central importance to plant viruses, providing the route by which they spread throughout their host. Compared with virus movement in non-vascular tissue, phloem entry, exit, and long-distance translocation usually involve additional viral factors and complex virus-host interactions, probably, because the phloem has evolved additional protection against these molecular 'hitchhikers'. Recent progress in understanding phloem trafficking of endogenous mRNAs along with observations of membranous viral replication 'factories' in sieve elements challenge existing conceptions of virus long-distance transport. At the same time, the central role of the phloem in plant defences against viruses and the sophisticated viral manipulation of this host tissue are beginning to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens Tilsner
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, BMS Building, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom; Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom.
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Zhang XF, Zhang S, Guo Q, Sun R, Wei T, Qu F. A New Mechanistic Model for Viral Cross Protection and Superinfection Exclusion. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:40. [PMID: 29422912 PMCID: PMC5788904 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants pre-infected with a mild variant of a virus frequently become protected against more severe variants of the same virus through the cross protection phenomenon first discovered in 1929. Despite its widespread use in managing important plant virus diseases, the mechanism of cross protection remains poorly understood. Recent investigations in our labs, by analyzing the whole-plant dynamics of a turnip crinkle virus (TCV) population, coupled with cell biological interrogation of individual TCV variants, revealed possible novel mechanisms for cross protection and the closely related process of superinfection exclusion (SIE). Our new mechanistic model postulates that, for RNA viruses like TCV, SIE manifests a viral function that denies progeny viruses the chance of re-replicating their genomes in the cells of their "parents," and it collaterally targets highly homologous superinfecting viruses that are indistinguishable from progeny viruses. We further propose that SIE may be evolutionarily selected to maintain an optimal error frequency in progeny genomes. Although primarily based on observations made with TCV, this new model could be broadly applicable to other viruses as it provides a molecular basis for maintaining virus genome fidelity in the face of the error-prone nature of virus replication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Qu, Xiao-Feng Zhang,
| | - Shaoyan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Qin Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Rong Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Taiyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Feng Qu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Feng Qu, Xiao-Feng Zhang,
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